Hipparchus is considered the greatest ancient astronomical observer and, by some, the greatest overall astronomer of antiquity. He was the first whose quantitative and accurate models for the motion of the Sun and Moon survive. For this he certainly made use of the observations and perhaps the mathematical techniques accumulated over centuries by Meton of Athens (fifth century BC), Timocharis, Aristyllus, Aristarchus of Samos, and Eratosthenes, among others.
He developed trigonometry and constructed trigonometric tables, and he solved several problems of spherical trigonometry. With his solar and lunar theories and his trigonometry, he may have been the first to develop a reliable method to predict solar eclipses.
His other reputed achievements include the discovery and measurement of Earth’s precession, the compilation of the first known comprehensive star catalog from the western world, and possibly the invention of the astrolabe, as well as of the armillary sphere that he may have used in creating the star catalogue. Hipparchus is sometimes called the “father of astronomy”, a title conferred on him by Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre in 1817]
Life and work
Hipparchus was born in Nicaea (Greek: Νίκαια), in Bithynia. The exact dates of his life are not known, but Ptolemy attributes astronomical observations to him in the period from 147 to 127 BC, and some of these are stated as made in Rhodes; earlier observations since 162 BC might also have been made by him. His birth date (c. 190 BC) was calculated by Delambre based on clues in his work. Hipparchus must have lived some time after 127 BC because he analyzed and published his observations from that year.
In the second and third centuries, coins were made in his honour in Bithynia that bear his name and show him with a globe.
Relatively little of Hipparchus’s direct work survives into modern times. Although he wrote at least fourteen books, only his commentary on the popular astronomical poem by Aratos was preserved by later copyists. Most of what is known about Hipparchus comes from Strabo‘s Geography and Pliny‘s Natural History in the first century; Ptolemy’s second-century Almagest; and additional references to him in the fourth century by Pappus and Theon of Alexandria in their commentaries on the Almagest.
Hipparchus’s only preserved work is Commentary on the Phaenomena of Eudoxus and Aratus (Greek: Τῶν Ἀράτου καὶ Εὐδόξου φαινομένων ἐξήγησις). This is a highly critical commentary in the form of two books on a popular poem by Aratus based on the work by Eudoxos.[Hipparchus also made a list of his major works that apparently mentioned about fourteen books, but which is only known from references by later authors. His famous star catalog was incorporated into the one by Ptolemy and may be almost perfectly reconstructed by subtraction of two and two-thirds degrees from the longitudes of Ptolemy’s stars. The first trigonometric table was apparently compiled by Hipparchus, who is consequently now known as “the father of Trigonometry
Eudoxus in the 4th century BC and Timocharis and Aristillus in the 3rd century BC already divided the ecliptic in 360 parts (our degrees, Greek: moira) of 60 arcminutes and Hipparchus continued this tradition. It was only in Hipparchus’s time (2nd century BC) when this division was introduced (probably by Hipparchus’s contemporary Hypsikles) for all circles in mathematics. Eratosthenes (3rd century BC), in contrast, used a simpler sexagesimal system dividing a circle into 60 parts. Hipparchus also adopted the Aristarhus astronomical Greek πῆχυς pēchys) that was equivalent to 2° or 2.5° (‘large cubit’).
Hipparchus’s long draconitic lunar period (5,458 months = 5,923 is post-Hipparchus so the direction of transmission is not settled by the tablets.
Geometry, trigonometry and other mathematical techniques
Hipparchus was recognized as the first mathematician known to have possessed a trigonometric table, which he needed when computing the eccentricity of the orbits of the Moon and Sun. He tabulated values for the chord function, which for a central angle in a circle gives the length of the straight line segment between the points where the angle intersects the circle. He may have computed this for a circle with a circumference of 21,600 units and a radius (rounded) of 3,438 units; this circle has a unit length for each arcminute along its perimeter. (This was “proven” by Toomer, but he later “cast doubt“ upon his earlier affirmation. Other authors have argued that a circle of radius 3,600 units may instead have been used by Hipparchus.) He tabulated the chords for angles with increments of 7.5°. In modern terms, the chord subtended by a central angle in a circle of given radius R equals Rtimes twice the sine of half of the angle, i.e.:chord�=2�⋅sin12�The now-lost work in which Hipparchus is said to have developed his chord table, is called Tōn en kuklōi eutheiōn (Of Lines Inside a Circle) in Theon of Alexandria‘s fourth-century commentary on section I.10 Trigonometry was a significant innovation, because it allowed Greek astronomers to solve any triangle, and made it possible to make quantitative astronomical models and predictions using their preferred geometric techniques.
Hipparchus must have used a better approximation for π than the one given by Archimedes of between 3+10⁄71 (≈ 3.1408) and 3+1⁄7 (≈ 3.1429). Perhaps he had the approximation later used by Ptolemy, sexagesimal 3;08,30 (≈ 3.1417) (Almagest VI.7).
Hipparchus could have constructed his chord table using the Pythagorean theorem and a theorem known to Archimedes.
The stereographic projection was ambiguously attributed to Hipparchus by Synesios (c. 400 AD), and on that basis Hipparchus is often credited with inventing it or at least knowing of it. However, some scholars believe this conclusion to be unjustified by available evidence.The oldest extant description of the stereographic projection is found in Ptolemy‘s Planisphere (2nd century AD)
There are several indications that Hipparchus knew spherical trigonometry, but the first surviving text discussing it is by Menelaus of Alexandria in the first century, who now, on that basis, commonly is credited with its discovery. (Previous to the finding of the proofs of Menelaus a century ago, Ptolemy was credited with the invention of spherical trigonometry.) Ptolemy later used spherical trigonometry to compute things such as the rising and setting points of the ecliptic, or to take account of the lunar parallax. If he did not use spherical trigonometry, Hipparchus may have used a globe for these tasks, reading values off coordinate grids drawn on it, or he may have made approximations from planar geometry, or perhaps used arithmetical approximations developed by Pythagoras.
The now lost work in which Hipparchus is said to have developed his chord table, is called Tōn en kuklōi eutheiōn (Of Lines Inside a Circle) in Theon of Alexandria’s 4th-century commentary on section Trigonometry was a significant innovation, because it allowed Greek astronomers to solve any triangle, and made it possible to make quantitative astronomical models and predictions using their preferred geometric techniques.
Hipparchus must have used a better approximation for π than the one from Archimedes of between 3 10⁄71 (3.14085) and 3 1⁄7 (3.14286). Perhaps he had the one later used by Ptolemy: 3;8,30 (sexagesimal)(3.1417) (Almagest VI.7), but it is not known whether he computed an improved value himself.
Hippocrates (d. 460 BC-360 BC) was a curious Greek physician, the first to systematically classify medicine and attempt a methodical treatment of diseases. He was Koos, Asclepiades by birth and son of Heraklides and Phainaretis or Praxithea daughter of Phainaretis according to others. He was the 20th descendant of Herakles from his mother and the 18th descendant of Asclepius from his father. Initially he was a student of his own father, then of Herodikos, Gorgias, the orator Leontinus and Democritus of Abderitis, although several researchers claim that his relationship with Gorgias and Democritus was a spiritual communication and not a discipleship relationship.
*******Facts and assumptions
2500 YEARS AGO HIPPOCRATES PERFORMED BRAIN AND HEART SURGERY…
DESPITE THE ALMOST NON-EXISTENT MEANS OF HIS TIME, HIPPOCRATES PERFORMED DIFFICULT SURGERIES. HE AND HIS STUDENTS SUCCESSFULLY TREAT ED ORTHOPEDIC, CARDIAC AND BASIC SURGERY CASES. HIPPOCRATES EVEN PERFORMED OPERATIONS ON THE HUMAN SKULL, AS WE READ IN SEVERAL OF HIS WORKS … IN ADDITIO TO THE OPERATION ITSELF, HIPPOCRATES ATTACHED GREAT IMPORTANCE TO THE REPARATION OF THE PATIENT AND THE OPERATING ROOM.
IN THE WORK KAT’IATREION, HE DESCRIBES IN DETAIL HOW THE PATIENT SHOULD BE PREPARED BEFORE THE OPERATION, HOW THE TOOLS ARE STERILIZED, HOW THE SPACE IS SHAPED , BUT ALSO HOW ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL LIGHT IS USED DURING THE OPERATION …
AMERICAN ARCHAEO BOTANISTS WERE ABLE FOR THE FIRST TIME TO STUDY AND ANALYZE THE CONTENTS OF PILLS MADE BY DOCTORS IN ANCIENT GREECE AND WHICH WERE DISCOVERED 20 YEARS AGO, IN A GREEK SHIPWRECK OFF THE COAST OF TUSCANY...
DNA ANALYZES SHOWED, THAT EACH PILL WAS A MIXTURE OF AT LEAST TEN DIFFERENT PLANT EXTRACTS, INCLUDING HIBISKUS AND CELERY. “FOR THE FIRST TIME, WE NOW HAVE PHYSICAL EVIDENCE OF WHAT IS CONTAINED IN THE WRITINGS OF THE ‘ANCIENT GREEK PHYSICIANS DIOSCORIDIS AND GALENOS, CARRIED OUT.
“BALANCING ELECTROMAGNETIC CONVECTION FLUIDS OF THE BODY” TREATMENTS BY REGULATING THE ALKALINITY AND ACIDITY OF THE ORGANS,THAT THEY WERE MAKING CURSE USING “LEFT-HANDED AMINO ACIDS” (ANTIBIOTICS) OBTAINED FROM PLANTS, FULLY KNOWING, THAT ONLY RECENTLY DID MOLEKYLAR BIOLOGY DISCOVER THE ACTION-REACTION OF LEFT-HANDED AMINO ACIDS (ANTIBIOTICS) AMINO ACIDS (ORGANISM PROTEINS).
EVERY SICKNESS START FROM THE PSYCHE(= ΨΥΧΗ=SOUL) AND AFTER FINISH IN THE BODY. HIPPOCRATES.
The two snakes – actions that express our nervous system, formed in the Caduceus of Mercury. Legend says that Mercury once saw two snakes fighting and put the rod between them and wrapped them around her and stopped hostile. The name of Hermes etymolocaly means, “one who interprets”, (Eρμηνευτής – Hermeneutis = “performer. The performer is our mind, the logic that processes and knowledge, thus developing the consciousness and the evolutionary level of the divine. The snake symbol adopted Asclepius and Hippocrates as a symbol, which apart from the body were doctors and doctors of the soul. The rod with which control the snake, is the power of authority and control over this energy, the body electromagnetism, which is disturbed. This can be translated in the sense of koutalini snake control rod to the spine, the energy of the lower instincts, the brute, who is as influential mentioned through the spinal cord like a snake runs along the spine, the and ancient Serpent called.
The two snakes – actions that express our nervous system, formed in KHPYKEIO /KIRYKIO (=Messangers rod) The SYMBOL of HERMES κῆρυξ ΚΗΡΎΚΕΙΟ from the verb: κηρύσσω=I inform, I announce. KIRYKIO SYMBOL or (“CADUCEUS” Later in Latin & West later) of HERMES or “MERCURY”LATER in LATIN)>>>>>>>>>> HERMES once saw two snakes fighting and put the rod between them and wrapped them around it and stopped hostile. The name of Hermes etymolocaly means, “one who interprets”, (Eρμηνευτής – HERMENEUTIS = “performer. The performer is our mind, the logic that processes and knowledge, thus developing the consciousness and the evolutionary level of the divine. The snake symbol adopted ASCLEPIUS and Hippocrates as a symbol, which apart from the body were doctors and doctors of the soul. The rod with which control the snake, is the power of authority and control over this energy, the body electromagnetism, which is disturbed. This can be translated as DNA in the sense of controling the rod to the spine, the genetic energy and of the lower instincts, the brute, who is as influential mentioned through the spinal cord like a snake runs along the spine, the and ancient Serpent called. So, like HERMES, reconciles these forces, and balancing the distribution of energy in the body occurs and healing, the mind admonishes and guides his passions. HERCULES, from INFANT he managed to DROWN two snakes, that put under its control, to tame and dominate the forces that make us vulnerable and vulnerable, and became a demigod hero went to the CHAMPS ELYSEES ( “Ylisia pedia”Ηλυσια πεδια). Through this myth of HERCULES let it also leaked and that, as Pais of ZEUS, the possession of a power of the heavenly, not only dominate through the mind and intellectual contact with the Divine earthly, bodily instincts, but and implied a mission given.
So, like Hermes, reconciles these forces, and balancing the distribution of energy in the body occurs and healing, the mind admonishes and guides his passions. Hercules, from infancy he managed to drown two snakes, that put under its control, to tame and dominate the forces that make us vulnerable and vulnerable, and became a demigod hero went to the Champs Elysees (Ηλυσια πεδια). Through this myth of Hercules, let it also leaked and that, as Pais of Zeus, the possession of a power of the heavenly, not only dominate through the mind and intellectual contact with the Divine earthly, bodily instincts, but and implied a mission given to him against the Offit Atlanteans, those we call Satan today.
THE CULT OF ASCLEPIUS BECAME VERY POPULAR AND THE CULT CENTRES (KNOWN AS AN ASCLEPIEION) WERE USED BY PRIESTS TO CURE THE SICK. INVALIDS ALSO CAME TO THE SHRINES OF ASCLEPIUS TO FIND CURES FOR THEIR AILMENTS (IN THE SAME FASHION PILGRIMS VISIT LOURDES TODAY.) THE PROCESS OF HEALING WAS KNOWN AS INCUBATION. THE PATIENT WOULD SPEND THE NIGHT IN A DORMITORY. DURING THE NIGHT THEY WOULD SUPPOSEDLY BE VISITED BY THE GOD IN A DREAM. PRIESTS WOULD INTERPRET THE DREAMS AND THEN RECOMMEND A REMEDY OR GIVE ADVICE ON HOW THEY COULD BE CURED WITH PERHAPS A RECOMMENDED VISIT TO THE BATHS AND GYMNASIUMS. THERE WERE MANY CENTRES AND SCHOOLS OF MEDICINE, FROM TRIKKIS IN THESSALY TO THE ISLAND OF COS. IT IS BELIEVED THAT HIPPOCRATES, A GREAT DOCTOR OF ANTIQUITY, PLIED HIS TRADE ON THE ISLAND OF COS. IT IS ALSO SAID THAT HIPPOCRATES WAS A DESCENDANT OF ASCLEPIUS.
THE ROMANS ADOPTED THE CULT OF ASCLEPIUS, BUT CHANGED HIS NAME TO LATIN; THEY CALLED HIM AESCULAPIUS.
THE DOUGHTERS & SONS of ASKLIPIOS
HYGEIA -ΥΓΕΙΑ = HEALTH: from: “ygiiros” related to “wet” = hydro. This liquid state, the “ygriis” is healthy. “Healthy esti temperateness of juice in us” … Always health characterized as liquid, juicy, while illness and death have the common characteristic dryness, stiffness.
– AIGLI (Αίγλη) φως ηλίου – phos Heliou -, δόξα ‘ from: Aiso – αϊσσω + λίαν. = the Radiation of the Health.
MAHAON – Μαχάων from: Mahomai=I fight – mahi =battle example: Andromach the doughter of Priamos king of Troja, meaning=the battle against man— mahaira = knife, surgeon (χειρουργός).
PODALEIRIOS (Ποδαλείριος) FROM: pous = foot – πους + leirion – λείριον (field flower). he had permentaly his feetinto withwild field flowers – Botanic Doctor. (ιατρός – iatros=doctor + rootcuter ριζοτόμος)”
The two sons of Asclepius, returning unharmed from the Trojan war, continued to travel and, posthumously deified, like his father. Established places of worship and healing, dedicated to Asclepius, named “Asclepiea”. Ancient Asklepion considered that the Trikke in Thessaly, while the most famous was despite Epidaurus. Equally famous was the Asklepion of Kos, which was famous for Asclepiadae and particularly of course, for the father of medicine Hippocrates.
Even mentioned that:
“Animals temples of Asclepius was the serpent (όφις), who symbolizes the periodic of renewal and is an emblem of wisdom, truth and intelligence (ευφυΐα), the cock, symbol of vigilance, the dog, symbol of faith, intelligence and vigilance and whoever in the Asclepiea healed lambent Tina diseased, the Aix (=Goat) which breastfed Asclepius and calculus because tartar became mythological legend that nourished Asclepius in his childhood.
MEDICAL IN ANCIENT GREECE – ASKLIPIOS – HIPPOCRATES – GALENOS – Dioscouridis & More
Asclepius, god of medicine, son of Apollo and the nymph Coronis, daughter of Phlegyas who lived at the foot of Mount Pelion, brought up by the wise centaur Chiron, is the most famous healer of diseases that plague people in antiquity, and the power arrives by raising the dead … Daughter of course, the Health ..
“Asclepius: God of Medicine, worshiped everywhere in ancient Greece.
The two snakes – actions that express our nervous system, formed in the Caduceus of Mercury. Legend says that Mercury once saw two snakes fighting and put the rod between them and wrapped them around her and stopped hostile. The name of Hermes etymolocaly means, “one who interprets”, (Eρμηνευτής – Hermeneutis = “performer. The performer is our mind, the logic that processes and knowledge, thus developing the consciousness and the evolutionary level of the divine. The snake symbol adopted Asclepius and Hippocrates as a symbol, which apart from the body were doctors and doctors of the soul. The rod with which control the snake, is the power of authority and control over this energy, the body electromagnetism, which is disturbed. This can be translated in the sense of koutalini snake control rod to the spine, the energy of the lower instincts, the brute, who is as influential mentioned through the spinal cord like a snake runs along the spine, the and ancient Serpent called.
So, like Hermes, reconciles these forces, and balancing the distribution of energy in the body occurs and healing, the mind admonishes and guides his passions. Hercules, from infancy he managed to drown two snakes, that put under its control, to tame and dominate the forces that make us vulnerable and vulnerable, and became a demigod hero went to the Champs Elysees (Ηλυσια πεδια). Through this myth of Hercules, let it also leaked and that, as Pais of Zeus, the possession of a power of the heavenly, not only dominate through the mind and intellectual contact with the Divine earthly, bodily instincts, but and implied a mission given to him against the Offit Atlanteans, those we call Satan today.
THE CULT OF ASCLEPIUS BECAME VERY POPULAR AND THE CULT CENTRES (KNOWN AS AN ASCLEPIEION) WERE USED BY PRIESTS TO CURE THE SICK. INVALIDS ALSO CAME TO THE SHRINES OF ASCLEPIUS TO FIND CURES FOR THEIR AILMENTS (IN THE SAME FASHION PILGRIMS VISIT LOURDES TODAY.) THE PROCESS OF HEALING WAS KNOWN AS INCUBATION. THE PATIENT WOULD SPEND THE NIGHT IN A DORMITORY. DURING THE NIGHT THEY WOULD SUPPOSEDLY BE VISITED BY THE GOD IN A DREAM. PRIESTS WOULD INTERPRET THE DREAMS AND THEN RECOMMEND A REMEDY OR GIVE ADVICE ON HOW THEY COULD BE CURED WITH PERHAPS A RECOMMENDED VISIT TO THE BATHS AND GYMNASIUMS. THERE WERE MANY CENTRES AND SCHOOLS OF MEDICINE, FROM TRIKKIS IN THESSALY TO THE ISLAND OF COS. IT IS BELIEVED THAT HIPPOCRATES, A GREAT DOCTOR OF ANTIQUITY, PLIED HIS TRADE ON THE ISLAND OF COS. IT IS ALSO SAID THAT HIPPOCRATES WAS A DESCENDANT OF ASCLEPIUS.
THE ROMANS ADOPTED THE CULT OF ASCLEPIUS, BUT CHANGED HIS NAME TO LATIN; THEY CALLED HIM AESCULAPIUS.
THE DOUGHTERS & SONS of ASKLIPIOS
.
HYGEIA -ΥΓΕΙΑ = HEALTH: from: “ygiiros” related to “wet” = hydro. This liquid state, the “ygriis” is healthy. “Healthy esti temperateness of juice in us” … Always health characterized as liquid, juicy, while illness and death have the common characteristic dryness, stiffness.
– AIGLI (Αίγλη) φως ηλίου – phos Heliou -, δόξα ‘ from: Aiso – αϊσσω + λίαν. = the Radiation of the Health.
MAHAON – Μαχάων from: Mahomai=I fight – mahi =battle example: Andromach the doughter of Priamos king of Troja, meaning=the battle against man— mahaira = knife, surgeon (χειρουργός).
PODALEIRIOS (Ποδαλείριος) FROM: pous = foot – πους + leirion – λείριον (field flower). he had permentaly his feetinto withwild field flowers – Botanic Doctor. (ιατρός – iatros=doctor + rootcuter ριζοτόμος)”
Podaleirios was the son of Asclepius and Ipion. The word “Podaleirios” is a compound consisting of the synthetic words “ποῦς” (=foot) and “leirio” (=lily, narcissus). Therefore, the first name means one who has fine or delicate feet (see also: .
Podaleirius participated in the Trojan War. Together with his brother, Mahaona, during the siege of Troy, they rendered great services to the Achaeans, thanks to their medical knowledge. According to the myth, it was these two brothers who healed Menelaus, when he was wounded by the arrows of Pandarus. It is said that Podaleirius, returning from Troy, was shipwrecked in Caria, where Damethus was king. His daughter, Sirna, was seriously injured falling from the roof of the house. Podaleirius managed to cure her and Damiethos to show his gratitude, gave Podaleirius his daughter as his wife. The couple settled in Kos, where Podalirios founded two cities, one of which he named Sirna, in honor of his wife. Podaleirius and Cyrna had a son, Hippolochus, who was taught the medical art by his father.
Podaleirius and his brother, Mahaon, were worshiped as the patron gods of medicine in various parts of the Greek world.
sources
The two sons of Asclepius, returning unharmed from the Trojan war, continued to travel and, posthumously deified, like his father. Established places of worship and healing, dedicated to Asclepius, named “Asclepiea”. Ancient Asklepion considered that the Trikke in Thessaly, while the most famous was despite Epidaurus. Equally famous was the Asklepion of Kos, which was famous for Asclepiadae and particularly of course, for the father of medicine Hippocrates.
Even mentioned that:
“Animals temples of Asclepius was the serpent (όφις), who symbolizes the periodic of renewal and is an emblem of wisdom, truth and intelligence (ευφυΐα), the cock, symbol of vigilance, the dog, symbol of faith, intelligence and vigilance and whoever in the Asclepiea healed lambent Tina diseased, the Aix (=Goat) which breastfed Asclepius and calculus because tartar became mythological legend that nourished Asclepius in his childhood.
In ancient Greece the god of medicine and health was Asclepius. (Check up page: Hippocrates – Asclepius school)
According to mythology, Asclepius was the son of Apollo and Coronis, daughter of the king of Thessaly, phlegyas. When the Koronis was pregnant, expecting the child of Apollo, he fell in love and married a mortal, the power load. Apollo enraged by this and ordered his sister, the goddess Artemis, to kill Koronis, did. While the dead body of Coronis burning Apollo took the baby from her womb and gave it to the centaur Chiron to grow.
Chiron taught Asclepius medicine and hunting. Asclepius participated later in the Argonauts with Jason and his sons fought in the Trojan war. The ancient Greeks imagined Asclepius as a strong man with beard sitting on a throne. The sacred animal was the snake and the symbol was a stick.
ASKLIPIOS – Ασκληπιός from: ΑΣΚΕΛΗΣ + ΠΙΟΣ (= haggard + Humble) is the one who”turns the hard & dry illness into healthy mildness stage “.
In Greek mythology there was the face of Machaon. He was the son of the god Asklepios and Epionis and patron of doctors. Today, no doctor in Greece does not know! The Machaon participated, in Homer, the civil between the Greeks Trojan war and took care of the wounded and sick of the Achaean Greeks.
EPIONE was the goddess of the soothing of pain. She was the wife of the medicine-god Asklepios (Aslcepius) and the mother of the five Asklepiades (Asclepiades)–Hygeia (Good Health), Panakeia (Cure-All), Iaso (Healing), Aigle (Radiance), and Akeso (Curing).
Asklipios Bellow: Asklipios & Epioni on Ivory sculpture
The Greeks had the great temple of Asclepius in Epidaurus and many other churches across the country were called “Asclepieia” (in fact hospitals were) the most important of which was the island Kos. These spaces attending patients. There the god priests gave various herbal medicines and recommend the appropriate diet. Patients purified and having offered their gifts to the temples. After undoing in rooms in which the night was coming, supposedly, the god transformed – usually in snake – and healed them. In fact the treatment was done by the priests who were using natural medicines and often did surgeries !!!
At Epidaurus Asklepios was worshiped from the 16th century BC Originally the god worshiped in the temple of Epidaurus. The Asklepieion of Epidaurus had more religious character, unlike the Asklepieion of Kos had more scientific nature. The Temple of Asclepius in Epidaurus had inside the gold and ivory statue of the god was seated on his throne holding a stick. In Asklepion came sick from all over Greece and after the entire known world. Patients initially made a sacrifice to Asclepius father, Apollo, who also was a doctor. Indeed, Apollo and he was considered god of medicine and a skillful surgeon. In the sanctuary of Asclepius were medical instruments such as scalpels, and there were also medical procedures!
In Asklepion of Epidaurus was a place, the “Abaton”, where the patient is asleep. During sleep the insight given to the way in which they should act so as to cure and heal and others. In the 4th century BC the Asklepieion created spa and patients about the benefits to their health spas, as they do today in spas. At the same time in storey building Asklepios at Epidaurus were built two other floors, to accommodate the dozens of patients who flocked from across the country.
The first established medicine was the philosopher (disciple of Pythagoras) Alkmaion (late 6th – early 5th century BC) of Croton, a Greek colony in southern Italy. First he argued that the brain is the center of consciousness and physiological functions. The Alkmaion wrote the first medical book: the “On Nature” (common titles for older philosophers).
The Alkmaion, among others, described the optic nerve and the Eustachian tube in the ear. Also invented surgical instruments and did brain surgery. The Chalkidios featuring Alkmaiona as the father of anatomy, while others describe him as the father of medicine. The writer describes the grandfather of medicine! The Alkmaion established medicine and later Hippocrates of made them a science.
Equally important is the contribution of Empedocles in medicine. Empedocles (494-434 BC) was from Agrigento (Greek colony in Sicily). He dealt with physics, music and medicine. In medicine was the first to speak about the development of the human organism. He said the bodies of man from birth, undergo a process in which progressively developed and refined – as generally all tissues of the human body.
Also important was the contribution of the Diogenis Apoloniates (Apollonia Crete) was a philosopher of the 5th century BC Diogenes lived in Athens as a doctor. Probably went to dissections in corpses, since anatomically describe the circulatory system of man.
In Asklepion Kos before Hippocrates, the great physician, was Aineios (6th-5th century BC). Hippocrates (460-377 BC) is the father of medicine. He lived on the island Kos. His father was a priest at the Asklepieion of Kos, where patients flocked from all regions of the country. His medical liked so he decided to deal with it. His studies debunking the disease that until then considered as a punishment from God and made a unique issue of Asclepius priests, doctors in training field – scientists.
*************A S C L E P I O S TEMPLE IN ROME*****************************”””
It was first built between 293 and 290 BC and was dedicated in 289 BC. According to legend, a plague hit Rome in 293 BC, leading the senate to build a temple to Asclepius, Latinised to ‘Esculapius’. After having consulted the Sibylline Books and gained a favourable response, a delegation of Roman elders was sent to Epidaurus in Greece, famous for its sanctuary to Asclepius, to obtain a statue of him to bring back to Rome.
The legend also relates that during the propitiatory rites a large serpent (one of the god’s attributes) slithered from the sanctuary and hid in the Roman ship. Certain that this was a sign of the god’s favour, the Roman delegation quickly returned home, where the plague was still raging. As they were on the river Tiber and about to reach Rome, the snake crawled out of the ship and disappeared from sight on the island, marking the site where the temple was to be built. Work on the temple began immediately and it was dedicated in 289 BC – soon afterwards, the plague ended.
In memory of the event, the front of the island was also remodelled to imitate a trireme. An obelisk marked the island’s centre, in front of the temple, to resemble a mast, while blocks of travertine were placed along the edges to look like a bow and stern. Several other structures arose on the island to shelter the sick, as evidenced by several surviving votives and inscriptions.
Remains….The temple was destroyed in the medieval period and as early as 1000 the basilica of San Bartolomeo all’Isola was built on its remains by Otto III. The medieval well near the altar of the church seems to be the same as that used to draw water for the sick in the classical period as mentioned by Sextus Pompeius Festus, a 2nd-century Latin grammarian. There is also the Fatebenefratelli Hospital in front of the basilica.
Little remains of the temple – some fragments of the obelisk are now held in Naples and Munich and some travertine blocks were re-used in modern buildings on the island, including a relief of the staff of Asclepius.
The island with the hospital, showing its similarity to a trireme. In the background is the basilica of San Bartolomeo.
By Hippocrates the cause of the disease is the very sick and the doctor needs to consider carefully to find it. Hippocrates founded a clinical examination of the patient (overview, percussion, palpation, listening – with ear then) and went on innovative methods of treatment with herbs, herbal teas etc. It was reported elsewhere that this was the first to discover the healing powers of Willow containing acetylsalicylic acid in late 19th century, the German company BAYER manufactured in synthetic form: the known to us all, aspirin! Aspirin is a painkiller, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and protects against heart disease and Alzheimer’s disease (dementia).
Hippocrates dealt with anatomy. Also invented special surgical instruments and proceeded in difficult surgeries. Such were the opening of the chest (thoracotomy), the trepanation of the skull (for cerebral edema or volume) n. A. The surgical instruments used were scalpels, forceps, endoscopes Exclamation mark, cranial tools for cranial surgery, forceps for childbirth and many other tools. Surgical instruments used by the disinfected before surgery, in fire or old wine (rich in alcohol).
The reputation of Hippocrates was huge and influenced all subsequent philosophers and doctors (medical). Hippocrates wrote his famous oath in which even today swear graduates all of the world’s medical schools. Among other oath says:
“… I recommend to my patients diet that science and the crisis I consider more appropriate and will chase away from them any harm and damaging food. I will never give them poison (see. Today euthanasia), nor give them incorrect advice (vl.simera medical errors and medical malpractice). Nor would prevent women from conceiving (in ancient Greece the family and children was something sacred) and will help them to have an abortion (see. Today unwanted pregnancies and abortions). Above all I would keep my life pure and undefiled my art. In that house will go only offer assistance to the sick and will depart every wrongful act and profane contact. And that listen from now on in the exercise of my medical duties on the common life of the people, if I am not allowed, I clam up and keep it secret, closely guarded … “.
With his last words Hippocrates and introduces the concept of medical confidentiality.
Hippocrates had school in Kos, wrote 59 books. First he talked about acute diseases like saying, kill most patients. He spoke about chronic diseases. Also described many diseases and symptoms such as pleurisy, pneumonia, the “frenitin” (fever with delirium), the lethargy, the “heat” (high fever) etc. Hippocrates gave great importance to the prevention of diseases and know the phrase: “Kallion (better) prevention is despite the cure.”
This was the general belief of the ancient Greeks who followed healthier life: the right diet (standard diet, the ancient Greek) and continuous exercise (from childhood). Moreover, few know that Hippocrates even founded homeopathy, centuries before its founder. This was the German physician Samuel Hahnemann started his experiments in 1813, 183 patients with typhus that had success 99. 95% !!!
Hippocrates founded homeopathy with the famous phrase: “like the like eisin remedies’, the same can be treated with the same. It is not unlikely Hippocrates and other doctors of ancient Greece to using homeopathic medicines, ie potent drugs diluted to such an extent that is not toxic but can cause symptoms similar to the disease and the mechanism to heal.
Generally, the ancient Greeks had developed the medicine that has experienced particular growth in the time of Hippocrates. First, first discovered the immunity acquired by the body after the attack from certain infections. This describes Thucydides saying that the plague in Athens in 430 BC, who got sick and survived any disease.
Also, the ancient Greeks used various therapeutic agents, such as bleeding (it might help to pulmonary edema and in some other diseases such as heart disease and kidney disease), medication herbal, administration of infusions, cauterization wounds, proper diet ( which today usually neglected) any illness, surgery – where necessary, as well as baths. In other words, first the ancient Greeks created the holistic medicine and seeing each patient as an individual, as a unique personality. Not see him as a figure, commodity and customer as modern medicine has enslaved to pharmaceutical companies and physicians are professionals …
The ancient Greeks usually die in old age, if we exclude deaths from wars and epidemics. This can determine the reader with the periods that were born the ancient Greeks died listed in this book. Most listed here, died after 70 !!! Unacceptable ‘surveys’ some (non-Greek) “scholars” of envy have supposedly low average life of the ancient Greeks.
The low average age in Greece applicable since the early to mid 20th century AD (Hunger, constant wars). Generally, the Greeks are characterized by their longevity. The current exceptions are due to the adoption of western lifestyle and especially the western diet causes heart disease and cancer. Besides, toxic and carcinogenic substances are everywhere: in the air, in food, in the water we drink, even in breast milk !!! The natural medicines of ancient Greek containing the substances pharmacology later isolated and proceeded to synthetic production.
Asklepeion
In ancient Greece there were many medical schools such as Kos (Hippocrates) and Knidos (Greek colony in Asia Minor. – Opposite Kos). In Knidos was known physician Eudoxus lived in the 4th century BC There were also many Asclepieia was – as discussed above – temples in honor of the god Asklepios. In essence it was infirmaries and were called as the first hospital !!! We mentioned before the Asklepieion of Epidaurus. Other big Asclepieia was Athens, Kos and Pergamon.
Pergamos was a city in the Middle. Asia during the Hellenistic period became the capital of the kingdom of Pergamon. Medical schools in ancient Greece were in Kos by Hippocrates in Cyrene (Greek colony in Libya) and Croton (Greek colony in southern Italy) – from Alkmaiona. However, it is noted that all the ancient Greeks had medical knowledge and even in Athens and in many other cities and young people were taught the lesson of medicine, as part of their schooling! This unfortunately is not the current school …
THE FIRST AND ANCIENT MEDICINES IN TABLETS WITH A SEAL, MADE IN GREECE, ON THE PORT !!!
“… He is left with me in Limno the Filoketin … he is not the one who is under the arm of Limnia, even if he is called to fall. “
[Why (it is said) that they left the Host there .. and that he was healed immediately by the clay of Limnia, in which it is said that Hephaestus fell].
Excerpt from the work of “Heroic” by Flavi Filostratos (170/172 – 247/250), who was the main spokesman of the Second Sophistication. He was born in Limnos, although he calls himself Atheneus.
According to mythology, when Hera threw her newborn son Hephaestus from Olympus, because she thought he was ugly, into the inactive volcano of Mosychlos of Lemnos, Hephaestes managed to heal the injuries of his fall with the healing soil of Lake Earth. Since then he stayed there and installed his workshop on Mosykhlon Hill, where he built his most famous works for gods and men. Also, with the yoke of Limnia land, the famous king of Thessaly Philoktis was also healed, when he was bitten by a snake and his companions the Acheeans abandoned him alone in Limnos and continued their journey to Troy.
The “Lake Land”, the treated mud from the soils of Lemnos, was the first standardized pharmaceutical formulation in the history of Medicine. The first standard pharmaceutical product we encounter from antiquity to the 19th century holds an important position not only in the Greek sphere, but also throughout Europe.
After his mining ceremony, the soil, after being sanctified by a priest who arrived in Mosykhlo from the capital of Lemnos, Ifaistia, was transported to the city and with water, along with goose blood and onon’s milk, which was ritualized, was made into a form of liquid clay, which was dried until it was he became like a soft candle and they carved him into a plate. They put the seal of the goddess Artemis on them.
In Christian years, the “Lake Land” was called “holy land” and its mining ceremony took place on August 6, celebrated by the Feast of the Savior, near there was also the Savior’s Chapel. They sealed the formations in the form of Christ. During the Turkish rule, the clay plates were sealed with the crescent or other official Ottoman stamps. The sultan made the decisions for trade in the land of Limniaki. In fact, from the constant mining, the spot there looked like a well. It is reported that a small amount of clay was given to potters, to make cups and vessels, from where they drank. Many Turks used them, because they believed that it neutralizes every poison that comes in contact with clay. A small historical-folkographic study published in 1934 by Pope Angelis Michelis writes:
“In Agion Hypation of Hodza, gave this soil to the touts and they sealed vessels with his seal, containing “Kul Mectoum”, that is, “ex-neutral poison.” “
It is the “Lake land”, a clay coarse liquid red soil, a clay with a characteristic peculiar brown color. Its hue is called “medium reddish brown” and has been designated as number 43 in the global atlanta of colors that gave it the name “Terra Lemnia”.
According to modern chemical analyses of the composition of the soil, scientists have observed that, among others, it contained myrite clay, aluminum, iron oxide, water, calcium, magnesium, sodium carbon, and sulfuric acid. All these ingredients make it beneficial for the body and make it a kind of panakea. Reports from ancient years present the composition of the earth’s Lamnia as a miraculous worker with unique healing properties. Its use was carried out by ingesting, with a reduction in wounds or dissolved in water. According to several studies, it appears to have antiseptic, hemostatic and painkiller action, while believed to treat typhoon fever and fever, skin and eye inflammation, dysentery, stomach disorders, anemia, and neutralizing snake venom. Mixed with vinegar helped in cases of vomiting and bleeding.
It is first mentioned by Herodotus (484 BC. Χ. -425 π. Χ.
/410 π. Χ. ). But then, many scholars and physicians of antiquity studied, used and wrote about it, with the great Greek physician Claudius Galinos leading (129-199 BC. Χ. ), which at 167 m. Χ. he visited Limnos to investigate the properties of “Land Lake”, attended its mining ceremony and bought 20,000 tablets. Following and in the works of great Byzantine, Syrian and Arab physicians, as well as Renaissance tourists, the properties of the “Lake land” are mentioned. So it gained an important position not only in the Greek area, but also throughout Europe and quickly filled “the pharmacies in East and West”. They refer to it by its Latin names, as “terra Lemnia” (land Lemnia) and “terra Sigillata” (sealed land). Until slowly because with the advancement of medicine various drugs were being manufactured, the last mining report was in August 1916. It is reported that at the ceremony, which once gathered 3000 people, then only 12 attended.
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Venetia Georgiou
June 20, 2023 · · ·
Venetia Georgiou
20 Ιουνίου 2023 ·
Philolaus of Croton
Besides Hippocrates, in the middle of the 5th Philolaos century lived in Croton in southern Italy (Greek colony). Philolaos was Pythagorean philosopher and physician. After the destruction of the School of Pythagoreans in Croton, Filolaos fled to Thebes where he taught. When Filolaou diseases should seek the juices of man, ie blood, bile and phlegm. This accepts modern medicine with blood tests, biochemical tests and sputum (infection or macroscopic cancer or tuberculosis). Philolaos said also that excessive hot or cold, and too much food can cause diseases. As regards overeating known scourge of the western world, obesity. About extreme cold causes frostbite and vulnerability to infection, while excessive hot causes heat stroke.
Even Aristotle had medical knowledge. His parents were Asclepiadae and even his father Nicomachus( =Battle winner) was physician to the court of King of Macedonia Amyntas B. From his father, Aristotle taught medicine which broadcast and Alexander the Great student. Alexander seemed particularly useful medicine in his campaign in Asia and even special diets recommended in patients soldiers.
Herophilus the Chalkidonios
Another great physician, was Herophilus of Chalcedon in Bithynia who lived in the 3rd century BC The Herophilus brought the medicine in Alexandria and was the first anatomist. He cuts rather animal and not human. But perhaps eventually made it to the man, as accused for that. Moreover, it is said that the Ptolemies in Egypt allowed the anatomy to criminals bodies. In general, the anatomy in the human body was prohibited until shortly after the years of the Renaissance. The Herophilus distinguished tendons of the vessels, described the nervous system, stood out the motor from the sensory nerves and said that the seat of the mind is the brain. Also studied the liver, duodenum (that gave the name of the related length), prostate, lung, brain (brain correlated to the nervous system), the lymphatic vessels and liver.
The Herophilus distinguished the optic nerve and studied the eye, naming the retina and cornea. Great importance is given to the proper diet and exercise, which accepts the modern cardiology. The Herophilus and invented an instrument for the study of beats, because he realized the diagnostic and clinical worthy !!!
Erasistratus Ceos
At the same time as Herophilus, ie the 3rd century BC, lived and Erasistratus from Kea (island of Cyclades) made in Alexandria anatomy and research on the heart. Erasistratus considered one of the founders of the anatomy. Note that Bithynia (area in northwestern Asia Minor.) Born Herophilus and generally southwestern Asia and Egypt were then Hellenistic kingdoms founded by Alexander the Great ruled that his successors and many Greeks lived there.
Galenos
After Hippocrates, the greatest physician of antiquity was Claudius Galenos was the founder of experimental physiology and descriptive anatomy. Galenos was a Greek. He was born in 129 or 131 AD Pergamon in Asia Minor. (formerly Hellenistic kingdom passed to the Romans). He was son of Nicias architect. From child Galen frequented the Asklepieion city that the Greeks founded as in other cities in the territory of southwestern Asia. There, patients flocked from around the world. Galenos was attending medical school doctors to practice the medical profession. At age 14 he began philosophy and medicine courses. Note that in ancient medicine was an integral part of philosophy. Teacher was the Satyr, a student of the great anatomist Quintus.
Later, at age 16, Galenos began his medical studies in Pergamum and continued in Smyrna (Greek Ionian colony), Corinth and Alexandria. In Alexandria did anatomy animal. In 161 AD Galenos went to Rome, where he healed the Aristotelian philosopher Eudemus, the moment that no doctor could not cure him. This satisfied both Evdimos set up by Galenos in aristocratic circles and made him famous.
The reputation of Galen came as the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius and Lucius-Regent Oniro made Galenos official doctor of the court! Galenos gave many lectures and wrote several books. He died in 199 or 201 AD Unfortunately, his books – which were kept in the Temple of Peace – destroyed by fire. So they will stay hidden forever many of the innovative drugs and surgeries Galenos.
Galenos believed that good health was the result of a balance of four juices of the body: blood, bile, black bile and phlegm. Any disturbance in this balance or poor mixing juice leads to disease. Anatomy first, centuries before Darwin, discovered the similarity between man and ape !!! So used monkeys from northern Africa to anatomical studies (anatomy in humans above that forbidden). He also did anatomy in pigs.
Galenos studied the anatomy of the uterus, eye diseases and the movement of the chest and lungs during breathing. He described the liver and heart valves! Singled arteries from veins and said that the first releases his pure blood. Until then believed that the arteries circulating air. However, this is not a completely wrong and blood gases – oxygen and carbon dioxide – are transported in the blood dissolved. Mostly, however, found in red blood cells which are bound by and are released into the bloodstream.
Galenos reported that more blood is in the aorta. He said that the blood pumped into the aorta from the left ventricle after being passed through the right. Galenos spoke about muscle movement, breathing, semen, lung cancer, tumors, liver cirrhosis, convulsions and epilepsy (the sacred disease of the ancient Greeks), shivering, the delirium tremens, tuberculosis, stones in the bile and spleen ailments. Also dealt with the diet, he built many surgeries and medications.
Specifically manufactured teas, extracts and preparations, for example, drug plants such as opium, henbane and the bulbs squill. The last used them as cordial, diuretic and expectorant drug! Therapeutically used the poison of vipers! Today various poisons such as beeswax, of snakes and other natural substances (trunk fir, sharks and other substance) scientists searching drugs for cancer therapy. Some of them, in laboratory studies, stabilize or reduce tumor size or prevent irrigation with blood.
Dioscorides
IT SHOULD ALSO MENTION THE NAME OF THE PEDANIOU DIOSCORIDES WHO WAS A GREEK PHYSICIAN, BOTANIST AND PHARMACIST OF THE 1ST CENTURY AD BY ANAZARGO OF CILICIA. HE WROTE THE BOOK “ON MEDICAL MATTER” 77 AD.
The Pedanius Dioscorides (40-90 AD) was an important physician, pharmacologist and botanist from Anazarbus of Cilicia, known for his five-volume work “On medical matter”, the most influential in pharmacology until 1600 AD . There are many copies of his work, even in the 5th century. Considered the leading pharmacologist of antiquity, the scientific contribution of which is considered equivalent to that of botany Theophrastus . Manuscripts by Dioscorides treatise, especially the oldest, as the code of the monastery of Great Lavra of Mount Athos, Konstantinoupoulis located in Vienna’s library, Naples and Michigan are of particular interest. In miniature of the 15th century is represented by Sofia shows a plant and a painter to portray who writes it.
Contents [hide] 1 Life 2 Archival material 3 Other works 4 References 4.1 Greek literature 5 References 6 Sources 7 External links Life [edit | edit source]
Portrait of Dioscorides, Lefnten 1603 He was born around 40 AD the city Anazarbus Cilicia (pt. Northern Turkey) and little information delivered on his youth. Dioscorides was particularly inclined to study plants and herbs from an early age. After finishing medical studies at Tarsus near Supreme Court of Asklipieiadas School served to research the pharmacological properties of many plants, following the Roman army in several Mediterranean countries [5], serving as a doctor and having the responsibility of care for the injured.
His name Pedanius acquirer when it was adopted by the Roman family of Pedanion to acquire Roman citizenship rights. It was named Pedanius more to be distinguished from the: poet Dioscorides, and the historian Dioscorides.
He knew the properties of mandrake(μανδραγόρα), the therapeutic value and utility for premedication and sedation [8]. He had also noticed and described the phenomenon of allergic shock from taking drugs [9].
Dioscorides recorded more than 1,000 drugs, the majority of which came from plants. He also described substances that are now known as antiseptic, anti-inflammatory or contraceptives. Copies of the multi-volume work “On medical matter” were in constant circulation and used in practice by the heyday of the Roman Empire.
The first Latin version dates from 1478, a few decades after the invention of printing. The influence of his work spans at least until the Renaissance period and generally estimated tell Dioskourides methods of observation offered a solid foundation for the development of pharmacological science. Apart from its value as a medical textbook, high value is considered the wealth of information that gives the plants and herbs of southeastern Europe.
From Antiquity to the Renaissance, and later with the typography, the “On Ylis Medicine” was writen to all then known languages in the West and in the East, and to the 19th century. He was a model for all medicinal books.
The Arabs called it even Dioscorides “Envoy of God Botanikis” .The most famous and valuable copy that is kept today in the Vienna National Library (Cod med.gr. 1). Copied by “commandment of residents and guilds of Pera in 512 AD and donated to Julian on amic. Other precious copies are the Code of Naples in 512 AD, several Arab codes, and the famous Turkish codes Topkapı Istanbul.
Certainly, Dioscorides not found himself the properties of all these plants. As pointed out by E. Mpaouman in his book “The Greek Flora ‘knowledge about the healing properties of nature are lost in the mists of time, and the first recording of treatment with herbs owe to Theophrastus. But the feat is that Dioscorides had recognized as therapeutic approximately 500 plants from 6000 found in Greece (8%), while today only 5% of the 600,000 plants that grow worldwide has erefnithei.To “Great Safflower”, one of 70 Centaur growing in Greece and still holds the name “Chiron” or “Blood of Hercules”, reminds us that the Centaur Chiron had affixed this herb on the wound that caused him Hercules. O Dioscorides considers herb valuable drug for the treatment of open wounds.
The “Elenion” is rather the “chiffons Cheironion” Theophrastus, the current Inola heleniom. Its roots contain substances Alantolaktoni, Inulin, etc. and used stimulant, a stimulant, such as for the treatment of respiratory diseases or angina. And today is used in chronic cough or chronic duodenal ulcer. In trade we find the name Hanopect or within the elixir Mellissengeist.I Mandrake root of the plant is already used by Homer as hypnotic and / or as a painkiller. The son of Asclepius Machaon had used on the wound of Philoctetes. In other cases they chewed piece for hypnotic. Dioscorides was getting juice from the root of mandrake was making and diluted mixture for controlled dosage, because high doses could be dangerous. The root of the mandrake contains alkaloids like Hyoscyamine, scopolamine and atropine. Still, there are homeopathic medicines prepared from the root of like Anhaloniom, Claoparest etc. But they have been replaced by purely chemical preparations. Being the first known hypnotic, the Mandrake has been chosen as the emblem of Greek Society of Anesthesiologists.
The atropos, the current Atropa belladonna, is a tall shrub toxic properties of which had described Dioscorides. The weight of an ancient drachma could cause fantasies in a double dose fantasies kept four days, and a quadruple dose cause death. Ten or twelve fruits are fatal. Name Belladona (Bella Donna) mean good woman because few drops of the fruit in the eyes causing dilated pupil, which is considered to embellish old women. Atropine is also used in ophthalmology, and against bradycardia and / or as an antidote to poisoning by insecticides or nerve gas.
Pro Dioskourides, otherwise “soul balm” today neat “balm”, used mainly for the treatment of wounds. As tea is considered today the best antidepressant after inhibitors Serotonin. In Europe and in America is known by the name St. John’s Wort or Johanneskraot, not the sales exceed 1 billion. Dollars a year. In Greece grows outside our door and our grandmothers used it as a pain reliever in babies. The antidepressant activity has xechastei.To juice of kafkalithres, the “Iordylion” gave him, mixed with wine, for certain kidney diseases, not the mallow, the “Malachi,” for bites from poisonous snakes, or used the flowers as Tea as today.
But medicinal plants that have survived until today are infinite, and those numerous history and mythology have connected with some treatment, so it is impossible to fit the brief reference to the contribution of Dioscorides. The influence of his work spans at least until the Renaissance period and generally estimated tell Dioskourides methods of observation offered a solid foundation for the development of pharmacological science. Apart from its value as a medical textbook, high value is considered the wealth of information that gives the plants and herbs of southeastern Europe.
Archive material
Arabic book for simple medications: On medical matter Dioskourides. Cumin and Dill c. 1334. British Museum The homepage of the Vienna Dioscorides, Blackberry Artemisia. Dioscorides De Materia Medica Spain 12th 13th century.jpg Dioscorides writes seated Rare copy (515 AD) from the bird collection from Dioscorides, Vienna, Austrian National Gallery On medical matter in Byzantine version of the 15th century
Manuscript (Wiener Dioskurides)
Dioscuri; honor was given the name of a family of monocotyledonous plants (Dioscoreacae) Other projects [Edit | Code edit] About poisoning – De Venero About iovolon- De Venetaris Anibalibus About peony and what poiein may, Fragmenta 11.2.164 – 11.2.167, Berlin Pyr. 1914 References: Gunther, R.T., ed. (1933). The Greek Herbal of Dioscorides. Oxford University Press. Isely, Duane (1994). One hundred and one botanists. Iowa State University Press. Krebs, Robert E. & Carolyn A. Krebs (2003). Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Ancient World. Greenwood Publishing Group. Murray, J. (1884). The Academy. Alexander and Shephrard. Nutton, Vivian (2004). Ancient Medicine. Routledge. Greek literature [Edit | Code edit] On medical matter, pub, Georgiadis ISBN 960-316-155-1 About medical material (with translation), ed. Miletus ISBN 960-8033-01-02 On medical matter, five volumes, Cactus versions On simple medicines (two volumes) ed. Cactus About poisons and drugs such outpost and treatment etc. ed. Cactus On medical matter, pub, Zitros, 2006 ISBN 960-8437-61-X References [change | edit source] Jump over ↑ TRGunther, The Greek herbal of Dioscorides (1934) Jump over Dioscorides ↑ Jump over ↑ Encyclopedia Structure, vol. 8os.s 144 Jump over ↑ Introduction, On medical matter, ed. Cactus. Jump over ↑ J. Mond, Pharm., 2.117 (1958) Jump over ↑ Dioscorides, the founder of Pharmacology ↑ Jump over Lucian, Timaeus the Athenian 2.9 “under mandrake kathefdeis nor of epiorkounton hears nor adikountas bishop” Jump over ↑ «on alert and periodynonton (ypervolikos pain) and efon on which House anesthesia intersecting or incinerated poiisai kathefdei agar man ‘ Jump over ↑ «kataferesthai and skotousthai and pnigesthai .. foregone conclusions on the drug.” Dioscorides, On poisons and drugs such outpost and para therapy. 152 Jump over ↑ Huxley (2007), pp. 34 Sources : E.W. Stieb, Drug Adulterration and its Derectio in the Writings of Theophrastus, Dioscorides and Pliny, 1958 R. Huxley (ed.), The Great Naturalists, Thames & Hudson, London, 2007 Article ef.Kathimerinis External links [edit | edit source] Commons logo The Wikimedia Commons has multimedia on the topic Dioscorides Pedanius Translation into German of Materia Medica, 1902
HIPPOCRATES AND MEDICINE OF THE ANCIENT GREEKS
Hippocrates was born in Kos. He came from the family of Asclepius (the primary meaning of the term “Asclepiadae” are those originating from Asclepius, whether doctors or engage in any other activity, according to I.. Tzetzes). Asclepius was lord of Triki in Thessaly, who was famous for his medical knowledge. Homer became a imitheo- therapist. In the end, he exalted into a god doctor.
In the “Symposium” of Plato implied two sons of Aesculapius, the Podalirius and Machaon. Hippocrates is said to belong to Asclepiadae originating from Podalirius. His father was Heraclides and his mother Fainareti. Descendants of Podaleirios were the ones who founded the medical school of Knidos, which might be the oldest medical school of Kos but the latter has gained in reputation because of the birth of Hippocrates.
The first teacher of Hippocrates was his father, after the tradition of Aesculapius wanted transmission of medical knowledge from father to son. Later his teacher was the gymnastis- doctor Irodikos. Also taught philosophy from Democritus and rhetoric of Gorgias the Leontino. After his education he began to practice medicine in his hometown of Kos, where he married and had three children, two sons (Thessalos and Dragon) and a daughter.
After the death of his parents left Kos, wandering across Greece, moreover, were not rare the fact that time someone who practiced the profession of a doctor to leave his place of origin or the place where he trained to continue his career and elsewhere. However there is no precise indication as to when he left the island, maybe that was the beginning of the Peloponnesian war, it seems to coincide and the phase of the edge of his activity. Leaving, then, the island first went to Thessaly and later in Macedonia. He’s also the coast of Asia Minor., Thrace, Athens.
On his departure from Kos, biographers cite various explanations. One of them wants Hippocrates leave the island because they burned the library of Knidos. Another explanation says that Hippocrates burned because he left the Temple of Aesculapius at Kos, after having received the medical content of inscriptions. However, it seems that the most plausible explanation now is that Hippocrates wanted to leave the island to enrich their knowledge and experience with the examination and other regions. Furthermore one of the important ideas of Hippocratic medicine argues that the physical space affects significantly to the health and human disease.
In Thessaly period of his career there were two notable events. A story on King Perdiccas of Macedon in the 2nd, who had been diagnosed with a sexual disease from which cured him. The second event is the help that denied the barbarians and which offered only to the Greeks during an epidemic. More specifically, Artaxerxes the First said he sent envoys to seek the help of Hippocrates to tackle the epidemic which had spread to the army.
Hippocrates was not only refused, despite extremely tempting offers, but asking their envoys on climate conditions and status of the winds in their place, from their replies failed to anticipate the course of the disease in Greece and suggest the appropriate treatment treatment. After a long career that began in Kos, he died in Larissa at an advanced age. It is said that for a long time over his grave there was a swarm of bees honey had healing properties.
The Asklepieion, built on the slopes of a low hill, overgrown with trees and wonderful views of the sea and the coast of Asia Minor, was already in antiquity the most famous monument of Kos.
Hippocrates and the School of Kos
After returning to his homeland, he founded the famous school of Kos. Of course the term “school” at the time, namely the 5th century. We should be understood that a teacher, who was integrated into the broader context of a family tradition centuries, perpetuate this teaching to his sons and to his students.
Hippocrates would come to apotheopoiisei medical and strictly separate the limits of philosophy. When Hippocrates and called Hippocratic doctor ought to reject any kind of superstition, be clean in body and inseparable morality.
Diseases him have reasonable cause and not stem from divine intervention. Thus, the treatment should also be done with reasonable means from direct observation. The disease is considered as a general condition and not localized to any organ. He was the first to speak about the importance and necessity of asepsis and antisepsis. He stressed the need for daily cleaning and hygiene.
He argued that even in the human body are substances which he named blood and mucus, yellow and black bile. On the balance of these substances depends or human health. When there is a balance between these substances then man is healthy, and when the opposite occurs sick physically and psychologically. He believed that even the body resides an animal force, “nature” from which depends the maintenance, development and treatment of the body as resetting the abnormal to normal. Medicines for Hippocratic are aids “nature.”
Hippocrates was not limited to the practical side of medicine, but taught her already. First as stated the family tradition, he reported to his sons. But then, he was the first to broadcast the knowledge of medicine and in people who are not descended from the family of Asclepius. This opening to the season gave him widespread fame in medicine in Kos. With the opening of teaching was the reason be drawn from the large doctor the famous Oath of Medicine.
The oath was only from students who did not belong to the family of Asclepius, before the time that was to start training from the teacher. The decision of the Hippocrates to make affordable medical knowledge and to people outside the narrow bay of the family, due to the very small number of family members who were willing to continue the medical tradition in Kos. For this reason it must be drafted and the Oath. The oath was saved because he has all the attributes of a standard. It is today as in antiquity a type Contract for the ethical practice of medicine.
Ο ΌΡΚΟΣ ΤΟΥ ΙΠΠΟΚΡΆΤΗ (THE OATH OF HIPPOCRATES), IN ANCIENT GREEK (IONIAN)
” i swear by Apollo Physician and Asclepius and Hygieia and Panaceia and all the gods and goddesses, making them my witnesses, that I will fulfil according to my ability and judgment this oath and this covenant:
To hold him who has taught me this art as equal to my parents and to live my life in partnership with him, and if he is in need of money to give him a share of mine, and to regard his offspring as equal to my brothers in male lineage and to teach them this art – if they desire to learn it – without fee and covenant; to give a share of precepts and oral instruction and all the other learning to my sons and to the sons of him who has instructed me and to pupils who have signed the covenant and have taken an oath according to the medical law, but no one else.
I will apply dietetic measures for the benefit of the sick according to my ability and judgment; I will keep them from harm and injustice.
I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody who asked for it, nor will I make a suggestion to this effect. Similarly I will not give to a woman an abortive remedy. In purity and holiness I will guard my life and my art.
I will not use the knife, not even on sufferers from stone, but will withdraw in favor of such men as are engaged in this work.
Whatever houses I may visit, I will come for the benefit of the sick, remaining free of all intentional injustice, of all mischief and in particular of sexual relations with both female and male persons, be they free or slaves.
What I may see or hear in the course of the treatment or even outside of the treatment in regard to the life of men, which on no account one must spread abroad, I will keep to myself, holding such things shameful to be spoken about.
If I fulfil this oath and do not violate it, may it be granted to me to enjoy life and art, being honored with fame among all men for all time to come; if I transgress it and swear falsely, may the opposite of all this be my lot.
The oath essentially divided into two parts. The first part identifies the obligations newly entered student and offered moral and financial guarantees to the teacher of the medical art. He promises to honor his teacher as parent as will the problems of the teacher and his. He also accepts the commitment to teach himself if need medical art to his sons and to the sons of his teaching.
The second part of the oath is considered the most important as it refers to the moral principles on which to base to practice his profession as a doctor tomorrow. Its primary goal is to bring the art “agnos and purely.” The obligations of this desire is only to seek the good of the patients and never to use lethal medication even if requested. He’ll never help woman to lose her child that carries her. Respects the house in which each patient will come in and will avoid any aphrodisiac contact with the patient and with the members of his family. Finally, he will be trusted and will not reveal the secrets that become known during the course of his work.
Hippocrates and the Hippocratic Collection
Tradition has preserved us in the name of Hippocrates about 60 treatises in Ionic dialect. But already from the Hellenistic and Roman times until today was intense debate about whether the authorship of this project belongs to Hippocrates. It would be unrealistic to believe that all written by Hippocrates himself. These are medical treatises can be guided by the same spirit of a rational medicine free of any magical effect, but the work is not homogeneous. There are differences in vocabulary, in style and content. Some seem to not written by the same teacher, some are of various origins and different date. The truth is that many of the collection works written by students and fans of the great doctor who inspired him.
According to Professor A. Kuzu the Hippocratic Collection in terms of content divided into 12 categories (Maniatis, 2002). These and their respective books are:
§ General (Oath, Law, On ancient medicine About iitrou, On Art, On efschimosynis, Parangeliai, Aphorisms.)
§ Anatomy-Physiology (About Anatomy, On cardio, On flesh, About glands, On bones physio, physio About Human About gonad, On physio children.)
§ Arbitration (On feed, On diet, healthy diet About.)
§ Pathology (About aeron, water, sites, About juice About Crisis, On critical days, On week On whiffer.) § Predictive (prognostic, Proritikon, Koakai forecasts.) § Special nosology (On Epidemics, On passions, On Noosa, On the inside passions, On Sacred Disease, On the sites of flat man.) § Therapeutic (About Diet acids About liquids useful.) § Surgery (In practice, On ulcers, hemorrhoids On, On syringes, On of heads eat, On agmon, About Articles embolism, Mochlikos.) § Ophthalmology (About sight.) § Midwifery (About Virgo, On female physio, On women’s A, B, On touching About epikyiseos, About seven months and eight months, On egkatatomis fetus.) § Pediatrics (About odontofyiis.) § Various (letters, which, Reasons, The doctrine of the Athenians, Epivomios, Ambassadorial.)
One of the major works of the Collection, which deserves mention and characterized many times as a milestone in the history of European science is “On the sacred disease.”
It is the first expression in the spiritual history of mankind’s ongoing struggle conducted by scientific thinking people against superstition. The theme of the project is the “sacred disease” as used to characterize epilepsy.
The project essentially is fighting with all the “witch-purists” who proclaim that illness is supernatural character. The work of the author himself believes the illness was due to natural causes, like all illnesses, and treatment will be made by physical means. In the opinion of epilepsy begins in the brain.
The Reputation of Hippocrates
Hippocrates was the most important representative not only of the medical school of Kos and medicine in general in antiquity. He had become a mythical person in antiquity. Already from the first phase of his career in Kos had gained great reputation. Biographers report that called by the inhabitants of Abdera to cure Democritus because they believed that he had gone mad. Doctor while he was alive, he took the form of a therapist hero posthumously. The people of Kos on the day of his birth worshiped by sacrifices each year.
This ceremony must have existed in the 1st century p. X when circulating coins depicting the form. It is also said that the Athenians erected a statue of him and proclaimed savior of the city, because he saved the town from plague. His gold crown was given while he was initiated and the Eleusinian mysteries. (J. Jouanna, 199Cool. Information given both in Plato and Aristotle shows that though both lived Hippocrates was reputed great doctor and not only within the boundaries of his homeland. Downstream of great doctors or philosophers (Plato, Aristotle , Galen, Pliny and others) mentioned him as “great” or “divine.”
Hippocrates lived in Greece during the Golden Age of Pericles. A century of intense intellectual reflection that made great men, as it was Sophocles, Socrates and Thucydides. In the 5th century. So was born the rationalism and humanism, provided to give the term the broad meaning of “thinking man for himself.”
Hippocrates founded the school of the time across the country flourished Asclepieia where the main treatment constituted the purification of body and soul, where the disease was considered providential. It was he who revolutionized teaching rational thinking in dealing with diseases. The causes are reasonably require and reasonably therapeutics argued, there is the element of divine intervention. Apotheopoiise medicine and separated from philosophy.
He was first creepy close to humans. Crumbling everything, philosophical theories and ideas. (Www.pneuma.gr). He was the first to systematically classify medicine and ran a methodical treatment of diseases. He made affordable medical knowledge and to students beyond the family of Asklepios, something innovative for its time, since then the tradition prevailed which wanted to broadcast only within the bosom of the family of Asclepius, from father to son (J. Jouanna, 199Cool. He was the creator of the famous Oath of Medicine, an excellent text that introduces and deontologikes- ethical principles of medicine and is spoken today by future doctors.
With this new perspective of medicine introduced by Hippocrates superstition recede slowly pace. The magoi- therapists, who until then had a field day, will be the toughest opponents of Hippocrates. Despite the slander that occasionally made for him, they failed to reduce his reputation as a great doctor. The theories are so accurate that even today some of the medical procedures proposed are still used.
This, then, is the father of medicine. After that follow the doctors of Alexandria. There, in the late 4th century. BC moved the focus of medical science. Separate the medical specialties and the new generation of medicine, based on the theories of the past, build new theoretical structures on the foundations of old.
The MILITARY MEDICINE IN ANCIENT TIMES – Problems of Military Medicine
Man, the basic “cell” of acts of war, the more stable unit that can be used in the analysis of a military operation remains through the centuries largely identical in physiology and needs. The warriors who campaigned in ancient times, since the copper as that of Rome, died of the same causes of decimated and downstream armies, until the “medical revolution” of the 20th century and their weapons can still kill today or cause serious injury to any modern soldier.
Taken purely as mechanical tools for human destruction, weapons of ancient armies, were fatal. Even in the hands of a well trained warrior could become even more deadly. Nowadays it is common for two armies to whom the killing ability of one will be dramatically greater than that of his opponent. In the ancient world but this balance of power between two fighting armies were rare and it meant huge risk involved men.
The armies of Hyksos decimating of clover unfortunate Egyptians, the superiority which gave them the composite bow and agility of the chariots, and the Macedonians of Alexander defeats the Persians at a time despite their numerical inferiority. Unlike the Roman legions were almost equivalent to the army of Hannibal, but whenever the fighting suffered defeats and very heavy.
In the 1st century BC, however, the technological and tactical advantage was passed to the Romans to such an extent that there is no opponent in the Western world that can clash with them. Whenever the superior Roman army was fighting lower organizational strengths, as was common in the 1st century BC, the result was terrible slaughter dimensions. The victory over the Teutonic Marios in Aix-en-Provence (Aix-en-Provence) in 100 BC, resulted in killing more than 90,000 men in a single day.
Death, injuries and infections in Ancient Army
The level of risk faced by the ancient warrior in battle, depended heavily on the army to which they belong and the historical period that happened to live. For example, the Egyptian soldier who was fighting the Hyksos had few chances to avoid the inevitable, while the Roman soldier who faced the Belgians or the Saxons naughty could expect guaranteed survival.
Unlike modern battles, leaving relatively balanced number of deaths and injuries between the two sides, in ancient times losers expect horrific slaughter, while the winners suffered negligible losses. In the battle of Marathon, victorious Athenians had only 192 dead from a force of 10,000 men and at Issus Alexander lost 200 men, causing 50,000 casualties to the Persians! On Kynoskephalai Roman legions caused 8,000 deaths and essentially tore the Macedonian army, with losses of 700 men.
When and how but threatened to kill an ancient warrior? For as long as the columns kept consistent, it was very difficult to occur killing widely. Even the forces of the cavalry were unable to cause significant damage to disciplined formation infantry who held firmly to their positions. Nevertheless in every army of History is a great mass of men who feel a strong urge to escape from danger and motivation is always fear.
The real “killer” in the ancient battlefield was none other than fear. Men who have been involved in combat tend to keep under control the escapism that springs from the instinct of self-preservation, with the help of logic. Increased and prolonged psychological pressure though, dramatically increases the likelihood of finding someone Average rows of warriors who will lose their nerve and run. Sometimes the actions of a single soldier is sufficient to entrain as avalanche entire unit, causing panic explosion. When the homogeneity and consistency of the casting solution, the ancient warrior risked longer be killed or seriously injured.
Usually one phalanx will “break” suddenly and disintegrant rapidly as the original compact war machine transformed in seconds into a disorderly crowd frightened fugitives who struggled alone to escape, running with all their might. Soldiers disperse in every direction, often throwing weapons and their armor in a futile attempt to escape from their persecutors. For quite a long period fleeing save many of the losers, as the armies had few means to carry deadly pursuit.
The appearance but the chariot, edge and horseback archers Assyrian, forever changed this situation, making them easy prey retreating soldiers. In many cases the chariots and cavalry of the winners were driven between and around the disorderly crowd taking such positions to the force to be directed back to the battlefield. There they spent an entire day to the massacre. If the commander triumphs did not stop the carnage to take captives to be sold into slavery, a whole army will be killed without mercy – not a soldier I would not stay alive.
Historical studies show that, on average, the proportion of deaths a defeated army was about 37.7%, more than 1/3 of the total power. Death rates but for the victorious armies were considerably lower, ranging in 5.5% of all involved. Even if an army enjoyed full technological superiority, it was necessary at some point to start killing small distances.
The apparent disproportion between losses and defeated the winners reveals that the greatest slaughter took place during phase one of the two rivals broke their formations under physical or psychological pressure, prompting soldiers to be prosecuted and slaughter with relative ease . However they should be required many hours ceaseless slaughter to destroy a defeated enemy.
There is no evidence on the impact they had these “personal” (from nearby) murders the psyche of the soldier. But it is likely that the practice of the Romans, to expose all classes of citizens from a young age before the hideous face of death in the arena, to later give some advantages on the battlefield, reducing cases of psychological shock.
Typical losses of a Roman Legion at Battle Victorious
Forces involved 6,000 men
Fonefthentes 330 men Injured 360 men Deaths from hemorrhagic shock 50 men () 13.8%) Deaths from tetanus 22 men (5%) Deaths from gas gangrene 15 men (4%) Deaths from sepsis five men (1.2%) Other causes 15 men (4%) Percentage recovery from injuries 70%
Knowing the total number of men of a defeated army of antiquity and subtracting the number of the dead and those who were taken prisoner to be sold later as slaves, we come in a good approximation of the number of injuries as a finding in such serious condition that it is useless to ‘ commodity “. Approximately 35.4% of the defeated had to wait an injury so severe that involve the abandonment of the battlefield.
When this figure is added to the 37.7% of the dead, it seems that in a typical battle of the ancient world a 73% an army of warriors who have been unsuccessful would end up dead or seriously wounded until dusk. No analog sure way to calculate the wounded winners. Using the statistics give the dead ratios between losers and winners, it seems that a percentage of 5.8% of the army imposed his opponent should have been some form of injury.
An analysis of professor Engels for the army of Alexander concludes that the Macedonians were about five wounded for every dead. So the average percentage of dead (in battle) 0.5% recorded the Macedonians in Granicus, the Issus and Gaugamela, leading probably to a rate of 2.5% wounded. The military medical system of the Romans went into the design of providing a percentage wounded in the battle between 2 and 10%.
The field hospital legion was organized in 64 chambers, each could serve 4-5 men, revealing so that the maximum number of casualties expected by the unit in a jam was 320 people, or 5% of its power.
The nature of the battle from the close quarters in ancient times and the operational characteristics of the weapons were then indicate that the chances of injury to a soldier was much greater than the risk of death. Of the 147 injuries mentioned in the Iliad, 114 (77.7% share) proved fatal. This ratio in Archaic Greece sounds strange when compared to that of the Crimean War (20%) or the American Civil War (13.3%).
The Frolich also notes that of the 31 head injuries mentioned by Homer, everything was deadly. A study of skeletons Egyptian soldiers were killed during a siege in 2000 BC, confirms the high mortality due to cranial trauma. Fifty-nine of the skeletons bore head wounds, of which 49 were found to be caused by stones that were thrown from the walls and the remaining 10 by arrows achieved the victim in the face. A weight 13,6 Kg stone thrown from a height of 12 meters, has kinetic energy 1.588 Joule, able to crush any kind of armor Iron Age.
Arrows are responsible for 10% of the wounds, with a mortality rate of 42%. The ability of ancient armor to withstand blows of arrows seemed characteristically Cunaxa where, says Xenophon, the Greek army was toxefmaton barrage by the Persians for several hours without any significant losses. The arrows of the compound bows were able to pierce the armor, but generally not to such a depth as to cause death.
Typical example is the shield of the Assyrian warriors. It is estimated that the average man had total exposed area of 6.832 cm2, ie 0,68 m2. An Assyrian armed for battle expose only 542 square centimeters in the neck and face, 1,103 square centimeters hands, 413 square centimeters in the abdomen and 1,265 square centimeters in the legs. The total surface area was therefore vulnerable 3,323 square centimeters i.e. 49% of the original.
An extensive study of modern scientists anaparestisan ancient tactics, concluded that if a force of 1,000 archers dispute either a broadside of 250 meters, 220 of the arrows would find the target on a solid mass infantry will protected by shields. Of these about 120 will hurt unshielded or other vulnerabilities, namely 18 neck, something that would bring instant death, 13 the abdomen (80% would follow death from infection within three days), 36 arms and 53 legs and thighs.
Less than 2% of the wounds on the ends would prove fatal only if it had hit an artery. Assuming that all wounds would cause the soldier to withdraw from the battle and taken into account that an archer can put five times a minute, five minutes (they needed to reach the two armies) a force of 1,000 archers will defeat 110 soldiers in each of the broadside. Contesting five volleys minute for five minutes, the archers would cause the fantastic number of 2,750 casualties to the enemy before Ms. crossed spears opponents!
The shield acquitted ancient infantry excellent protection as long as the formations kept their coherence. The average surface was 0, 74 m2, enough to cover the entire body of the warrior. The arrow but remained an insidious weapon because, although the wounds brought about finally focusing on the ends, even in cases not find artery often cause deadly infection, which required amputation in 62% of cases – a practice unknown to the ancient physicians up and classical times.
The spears evolved from simple models of 1.8 meters of archaic in terrible Macedonian sarissas 5.5 meters.
The sharp spikes spear allow the spears to pierce or cut the human body and was particularly deadly when damage the trachea or cervical vein. Although it was not easy to challenge directly an armored opponent, could be hurt or throw him to the ground where it would present much easier target, exposing vital body points for the final blow.
The sword was not main battle weapon no army until the advent of Rome. The ancient Greeks faced as an aid and was slightly familiar with its use, without being particularly unfair, since a well-trained fighter in spear advantage in the confrontation with a swordsman. In the hands of Roman legionaries but the legendary gladius cause terror opponents.
The advantage of this sword in a battle from the close quarters was that could cause deep wounds in almost every part of the body. It could also be used to Awesome way in hand, as they used to operate the Romans. If a soldier accept bang, sword easily cripple the State and left the stunned victim defenseless against a second fatal hint in abdomen, neck or face.
Probably the most common injury to the ancient warriors were the fracture. The fact that the Egyptian and Sumerian medical texts deal extensively with broken bone cases reveals that the military doctors of the time were quite familiar with this type of wound. Excluding the skull, there is very little difference in the amount of force required to crush any bone in the human body. Even adult bones of the thigh require little more load to break compared to the thin bones of the arm.
An estimated 91,8 Joule impact energy is enough to blow off any bone in the human body, except for the skull. So blow railed at the sides of an armored warrior from ancient bat (137 Joule), javelin (91 Joule), ax (95,6 Joule), simple sword (105 Joule), piercing ax (105 Joule), gladius (137 Joule ), or a spear (96 Joule), could easily cause fractures. Without doubt the ancient soldier seriously impaired by breakage of bones, trauma would leave him exposed to the next deathblow. It is worth noting that by the disappearance of the horse from the battlefield, in the 20th century, fractures were the main cause of injury, and the horsemen, who often during the battle fell from their horses.
It is considered certain that the frequency and type of wounds in the battles of ancient times varied considerably, depending on the weapons, shields and tactics used in each period. The risk of death varied widely depending on the army in which he served someone. So the Egyptian soldier who fought the Hyksos were completely defenseless against their weapons, while the soldier of the same nationality who was fighting the Hittites after 200 years had many chances to get out of a battle unscathed. Of course analyzes do not apply to armies whose discipline was collapsing and allows a stampede after their men would be vulnerable against any kind of attack from pursuing a strength.
It really is interesting to note that an ancient soldier, from the Bronze Age to the 1st century BC, was in danger of dying from various wound infections are just as with a colleague any other time until the start of World War. Death sneaking victim of the battle in the form of three terrible microbial threats: tetanus, a gas gangrene and septicemia.
TETANUS
Tetanus was the most common infection. It comes from the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium tetani, enters the body through deep cuts in the skin and viscera, and usually accompanies wounds presenting severe tissue damage and necrosis. The tetanus bacterium produces a toxin “travel” as the spinal cord and causing terrible spasms of the skeletal muscles. Seizures they may kill the patient suffocated, as excessive inflate the diaphragm and can be so strong as to destroy the backbone at some point, causing unbearable pain.
An exact description of these symptoms is present in “Aphorisms” of Hippocrates, an indication that the ancient Greeks knew well the consequences of tetanus. The tetanus bacterium is endemic to the soil surface and is mainly found in areas rich in manure, typical of rural societies of the ancient world. Populations are growing where hygiene is low and where there are human or animal feces. Thus each soldier of which the wound would be in contact with the soil, in danger of contamination.
If the wound is not cleaned thoroughly with water or wine and doctors rushed to meet immediately with makeshift bandages without completely clean, contamination from tetanus was sure. The average of such infections was approximately 5.6% and mortality was 80%. Once a soldier defiled, his survival depended on the strength of the immune system of the body.
The gasifiers gangrene caused by six species of bacteria known under the general term Clostridium perfigens, which is also endemic in the anaerobic and cultivated soil. They produce a toxin that kills the muscle tissue by hydrogen bubbles. The area of the wound dies, the infection extends accompanied by terrible stench produced by decaying tissues. The incidence of this kind of infection should be ran at 5%, but we can say with certainty that the mortality among ancient armies did not know the technique of amputation would reach 100%.
Sepsis or blood poisoning, caused when the common bacterium body Staphilococcus bacteri enter the bloodstream. If a main blood vessel and the punctured wound infected secondary infection, can be extended to normal sterile bloodstream. The incidence of such an infection is 1.7% and this occurs mainly in cases of arterial lesions. The mortality in the mid-20th century remained extremely high, until the appearance and diffusion of antibiotics.
One of the four wounded ancient battle was dying from his wounds within 7-10 days of the above three main causes or hemorrhagic shock. It must be emphasized that these four factors remained as basic sick and wounded causes of death until the end of World War II.
Diseases and Implications
The armies of ancient times, as in all armies until-Japanese war of 1905, most soldiers found the death from diseases than from enemy weapons. The diseases in ancient armies appeared much easier whenever a large number of men crowded together for some time in places where there were no elementary conditions of hygiene. With the exception of the armies of Egypt and Rome meticulously observing basic hygiene, checking the suitability of drinking water and food, other armies were not taking absolutely no preventive measures.
THE war considerably reduces resistance to disease soldier, as the diet that was provided was most often insufficient to maintain a high level of defense capability of the organization. The armies were on the move at less risk from the effects of poor hygiene. The most possible points for epidemics there was organized sieges, with huge numbers of warriors gather in little space, often suffering from food shortages.
Most common illness for the ancient was dysentery. Called “expeditionary fever,” is probably the most common illness among soldiers of all time. The first clear description of the symptoms of dysentery noted in Egyptian papyri of 1550 BC, but it must have been known from much earlier periods. Hippocrates mentions in detail in writings. The Roman medical texts have extensively preventive methods.
Dysentery caused by an aquatic bacillus transmitted to the body by contaminated food or water. It happened often in marches, paid an entire army when quenched the thirst of improper source. Although the standard mortality ranged 5%, the occurrence of dysentery akinitopoiouse huge numbers of men for periods of two to three weeks – men who could not at this time be used as a combatant elements in any way.
Typhoid fever, which is derived from the bacterium Salmonella typhi, was another “wound” for the ancient warrior disseminated rapidly flies that infected human food. The Egyptians and Assyrians were quite familiar with the deal, but the Romans were the first to systematically took hygienic measures to limit the disease.
Constructing latrines with a depth of three meters, rinse with water and covered with wooden planks or stones to keep them dark and free from flies. He knew that an army which was at the center an epidemic of typhoid fever, essentially defeat as militant force. Mortality was as high as 10-13%, but the most important was that four weeks were required terrible pain and delirious fever to carry the disease cycle.
The supply of drinking water during a campaign seems pretty occupied ancient armies. The Greek soldier he used to take with him a quantity of wine to help your stomach become familiar with hard water should be drunk in the war. The Roman soldier rarely brought water in his canteen, preferring to consume a type possible, red, sour wine (acetum) suffered prolonged fermentation.
When the Romans conquered the Jews of Palestine, who were accustomed to the local sweet wines, they looked strange conquerors them to drink what they thought vinegar. What is certain is that the consumption of soured wine by the Romans had many medical benefits. Extremely rich in polyphenols, can simultaneously be used by military physicians as an antiseptic and cleansing of wounds, acting as bacteriostatic and bactericidal agent.
The typhus is also one of the deadliest diseases, who have linked their names to the military operations in all the centuries. Due to a microorganism that is something between bacterium and virus and grows in the blood of various animals, including mice, is a disease transmitted to humans by lice (Pediculus humanus), living in the clothes and hair, and manifested very often where large numbers of people are forced to coexist in very small spaces, such as prisons, ships etc. The symptoms of typhoid are high fever, chills, feeling of weakness and pain in the joints accompanied by terrible headaches. Mortality of typhus between 10 and 40% and it is known that at times the disease is wiped armies:
The typhus is a disease of the temperate zone and is likely the armies of ancient Greece and Rome have good knowledge of the consequences of … The armies of Babylon and Egypt faced considerably less incidents because of the warm climate and the tendency to wear less heavy clothing. But when we moved in temperate regions as Lebanon and Armenia, they risked serious infection. Although historians authors do not completely agree, the prevailing view is that the great plague that decimated the Athenian army during the Peloponnesian War was probably a typhus.
Similar risk with typhus were the appearances of smallpox, which was quite common in the ancient world, with a mortality rate which mostly ranged from 20-40%, but could reach 90%. From such epidemic died in 1160 BC and Pharaoh Ramses E, while the great plague that decimated the Antonine Rome in the 2nd century AD probably due to smallpox brought from the eastern provinces recurrent legions.
Retired files the Roman army allow clear knowledge of the severity of the impact of disease on the life of an ancient warrior. In a Roman legion of the 1st century AD, 50% of soldiers who qualify at age 18 were still alive at 42 them to enjoy their retirement. Since 5.8% of soldiers would die in battle and another 8-10% will succumb to war trauma, this means that the remaining 35% of the legionnaires would die from some form of disease, including epidemics. However, despite his involvement in dozens of battles, the legionnaire medium was generally longest in via Roman citizen, and had five times less stomatological problems from him, thus demonstrating the best diet camps.
Factor Injuries and Biological Threat
An army endangered largely accidental. Even a simple movement of a force of 10,000 men is no easy task and the course costs several health and safety of the soldier. The ancient armies used to march in columns, as there were no roads and it was the only way to maintain a minimum check by management. The army of Alexander, with 65,000 pedestrians and 6,000 cavalry, stoichizomenous in column width of 10 men would stretch like a snake along 25 km, without considering transport animals in convoys.
Armies had to move as much as possible like a compact maza- otherwise could not move at all. The air we inhale a soldier at the center of a formation is smelly, dust blocks the nostrils, eyes and irritated lungs strained. As once said Napoleon, “the world of the soldier on the path composed entirely out of sight of the bag in the back of the front.” In a single day the road nosebleeds, eye irritations and respiratory problems caused harm such a level that several soldiers were beginning to fall fainting outside their lines and left behind. In hot climates, the number of casualties increased greatly.
The diet in ancient armies was another major problem. Modern armies calculate that a 73 kg weight soldier carrying a moderate load walking for eight hours, you need 3,402 calories and 70 grams of protein a day. The pressure and overexertion during the battle increase the amount of food required to maintain a healthy and Warrior fighting condition. In deserts and generally in climates with high temperatures and low humidity, the soldier needs at least 8.5 liters of water daily.
The diet was followed in ancient armies were totally inadequate for prolonged operations. It comprised mainly wheat, barley and millet, which milled to prepare bread, biscuits and porridge. The standard portion by each man of between 1 and 1,4 kg of cereal daily, in bread form only provided 2500 calories and 100 grams protein. This is the number of calories was clearly inadequate, even for the best possible campaign conditions that could meet a soldier. A course of three or four days too weakened the army and further aggravate the smaller health problems.
Many times commanders were, after an arduous journey, they regret to have a force that could not fight. On top of the fatigue from the same course, the ancient warrior had to carry and its stores, which in the case of the Macedonians weighed 27 pounds, whereas in the case of the Romans about 25. The weight of the load to make the turn soldier, in hot climates, vulnerability and brought him too close to heat exhaustion and heat stroke. The men then wore during the demonstrations across the harnesses and could imagine the torment that existed when the shield and helmet, exposed as it was in the sun, burned and simple touch.
The soldiers could not protect themselves from sunburn and coat the skin with oil of palm or olive, but there was no indication for this measure before the days of Imperial Rome. A Roman time gives us a graphic example of what can happen to an army that did not care to take measures for the protection from the heat. 24 BC the Aellius Gallus, the Roman governor of Egypt led an army in Arabia, which lost whole without giving a single battle, as the legionnaires have died by the hundreds of thirst and heat stroke. Many survivors suffered permanent damage to their health, to the extent that had to be demobilized.
The heat was not the only “enemy” for an army of antiquity. The warriors of Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, Persia, Greece and Rome, suffered equally from accidents and haunting contemporary colleagues (falls, bruises, cuts, damage, blisters, sprains and fractures), which may turn a soldier into injured. Most of these occur in the legs, which were generally unprotected. The soldiers then fighting in cold climates, such as the Assyrians during their invasions in Armenia and Kurdistan. The Romans repeatedly campaigned in Germany, the Alps, eastern Europe and the mountains of Spain, regions where the climatic conditions are a challenge even for modern armies. Xenophon mentions the “Cyrus Ascent” that she almost lost the whole army in the mountain ranges of today’s Turkey when men slept unprotected countryside and awoke alafiasmenoi a snowstorm.
Alexander crossed the Hindu Kush inhospitable starting with 100,000 men and 64,000 ending with the 13th days later! The Hannibal was able to cross the Alps, but with frightening cost in human lives. From the army, which numbered 38,000 pedestrians and 8,000 horsemen, lost 20,000 men until they reach the north Italian plain. The disadvantages of the ancient soldier compared to the modern descendants extend to different levels. It was an average age of 35 years, significantly longer than the men of today’s armed forces. The average age of American soldiers in World War II was 26 years and the Vietnam War the 22. The same physiology make the ancient warrior more susceptible to frostbite and fatigue. Generally an ancient army exestratefe was literally a “moving medicine debacle,” he expect to lose 3-4% of its power from exhaustion or sunstroke, 17% from various accidents in rough road and several more men from chronic problems caused stress and poor hygiene. Those who could not follow the mass, leaving their fate in the street or at best the care of the first villagers who would meet the army.
This practice is applicable even where campaigns in hostile territory where the armies abandoned their patients, the wounded and the dying. The Roman army, with mobile ambulances and professional staff that work for medical services, was able to keep with him the lighter wounded all the way, in most armies but patients should be abandoned.
In the ancient battlefield dominated and a wide variety of biological weapons. The “fraudulent” arrows aimed at andranopoiisoun or bring certain death to the victim, was more feared than that of close-quarters fight with spears, swords and clubs. Ancient warriors used to immerse the tips of arrows in natural poisons such as the rhododendron juice and sea urchin emulsion, but the poison of snakes were the most prevalent toxin.
Especially the Scythian archers were famous for their poisonous arrows, which were soaking in a smelly mixture of viper venom (viper) and human blood (also was terribly relevant of distances reached even 550 meters – many skeletons of their victims discovered by archaeologists, they were found with arrows stuck right between the eyes). In 326 BC Macedonians of Alexander the Great encountered in northern India mounted archers fired arrows tremendous efficiency and extremely deadly.
Eventually the Greeks realized that their opponents had infused the dead viper venom, which was left to decompose in the sun until the skin melted and the liquid was coming only from the tissues. The historian Diodorus states that “men were injured by such missiles numb instantly, in a torment from unbearable pains and convulsions that came in waves, and the skin was cold and bruised and xernousan bile.” The Hannibal launched a similarly ‘dirty’ plan, when in a battle against the Pergamum (191 BC) threw on the decks of enemy ships live poisonous snakes!
The Roman historian Appian describes vividly how the besieged residents of Themiskyra, in Bithynia, diverted to flee the Roman army unleashing against swarms of bees, bears and other wild beasts 72 BC Almost three centuries later, citizens’s paper (in today’s Iraq) clay pots filled with poisonous insects and thrown from the battlements of the walls on the fearful legions of Septimius Severus.
In contrast all these “instruments of death” and their effects was the Military Medicine, which at all times was perceived as an attempt to reduce casualties from hostile action. As such included the institution of “reservists” doctor, since most armies until 2000 BC They were set up to enlist. The recruiting men from different walks of presupposed well informed doctors, who knew the level of health of the general population, the diet, mortality and lifespan.
Perhaps the most important role of such a precious special was to ensure sufficient quantities of good quality food and drinking water, both critical factors for the effectiveness of an army in battle. Until the 20th century all armies, with few exceptions, were much more losses from diseases and infections, rather than the ultimate test on the battlefield.
ASKLEPIOS is one of the MOST important HEALING figures in GREEK MYTHAGOGY-MEDICIN and was one of the MOST BELOVED GODS of our ANCIENT ANCESTORS, to whom they resorted to relieve them from PAIN and ILLNESS. The worship of ASCLEPIUS, either as a GOD or as a DEIFIED HERO, is ANCIENT. The WHOLE of GREEK WORLD HONORED him, while MYTHOGRAPHERS, vase PAINTERS and POETS INCLUDED him AMONG the PIONEERS of ANY GREAT work.
HIPPOCRATES: “What keeps health is equitable distribution and precise mixing within bodyforces egalitarianism) of dry, liquid, cold, sweet, bitter, sour and salty. The disease causes the predominance of one monarchy). Treatment is accomplished by restoring the disturbed balance, the method of the opposite of excess power. “
These concepts we find intact to Hippocrates. The exact mix, equality before the law, symmetry, harmony, are the basis of the doctrines of the Pythagoreans and Ippokrati.Grafei features Hippocrates: “In man there is the bitter and salty, sweet, sour, astringent and the the bland … and these components when mixed and combined together, neither shown nor affect humans. But when some of all separated and left alone it seems to cause harm “.
After training in medicine he left Kos and successively visited Thessaly, Thassos and Thrace. His fame quickly spread throughout Greece and beyond its borders to mighty Persia. Artaxerxes invited him to his court by sending ambassadors with valuable gifts but he refused to leave his homeland. It is said that he healed the Macedonian king Perdiccas and saved Abdira from plague. Some claim that it was there that he cured the “maniac”, as he was called, Democritus, although later writers have recorded Hippocrates’ admiration for the wise man. As it turns out, this claim is unfounded. He greatly helped the Argives and Athenians, taking preventive measures against the spread of infectious diseases. The latter, as a sign of gratitude, initiated him into the Eleusinian mysteries and proclaimed him a citizen of Athens. They also granted free feeding in the Rectory for him and his descendants, although modern researchers dispute his involvement in the events of the Attic land. He died at about the age of ninety in Larissa and was buried somewhere between Gyrtonos, Tirnavos and Larissa. According to Anthimos Gazis, his tomb was preserved until the second AD. century.
Hippocrates lived in Greece during the Golden Age, which produced great men such as Sophocles, Euripides and Thucydides. He toured, it is said, in Thessaly, Thrace, Thassos, Scythia, and probably also in Middle Egypt. He is the first to establish scientific medicine, as Galen also affirms (he was the first to examine the perfection of Greek medicine. xiv, 676). His works are products of exquisite observation, experience and rare rationality. In fact, they are the biggest milestone in the course of Greek medicine.
The Hippocrates Collection
The works that make up the Hippocratic Collection are 59 in number, written in the Ionic dialect between 440-340 BC. and are the oldest monuments of precise scientific medicine. They are divided into sectors. Of a general nature are: the Oath, the Law, About Ancient Medicine, About the Physician, About Art, About Goodness, Orders and Aphorisms. Anatomical and physiological are: On Anatomy, On Heart, On Muscles, On Glands, On Bone Nature, On Birth, On Child Nature, Dietetics, On Food, On Diet, On Diet Hygiene. Of general pathology are: On Airs, Waters and Lands, On Juices, On Crisis, On Crisis, On Weeks, On Nature. Prognostic medicine includes: Prognostikon, Prorretikon and Koakai Prognosis. In special nosology: On Epidemics, On Diseases, On Diseases, On Internal Diseases, On Sacred Disease and On Types of Humans. In Therapeutics belong: About Diet Acids and About Liquids Chrisios. Surgery includes: Per Doctor, About Ulcers, About Hemorrhoids, About Syringes, About Head Wounds, About Moles, About Joints. Molchico. Ophthalmology includes On Appearance, while obstetrics and gynecology include: On Virgins, On Female Nature, On Women A’, B’, On Aphors, On Pregnancy, On Seven and Eight Months, On Embryo Ecstasy. Finally, Pediatrics includes About Dentistry.
In addition to the above works, 24 Epistles and the Peri Manias Logos are also included, in which Hippocrates’ invitation from the Abderites for the supposed cure of Democritus is described. However, the many adaptations of his works, the addition of pseudo-inscriptions from ancient times led later scholars to the inability to distinguish fake works from genuine ones. After all, the collection in its current form was made around 300 BC, in the Alexandrian times, when Ptolemy ordered the collection of his writings. Thus, it was deemed necessary to include all writings bearing his name, even if there were reasonable suspicions that they were forgeries, as long as they belonged to pre-Aristotelian times.
Of course, the question of authenticity preoccupied researchers for a long time, as a result of which many paradoxical opinions were recorded. Erotianos, for example, admits only 31 writings, while Galen reduces their number to about 13. Among the younger French medical historian Emile Littre, relying on the Ionic dialect filled with the “donations” of Hippocrates, due to his Doric origin of, admits as genuine, besides the Oath and the Law, eleven other works. Dills admits only three et cetera. More important than the editions of his work remains the ten-volume edition by Émile Littre (1829-1861), in Paris, with a Greek text and a French translation. The latest edition of the works belongs to Kulwein (Leipzig 1894 and 1902), but it remained unfinished. Among the Greeks, Adamantios Korais made excellent criticism of his works in On Gaseous Waters and Lands and On Acid Diet and Ancient Medicine.
The Miracle of Medicine
In general, Hippocrates considers that everything comes from the 4 elements, each of which corresponds to the property of cold, dry, hot, liquid. In the solid components of the body the earthy prevails and in the liquids the watery. Cohesive essence of everything is the spirit, innate and warm in man, residing in the heart. Basic body fluids are blood, phlegm, yellow and black bile. Health or disease depends on their balance and imbalance.
In the body there is a special animal power, nature. On this power depended the maintenance, development, but also the healing of the body and its restoration from the pathological state to the normal. This is also the most brilliant conception of the mind of Hippocrates, which is justified today by the modern views on health and balance of the bio-energetic potential of the organism. After all, Hippocrates does not locate the disease in the organs. He considers that the organism is sick or cured as a whole and thus the patient is treated with a completely different eye and perspective.
According to Hippocrates and the so-called Hippocratics, the doctor must reject all kinds of superstition, be clean in body and inseparable from morality. His life should be modest and full of silence and he himself should be a philosopher. Rightly, then, Andral saw in the Hippocratics, men deprived of the modern technology of observation, acting by their intellectual power alone, and being led to the same truths or ideas, to which scientists are led today by the slow and laborious work of analysis and observation. For Galen, Hippocrates is “Uncle”, greatest of physicians and first of philosophers. He did not limit himself to simple empiricism, but united it with the intellect in order to know nature.
The figure of Hippocrates as the “Father of Medicine” remains strong not only in the historical circles of antiquity and in modern times, although we are used to seeing him through the eyes of Galen. Galen describes Hippocrates as he would rather describe himself, so he emphasized only the texts that excited him. However, he remains at the same time the connecting link for the dissemination of his teaching, as he transferred his interest to later doctors.
Thus, by copying his texts, the ideas of Hippocrates survived during the Byzantine Empire and were inherited by Renaissance physicians. The collection became the foundation around which the experience of medicine was recorded in order to build the modern edifice of medicine. Except that modern medicine has become so specialized that it has lost the overall structure, the fundamental idea of Hippocrates. Based on the fact that the Hippocratics, apart from being philosophers, were also interested in other fields in order to arrive at their apt and revealing observations, such as ethnography. The breadth of their knowledge led to interpretations that were not only related to the mechanistic view of the human organism, something that should be taken seriously by medical science today, in order to lead to the modern, universal miracle of healing.
****************THE O A T H OF HIPPOCRATES
The Hippocratic Oath is the oath taken by doctors and refers to the ethical practice of medicine. It is believed that the oath was written by Hippocrates in the 4th century BC. or by one of his students, and thus included in the Hippocratic collection.
The oldest partial fragments of the oath date to circa AD 275. The oldest extant version dates to roughly the 10th–11th century, held in the Vatican Library.[2] A commonly cited version, dated to 1595, appears in Koine Greek with a Latin translation. In this translation, the author translates “πεσσὸν” to the Latin “fœtum.”
Below is the Hippocratic Oath, in Ancient Greek, from the 1923 Loeb edition, followed by the English translation:
I swear by Apollo Healer, by Asclepius, by Hygieia, by Panacea, and by all the gods and goddesses, making them my witnesses, that I will carry out, according to my ability and judgment, this oath and this indenture.
To hold my teacher in this art equal to my own parents; to make him partner in my livelihood; when he is in need of money to share mine with him; to consider his family as my own brothers, and to teach them this art, if they want to learn it, without fee or indenture; to impart precept, oral instruction, and all other instruction to my own sons, the sons of my teacher, and to indentured pupils who have taken the Healer’s oath, but to nobody else.
I will use those dietary regimens which will benefit my patients according to my greatest ability and judgment, and I will do no harm or injustice to them. Neither will I administer a poison to anybody when asked to do so, nor will I suggest such a course. Similarly I will not give to a woman a pessary to cause abortion. But I will keep pure and holy both my life and my art. I will not use the knife, not even, verily, on sufferers from stone, but I will give place to such as are craftsmen therein.
Into whatsoever houses I enter, I will enter to help the sick, and I will abstain from all intentional wrong-doing and harm, especially from abusing the bodies of man or woman, bond or free. And whatsoever I shall see or hear in the course of my profession, as well as outside my profession in my intercourse with men, if it be what should not be published abroad, I will never divulge, holding such things to be holy secrets.
Now if I carry out this oath, and break it not, may I gain for ever reputation among all men for my life and for my art; but if I break it and forswear myself, may the opposite befall me.– Translation by W.H.S. Jones.
FIRST DO NO HARM
*****************MAIN ARTICLE: PRIMUM NON NOCERE**************
It is often said that the exact phrase “First do no harm” (Latin: Primum non nocere) is a part of the original Hippocratic oath. Although the phrase does not appear in the AD 245 version of the oath, similar intentions are vowed by, “I will abstain from all intentional wrong-doing and harm”. The phrase primum non nocere is believed to date from the 17th century.
Another equivalent phrase is found in Epidemics, Book I, of the Hippocratic school: “Practice two things in your dealings with disease: either help or do not harm the patient”. The exact phrase is believed to have originated with the 19th-century English surgeon Thomas Inman.
Context and interpretation
A 12th-century Greek manuscript of the oath
The oath is arguably the best known text of the Hippocratic Corpus, although most modern scholars do not attribute it to Hippocrates himself, estimating it to have been written in the fourth or fifth century BC. Alternatively, classical scholar Ludwig Edelstein proposed that the oath was written by the Pythagoreans, an idea that others questioned for lack of evidence for a school of Pythagorean medicine. While Pythagorean philosophy displays a correlation to the Oath’s values, the proposal of a direct relationship has been mostly discredited in more recent studies.
Its general ethical principles are also found in other works of the Corpus: the Physician mentions the obligation to keep the ‘holy things’ of medicine within the medical community (i.e. not to divulge secrets); it also mentions the special position of the doctor with regard to his patients, especially women and girls.[12] However, several aspects of the oath contradict patterns of practice established elsewhere in the Corpus. Most notable is its ban on the use of the knife, even for small procedures such as lithotomy, even though other works in the Corpus provide guidance on performing surgical procedures.
Providing poisonous drugs would certainly have been viewed as immoral by contemporary physicians if it resulted in murder. However, the absolute ban described in the oath also forbids euthanasia. Several accounts of ancient physicians willingly assisting suicides have survived. Multiple explanations for the prohibition of euthanasia in the oath have been proposed: it is possible that not all physicians swore the oath, or that the oath was seeking to prevent widely held concerns that physicians could be employed as political assassins.
The interpreted AD 275 fragment of the oath contains a prohibition of abortion that is in contradiction to original Hippocratic text On the Nature of the Child, which contains a description of an abortion, without any implication that it was morally wrong,[16] and descriptions of abortifacient medications are numerous in the ancient medical literature.[ The oath’s stance on abortion was unclear even in the ancient world where physicians debated whether the specification of pessaries was a ban on simply pessaries, or a blanket ban on all abortion methods. Scribonius Largus was adamant in AD 43 (the earliest surviving reference to the oath) that it precluded abortion. In the 1st or 2nd century AD work Gynaecology, Soranus of Ephesus wrote that one party of medical practitioners followed the Oath and banished all abortifacients, while the other party—to which he belonged—was willing to prescribe abortions, but only for the sake of the mother’s health. William Henry Samuel Jones states that “abortion… though doctors are forbidden to cause it, was possibly not condemned in all cases”. He believed that the oath prohibited abortions, though not under all circumstances.[18] John M. Riddle argues that because Hippocrates specified pessaries, he only meant pessaries and therefore it was acceptable for a Hippocratic doctor to perform abortions using oral drugs, violent means, a disruption of daily routine or eating habits, and more. Other scholars, most notably Ludwig Edelstein, believe that the author intended to prohibit any and all abortions. Olivia De Brabandere writes that regardless of the author’s original intention, the vague and polyvalent nature of the relevant line has allowed both professionals and non-professionals to interpret and use the oath in several ways. While many Christian versions of the Hippocratic Oath, particularly from the Middle Ages, explicitly prohibited abortion, the prohibition is often omitted from many oaths taken in US medical schools today, though it remains controversial.
The oath stands out among comparable ancient texts on medical ethics and professionalism through its heavily religious tone, a factor which makes attributing its authorship to Hippocrates particularly difficult. Phrases such as ‘but I will keep pure and holy both my life and my art’ suggest a deep, almost monastic devotion to the art of medicine. He who keeps to the oath is promised ‘reputation among all men for my life and for my art’. This contrasts heavily with Galenic writings on professional ethics, which employ a far more pragmatic approach, where good practice is defined as effective practice, without reference to deities.
The oath’s importance among the medical community is nonetheless attested by its appearance on the tombstones of physicians, and by the fourth century AD it had come to stand for the medical profession.
The oath continued to be in use in the Byzantine Christian world with its references to pagan deities replaced by a Christian preamble, as in the 12th-century manuscript pictured in the shape of a cross.
“MODERN” VERSIONS AND RELEVANCE
An engraving of Hippocrates by Peter Paul Rubens, 1638
The Hippocratic Oath has been ECLIPSED, as a document of professional ethics by more extensive, regularly updated ethical codes issued by national medical associations, such as the AMA Code of Medical Ethics (first adopted in 1847), and the British General Medical Council’s Good Medical Practice. These documents provide a comprehensive overview of the obligations and professional behaviour of a doctor to their patients and wider society. Doctors who violate these codes may be subjected to disciplinary proceedings, including the loss of their license to practice medicine. Nonetheless, the length of these documents has made their distillations into shorter oaths an attractive proposition. In light of this fact, several updates to the oath have been offered in modern times, some facetious.
THE OATH HAS BEEN MODIFIED NUMEROUS TIMES (..BIG PHARMA – NWO..)
In the United States, the majority of osteopathic medical schools use the Osteopathic Oath in place of or in addition to the Hippocratic Oath. The Osteopathic Oath was first used in 1938, and the current version has been in use since 1954.
One of the most significant revisions was first drafted in 1948 by the World Medical Association (WMA), called the Declaration of Geneva. “During the post World War II and immediately after its foundation, the WMA showed concern over the state of medical ethics in general and over the world. The WMA took up the responsibility for setting ethical guidelines for the world’s physicians. It noted that in those years the custom of medical schools to administer an oath to its doctors upon graduation or receiving a license to practice medicine had fallen into disuse or become a mere formality”.[29] In Nazi Germany, medical students did not take the Hippocratic Oath, although they knew the ethic of “nil nocere”—do no harm.[30][failed verification]
In the 1960s, the Hippocratic Oath was changed to require “utmost respect for human life from its beginning”, making it a more secular obligation, not to be taken in the presence of any gods, but before only other people. When the oath was rewritten in 1964 by Louis Lasagna, Academic Dean of the School of Medicine at Tufts University, the prayer was omitted, and that version has been widely accepted and is still in use today by many US medical schools:
I swear to fulfill, to the best of my ability and judgment, this covenant:
I will respect the hard-won scientific gains of those physicians in whose steps I walk, and gladly share such knowledge as is mine with those who are to follow.
I will apply, for the benefit of the sick, all measures [that] are required, avoiding those twin traps of overtreatment and therapeutic nihilism.
I will remember that there is art to medicine as well as science, and that warmth, sympathy, and understanding may outweigh the surgeon’s knife or the chemist’s drug.
I will not be ashamed to say “I know not”, nor will I fail to call in my colleagues when the skills of another are needed for a patient’s recovery.
I will respect the privacy of my patients, for their problems are not disclosed to me that the world may know. Most especially must I tread with care in matters of life and death. If it is given me to save a life, all thanks. But it may also be within my power to take a life; this awesome responsibility must be faced with great humbleness and awareness of my own frailty. Above all, I must not play at God.
I will remember that I do not treat a fever chart, a cancerous growth, but a sick human being, whose illness may affect the person’s family and economic stability. My responsibility includes these related problems, if I am to care adequately for the sick.
I will prevent disease whenever I can, for prevention is preferable to cure.
I will remember that I remain a member of society, with special obligations to all my fellow human beings, those sound of mind and body as well as the infirm.
If I do not violate this oath, may I enjoy life and art, respected while I live and remembered with affection thereafter. May I always act so as to preserve the finest traditions of my calling and may I long experience the joy of healing those who seek my help.
In a 1989 survey of 126 US medical schools, only three of them reported use of the original oath, while thirty-three used the Declaration of Geneva, sixty-seven used a modified Hippocratic Oath, four used the Oath of Maimonides, one used a covenant, eight used another oath, one used an unknown oath, and two did not use any kind of oath. Seven medical schools did not reply to the survey.
As of 1993, only 14% of medical oaths prohibited euthanasia, and only 8% prohibited abortion.
In a 2000 survey of US medical schools, all of the then extant medical schools administered some type of profession oath. Among schools of modern medicine, sixty-two of 122 used the Hippocratic Oath, or a modified version of it. The other sixty schools used the original or modified Declaration of Geneva, Oath of Maimonides, or an oath authored by students and or faculty. All nineteen osteopathic schools used the Osteopathic Oath.
In France, it is common for new medical graduates to sign a written oath.
In 1995, Sir Joseph Rotblat, in his acceptance speech for the Nobel Peace Prize, suggested a Hippocratic Oath for Scientists.
In November 2005, Saparmurat Niyazov, then leader of Turkmenistan, declared that doctors should swear an oath to him instead of the Hippocratic Oath.[citation needed]
In 2007, US citizen Rafiq Abdus Sabir was convicted for making a pledge to al-Qaeda, thus agreeing to provide medical aid to wounded terrorists.
As of 2018, all US medical school graduates made some form of public oath but none used the original Hippocratic Oath. A modified form or an oath unique to that school is often used. A review of 18 of these oaths was criticized for their wide variability: “Consistency would help society see that physicians are members of a profession that’s committed to a shared set of essential ethical values.”
VIOLATION
There is no direct punishment for breaking the Hippocratic Oath, although an arguable equivalent in modern times is medical malpractice, which carries a wide range of punishments, from legal action to civil penalties.[40] In the United States, several major judicial decisions have made reference to the classical Hippocratic Oath, either upholding or dismissing its bounds for medical ethics: Roe v. Wade, Washington v. Harper, Compassion in Dying v. State of Washington (1996), and Thorburn v. Department of Corrections (1998).[41] In antiquity, the punishment for breaking the Hippocratic oath could range from a penalty to losing the right to practice medicine.
In 2022, a college in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu saw a batch of medical students undertaking the Charaka shapath, a Sanskrit Oath by the name of ancient sage physician Maharishi Charak instead of the Hippocratic oath. The state government subsequently dismissed the Dean of the Madurai medical college for this act.
Asklipios his Daughters, meaning etc
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The daughters of Asclepius Ipioni: the Wife of Asclepius. And this daughters: HYGEIA(=Health), EGLI(=Glamour), IASO, AKES, Panacea. (Dictionary Suidas)
Ipioni was secondary deity Asclepius wife, daughter Merope personification of gentleness. It was deity with healing properties, mainly dealing with obstetrics. Its name recalls the “ipion Pharmacy” was simultaneously comrade and wife of Asclepius, the ancient god of medicine.
His name is not suspected of Asklepios from July the Epidafrio that produced the name “glory” (Aogla) and in our opinion it is consistent and lexicographer Hesychius. The etymology of the name from “Asklin”, the Corinthian King, whom he healed, or the “Asgelatan” epithet of Apollo, or “Aglaopin” seems rather popular origin. The second component of the name is “mild” that adds to the “glory” shine and gentleness …. The earliest scholars produced the name from “Ashkelon”. Asclepius is the ideal conception of healing power of nature as now perceived by people, who acts in “soft” seasons in the hills and in the fresh air under the soft glow and heat of the sun, the points gush cool springs and tall trees surrounding clean atmosphere. Such was exactly the environment of places of worship and this conception strengthened the various legends of his birth and origin. Along with Ipioni acquired these daughters: The first two probably represent different stages of treatment, while the third medication. The IASO or Iiso (in the Ionian dialect) is an ancient Greek ideal, anthropomorphic, secondary attached deity Asclepius intertwined with the “sacred” concept of Healing (treatment). Reportedly daughter of Asclepius and Ipionis, sister goddesses healthy Akesos, Panacea and Aegle or daughter Amphiaraos. As a derivative of the verb iaomai (= heal) Place names: Iasis (Healing) – Jason – Iassos – Iatir – JATO – Doctor – Iator and the Cure as a means of therapy Pausanias reports that the Amphiaraeion Oropos altar, one of the five parts of which was dedicated to Aphrodite, the Panacea, the IASO, Health and Peony Athena. Also worshiped in Epidaurus and Athens.
The fund has worshiped at Epidaurus, as sisters, as a deity. Her name is rooted in the ancient A and verb, meaning treat. It was considered as the goddess of the healing process.
The Panacea was anthropomorphic secondary deity of Greek mythology intertwined with the concept of treatment (or herbal medicine) for Pasha disease. Reportedly daughter of Asclepius and Ipionis sister goddess Health, Iassos of Machaona and Podaleirios, Doctors of the Trojan War in Homer. Worshiped mainly in Oropos, Attica, Kalymnos, Kos, etc .. The form of the present and the Asklepieion of Athens. As goddess seen as able to cure every disease, its name quickly spread to all the Greek cities, particularly drugs capable of curing if not all diseases at least most of them.
The Egli. It is said to have derived its name “Glow,” radiators, brilliant fame, grandeur, or “Splendour,” or by the beauty of the human body when it is in good health, or the price paid in the medical profession.
Health was the ancient Greek goddess, personification of Health of body and soul. As the oldest center of worship of Titane refers to Sicyon, where were the sanctuary of Asclepius and Hygeia. According to ancient Greek tradition Arifron Sikyonios wrote the hymn to the goddess, whose cult was spread in Athens about 420 BC .. In Greek mythology holds a prominent place in worship of her father. However, while Asclepius directly related to the treatment of diseases, the goddess associated with preventing disease and maintaining health status. Apart from Athens, worshiped in other cities, such as Thespies in Elatia, Megara, Corinth and Argos. The Orphic hymn health shows the importance attached by the ancient Greeks on health: “Imeroesa, Erato, polythalmie, pamvasileia, klythi marlin healthy ferolvie, mother collected works …”
The artists portrayed him from 5th century. BC as a young woman, later adopted as a symbol of the serpent. Health others want her husband and other daughter of Asclepius. It was probably a very ancient divinity, who is identified when the Asclepius, sometimes with Amphiaraos and when with Athena. Bronze statue of Athena Health stood on the Acropolis near ancient altar, immediately after entering the Propylaea. Carved figures of Asclepius and Hygeia save many. Here’s Hymn to Health, the Arifrona from Sikyon:
“Health most venerable among the blessed, let us dwell with you the rest of my life, let’s you my willing chug rather than wealth or grace parents. Whether the royal power, which is equal to the gods to humans, or cravings with hidden Venus nets. Hunting, or other pleasure or the pain relief Gods show to people, in with you, blissfully Health, all thallium and Graces shining spring without you no one was prosperous “
How many Athens did Phidias sculpt for the Acropolis? The answer will surprise you: the sculptor created three statues of the goddess, to which he gave different interpretations and which would later become points of reference for classical Hellenism. One was the Athena Prómachos, armed with a shield and spear, so colossal that if you didn’t see her coming from Cape Sounion it meant you had the wrong city and you weren’t in Athens. The second was Athena Lemnia, shown as a messenger of peace, without a helmet and so harmonious that if you looked at her for too long you ended up falling asleep. The last and most famous was the Athena Parthenos, a large statue that presided over the Parthenon, in gold and ivory. He ended up in trouble for the latter: Pericles’ opponents accused him of having appropriated precious metals and he ended up in prison, where he died according to Plutarch. An unworthy end for an artist like him, but luckily Plutarch made a big mistake: documentary evidence attests that Phidias was in Olympia after the trial, working on the immense statue of Zeus. This time, he did his calculations well for gold and silver. You never knew.
PARTHENON WAS BUILT ON P=π & Ε=Φ PYTHAGOREAN PRINCIPLES: pi and Phi. π=3.14159265359 Φ=1.61803398875.
“Μεγάλην παιδείαν νόμιζε δι’ ής δυνήση φέρειν απαιδευσίαν” = Consider great education that which will give you the ability to suffer ignorance) – PYTHAGORAS
DETAILED RELIEF IN WHICH THE GOD ASKLEPIOS INSIDE THE TEMPLE TOGETHER WITH HIS WIFE IPIONI AND HIS DAUGHTER HYGEIA ACCEPT THE OFFERINGS OF WORSHIPERS. A SMALL SLAVE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE PROCESSION LEADS A PIG FOR SACRIFICE.
THE SYMBOLIC SACRIFICE OF THE PIG CORRESPONDS TO THE KILLING OF THE ANIMAL –
UNIQUE PHENOMENA
THE TEMPLE OF THE COMMUNICATOR EPICOURIAN APOLLO
PYXIS(=COMPASS) Temple – The miracle of ancient sciences. It rotates around its axis by 50.2 seconds of fate
In Figalia, on the border between Arcadia and Messinia, at an altitude of 1130 meters rises the imposing temple of Epicurean Apollo, which was built in the 5th century BC and Iktinos is mentioned as the architect of the temple by Pausanias.
It is one of the best preserved monuments of ancient Greece and is founded on the rock of Mount Kotilio, where the ancient city of Vasses was located. Everything is fine so far, but the temple is spinning and this is hardly taught, to say the least, in educational institutions.
PYXIS Temple – The Miracle of Ancient Sciences It is artificially shaped and the temple was placed on it following the axis North to South in contrast to the other temples. In order to achieve the sliding of the temple, they placed a layer of clay and sea pebbles on the slab and the foundations of the temple were placed on these layers.
So as not to leave you with the question of which star point the temple is constantly targeting in the centuries to come and will continue to aim, (unless recent interventions for its maintenance form new situations) .. so the star point is Sirius, the star of Cynus, from which the god Apollo originates according to “mythology”.
It remains questionable that the ancient Greeks could build Parthenons and rotating temples … but also how they calculated that in order for the temple of the Auxiliary Apollo to target Sirius, it must turn 50.2 seconds equal to the annual transition of the equinoxes. With today’s technological data it is not unlikely … but with the then data? How did the ancient Greeks have the technology and know-how? Did they own it? Were they given? Another point of contention…. Maybe not for us .. “In 652 BC. the Spartans conquer Figalia and its inhabitants abandon it. They turn to the oracle of Delphi to learn how to regain their city. Returning to their homeland to please the god Apollo, the Figales dedicated a temple they built on a natural plateau on the slope of Kotili and named it Epikourio. There is evidence that the temple was not just a place of worship dedicated to Apollo. If we examine its architectural rhythm, we will see that although externally it is FREE rhythm, inside it is IONIC rhythm but its columns are adorned with CORINTHIAN rhythmic capitals.
It is the only ancient building that combines all 3 architectural rhythms. It was built in the last quarter of the 5th century BC, probably by the architect of the Parthenon, Iktinos, at the suggestion of the priests of Apollo from Delphi. The slope on which the temple is built has been artificially shaped horizontally and the temple was placed eccentrically on it with an orientation that is again considered strange because it does not follow the usual orientation of the east-west axis but north-south. An artificial special stone base was artificially created on which the temple was placed.
This base is unique in the world, because due to its studied inclination, it allows the temple to be CLOSED on it by 50.2 MONTHS OF MOIRA every year in order to COMPLETELY OBLIGATE TO THE SAME STAR POINT. In order for the temple to slide on its base, a layer of clay and a layer of sea pebbles were placed on it. On them, the slabs of the foundations of the temple were placed. Under the base have been found tunnels that held the axis of the temple.
On the base of the temple were placed several layers of slabs that joined together with stainless steel fasteners and at the opening they poured lead to keep the vibrations. Then they built the temple, which, due to its special base and its wisely studied slope, slipped on it, EXPECTING THE TRANSFER OF THE EQUIPMENT.
The second temple at the top of Mount Kotylio played the role of an indicator. That is, if one stood at the entrance of the large temple in complete alignment with the small temple at the top, then one saw point 0 to the north! A huge compass, made of granite and marble! The temple is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. ”
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BARBARIANS FROM THE EAST.LOOTING AND MASSACRING IN ATHENS,WHEN THE CITY`S ARMY WAS IN MISSION TO THE DEFEND IONIA ANDVTHE ISLANDS IN THE EAST
ON THE BRINK OF PURE DIVINE ARE 3 UNITS: SYMMETRY, TRUTH AND BEAUTY(= ΚΑΛΛΟΣ /KALLOS). THE RHYTHMS (OR ORDERS) OF THE COLUMNS ARE AN EXPRESSION OF THESE 3 UNITS. The DORIC RHYTHM EXPRESS POWER, WITH THE SUPPORT OF GREAT WEIGHTS AND THEREFORE SYMMETRY, BECAUSE ONLY SYMMETRY IS STRONG ….THE IONIC RHYTHM CORRESPONDS TO WISDOM AND BY EXTENSION TO TRUTH, AS THE SPIRAL ALLUDES TO MENTAL POWER… THE CORINTHIAN ORDER (RHYTHM) REPRESENTS THE BEAUTY (OR KALLOS), SINCE , AS THE MOST DECORATED, IT EXPRESS DELICACY AND GRACE… VITRUVIUS, ON ARCHITECTURE … THE 3 RHYTHMS ARE AN EXPRESSION OF ALL 3 PARTS OF THE SOUL= ΨΥΧΗ/PSYCHE… THE DORIC RHYTHM EXPRESS THE POWER OF THE THYMOID, OF EMOTION …. THE IONIC RHYTHM REPRESENTS THE WISDOM OF THE ACCOUNTING, THE INTELLIGENCE-KNOWLEDGE=ΝΌΗΣΗΣ-ΓΝΩΣΙΣ /NOESIS-GNOSIS… THE CORINTHIAN RHYTHM CORRESPONDS TO THE BEAUTY OF DESIGN: EROS=ΕΡΩΣ THE SEAL AND GREATNESS OF SPIRITUAL GREECE!.
IF WE START FROM THE CENTER OF THE PARTHENON AND JOIN THESE POINTS: THESEIUM, PNYX, THE BASE OF PHILOPAPPOUS, AND THE CENTER OF THE TEMPLE OF OLYMPUS ZEUS(DIOS), AN OCTAGON WILL FORM WHERE EACH ANGLE WILL BE EXACTLY EQUAL TO THE LENGHT OF PARTHENON TIMES 7(SEVEN)……. THE MATHEMATICAL KNOWLEDGE POSSESSED BY THE ANCIENT GREEKS EXCEEDED ANY IMAGINATION, SO THEY FORMED A PERFECT NETWORK, BASED ON MATHEMATICAL CALCULATIONS, WHICH WAS UNCONCEPTABLE TO THE CHALDEANS, BABYLONIANS,, HINDUS, PHOENICIANS AND EGYPTIANS… THE THEATERS BUILT BY THE GREEKS HAD PERFECT ACOUSTICS WHEREVER THEY ARE….. LATER THE ROMANS TRY TO IMITATE THEM, BUT WHEN SOMEONE WISHES TO BECOME FAMILIAR WITH A GREEK, IT IS LIKE WISHING TO MOUNT BAREFOOT (BAREFOOT) IN THE MIDDLE OF WINTER ON OLYMPUS…THE WIDTH OF THE PARTHENON IS ONE TWO MINUTES OF THE EQUATOR…CHALKIS IS THE SAME DISTANCE FROM ATHENS AND SOUNIO, AS ALSO DELPHI IS THE SAME FROM OLYMPIA AND ATHENS.. DISTANCE: CHALKIS THEBE IS 162 STAGES, THE SAME AND THE AMPHIAREUM.. DELOS TO ATHENS DISTANCE
“So many statues! How many temples! And all of them elaborately built with this beautiful marble that shines defying time! No other country has managed to do this. Don’t you think that in this effort, in these expenses – in their pursuit of art, eternal duration and beauty – there is a distinct desire to leave their mark and show future generations how wonderful it can be Human; And the Greeks wanted to leave these traces almost everywhere. There are Greek temples in Spain, Sicily, North Africa and Asia Minor, and even in Central Asia. I have been told that Gymnasiums and Greek buildings have been discovered even in India. Such self-confidence or rather, such faith in the greatness of man! To build their temples, they calculated the smallest detail, the distance between the pillars and the tension of the columns, in order to correct the distortions due to perspective and to maintain an overall harmony. All these have survived raids, fires and earthquakes, and today they still inspire our admiration.”
.Jacqueline de Romiguy, “Human Greatness in the Age of Pericles”
ETIMOU LOGIKI
Hestia, Dione and Aphrodite, sculpture of PhidiasPhidias, also spelled Pheidias (flourished c. 490–430 bc), Athenian sculptor, the artistic director of the construction of the Parthenon, who created its most important religious images and supervised and probably designed its overall sculptural decoration. It is said of Phidias that he alone had seen the exact image of the gods and that he revealed it to man. He established forever general conceptions of Zeus and Athena. HERE: from the eastern front of the Parthenon, 435 BC, London, British Museum.
A FEW PARTS OF THE GREEK GODDESS***N I K E***SECTION AROUND THE WORLD***
The NIKE(=VICTORY) of SAMOTHRACE, a statue 2.75 meters high and in total, together with the bow of the ship on which it stands, 5.12 meters. The statue of NIKE is made of PARIAN marble and the bow of marble of Lardos, in the region of RHODOS, in all probability. It was discovered in 1863 in a temple in SAMOTHRACE along with two other statues representing NIKE! For information, one of the remaining two is exhibited in the Museum of ART History in VIENNA and the other in the ARCHAEOLOGICAL Museum of SAMOTHRACE. Regarding the sculpture of NIKE, which has been in FRANCE since the day it was STOLEN from SAMOTHRACE until TODAY, it was DISCOVERED on April 15, 1863, in archaeological excavations, led by the diplomat and vice-consul of FRANCE in ANDRIANOUPOLIS, Karolos Chambouzos. . Upon SEEING the sculpture, the FRENCH DIPLOMAT contacted the FRENCH AMBASSADÖR in COLONNE and the ambassador “ARRANGED” to get the HIGH GATE’s “APPROVAL”, so that the sculpture could be transported to FRANCE by a FRENCH WARSHIP. The statue, after a stop in TOULON, finally arrived in the LOUVRE on May 11, 1864, having suffered considerable damage during its transport. From the sculpture that the visitor sees TODAY, at LEAST the marble BASE-BOW was missing (23 pieces of marble, of which 17 RESTED on a rectangular base of SIX marble slabs, in such an inventive and skillful way, so that the STATUE and the SHIP were BALANCED and that it is IMPOSSIBLE to detach ONE part from the OTHER, as the CENTER of GRAVITY would SHIFT and the BALANCE would be LOST. This HAPPENED, as the archaeologists THOUGHT, seeing the BROKEN pieces FOUND, that they belonged to some MOUND. In 1875, AUSTRIAN archaeologists, headed by Alexander CONZE, found at the excavation site the marbles of the bow that the FRENCH archaeologists did not recognize as part of NIKE, and finding NEXT to them a TETRADRACHM of D. POLIORKITES, depicting the goddess NIKE on the BOW of a ship, they understood WHO it was. it is about. When CHAMBOUSE learned in 1879 about the marbles he had left behind, without GRABBING them, he IMMEDIATELY arranged for them to be sent to the LOUVRE, as well. The restoration of the sculpture ended in 1884. In 1891, CHAMPOISEAU returned to SAMOTHRACE, wanting to FIND and STEAL the HEAD of NIKE, but WITHOUT succeeding. In 1950, American archaeologists from the University of New York, led by Karl LEHMANN, excavated AGAIN at the site where the NIKE of SAMOTHRACE was FOUND and FOUND a PALM of the RIGHT hand, which was ATTRIBUTED to NIKE of Samothrace. TWO fingers that were FOUND in the area by AUSTRIAN archaeologists in 1875 and which were KEPT in the VIENNA HISTORY Museum, were CONNECTED to the discovered PALM and were ALSO exhibited in the LOUVRE, in PARIS. In 1952, two pieces of the GRAY marble of the BOW were also recovered in the Louvron, where in 1996 they were FINALLY RECOGNIZED as part of the BASE of the ship.
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Amazing harmony of the highest level of art and in the rendering of details from head to toe and the elegant movement that the sculptor gave to the inanimate material! CAPE OF WINGED NIKE from MUSEUM OF THE MARKET OF ATHENS
The magnificent marble statue of the winged goddess Nike galloping to the right with her veil blowing in the breeze was one of the impressive capes of the Stoa of Eleftherios Zeus located in the Ancient Agora of Athens. It dates back to the classical era (400 BC) and is attributed to the famous sculptor Callimachus. It is exhibited in the Archaeological Museum of the Ancient Agora of Athens with (no. evr. 5312), in the Stoa Attalos.
The flying Victory was made of Pentelic marble with a height of 1.29 cm.), and was found in the year 1933 in the archaeological site of the Stoa, by the archaeologists of the American School of Classical Studies in Athens (ASCSA), who carried out the excavations and documentation of the findings .
The Stoa of Eleftherios Dios is thought to have been designed by the architect Mnisicles of the Propylaean Acropolis, and was erected in a prominent position on the hill of Agoraios Colonos, next to the Poikili Stoa and the Basilio Stoa. It had been frescoed by the great sculptor and painter Euphranor, and was a treasury filled with the precious booty that the Athenians brought back from the barbarians in battle. There was a monumental building with which the Athenians wanted to immortalize their glorious victories over the Persians, and of course they decorated the building with capes depicting the goddess Nike flying in the heavens!
Source: From the Attalos Stoa Museum, Archaeological Museum of the Agora of Athens
Marble relief of Nike adjusting her sandal, known as «Σανδαλίζομἐνη» Νίκη (the Sandalbinder), from the balustrade (south parapet) around the bastion of the Temple of Athena Nike on the Athens Acropolis. Circa 410 BC.Acropolis Museum, Athens.
Marble head of the “Hertz head type” (see below) from a statue of Nike.
2nd century AD. Found 31 July 1970, during excavations by John McK. Camp II, in a well (Deposit P 21:2) in the east colonnade of the peristyle of a large late Roman complex known as Roman House H, on the slope of the Areopagus, south of the Athens Agora. Pentelic marble. Height 41.7 cm.
Previously thought to be a copy of the “Nike of Paionios” statue by Paionios in Olympia, around 425-420 BC, but is perhaps a copy of Nike from the Athena Parthenos statue by Pheidias, around 450-430 BC.
Agora Museum, Athens. Inv. No. S 2354.Among other ancient objects found in the well was a marble head of Helios.
Marble head of a statue of Nike from the Villa of Dionysos, Dion, Macedonia, Greece. Copy5th century BC original.Dion Archaeological Museum.
Fragmentary torso of a painted ceramic statue of winged Nike. An akroterion of a treasury in Olympia, around 500-490 BC. Olympia Archaeological Museum. Inv. No. T 304 – T 254. Currently exhibited in the Museum of the History of the Ancient Olympic Games, Olympia. No. 322.
A relief of a Winged Nike as an attachment below the vertical handle of a silver hydria (ὑδρία, three-handled water-carrying vessel).
4th century BC. From Amphipolis, Macedonia. Reconstructed from fragments.Amphipolis Archaeological Museum.
Winged Nike among plant forms on a marble akroterion from the Temple of Trajan, Pergamon. 115-130 AD.Pergamon Museum, Berlin.
Winged Nike among plant forms on a marble akroterion from the Pergamon Asclepieion.
Roman period.Bergama Archaeological Museum, Turkey.
Terracotta statuette of Nike holding a rhyton (drinking horn).
From Myrina. 220-200 BC.Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden.
A marble relief of winged Nike from the “Herakles Gate” on Kuretes Street, Ephesus.Ephesus archaeological site, Turkey.
Roman Imperial period, 1st – 2nd century AD. It decorated one of the spandrels of the arch over the “Herakles Gate”, and is thought to have been matched by a mirror image Nike relief on the opposite spandrel. The gate was built in the 4th century AD with materials from another monument. In her left hand Nike holds out a laurel wreath to crown a victor in war or sport, and in her right hand she carries a palm branch.
A running/flying winged goddess as a bronze attachment for a vessel.
Made in southern Italy, perhaps in Taranto, around 500 BC.British Museum. GR 1824.4-97.21 (Bronze 491). Bequeathed by R. Payne Knight.
Winged Nike and Eros above the handle tang of a bronze mirror. They also have wings on their ankles.
Made in MAGNA GRAECIA/SOUTH ITALY, perhaps at Locri, around 480 BC.British Museum. GR 1923.5-14.1.
Silver phiale (φιάλη, libation bowl) with relief decoration, showing five four-horse chariots driven by Nikai, carrying Athena, Herakles, Ares, Hermes and Dionysos. The scene represents the apotheosis of Herakles: the hero is taken to Olympus to join the ranks of the gods.
Made in southern Italy, around 300 BC. From a hoard of Greek silver phialae, dated to the 3rd century BC, found in the late 19th century in Èze, southern France. Acquired in 1891 from the dealers Rollin & Feuardent. Diameter 20.6 cm, weight 393.6 gm.British Museum. GR 1891.6-27.3 (Silver 8).
Gold pendant in the form of a winged Nike holding a phiale (libation bowl) and and a wine jug.Greek section, Civic Archaeological Museum, Milan.
Nike on a coin of Menander (Μένανδρος), the Greek ruler of Afghanistan-Pakistan 155-130 BC.Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Inv. No. HCR4605.
An Archaistic marble “Kitharoidos Relief” depicting Laton (Leto), Diana (Artemis) and Apollo (sometimes refered to as the “Apollonian Triad”), walking in procession to receive a libation from Victoria (Nike). The offering takes place in a sanctuary with a temple.30-20 BC, Augustan period. Height 76 cm, width 98 cm, depth 12 cm.Altes Museum, Berlin. Inv. No. Sk 921. Acquired in Rome in 1813.
One of seventeen similar extant reliefs and fragments, known as “Kitharoidos Reliefs” (German, Kitharödenreliefs), of which there are three types.Findspot unknown. Confiscated by Napoleon with five other Kitharoidos Reliefs from the Villa Albani, Rome, and taken to the Louvre in 1800. During the process of restitution of looted works, it was exchanged for another confiscated relief (Paris, Louvre, Inv. MA 661) and moved to the Berliner Schloss (Royal Palace) in 1813 or 1815. It was first exhibited in the Altes Museum in 1830/1831.On the right, winged Nike, standing next to a round altar, pours a libation from an oinochoe (wine jug) into a phiale (libation bowl) held out by Apollo with his right hand. In his left hand he holds a kithara (a large concert lyre). He is followed by his twin sister Artemis, who holds on to a hem of his garment with her right hand, and with her left hand carries a long torch. A bow hangs behind her shoulder. In the rear (left) the twins’ mother Leto carries a sceptre with her left hand.On the extreme right, behind Nike, a small statue of a nude male (perhaps Apollo), stepping forward and holding out a phiale with his right hand, stands on top of a pillar. On the far left, another taller pillar originally also supported a figure, now missing. In the background, behind a high wall, can be seen the top of a Corinthian temple, with three akroteria, two of which are apparently winged Nikai. In the centre of the pediment is a relief of a Gorgoneion (head of the Gorgon Medusa), held by two flanking winged creatures with long coiled tails. To the right of the temple is an old gnarled tree.The iconography of the “Kitharoidos Reliefs” has been compared to those on early Augustan (late 1st century BC) sculptures, particularly Artemis and Leto on a candelabra base in the Palazzo dei Conservatori, Capitoline Museums, Rome (Inv. No. 2771) and Campana reliefs (see below and Medusa part 6) also showing Nike pouring a libation for Apollo. The background wall and temple are similar to those shown in “Ikarios reliefs” (see Dionysus). Some scholars have attempted to identify the temple in the background, offering suggestions including the Temple of Apollo in Delphi [10], and Augustus’ temple of Apollo on the Palatine Hill, Rome.
A fragment of an Archaistic “Kitharoidos Relief” (see above) showing Apollo with a lyre, holding out a phiale (libation bowl) into which winged Nike pours a libation from an oinochoe (wine jug).
Winged Nike, driving a quadriga (four-horse chariot) to the right. She carries a palm branch and a taenia in her left hand, and holds the reins in the right.
Inscribed to the left and beneath the quadriga:
ΒΑCΙΛΕωC ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ (Basileos Alexandroy, King Alexander)
211-235 AD. On the obverse side is the head of Alexander the Great. See all five Aboukir medallions in the Bode Museum on the Alexander the Great page.
One of twenty large gold medallions found in Aboukir, Egypt in 1902, and now in various collections. They were minted by Roman emperors as gifts for high-ranking officers and officials at the Alexandrian Olympic games, held in Macedonian cities such as Veria (225-250 AD).
Bode Museum, Berlin. The original of this medallion: Inv. No. 1903/837.Smaller scale replicas of the five Aboukir medallions in the Bode Museum are exhibited next to the originals (with the obverse side displayed), so that both sides of can be viewed by visitors. A good idea.
A bronze plaque in the form of a naiskos with a relief of Nike-Nemesis. The winged goddess stands between two columns of the naiskos, facing the front, wearing a long, high-girdled chiton (tunic). In her left hand she holds a palm branch, and in her extended right hand she holds a victory wreath with a fillet. Near her right foot is an eight- spoked wheel, a symbol of Nemesis (Νέμεσις, Retribution).
From Thessaloniki. 3rd century AD.National Archaeological Museum, Athens. Stathatos Collection.
IDENTICAL Gold earring with Nike pendant, 4th century BC.
By: Etimou LOGIKI
HELLENIC CIVILIZATION ON APRIL 8, 1820, APHRODITE OF MILOS WAS BORN. A STATUE, THAT WOULD PREFER TO REMAIN BURIED IN THE DEPTHS OF THE GREEK LAND, RATHER THAN END UP A … “STATUA” IN A FOREIGN LAND. IT ALL STARTED IN 1814, WHEN THE ANCIENT THEATER OF MILOS was accidentally discovered. 6 years later, on April 8, 1820, 300 meters away while working in his field, which was in the Klima area, the Milios villager Kentrotas found himself in front of an underground cave, divided into 3 galleries. In the middle he saw a statue standing, “where the left hand hid the breasts, while the right hand held an apple” (“Foreign travelers in Greece”, K. Simopoulos). The French officer BOUTIE was among the many who offered to “help” with the statue, and he first recorded on paper the findings of Kentrotas. BOUTIE KILLED AT LEAST 200 PROTESTING GREEK VILLAGERS, WITH THE HELP OF THE OTTOMANS, OFCOURSE… ‘OUR APHRODITE IS DEPICTED WITHOUT HANDS….EVEN IF WE ACCEPT the OFFICIAL information and BOUTIE’S PLAN AS.. TRUE(!!), THE FINDINGS FOUND IN THE FIELD WERE-AT LEAST-: 1). THE UPPER PART OF APHRODITE WITH BROKEN ARMS, BUT WITH THE BUN INTAKT AND ATTACHED TO THE HEAD (I AM WRITTING THIS BECAUSE ALONG THE WAY, IT IS MENTIONED, THAT THEY UNITED IT WITH THE.. REST OF THE HEAD, AS IT HAD DETACHED) 2). THE LOWER PART OF THE STATUE 3). A HAND HOLDING AN APPLE 4). ONE FOOT WITH A SANDAL 5). A STELE WITH BEARDED HERMES 6)… A COLUMN WITH HERCULES THE STATUE ALSO BROUGHT.. JEWELS AND EVEN THE MARKS /HOLES ON TOP OF IT, ON WHICH THEY WERE ATTACHED, CAN STILL BE SEEN. THE NAME OF THE SCULPTOR WAS MENTIONED ON THE BASE OF THE SCULPTURE: (AN.. IS MISSING!!).. HERE: ….ΔΡΟΣ ΜΙΝΙΔΟΥ ANTIOXOS ΑΠΟ ΜΑΙΑΝΔΡΟΥ ΕΠΟΙΗΣΕ” = (AN IS MISSING!!) ANDROS MINIDOU, ANTIOCHOS POIISE= MADE BY THE MINIDIAN MAN ANTIOCHOS, WHO MADE IT…..
UNFORTUNATELY, HIS NAME, AS YOU SEE WAS NOT COMPLETELY “SAVED”,.. ONLY.. HIS FATHER’S NAME, AS WELL, AND HIS CITY(ANTIOCHIA-Adjctv: “ANTIOCHOS”) OF ORIGIN, BUT IN.. ANY CASE,.. THIS INSCRIPTION “DISAPPEARED” A FEW YEARS LATER BY.. “ACCIDENT”!!!!! NO WONDER, JUST, AS IT WAS NO…WONDER, THAT BARBARIANS OTHER THUGS… CLAIMED IT EVERYWHERE, putting the money and material rewards above the joy that any civilized person feels when seeing one of our statues. It is said that a battle took place in front of the ships between French officials, ambassadors, with priests, dragomans, etc., over where the SCULPTURE would END UP. EVERYONE HAD THEIR OWN …ARGUMENT (!!)…. (OTTOMANS, BECAUSE THEY WERE THE OCCUPANTS, FRENCH, GOTHS AND OTHER THUGS, AS WELL ).
WHY IT WAS BROKEN-LOST-DISAPPEARED IN THAT CONTROVERSY FROM OUR APHRODITE, IS CONTROVERSIAL. OTHERS SAY, THAT HER LEFT ARM FELL INTO THE… SEA AS THE BARBARIANS AND THE OTHERS LOOTERS PULLED THE CAISSON THAT ENCLOSED HER FROM.. RIGHT TO LEFT, OTHERS, THA THEY WERE LÖST DURING THE FIGHT AND OTHER VALUABLE FINDS. WE MAY NEVER KNOW THE TRUTH! HIS FATET WAS CERTAINTY PREDETERMINED, WITH GREECE ENSLAVED BY BARBARIANS AND THEIR SPONGERS, WHOSE ONLY CONCERT, SEEING OUR HERITAGE, WAS TO GET RICH. AFTER ALL, IT IS SAID, THAT DURING THE OTTOMAN RULE, THERE WERE MANY “CULTURAL” DANCING VISITS OF A “RESEARCH” NATURE TO GREECE AND, THAT THE ANCIENT FINDS WERE TRANSPORTED TO KON/POLIS, FROM WHERE THEY WERE VISITED IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES BY THE SULTAN, WITH COMPENSATION OF COURSE. THUS, IN MARCHE 1821, THE APHRODITE OF MILOS PASSED INTO THE HANDS OF LOUIS II. IT WAS THE…. GIFT(!!) OF MARQUISE DE RIVIERE, AMBASSADOR OF FRANCE IN COLONNE, TO THE FRENCH KING . THE 2.02 METER PARIAN MARBLE SCULPTURE IS delivered a little LATER to the LOUVRE MUSEUM. The “MAGNANIMOUS” FRENCH ARE SAID TO have “REIMBURSED” the MILOS FOR ANY LOSSES THEY., SUFFERED DUE TO THE SALE OF THE LOOTED STATUE TO THEM, IN EXCHANGE FOR 7,000 OR SO TURKISH piastres. It is also said that an agreement was signed between the CLERGY and the FRENCH-,, JEWISH CATHOLIC PRIEST THUG: MICHAEL FOURMONT WITH THE FRENCH VICE-CONSUL OF BREST, IN WHICH IT WAS MENTIONED IN BRIEF THAT ALL OF THEM AND THEIR DESCENDANTS WAIVE ANY FURTHER COMPENSATION!! WE WERE LEFT WITH A SIGN TO REMIND US WHERE OUR HERITAGE STOLEN/SOLD OFF BY THE USUAL SUSPECTS WAS FOUND AND A COPY OF OUR APHRODITE, WHICH IS ON DISPLAY IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM of6 MILOS, A GIFT FROM THE “GENEROUS” LOUVRE MUSEUM. ! … (AND ) APHRODITE HAS BEEN CRYING HERE FOR YEARS AND ASKING to RETURN TO HER MOTHER, GREECE, in the WATERS of which she was BORN, to HEAR HER NAME AGAIN, to see her SUN AGAIN … WHEN WILL OUR HERITAGE be DISPERSED AMONG PEOPLES, UNABLE NOT ONLY TO CREATE CULTURE AND STATUES , BUT ALSO THEIR OWN WORD TO DESCRIBE THE HOUSE OF THE MUSES , : THE MUSEUM?
By: Roberto Momi. I greci erano gli unici che hanno osato esporre nudi il bel corpo umano. Per migliaia di anni, varie altre culture, come Egiziani, Assiri e Babilonesi, hanno visto l’uomo come un essere abominevole che striscia davanti agli dei e ai tiranni. Ma i greci presero l’uomo, lo incastonarono e lo giustiziarono letteralmente. I greci credevano nella perfezione di tutte le cose e ci hanno lasciato in eredità la bellezza delle loro sculture, le poesie delle loro tragedie e la ricerca dell’universo e della natura. Senza i greci non avremmo mai capito il grande potenziale dell’uomo.
NELLA FOTO APHRODITE KALLIPYGOS (=ΚΑΛΛΊΠΥΓΟΣ = BEL CULO= BEAUTIFUL ASS
ON APRIL 8, 1820, APHRODITE OF MILOS WAS BORN. A STATUE, THAT WOULD PREFER TO REMAIN BURIED IN THE DEPTHS OF THE GREEK LAND, RATHER THAN END UP…
***************************Capitoline Museums Rome Statue of Aphrodite of the Capitol From the original by Praxiteles (4th century BC) The sculpture, slightly larger than life size, was found near the Basilica of San Vitale around 1666-1670 and was purchased and donated to the Capitoline collections by Pope Benedict XIV in 1752. It is one of the most famous statues in the museum and may boasting a number of reproductions in international collections as well. The goddess Aphrodite is depicted in fine marble (probably Parian) emerging from the bath naked, in meditation, leaning forward with her hands placed to accommodate the roundness of her fine, soft and fleshy body and covering the breasts and pubis the cavity. Her right leg is bent and forward and the left is resting. Her head is slightly bent to the left and she has complex hair in the shape of circles with a high knot “bow” and knots falling to rest on the shoulders. The expression on her face seems to focus on an “absence”, which is psychologically expressed by the small, lazy eyes and the small and fleshy mouth. This Venus could perhaps be considered one of the earliest and most faithful copies, probably intended, like all representations of this type, to adorn an imperial complex of remarkable finesse.
Capitoline Museums Rome Hermes of Apollo Greek sculpture (Attica) 5th century BC
The Stoa of Zeus (Eleutherios) at Athens, was a two-aisled stoa located in the northwest corner of the Ancient Agora of Athens. It was built c. 425 BC–410 BC for religious purposes in dedication to Zeus by the Eleutherios (“pertaining to freedom”): a cult founded after the Persian War. It is different from others in that it was a stoa rather than a temple (the common building used for religious purposes). Scholars believe the building also served other civic purposes due to its central location. Researchers think the structure may have been built by Mnesikles, the architect who built the Propylaia. In the late first century BC a two room annex was added, possibly for the cult of the Roman imperial family. This cult of Zeus was established after the battle of Plataia in 479 BCE, when the Greeks drove the Persians out of Greece. Though dedicated to a god, the building takes the form commonly used for a civic building: a stoa (colonnade or portico), with two projecting wings. Built of marble and limestone in the years around 425 B.C., the stoa had Doric columns on the exterior and Ionic columns within. According to Pausanias it was decorated with paintings done by Euphranor, a famous 4th-century artist, and the shields of those who died fighting for the freedom of Athens were displayed on the building. Rooms were added to the back of the stoa in the Early Roman period and may have housed a cult of the Roman emperors.
🏛️ Why does the Parthenon have a unique architecture? 🏺 💠 Iktinos and Kallikrates when designing this temple of the Virgin of Athens knew very well what to do in order to create a wonderful architectural result. 📐 The ratio of the height and width of the facade of the building is equal to the Golden Ratio (~1.618…). 🔸 It is also noteworthy that there are no straight lines in the Parthenon and if we extended the columns they would intersect at some point. 📖Sources: The Golden Ratio, the story of F the most amazing number (Mario Livio). The Golden Ratio in Ancient Greece (Evangelos Spandagos
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ACROPOLIS OF ATHENS, GREECE in 1670s, in 1860s and 2021.
The roof and several side columns of the PARTHENON would’ve been still on there. Unfortunately during the OTTOMAN EMPIRE rule over GREECE, the VENETIANS, MOROSINI’S blasted cannons from the sea and hit the PARTHENON while the OTTOMANS were using the structure as an ammunition depot.
The explosion destroyed the roof and the sides of the PARTHENON.
THEN WAS THE “ENGLISH” NOBLE COUNT ELGIN* ONE OF THE WORST AMONG OF THE BARBARIAN THUGS, AFTER THE “FRENCH” NOBLE PRIEST MICHEL FOURMONT**, WHO LOOTED THE WHOLE COUNTRY, BURNED, MASSACRED ETC…
Today there is a major reconstruction of the PARTHENON and other structures on the ACROPOLIS.
P. S: *ELGIN, AS FOURMONT** HAD THE SAME ROOTS… DURING THE MIDDLE AGES, “RENAISSANCE” AND UP TO OUR DAYS THE PSRTICULAR RACE, WERE BYING NOBLE TITLES ALL OVER EUROPE… THE MOST DANGEROUS ARE THE UNGRATEFUL BENEFICIARY ONES TOWARDS TO THE BENEFACTOR-VICTIM THROUGH THE CENTURIES.. AND IT STILL GOING ON BY ALL KIND OF MEANS
FLOWER FESTIVAL
From the 11th of Anthestirion, to the 13th of Anthestirion, 3rd year of the 700th Olympiad, mid-moon. From sunset on 02/20/2024 to sunset on 02/23/2024.
A Dionysian celebration of double importance, on the one hand the celebration of the reborn nature and on the other the memory of the dear dead, in honor of the Lake Dionysus and the Chthonian Psychopomp Hermes. We have a clear reference from Thucydides, while according to Lekatsa (Dionysos par. 47), the name of the holiday comes from the flower… and is related to the custom of the second day of the “Hoos”, where three-year-old children were crowned and not only , with flowers.
At the beginning of Spring, nature is reborn from its long hibernation, the earth begins to be adorned with the first hasty flowers and the bright sun fills man with joy and optimism. The first agricultural works begin, the cultivation of the land “opens the resources” and the souls of our dead rise to the surface. This surely reminds of loved ones, who have left the worldly life, people who have never been forgotten and paying honor to their memory, apart from being a debt, also helps to soften the pain of separation.
The Limnaios hiero, (héron “in Limnais”), was the center of the events, although we do not know its exact location. It is estimated somewhere between the theater of Dionysos and Ilissos. As is well known, the great and important holidays were three days long and the Anthesterias are no exception.
On the first day we had the Pythoia, that is the opening of the pyths, the next day we had the Hoes, (vessels of wine) while the third day, the Hytroi, was dedicated to the dead.
In Pythoia we had libations, outside the closed sanctuary of Dionysos, as they opened the pitharias with the wine of the new harvest. The whole family, from the age of three and above, wore floral wreaths, while the servants were entitled to do and say what they wanted because of the day. The first wine was an offering from the head of the family outside the sanctuary “in Limnais”, then there was a libation in the house with wishes for a good outcome and of course everyone tasted for the good of the new era, danced and sang and of course did not forget to thank the god Dionysus.
The second day, the Hoes, owes its name to the hoes, the vessels where it was stored, much like today’s good wine. It was the day when the sanctuary was opened, the hierogamy was performed, during which the procession entered the sanctuary, where the symbolic marriage of the god was performed after the wife of each king, for the vegetation and fruitfulness of the earth. The king, accompanied by disguised followers, arrived at the sanctuary, on a wheeled chariot in the shape of a ship, whose bow ended in the shape of a pig’s head, while its stern resembled the neck of a swan. The same ship was also used in Panathenaia, to transport the sacred Veil of Athena. In the sanctuary he met his beloved wife, who had arrived there the day before, in a flower-decorated carriage, followed by nymphs and maenads, as well as bearded Seilins, to the sound of bells and bells, as well as the hymn of the Bacchus. She was accompanied by fourteen Athenian concubines, chosen by the king himself, the so-called Gerares. Reference is made to Hesychius as well as Polydeukis.
After the ceremony, the queen spent the night again in the sanctuary, while the escort with lit torches went to the theater where a banquet was held with wine-drinking contests. They filled clay vessels (hoes) with wine and competed to see who would drink it the fastest, while stepping on inflated ashes smeared with oil, because apparently part of the competition was the difficulty caused by their slipperiness. They brought food from home, mainly placentas with a kind of hot sauce. [“upon deipnon fast, marched the kistin and the hoa. That of Dionysus, because the priest is transferred” (Acharnes, (1085 -1087) Aristophanes)].
The contestants were speechless during the wine-drinking, while afterwards with the wine that was left over they made libations inside the sanctuary of Limnaios.
There was a special celebration for children, where three-year-old children were crowned with floral crowns, which in a sense symbolized the rebirth of mother nature. Gifts were also sent to the teachers that day.
After the dances, the participants in the banquet went out into the streets, on carriages, where obscenities, jeers and fights were customary. Today’s expression “you’ll hear it from the car” comes from this fact.
On the third day (Khytroi), the scene changed completely, the holiday was dedicated to the dead, as mentioned above. Porridge was prepared from grass and various seeds, inside clay pots, a kind of kolybum. It was believed that the souls, ascending from the underworld and hovering around the fire, breathed in the gourd and smoke and drank honey and milk from the pit. The panspermia myth goes back to the time of the Deucalion flood, during which the survivors cooked “panspermia soup”. He performed a sacrifice to Dionysus and the soul-bearer Hermes, an ancient custom. A red thread around the saints was a kind of protection from the evil, evil spirits, which were believed to ascend together with the souls.
We also had apothecaries in other cities of Greece, in Boeotia, in Corinth, in Apollonia of Halkidiki, in Thira, in Magnesia, etc.
Here in the above photos one can see how, from antiquity to the present day, from Alexandroupoli to Zurich and so on. with the same enthusiasm from young and old, the tradition of the beautiful Spring holiday continues.
Apollonius – Ariadne/ . Detalj av en attisk rödfigurig kalyx-krater från Thebe cirka 400-375 f.Kr.
ACHILLES AT THE COURT OF KING LYCOMEDES (rear end panel of sarcophagus). MARBLE. Ca 240 CE. Inv. No. Ma 2120. PARIS, LOUVRE MUSEUM . PRIVATE COLLECTION, BORGHESE. ORIGIN: ** ROME./ FROM ATHENS WORKSHOP. THE SARCOPHAGI HAD BEEN SAW ED UP TO FOUR PLATS WHICH WERE INSTALLED INTO THE FACADE OF VILLA BORGHESE. THE PLATES HAD BEEN MOVED TO THE LOUVRE, WHERE THE SARCOPHAGOS WAS RECONSTITUTED IN INTEGRITY .
Data: museum annotation
A Dionysian celebration of double importance, on the one hand the celebration of the reborn nature and on the other the memory of the dear dead, in honor of the Lake Dionysus and the Chthonian Psychopomp Hermes. We have a clear reference from Thucydides,
Hestia, Dione and Aphrodite, sculpture of PhidiasPhidias, also spelled Pheidias (flourished c. 490–430 bc), Athenian sculptor, the artistic director of the construction of the Parthenon, who created its most important religious images and supervised and probably designed its overall sculptural decoration. It is said of Phidias that he alone had seen the exact image of the gods and that he revealed it to man. He established forever general conceptions of Zeus and Athena. HERE: from the eastern front of the Parthenon, 435 BC, London, British Museum.
FLOWER FESTIVAL = ΑΝΘΕΣΤΗΡΙΑ
From the 11th of Anthestirion, to the 13th of Anthestirion, 3rd year of the 700th Olympiad, mid-moon. From sunset on 02/20/2024 to sunset on 02/23/2024.
A Dionysian celebration of double importance, on the one hand the celebration of the reborn nature and on the other the memory of the dear dead, in honor of the Lake Dionysus and the Chthonian Psychopomp Hermes. We have a clear reference from Thucydides, while according to Lekatsa (Dionysos par. 47), the name …
.ON THE BRINK OF PURE DIVINE ARE 3 UNITS: SYMMETRY, TRUTH AND BEAUTY(= ΚΑΛΛΟΣ /KALLOS). THE RHYTHMS (OR ORDERS) OF THE COLUMNS ARE AN EXPRESSION OF THESE 3 UNITS. The DORIC RHYTHM EXPRESS POWER, WITH THE SUPPORT OF GREAT WEIGHTS AND THEREFORE SYMMETRY, BECAUSE ONLY SYMMETRY IS STRONG ….THE IONIC RHYTHM CORRESPONDS TO WISDOM AND BY EXTENSION TO TRUTH, AS THE SPIRAL ALLUDES TO MENTAL POWER… THE CORINTHIAN ORDER (RHYTHM) REPRESENTS THE BEAUTY (OR KALLOS), SINCE , AS THE MOST DECORATED, IT EXPRESS DELICACY AND GRACE… VITRUVIUS, ON ARCHITECTURE … THE 3 RHYTHMS ARE AN EXPRESSION OF ALL 3 PARTS OF THE SOUL= ΨΥΧΗ/PSYCHE… THE DORIC RHYTHM EXPRESS THE POWER OF THE THYMOID, OF EMOTION …. THE IONIC RHYTHM REPRESENTS THE WISDOM OF THE ACCOUNTING, THE INTELLIGENCE-KNOWLEDGE=ΝΌΗΣΗΣ-ΓΝΩΣΙΣ /NOESIS-GNOSIS… THE CORINTHIAN RHYTHM CORRESPONDS TO THE BEAUTY OF DESIGN: EROS=ΕΡΩΣ THE SEAL AND GREATNESS OF SPIRITUAL GREECE!.
YOUNG MEN RIDE HORSES ON THE PARTHENON FRIEZE
ANOTHER PART OF THE PARTHENON FRIEZE SHOWED THE RICH YOUNG MEN OF ATHENS RIDING THEIR HORSES. THE HORSES ARE EXCITED TO BE IN A PARADE, AND THE YOUNG MEN ARE TRYING TO KEEP THEM UNDER CONTROL.
NEED OF CATHARSIS = <<ΚΥΘΗΡΑΣΘΑΙ ΑΝΑΓΚΗ>>
…Three ways of purifying the PSYCHE(=ΨΥΧΗ= SOUL) according to PROCLUS whose IGNORANCE is considered a DISEASE OF THE MIND: A. The first way of purification is through Plato’s PHAEDRUS through TERELTICISM as formulated by Socrates to pursue Divine Love through the virtues, to desire the Heaven of Aphrodite and through the virtues to perform friendship and divine intercourse. So what is Love? <<Kind of desire, lust>> (Phaedros 237ff). But even those who do not have love lust, when they desire the best, they feel lust! How do we distinguish lust? Two Ideas exist within us: One begins since it dominates by nature is innate and is the desire of pleasure. The other is glory, acquired opinion is acquired after the first and acts with a strong desire for the excellent. These are ideas that prevail within us. The glory that leads to excellence is called Sophrosyne, while the natural desire that is attracted by pleasures and prevails in us was called Hubris. Love that becomes hubris is considered to have been diverted from Divine ideas. He is hurtful and disgusting and must become Sophrosyne! On the contrary, the Love of Wisdom leads love to friendship to love and agrees with <<PHILION>> Dia. He who speaks of him shines <<UNDER THE WORD>> and COMPELS after the divine head with the divine round Mind. And this love is the four virtues of the Greeks, namely: WISDOM when due to <<estimation>> the desire of love is led to excellence. SORRY when the desire of the rectus restrains the desire of the pleasures of the horses. COURAGE when you fight with rum for the pleasure of the excellent and beautiful and THE RIGHTEOUSNESS when the logic of the excellent presides over the lust for the enjoyment of beauty on the bodies! This is DIVINE LOVE a soul passion Divine that leads to the supreme happiness of man. Abs. from the book: Initiation to the Delphic Light by Lia Koutalianou
TEMPLE OF APOLLO/ DELPHI//BEOTIA
Silver bull of Delphi. 6th century BC Archaeological Museum of Delphi.This is a large scale bull statue made of forged metal. The bull was made of silver leaf while its details, such as the horns, ears and hooves, were gilded.
The depositors of the Delphic Oracle were found, during excavations under the pavement of the Sacred Way in front of the temple wall, 60 silver sheets, shrunken and almost destroyed, which after years of processing and preservation managed to give an image of the original form of the statue. The shape of the statue was given by a wooden casing, which was filled with some malleable material: clay, wax or plaster. Above rested the silver leaves, fastened with nails. The current form of the bull is unable to convey its former volume and plasticity. Only the metal plates have been preserved from the statue, while its wooden inner core was lost and its dimensions altered, since its total length seems to have reached 2.5 m
Right eye from a Greek statue, 500–100 BC Of marble, obsidian, glass and copper, 2.1 x 4.9 cm. Collection: J. Paul Getty Museum
June 21: WORLD MUSIC DAY MUSIC IN ANTIQUITY ~ ~ ~ Music (< arch. music [infin. art], < Μοῦσα) in ancient times accompanied philosophy, astronomy and mathematics. The related excavation findings are disappointing. Popular musicians who took part in music competitions were celebrities and charged high fees to their students. On the contrary, the rank-and-file or itinerant musicians were poorly paid, while the class of pipers who played at funerals was particularly ill-characterized. For musical terminology we draw information from commentators and lexicographers. Aristoxenos Tarantinos (4th century BC), who was also a student of Aristotle, is considered the most prominent Greek musician. In his treatise On Harmonics, he reconstructs the mathematical calculations of the Pythagoreans and formulates for the first time a comprehensive theory of Rhythmics. He is said to have written 453 essays and books on music, philosophy, history and education. Unfortunately the entirety of his work has been lost, although some passages have survived in the works of Plutarch, Athenaeus, Diogenes Laertius and others. Classical theorists were not concerned with writing music. Students learned by ear and memory. However, the late sources are consistent with the information about Pindar sending abroad the text and music of his poems and about the professional melographers of the Library of Alexandria in the 3rd century BC. What is certain is that the Greeks from the beginning of the 5th century BC. they use two systems of musical writing: the first is a series of symbols derived from the Ionic alphabet, while the other consists of syllables and is seen on the epinitro (clay vessel used by women for plucking wool by placing it on their knee ) of the Museum of Elefsina. However, most of the surviving musical texts were written in two other systems, instrumental and vocal, which are “brought back to life” by a reading chart offered by the theorist Alypius. The best known are the two Delphic hymns to Apollo, engraved on the south wall of the Treasury of the Athenians in Delphi (2nd century BC), while the most legible evidence is the stele of Seykilos from Tralli in Asia Minor. Seikilos wrote his song after 200 AD. on a funerary cylindrical stele that is 40 centimeters high and contains in Common Greek an epigram of twelve words and a member of seventeen words together with its music.
image: vase depicting a female musician (Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki) (photo: Alexia X.)
*******************THE PYTHIC STADIUM of DELPHI****************************************’
The Pythian Stadium of Delphi is located on the highest plateau of the Archaeological site, after a steep climb up the uphill path, above the Sanctuary of Apollo and the local theater (there is a helipad next to it). So at an altitude of about (800 m.) from the surface of the Corinthian gulf, in a pine forest with pine trees, wild pomegranates and gorse trees, on the steep slope of Parnassos, with running water (fountains), and with the unique view of the plain of Amfissa with the thousands of olive trees, the stadium was originally designed in (5th BC) for athletics and runners, with those seated on the sloping ground, or perhaps on wooden stools. The monumental stone benches were acquired in (2nd AD) thanks to a donation by Herodes Atticus of Maecenas from ash limestone of Parnassos. Then the monumental arched entrance of the triumph, with the four pessos, was formed, which is unique in an ancient stadium in Greece.
The stadium was long (178.35 m.), with a semi-circular sling in the shape of a hairpin, and a capacity of 5-6,500 thousand spectators. The northern long side was carved into the Phaedriades rocks, while the opposite southern side was supported by a retaining wall, which has partially caved in. However, there is an inscription (5th BC) built into the parapet wall that testifies to the primary configuration of the stadium. In the east, the starting line, the so-called “aphesis”, is preserved almost intact, with two (2) rows of marble slabs (Pausanias) with notches for the runners’ feet, and rectangular cavities for the support of the sypliggos.
On the approach to the stadium, there was another interesting inscription engraved on the rampart wall, to the point where it was impossible to approach without reading the prohibition: the consumption of wine inside the stadium was prohibited on penalty of a fine (for obvious reasons), since wine was served for sacrifices!
The stadium was abandoned in (394 AD), and the Panhellenic glory of the Pythian Games faded away….
Source: archaeologia.gr
**************ORSIIS = ΟΡΣΗΙΣ ( ΟΡΣΩ= to raise, provoke, arouse or arise ) was the Nymph who was to become the mother of all Greeks THE MOTHER OF ALL GREEKS(i e:
If you ask any Greek, of any educational level, anywhere in Greece or abroad, “who is Sarah”?… you will undoubtedly get a huge number of satisfactory answers.
But if you ask hundreds of thousands of Greeks, of the highest educational level, from teachers to academics, “who is Orseida”?… you will get all the improbable answers – except the real one – that Orseida… is the Prometheus of the Greeks!
This sad, universal ignorance of our ancestors is the best proof of the absolute historical aphasia of the Greeks!
Not only do they not know that they have Hellenes, the son of Deucalion, as their ancestor, but even the most educated Greeks do not know that his wife Orseida is the historical mother of the Greeks!
In fact, for the needs of this article, I tried in vain to find on the internet even an image of this mythical mother of the Greeks!
So I was forced to visit the “Temple of the Hellenes” in Oreokastro of Thessaloniki, built (a decade ago) by the ultra-athlete (world-renowned) marathon runner Aristotle Kakogeorgiou.
In the courtyard of this “Temple of the Greeks”, there is the unique nationwide marble complex of the completely unknown mother of the Greeks, who in her sacred arms, tenderly holds her children Doro, Xoutho, Aeolus, from whom the main tribes of the Greeks came !
Another older and more shocking proof of the merciless persecution of our ancestors comes directly from the Greek Secretariat. In the TLG (thesaurus of the Greek language) which includes a total of 8,000 books and covers 2,500 years of registered Greek Scribes, the name of this important woman… exists only once!
Something that indirectly but absolutely clearly states, the unimaginable degree of destruction of the Greek Secretariat, since “some” made sure: “don’t let the memory of them remain” thus, only 1-2% reached us!
Yes, only once is the name of the sweetest mother of the Greeks preserved, and it is found in Apollodorus 1.49, where we read: “Deucalion had three children by Pyrrha, the first of whom was Hellinus who was said to be the son of Zeus . Amphictyon, who reigned in Attica after Cranao, was not second. The third child was a daughter, Protogenia. And from Hellenes and the nymph Orseida were born Doros, Xuthos and Aeolus.
The Greek himself, those who were formerly called Greeks, he called them Greeks, and he divided the country among his children, and Xuthos conquered the Peloponnese and from the daughter of Erechtheus he begot Achaeus and Iona, from whom the Achaeans were named and Iones.
And Doros received the country outside the Peloponnese and named its inhabitants Dorians after himself. Aeolus, who was king in the parts of Thessaly, named the inhabitants of Aeolians. (Apollodorus Mythology 1.49.5-13).
Think, that if this one and only reference that exists in the entire Greek Secretariat, had the fate of the rest of the Greek texts, surely the name of this pan-Hellenic MOTHER… would have been lost forever!
By the way, the genealogy of the Greek’s sister, Protogenia, is also of great interest, about which we read: “After the flood (of Deucalion) and the games had already begun… Aethlios, the father of Endymion, oversaw (the establishment of) the Olympic games, from after whom (athletic) sports and athletes took their name”! Etymologicum Genuinum alpha.138.3 & Etymologicum Magnum 25.37. Ultimately, the truth of the Greek statement: “Archi Sophia, Onomatan Episkepsis”= ΑΡΧΗ ΣΟΦΙΑΣ, ΟΝΟΜΑΤΩΝ ΕΠΙΣΚΕΨΙΣ = “PRINCIPLE WISDOM ,VISIT OF NAMES” IS INDISPUTABLE
Unfortunately for us, it is equally true that this wise statement was replaced by the subversive Jewish-Christian statement: “principle of wisdom, fear of Yahweh”.
I once wrote that: “where there are no words, there are no thoughts”. Here it is obviously absolutely true that: “where old names are missing, old ideas are also missing”!
So what better proof do you want when the entire Greek people, knowing and honoring as their own, the innumerable ancestors of the Jews, but completely ignorant of the names of their own forefathers?
**************************************I O N I A (“MINOR ASIA”) /: A L I C A R N A S S O S BUDRUM IN NOW DAYS TURKEY
(Some large Mycenaean tombs have been found at Musgebi (or Muskebi, modern Ortakent), not far from Halicarnassus. According to Turkish archaeologist Yusuf Boysal, the Muskebi material, dating from the end of the fifteenth century BC to ca. 1200 BC, provides evidence of the presence, in this region, of a Mycenaean settlemen), Amazon Frieze BM GR1847.4-24.5. Detail of the Amazon Frieze from the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus: combats between Greeks and Amazons. Date circa 350 BC
section of the Amazon frieze
Section of the Amazon frieze from the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, attributed to Pytheas, c. 350 BCE; in the British Museum, London
English: Detail of the Amazon Frieze from the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus: combats between Greeks and Amazons
IN LOCRIS (ACTUALLY, AT THE NEARBY ORIGINAL SITE OF EPIZEPHYRIA LOCRIS). MOST WERE OF TERRACOTTA AND FROM THE SANCTUARIES DEDICATED TO PERSEPHONE AND APHRODITE. HADES ABDUCTS PERSEPHONE 490-450 BC
(LOCRIS WAS A REGION OF ANCIENT GREECE, THE HOMELAND OF THE LOCRIANS, MADE UP OF THREE DISTINCT DISTRICTS. LOCRIS. ΛΟΚΡΊΣ. REGION OF ANCIENT GREECE)
SIPHNOS Treasury, c. 530 B.C.E., Sanctuary of Apollo, Delphi, Greece
NO ONE LOVED THE HUMAN BODY, AS MUCH, AS THE GREEKS. .. NO ONE PRAISED HUMAN BEAUTY, AS MUCH, AS THE GREEKS, THROUGH THEIR ARTS… NO ONE HONORED LOVE WITH THEIR LIVES, AS MUCH, AS THE GREEKS… AND THE MISANTHROPIC , NEGATING, RABID-FURIOUS PERSECUTORS OF HELLENISM OVER THE CENTURIES NEVER FORGAVE US FOR THIS ...
By: Mauro Klemens Hein.
Relief with LETO, APOLLO, ARTEIDS and ECHIDNA, 5th c. BC.
THIS MATHEMATIC LANGUAGE IS THE ONE, WHICH ELEVATES THE HUMANITY IN AETHERIAL LEVELS OF UNIVERSAL VALUES AND CREATIVITY THROUGH: PHILOSOPHY, ASTRONOMY, MATHEMATICS, GEOMETRY, STEREOMETRY, ARCHITECTURE, ARTS, MEDICINE, ATHLETICS, GASTRONOMY, MUSIC, DRAMA, POETRY…. ALL THESE ACHIEVEMENTS ARE INTERCONNECTED WITH ONLY MATHEMATIC LANGUAGE ON EARTH.. IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND THE HIGH SPIRIT OF THE HELLENIC RELIGION IS A PHILOSHOPHIC CONCEPT, UKNOWN – UNFORTUNATELY – FOR MOST OF THE NOW DAYS PEOPLE ARE HOOKED BY DOGMATIC RULES.. https://euphoriatric.com/the-mathematical-structure-of-the-ancient-greek-language-vs-phoenician-deception/
The Bardo Museum in Tunis has one of the world’s great collections of mosaics, dating back more than 2000 years. Many of them depict POSEIDON ,THE GREEK GOD ÓF THE, and the four seasons of the year. This photo is just a detail shot of a portion of one mosaic. Sadly, the Bardo Museum has been in the news not for its art collection, but for a terrorist attack.
…
Three-sided marble relief. Left side. Greek. Classical Period, c. 450–440 B.C. | Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
THARGILIA/ “a pot is a place where seeds grow” (Hysychius)
On the 6th-7th of Thargilion, 3rd year of the 700th Olympiad, (From sunset on 13.05.2023 to sunset on 15.05.2024).
Formerly a two-day birthday celebration mainly in honor of Apollo, but also of Artemis, the twins who were born in the month of Thargelion. Thargilia, from the word thargilos, which means a pot with various seeds, as reported by Hesychius and Suidas. Thargilos bread is also called the bread that was leavened from the first fruit harvest of the year.
The first day, the birthday of Artemis and the day of cleaning the city to prevent divine punishment. They chose two “medicines”, we could call them pure, and they hung figs around their necks, white on the man, black on the de. It was probably about convicts, who took all the abuse on themselves, and were also called bastards. After they first roamed the city with an escort of courtiers, then they were driven to the sea, where they were thrown so that they could be cleansed of the miasma with the well-known cleansing properties of salt and then be driven out of the city.
The second day included a ritual and an offering of Thargilus bread to the Athenians. This was followed by musical contests and dances by teenagers and adults. There were five dances, as many as the sponsors.
Sacrifice was made to the sun and the hours, as the name of the month Thargilionos expresses the thalpos (heat) of the summer sun.
During the procession, the first fruits and the “Iresioni” were carried, i.e. an olive or laurel branch decorated with fruits, ribbons, olives and bottles full of wine, honey and oil, symbols of fertility. The children also hung wreaths in their homes, just like today we hang wreaths on May Day.
On the same day, the Athenians sent the tribute of worship to Delos, to Apollo, with the sacred trident.Apollonius – Ariadne / ΘΑΡΓΗΛΙΑ
ARTEMIS WITH APOLLO RECEIVE GIFTS FROM PEOPLE
Bronze medallion of Athena Promachos, goddess of strategic warfare, wearing a helmet in the form of Medusa. Her arm raised to throw a javelin, A decoration from a formal chariot used for parades. Between HELLENIC AND HELLENISTIC PERIOD , 3nd C.BCE. Copper/0,27m diameter. Thessaloniki Archaeological Museum
***MAGNA GRAECIA******As she speaks, her lips breathe roses: “I was Chloris, now called Flora.” Ovid -” Fasti”( “Diary”), 5. 195 ff
Zephyrus, the personification of the west wind, Punende in the language of sailors. It may with its gentle blowing be the harbinger of spring, renewal and rebirth, but some myths connect it with events of jealousy and rivalry (the death of Hyacinth), just as it is sometimes swift, sometimes impetuous and sometimes gentle, cooling the heavenly gardens on the Elysian Fields. It is even mentioned by Homer and other ancient poets that he was invoked to grant a happy journey, but also that he helped Psyche to go to the palace of Eros, or the soul of Patroclus to descend to Hades, helping to light his funeral pyre pyre. Ancient travelers and historians mention altars dedicated to him. The myth of Chloride being abducted by Zephyr is handed down to us by the Roman poet Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso, 43 BC-17 BC), in his work “Fasti”. It is an imitation of the abductions mentioned in ancient Greek Mythology, such as that of Persephone by Hades or Oreithyia by the other wind, the North. Chloris was a beautiful Nymph, who, as she was playing in the Elysian Fields, was seen by Zephyrus, kidnapped and united with her. From the moment of their union, when Chloris spoke, roses came out of her mouth! And little by little she transformed into Flora, the chthonic deity of the growth of flowers and the ripening of fruits. After all, their son was named Karpos and he mediated for the creation of fruits. Zephyrus, out of his love for her, gave her a beautiful garden full of all kinds of flowers that were cared for by the three Graces and the Hours (Epochs). He also gave her the power to have the protection of gardens with flowers, but also of fields with crops of grain and vines, to donate honey to people and seeds, as well as to know the secret properties of plants (a myth from Ovid -“Fasti” 5.229 ff), states that Hera begged her to give her a miraculous flower, with which she gave birth to Mars through parthenogenesis. (my 1st comment). Flora was also thought to be responsible for the transformations of Adonis, Attis, Crocus, Hyacinthus and Narcissus into flowers. Sandro Botticelli (1444/1445-1510) also conveys the myth of the abduction and its aftermath mentioned by Ovid, in his exquisite work with many allegories “Primavera” (or “The Allegory of Spring”) 1478. (2nd my comment).
In the photo: The Wedding of Zephyrus and Chlorida in an ancient Greek fresco (54-68 AD), from Pompeii, in the “Casa del Naviglio” (VI,10,11, ambiente 24), in the IV Pompeian style. Museo archeologico nazionale, di Napoli.
A statue that “dreamed” of becoming the Aphrodite of Knidos, the famous work of Praxiteles that shows the goddess naked, is presented for the first time in the periodic exhibition of the National Archaeological Museum “The Countless Aspects of Beauty” An Unknown Aphrodite in the Museum -From the Iola Collection
ODYSSEUS with his dog ARGOS.
A M A L T H E I A — Leap to the Divine
Amalthea is the terrible goat who, with the help of the Nymphs, Adrastea and Ides, fed Zeus with her milk. She is the daughter of Helios and looks so terrifying that even the Titans could not bear her, so they begged the Earth to hide her in a cave in Crete. There, in the bowels of Mount Ida, they brought the newborn Zeus to her, to nurse him. Much later, during his fight against the Titans, Themis advised Zeus to wear the skin of Amalthea for protection, as nothing could penetrate it.
The myth of the “horn of plenty” is also associated with Amalthea. According to the prevailing version, Zeus himself broke her horn and after strengthening it with miraculous properties, gave it to the daughters of the king of Crete, Melissos, who had helped deliver the infant to Amalthea. It only took one wish and the horn was filled with all the goods.
Amalthea and her horn, a symbol of fertility and abundance, were later destroyed by Zeus in the firmament.
This is, in short, the symbolic imprint of the nursing of Zeus, which as a “Myth” unfolds internal parameters of payment, course and protection from above that the soul enjoys during its incarnate journey.
But Amalthea originates from the Sun, so it is a bright/solar creature. Also as horned, it is sacred, as horns were considered sacred symbols and were an object of respect, as points of connection with the divine field. Her terrible visage declares that, as a sacred creature, she should not be visible to unworthy unholy eyes. That is why the Earth itself hides her in the cave/womb, where darkness reigns and there, Amalthea receives the newborn Zeus and becomes His foster!
The Goat Amalthea, Sacred Solar creature, hidden in the bosom of Mother Earth, talismanically nurtures Zeus in the innermost, that is, in the dark, subterranean chambers of the terrible labyrinth of earthly ramifications that the soul is called to traverse. While later again the Goat is his nurse, she will protect him with her fleece against the Titans.
Because,the Galuchia is the highest form of initiatory connection, whose influence and protection never ceases, while the Solar Knowledge (as imprinted on the fleece of Amalthea) is impenetrable by Titan shots!
As for the Sacred Horn of Amalthea, Zeus, recognizing the help given to him by Melisseus, donates it to his daughters. In essence, Zeus donates to the sowing of Melisseus, the unique fertilizing wealth, which is none other than the possibility of connecting the mortal with the Divine (as symbolized by the horns/antennae).
Finally, Amalthea and her symbolic horn of wealth are raised to the Heavenly Dome,and as AMAL-THEIA they are the BAD GODDESSES, while KERAS (K + ERAS/ERATOS) expresses the Circular route, which through Eros the soul erased, so that it could locate its Center and from there launch itself into the Celestial firmament.
In conclusion, Zeus/Mind, by his example, demonstrates the support of the Divine in the demanding path that each soul must follow in its journey, which begins with the descent from above, is strengthened by the intake of knowledge within the bowels of the Earth and through the Solar feeder of lactation, recovers the psycho-spiritual power, as a return ticket to its destination, which touches the starting point.
It is the Circle of the course, starting from Heaven, staying in darkness, fighting against Titans and ascending/returning to the Star of origin.
In this route, the GoatA M A L T H E A
he is called, as a nurturer, by the Nymphs and is projected as a connection of Earth and Heaven, expressing the help from above, which supports the soul in its Heroic LEAP towards the DIVINE fields, as a beneficiary of the Sacred Horn!
IF WE START FROM THE CENTER OF THE PARTHENON AND JOIN THESE POINTS: THESEIUM, PNYX, THE BASE OF PHILOPAPPOUS, AND THE CENTER OF THE TEMPLE OF OLYMPUS ZEUS(DIOS), AN OCTAGON WILL FORM WHERE EACH ANGLE WILL BE EXACTLY EQUAL TO THE LENGHT OF PARTHENON TIMES 7(SEVEN)……. THE MATHEMATICAL KNOWLEDGE POSSESSED BY THE ANCIENT GREEKS EXCEEDED ANY IMAGINATION, SO THEY FORMED A PERFECT NETWORK, BASED ON MATHEMATICAL CALCULATIONS, WHICH WAS UNCONCEPTABLE TO THE CHALDEANS, BABYLONIANS,, HINDUS, PHOENICIANS AND EGYPTIANS… THE THEATERS BUILT BY THE GREEKS HAD PERFECT ACOUSTICS WHEREVER THEY ARE….. LATER THE ROMANS TRY TO IMITATE THEM, BUT WHEN SOMEONE WISHES TO BECOME FAMILIAR WITH A GREEK, IT IS LIKE WISHING TO MOUNT BAREFOOT (BAREFOOT) IN THE MIDDLE OF WINTER ON OLYMPUS…THE WIDTH OF THE PARTHENON IS ONE TWO MINUTES OF THE EQUATOR…CHALKIS IS THE SAME DISTANCE FROM ATHENS AND SOUNIO, AS ALSO DELPHI IS THE SAME FROM OLYMPIA AND ATHENS.. DISTANCE: CHALKIS THEBE IS 162 STAGES, THE SAME AND THE AMPHIAREUM.. DELOS TO ATHENS DISTANCE 800
PENTELIAN MARBLE ‘ DECORATED IN BAS-RELIEF OF ‘HERMES CONSIGNING THE YOUNG DIONYSUS TO THE NYMPHS OF NISSA to NURSE AND FEED HIM’, SIGNED BY THE ATHENIAN SCULPTOR SALPION
ARCHEOLOGICAL MUSEUM OF NAPLES
Boulton & Fothergill designed to hold essence or perfume. It was based on the antique Gaeta vase created by the Greek sculptor Salpion, now in the National Museum, Naples.
During the second half of the k eighteenth century ornamental vases were very popular, in some cases sets of up to seven vases were produced to be placed together on a chimneypiece. Boulton was one of the first manufacturers to seize on the commercial opportunities created by the craze for the ‘antique taste’, or neo-classicism as we now refer to it, and especially for ornamental vases, which flourished in the 1760s
HELLENIC CIVILIZATION/ L E P T I S /MAGNA LIBYA/750 BC CORINTHIAN & IONIAN RYTHM of the COLLUMS GREEK COLONY-….(
ON THE BRINK OF AETHERIAN – THE UNITS ARE THREE: SYMMETRY, TRUTH AND KALLOS
The rhythms of the columns are an expression of these 3 Units.
The Doric rhythm imitates Power, with the support of great weights and therefore Symmetry, because only Symmetry is strong….
The Ionic rhythm corresponds to Wisdom and by extension to Truth, as the spiral alludes to mental power…
The Corinthian rhythm represents the Kallos, since, as the most decorated, it imitates delicacy and grace…
Vitruvius, On Architecture… The 3 rhythms are an expression of all 3 parts of the soul…. A) Doric rhythm imitates the Power of Thymoid, of Emotion…. B) The Ionic rhythm represents the Wisdom of the Accounting, the Noesis… C) The Corinthian rhythm corresponds to the Callus of Desire, Eros.
The Seal and Greatness of Spiritual Greece!
HELLENIC CIVILIZATION/:
2-B-CONTINUED: SYRIA/IDENTICAL HELLENIC MOSAICS: MOTIVES FROM THE GREEK MYTHAGOGY-COSMOLOGY:. HERCULES, HIPPOLYTE, ACHILEUS…
₪₪₪.
P. S: CHECK UP PLEASE(!!), THE INCRPTIONS
,,,,,THEN: YOU KNOW…… ..WHO`s WHO in the ZOO…. MEANING WHO IS THE CREATOR & WHO’s THE.. CREATURE!!
HELLENIC CIVILIZATION/ASIA MINOR// ANCIENT HELLENIC CITY of ADANA/ DEDICATEDTO THE TWO SONS OF URANUS: ADANOS & SARUS = ΑΔΑΝΟΣ & ΣΑΡΟΥΣ // MYTHAGOGY-COSMOLOGY/ /HERE:
CLASSICAL MOSAIC of POSEIDON(“NEPTUN” LATER in LATIN) 400 BC
MYTHOLOGY-COSMOLOGY/ GORGONA MEDUSA
BYZANTIUM-BUILT IN 8th Century BC, by BYZAS, KING OF MEGARA (BETWEEN ATHENS & CORINTH)..
..1100 YEARS…LATER …….“CONSTANTINOPEL”.. .
“&….1300 YEARS LATER……..“ISTANBUL”
Nestled beneath the winding streets of ISTANBUL, just 490 feet (149 meters) from the “Hagia Sophia” is lying an ancient cistern that has two columns in particular, however, shaped like giant Gorgon Medusa heads, that have piqued the interest of those with a more imaginative brain. The Basilica Cistern, also known as the Yerebatan Cistern, is the largest of several hundred ancient cisterns that sit under the city of Istanbul, designed to catch and hold rainwater. It is one of the most famous and impressive cisterns, not only in Turkey, but in the entire world.“
TEMPLE OF BACCHUS /IONIAN ORDER IN TODAY`S BAALBEK
THOSE WHO COULDN’T STAND THE BEAUTY)(=ΚΑΛΛΟΣ/KALLOS), THE HARMONY AND THE MEASURE, TRIED TO DESTROY THEM, TO CARVE ON THEM THEIR OWN UGLYNESS!!! AND THESE WERE NONE OTHER THAN THE VILE AND VILE DRESSED SUBHUMANS, THE BARBARIC AND FOOLISH INSTRUMENTS OF THE DARK PRIESTHOOD OF THE JUDAISM DOCTRINE!!!…LOVE IS GOD!!! NO HOLY. LOVE IS GREEK!!! NOT LATIN. EROS=ΕΡΩΣ IS THE SON OF GODDESS OF BEAUTY APHRODITE = ΑΦΡΟΔΙΤΗ, ..NOTHING TO DO WITH VALENTINE. LET’S FINALLY REASON!..BELOW: A MASTER PIECE OF ANTONIO CANOVA
The “House of the Abduction of HELEN” (also known as House 1.5 of Block 5 of the city) is named after this enormous floor mosaic, 8.48 x 2.84 metres, the largest ancient mosaic yet discovered in Europe, which is still in its original position in the archaeological site, at the north side of the house. It was unearthed in 1961, around the same time as the Stag Hunt mosaic in the next room east of it. These works are thought to have been made later than those in the “House of DIONYSOS” using more advanced styles and techniques.
A stunning ancient Greek gold signet ring depicting a seated Persian inspecting an arrow.
Dating to c. 5th century BCE, it is inscribed with the name of its owner “Athenades” – perhaps a veteran of the Persian War.
Shells of theaters above the clouds… Alexander passed victoriously over the mountain ranges of Taurus, the Greek song remained, eu zin and eu pratein. The lurid speech of the tragic tamed the warlike Pisides… Cities and civilization in a corner of the Hellenistic World! Sagalassos at 1600 meters,
ALEXANDER the Great: The GREATEST Speech (at OPIS) in HISTORY? ALEXANDER the Great is one of the most extraordinary individuals in history. He became king of the fringe GREEK kingdom of MACEDONIA in 336 BC at the age of just 20, and before his death twelve years later, had imposed Macedonian overlordship on Greece, destroyed the mighty Persian Empire and led an army deep into modern Afghanistan and to the Indian frontier. At Opis he faced a mutiny by his Macedonian troops, angered that he wanted to send some of them home, while appearing to give preference to his new Asian subjects, and adopting many of their customs. Alexander dealt ruthlessly with the ringleaders, before (according to ‘The ANABASIS’ by ROMAN historian ARRIAN) making a speech to his army in which he berated his troops for their disloyalty. Egyptian Officials Claim They’ve Found Alexander the Great’s Tomb The speech, as it has reached us, was no doubt written by ARRIAN rather than ALEXANDER. His actual words are now impossible to ascertain. But ARRIAN had access to eyewitness accounts which are now lost (principally PTOLEME and NEARHOS, and modern historians generally agree that the speech was a real historical event, and that ARRIAN gives a good representation of its likely content. ALEXANDER The Great Statue Unveiled in Athens Putting its (contested and debated) value as a historical source to one side, the scene – as it appears in ARRIAN – is a brilliantly written moment of high drama and emotion, in which ALEXANDER first highlights his debt to his father PHILIPP, before launching into a tirade in which he lists his own astounding achievements and qualities of leadership. The speech has been abridged for this video. The speech: “The speech which I am about to deliver will not be for the purpose of checking your start homeward, for, so far as I am concerned, you may depart wherever you wish; but because I wish you to know what kind of men you were originally and how you have been transformed since you came into our service. “In the first place, as is reasonable, I shall begin my speech from my father PHILIP. For he found you vagabonds and destitute of means, most of you clad in hides, feeding a few sheep up the mountain sides, for the protection of which you had to fight with small success against Illyrians, Triballians, and the border Thracians. “Instead of the hides he gave you cloaks to wear, and from the mountains he led you down into the plains, and made you capable of fighting the neighbouring barbarians, so that you were no longer compelled to preserve yourselves by trusting rather to the inaccessible strongholds than to your own valour. He made you colonists of cities, which he adorned with useful laws and customs; and from being slaves and subjects, he made you rulers over those very barbarians by whom you yourselves, as well as your property, were previously liable to be plundered and ravaged. “He also added the greater part of Thrace to Macedonia, and by seizing the most conveniently situated places on the sea-coast, he spread abundance over the land from commerce, and made the working of the mines a secure employment. He made you rulers over the Thessalians, of whom you had formerly been in mortal fear; and by humbling the nation of the Phocians, he rendered the avenue into Greece broad and easy for you, instead of being narrow and difficult. “The Athenians and Thebans, who were always lying in wait to attack Macedonia, he humbled to such a degree,—I also then rendering him my personal aid in the campaign,—that instead of paying tribute to the former and being vassals to the latter, those States in their turn procure security to themselves by our assistance. “He penetrated into the Peloponnese, and after regulating its affairs, was publicly declared commander-in-chief of all the rest of Greece in the expedition against the Persian, adding this glory not more to himself than to the commonwealth of the Macedonians. These were the advantages which accrued to you from my father Philip; great indeed if looked at by themselves, but small if compared with those you have obtained from me. “For though I inherited from my father only a few gold and silver goblets, and there were not even sixty talents in the treasury, and though I found myself charged with a debt of 5OO talents owing by Philip, and I was obliged myself to borrow 800 talents in addition to these, I started from the country which could not decently support you, and forthwith laid open to you the passage of the Hellespont, though at that time the Persians held the sovereignty of the sea. “Having overpowered the viceroys of Darius with my cavalry, I added to your empire the whole of Ionia, the whole of Aeolis, both Phrygias and Lydia, and I took Miletus by siege. All the other places I gained by voluntary surrender, and I granted you the privilege of appropriating the wealth found in them. “The riches of Egypt and Cyrene, which I acquired without fighting a battle, have come to you. Coele-Syria, Palestine, and Mesopotamia are your property. Babylon, Bactra, and Susa are yours. The wealth of the Lydians, the treasures of the Persians, and the riches of the Indians are yours; and so is the External Sea. “You are viceroys, you are generals, you are captains. What then have I reserved to myself after all these labours, except this purple robe and this diadem? “I have appropriated nothing myself, nor can any one point out my treasures, except these possessions of yours or the things which I am guarding on your behalf. “Individually, however, I have no motive to guard them, since I feed on the same fare as you do, and I take only the same amount of sleep. Nay, I do not think that my fare is as good as that of those among you who live luxuriously; and I know that I often sit up at night to watch for you, that you may be able to sleep.” READ MORE: From Egypt To India: The Cities Founded By Alexander The Great.
VERGINA IS A PANHELLENIC SYMBOL. The shield below is SPARTAN, AS ALL OVER GREECE
HELLENIC CIVILIZATION/MACEDONIA/ A person with a NORMAL I.Q can SEE that these Macedonian coins are in GREEK ..NOT WARDASKIAN Slavoalbanian, which is Cyrilic (Slavic letters.CYRILLOS & METHODIOS were Greek Monks and they introduced the Cyrilic Alphabeth to the Slavic at that time people in 800A.D.).the coins are dated since 400 B.C belonging to the Argead – Macedonian Dynasty ….ALEXANDROS= man`s protector, became more than thousands years later… “Aleksandar”!!..further from the ENGLISH-ZATION to “ANDER”, as: ANDROS(= of MAN) ..like PERIANDROS, MAIANDROS, LEANDROS, ANAXIMANDROS, NIKANDROS(=MAN’s VICTORY),… ..But CRIMINAL GEOPOLITICS, ECONOMICAL, INFERIORITY COMPLEX and other reasons by CERTAIN BARBARIC POWERFUL nations .. ..the plan is OLDER THAN 80 years old & Tito and later Soros is finishing the plan of their goal!: The SERBIAN Kosovo becomes ..Albania, as Great Albania!!.. &.. Wardaska (PAIANIAin ancient times) “Northen Macedonia”!!! …simple FACTS!!>>>^>>>>>>>>> Yep, apparently ALL MACEDONIAN coin inscriptions that the Greeks still can understand perfectly 2500 years later, are really Sk0pey SLAVIC-CRYPTO language for use in HELLENIC currency ???? JUST UTOPIA to REACH, or UNDERSTAND THE HIGH LEVEL OF THE ANCIENT HELLENIC SPIRIT of CREATIONS & SUNLIGHT-BEAMS CIVILIZATION, to BE UNDERSTOOD by ALL KIND OF BARBARIANS… >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> HERE: //ANCIENT ULTIMATE ARTS & BEAUTY… MOSTLY STOLEN, LOOTED, or DESTROYED, (or OFTEN.. COPIED & TWISTED.. & SHOWED.. as..THEIR OWN!!!!!!) MOSTLY BY ALL BARBARIANS!! ALL OVER the WORLD, WITHOUT KNOWLEDGE, HAVING – OF COURSE – HEAVY INFERIORITY COMPLEX, JEALOUSY & NO AUTHENTIC HIGH & UNIQUE CIVILIZATION… TEMPLES, STATUES, MOSAICS, SCRIPTS, COINS, SCIENCE, as: MEDICINE, TECHNOLOGY( JUST ONE example: The ANTIKITHERA mechanism) MATHEMATICS, GEOMETRY, PHYSICS, ASTRONOMY, DRAMA, PHILOSOPHY, POETRY.. & ETYMOLOGY of NAMES & WORDS by the ANCIENT MATHEMATIC- DIANETIC LANGUAGE, WHICH IS INTERCONNECTED WITH ALL THE ABOVE ACHIEVEMENTS.. .. ARE JUST the WITNESSES… INSPIRING EVERYBODY WITH BASIC INTELLIGENCE.. JUST by VISITING ALL MUSEUMS & UNFORTUNATELY THOUSANDS OF “PRIVATE” COLLECTORS AROUND THE WORLD. www.argead dynasty
HELLENIC CIVILIZATION/APAMEA/CORINTHIAN (ORDER OF COLUMNS)/
APAMEA is an ANCIENT GREEK city, overlooking the GHAB VALLEY in the Hama Governorate of Syria.
The city was FOUNDED AROUND 300 BC BY SELEUCOS I NICATOR, ONE of the ΔΙΑΔΟΧOI=
DIADOCHI = SUCCESSORS
FOUGHT FOR CONTROL OVER THE EMPIRE FOUNDED by ALEXANDER the GREAT AFTER HIS DEATH, ESTABLISHING THE SELEUCID EMPIRE OVER THE HELLENIZED TERRITORIES ALEXANDER HAD CONQUERED IN ASIA.
“SELEUCUS” named the city in DEDICATION to his WIFE, APAMA of SOGDIANA, one of the four cities of the Syrian TETRAPOLIS along with ANTIOCHOS (named after his father), LAODICEIA (named after his mother) and SELEUCEIA (named after himself).
In the FOLLOWING CENTURIES, the SELEUCID EMPIRE came INTO CONFLICT WITH THE ROMAN REPUBLIC OVER HELLENISTIC GREECE, RESULTING IN A GRADUAL DECLINE OF THE EMPIRE AND THE SUBMISSION OVER TERRITORIAL CLAIMS WEST of the TAURUS MOUNTAINS IN PRESENT-DAY TURKEY.
IN 64 BC, GNAEUS POMPEI US MAGNUS (also known as POMPEI the Great) MARCHED ON APAMEA, ANNEXING the CITY AS PART of the ROMAN PROVINCE OF SYRIA. IN RESPONSEN TO AN EARTHQUAKE in6 AD 115 ANTIOCH EARTHQUAKE ), THE ROMANS REBUILT APAMEA with a TYPICAL GREEK- ROMAN street grid system, and large public works such as aqueducts, bathhouses, and a THEATRE
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SIREN ON A VIOTIAN SIREN ON A VIOTIAN BLACK-SHAPED = MELANMORPHIC = ΜΕΛΑΝΟΜΟΡΦΟ PLATE FROM TANAGRA, 570-560 BCE.
LOUVRE MUSEUM, MNB 626 PLATE FROM TANAGRA, AROUND 570-560 BCE.
LOUVRE MUSEUM, MNB 626
FLOWER FESTIVAL
From the 11th of Anthestirion, to the 13th of Anthestirion, 3rd year of the 700th Olympiad, mid-moon. From sunset on 02/20/2024 to sunset on 02/23/2024.
A Dionysian celebration of double importance, on the one hand the celebration of the reborn nature and on the other the memory of the dear dead, in honor of the Lake Dionysus and the Chthonian Psychopomp Hermes. We have a clear reference from Thucydides, while according to Lekatsa (Dionysos par. 47), the name …
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Sculpture (the ?) of a kneeling satyr, made of bronze, with traces of silver in the eyes, measuring 34.29 x 12.065 cm (13 1/2 x 4 3/4 in), Greek culture, dated between 150 and 31 BC Late Hellenistic Period – believed to have been found near Pergamum, an ancient Greek city in Aeolia (Anatolian coast), now Bergama, Turkey
In addition to those in the Art sector, Aegina has always attracted many “untouchables of miracles”. Antiquities predators, plunderers of History, who relentlessly destroyed once and for all the Temple of Aphaia on the island, forcibly snatching from its embrace the famous “Aeginites”, 17 statues of excellent sculpture, as well as many other members of both of its pediments.
This temple is one of the most well-preserved Doric pavilions. It dates from the beginning of the 5th century. Famous are the sculptures of the pediment of the temple, of which, however, few are found in Greece. The foreign robbers who mutilated the Temple had a special weakness for the sculptures of the pediments, and most of them are now far from Aegina, in the Munich Sculpture Gallery, where they are, admittedly, its main exhibit.
Agnodiki: The first woman doctor of Ancient Greece (and the world). Ancient Athens, 4th BC century.
Agnodici had observed a high mortality rate among women who were ready to give birth because they were ashamed to be examined by men.
It was then that she decided to take action and study medicine, even though she knew that doing so could land her with the death penalty.
Agnodiki, disguised as a man, studied with the then famous doctor Herophilos in Alexandria.
Herophilos, in the famous school he had founded, taught Agnodiki everything about gynecology and obstetrics while she attended every practice that the famous doctor applied.
When she graduated from the school of Herophilos, she was already a full-fledged obstetrician-gynecologist who returned to Athens and began to practice her profession.
Agnodiki, always disguised as a man, quickly gained impressions, and everyone was talking about the young man with his slender fingers and the strange sweetness of his face.
Wanting to reassure the women she was examining, she revealed her true identity while asking that it not be revealed anywhere.
Not only was her secret not leaked, but she herself had so much work that the preference was now noticeable on her face.
The male doctors, not knowing her true identity, sought to find some way to eliminate the young doctor who stole their clientele.
And they began to slander him that he was having ‘extramarital’ relationships with the ladies he examines.
The accusations were so massive, albeit false, that he was finally arrested and put on trial.
Then Agnodiki found herself in a dead end and thus decided to reveal her true identity.
Court spectators hearing her revelation erupted and immediately demanded her death sentence.
Now Agnodiki was faced with the accusation of violating the law on the practice of the medical profession, since she was a woman.
Somehow a second trial followed, more acclaimed than the first, but this time she was not alone.
On her side she had excellent defense lawyers, wives of nobles as well as all the women she had healed.
The judges, without actually having to accuse her of any other serious charge, were forced to acquit her because the crowd was enraged by this unjust charge.
In addition to her acquittal, Agnodiki also achieved something that until then seemed unreal.
That is, the change of the current legislation, thus allowing, since then, the women of ancient Athens to study Medicine and practice the medical function.
CONTAINER (=PYTO=RYTO) IN THE SHAPE OF A BEING’S HEAD AND A MAENADE…FROM ATHENA….
About 440 to 430 BC
LOUVRE MUSEUM…
THE RYTO (PLURALIS:.RYTA) FROM THE ANCIENT GREEK PYTO/RYTO.
it is a container for drinking liquids or blood during related rituals.
The word is said to be derived from the verb rein, .
The typology of the vessel includes features such as the open mouth and the hole near the bottom which probably served to diffuse the liquid.
“Tilt the old door
and let me lock out Boreas(=North-wind),
He is also a sailor
and has bitterness in his heart.”
The god BOREAS, according to one version was son of ΑΙΟΛΟΣ=AEOLUS and ANCESTOR of the MACEDONIANS, was the god of the frozen north winds that blew in winter. He is depicted as bearded, winged and with wings on his feet, wearing a short pleated tunic. As the song says “he had bitterness in his heart”. Because he lived alone in his WHITE PALACE IN THRACE and traveled by flying, giving people the icy wind with his breath.
As he was flying over ATHENS one day, he saw the beautiful OREITHYIA, the YOUNGEST daughter of the king of the city, ERECHTHEA and fell in LOVE with her. She was also SÄD because her father had SHUT her up in the PALACE, FEARING, that SHE MIGHT MARRY and NOT have HER to TAKE CARE of him in his OLD age. BOREAS, like a good boy, went and asked for her from her father. He asked Boreas to come again in a month to prepare his daughter for the wedding, but actually to buy time. During this time, BOREAS OFTEN visited the PRINCESS , who ALSO FELL in LOVE with him. So they “DIVIDED THEIR PAIN IN half”… BUT because ERECHTHEUS KEPT GIVING FURTHER POSTPONEMENTS FOR THE WEDDING, BOREAS got6 VERY ANGRY WITH his BEHAVIOR and DECIDES TO STEAL THE GIRL IN ORDER TO MARRY HER. FLYING QQUICKLY TO ATHENS OVER ILYSOS according to one version, WHERE SHE WAS PLAYING WITH HER FRIENDS, HE TOOK HER IN HIS ARMS AND FLEW AWAY with her, heading for HIS PALACE on the SARPEDONIAN CAPE OF THRACE. THERE, BOREAS AND OREITHYIA – who became IMMORTAL LIKE HER HUSBAND – MARRIED and LIVED HAPPILY in THEIR PALACE in THRACE and had TWO WINGED sons, ZETIS and CALAIS, who followed JASON with the ARGONAUTS
BOREAS, according to a legend, LATER, for the SAKE of HIS WIFE, HELPED THE ATHENIANS and destroyed the PERSIAN FLEET at ATHOS and ARTEMISIOUM. AFTER the DESTRUCTION of the PERSIAN fleet, the ATHENIANS HONORED, TOGETHER with the god POSEIDON, BOREAS, with AN ALTAR they set up on the banks of the Ilis, where OREITHIA had been CAPTURED.
These beautiful tender lyrics by Dimitris Christodoulou, set to music by Mimi Plessas and sung by the adored Antonis Kalogiannis, were among my very favorite songs of my youth! The last time I heard it and I liked it was also from the Corfu choir of OTE employees, who raised it to another parallel sphere, with the well-known timbre of the Ionian songs!
Photo from ancientrome.ru/art/artworken : Boreas abducts Orithia under the gaze of one of her friends. Red clay jug. Angiographer Hermonax.
Circa 470 BC
Height 35.1 cm, rim diameter 18 cm, base diameter 13 cm.
In St. Petersburg, State Hermitage Museum.
είναι κι αυτός θαλασσινός
EPITYMBIA”** LECYNTHOS, PIRAEUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM… The tomb lekythos is decorated with embossed floral and linear motifs in bands. Beginning of the 4th century BC The lekythos is a type of Greek vase that was used as an olive oil container. It has a narrow body and a thin and long neck. Its handle (if present) connects the neck to the body. **EPITYMBIA= SCRIPTS ON THE TOMB LECYTHOS, DEDICATED TO HEROES AND GREAT PERSONALITIES ..
ALABASTER (vessel)
GREEK ALABASTER FROM LOWER ITALY ….LOUVRE
Alabaster in art and archeology means a vessel with a tall body and a small mouth. It usually does not have a handle, although sometimes it has small holes or ears for carrying it.
Alabaster was used by women, mainly for the storage of aromatic oils, as is at least witnessed in the angiographic scenes.
They often appear as offerings in burial assemblages. The exhibit dates back to the end of the 4th/beginning of the 3rd century BC. It was introduced at the end of the 6th century BC. century and disappeared from the scene at the end of the 5th BC. h.
The scene that decorates the vase covers the perimeter of the body, while sometimes it is adorned only with an anthemion. Its height varies from 15-20 cm.
KYATHOS
Cleomenes, the king of Sparta, drank only two goblets of wine at dinner, this was not considered a sign of great temperance,
The kyathos was quite a handy vessel and Athenaeus says that it was the necessary vessel both in the houses of the rich and in the huts of the poor. It also served as a measure of the ratio of mixing wine with water indicated by the winemaker. Polydeukis says that ten glasses of water correspond to five glasses of wine. During the banquet, the slave, who was near the krater with the goblet in his hand, filled up wine from the krater and poured the intoxicating liquid into the syndaitymonos’ glass, “cyathizoning” it, as Athenaeus says. During the wine-drinking, the host determined the number of cups, which the wine-bearer had to pour into the glass of each syndaitymon.
Cleomenes, the king of Sparta, drank only two goblets of wine at dinner, this was not considered a sign of great restraint, as Athenaeus emphasizes. Augustus did not exceed twelve cyathus during the whole banquet, as Suetonius mentions. The slave, who performed the duties of winemaker, was called “cyathotes” and was usually a handsome and graceful teenager, who carried a long and perfumed earl. In performances this young man always holds the kyathos as an emblem of his service. With the kyathos, the necessary libations were made at the beginning and end of the banquet, in which the name of the god and the name of the host were pronounced. The kyathos was a metal vessel, usually copper. But there were also bowls of more precious metal and bowls of ivory. The shape of this handy container is indeterminate. Plato the comedian compares the cup to the pan, which draw the water of the ships. Suidas and his commentator Aristophanes compare it in terms of the cochlea. Hesychius calls it an oval vessel.
CYLIX ..THE HOLY VESSEL OF ANTIQUITY…
(Dedicated to Someone)
It symbolized the soul, into which is poured the wine, the spiritual drink (the higher spiritual life), which was used in all the sacramental sacrifices. The ecstasy of the soul in a state of intoxication, caused by the divine drink (symbolized by a goblet full of wine, ambrosia, etc.) is found in the myth of Dionysus (Bacchus) who carried the drunken Hephaestus to Olympus (upper world).
The goblet was a circular glass, deep, but completely open, with a base and 2 handles. The classic type of goblet resembles today’s champagne glasses with the addition of two ears usually to hang the empty goblet. In vase paintings, contemporaries hold these glasses by the base or foot. The height of the foot, like the depth of the cup, varied by place and time and that is why there are many variations of the cup.
The oldest type of goblet is a kind of deep cup with a vertically shaped belly and a thick and tall foot. The handles show the shape of a short and full ear, many times they were not completely missing. This type is found in Italy, Greece and Asia Minor and belongs to the archaic period. A typical specimen is the archaic goblet in the British Museum, decorated with meanders and wavy lines.
With the passage of time, the shape of this acetabulum changes to a more elegant and simplified one, to end up, through gradual lightening and thinning of its parts, in the beautiful classical type. Cups of this type appear almost flattened as a consequence of the large width in relation to the small depth. The bottom of the glass forms an elongated arc. The leg, thin and slightly raised, traces a slight curve. The handles, in the shape of horns rather than rings, are also elongated, following the general trend of the vessel. But there are also goblets with a somehow pressed base or without the base, which look like the bottle. According to Athenius, the Cypriots called the acetabulum kilica. Polydeukis confuses the goblet with the carcase. Thus it turns out that the term cup is open to many definitions.
However, it is generally accepted that the goblet is the vessel we described above and is quite similar to today’s champagne glasses. Goblets were made from all kinds of materials. Of course, they were usually made of clay. But they were also made of wood, as Martialius informs us, and of gold and silver, as Athenaeus testifies. Proof of this is the silver goblet, found during excavations in the Crimea and exhibited in the Hermitage museum. This silver goblet is decorated around the belly, just above the ears, with an engraved gold necklace. According to Martialius, there were also silver and gold goblets, decorated with precious stones, as well as goblets made of crystal or even plain glass.
COOLER AND COVERED CRATER (Vessels for cooling wine)
A cooler in ancient Greek pottery is a mushroom-shaped vessel, hollow down to its flat base, used for cooling wine. It was placed inside a larger vessel, usually a lidded krater, containing cool water.
Various shapes of vessels for cooling wine were used in the past. However, coolers of this particular shape were first manufactured by the pioneers of the red-figure style around 520 BC, apparently in combination with the cupped krater, a shape first used by the late Hezekiah around 530 BC. and established a little later by Euphronios. The use of freezers did not last more than two generations: from 460 BC. approx. and then both the production of freezers by the potters and their depiction in angiography stops.
Attic black figure cooler depicting the departure of the warrior, c. 525-500 BCE. Louvre, no. of exhibit F 319.
KANTHAROS SYMPOSIASTIS, ON KANTHAROS BY THE PAINTER OF THE GREAT ATHENIAN KANTHAROS……. Louvre Museum, end of the 5th century B.C.
Kantharos [is a type of ancient Greek vessel with a goblet-shaped body with a vertical handle on both sides, connected to the rim of the vessel and with a high curved handle at the top]. As a vessel it is connected with the worship of the god Dionysus, and is his symbol
CHRONOLOGY….
The shape of the vase was formed during the Middle Helladic period and was already considered ancient during the classical era. It was originally made especially in LACONIA and BOEOTIA and was used as a votive, and a religious vessel in the daily practice of worship in private spaces. In the GEOMETRIC period we find kantharus in BOETIA and ATTICA as funerary votives, usually in men’s tombs which are often accompanied by reliefs of a martial or athletic theme. In Boeotia it continued to be used as a burial votive until the late classical period. In 600 BC about evolved the peculiar shape with the high leg. At the same time, its use also spread to the GREEK BRANCH OF ETRUSCIANS IN MAGNA GRAECIA.
During the late classical and Hellenistic era, its use is also found in everyday life, while it remains connected to valor, the male foil and the worship of the dead. The largest beetles found are up to 50 cm tall and were placed on top of graves. Kantharai are also depicted in reliefs and Attic vase paintings, in the hand of the deceased, the god Dionysus, or one of his attendants.
XENOMANIA, I.E. BEING FASCINATED BY ANYTHING FOREIGN, IS A BIG AND SEVERE DISEASE OF THE NEW GREEKS. The most infuriating thing, however, is the use of foreign words instead of the more beautiful Greek ones, from a language that is the mother of all European languages and beyond. For example, we like the word “fame story”, it attracts us more than the words “fame and history”, whose fathers are Herodotus and Thucydides. We prefer the studio to the laboratory or study. Supermarket instead of hypermarket. Sponsor instead of sponsor. Graffiti instead of a mural. A show instead of a show. Parking instead of parking, etc. The Ancient Greeks were so proud of their language that they refused to speak barbarically. In the tragedy “Seven on Thebes” our great tragic poet Aeschylus presents Eteocles begging Zeus and the earth for the salvation of Thebes. What is admirable, however, is how he incorporates the language into this appeal: “Don’t stun my city with annihilation, declarer, Hellas phthongon heusan.” That is, “don’t destroy my city, which speaks Greek” (vv. 112-113). Sophocles in “Aiad”, p. 1263, writes: “Tin barvaron gar gyslosan uk epaio” (=Because I do not know the barbaric language). Agamemnon replies to Teucros. Also typical is the passage that Plutarch mentions to us in the life of Themistocles (6,4,2): “He is also praised for the bilingual work in the pemphtheisin under a king on land and water atisin. Interpretation, because beings of syllables by resolution extended that voice of a Greek woman, barbaric commandments, she dared to use.” This passage, therefore, tells us that, when Xerxes sent a delegation to request “land and water” from the Athenians, Themistocles, despite the established rules, ordered the arrest of the interpreter and by resolution put him to death on the grounds that he dared to use the Greek language in barbaric edicts… But the story of Philomela also reveals the greatness of the Greek language. Tireus, king of Thrace, dishonored his female cousin Philomela. And in order not to witness him, he cut out her tongue. However, despite the fact that Tireus cut off her tongue, in an Ancient Greek inscription she wrote the woes of her soul: “Glossan din emen etherisen Hellas fojon”. Philomela, therefore, does not mourn that her tongue was cut out, but that she will not have a voice to speak Greek again…
So we see how our ancestors protected the Greek language. Therefore, our ancient ancestors were proud of the Greek language and did not even allow it to be used in matters related to uncivilized people, barbarians, as they called them. Who could have imagined that in recent times this language would become the mother of all European languages and not only. But, where did he imagine the unbelievable: Their descendants of the 21st century set out to destroy it! For over thirty years now we have continued the “simplifications” and from the many “simplifications” and from the many alterations we have made it unrecognizable…
Apart from the protection of the language, the Ancient Greeks did not tolerate barbaric customs. The piercing of men’s ears, so that they could wear an earring = an earring, was considered a barbaric custom for our Ancient ancestors. Thus, if there was anyone with such a habit, he was ridiculed and driven out of the city. There is, of course, a relevant text that says this: Xenophon saves it in “Kyros Anavasi” (book 3, Ch. 1, 30-34) and says the following: He is such a Greek. Then Agasias Stymphalius said: But this is neither of Boeotia, nor belongs to all of Greece, and I saw him as far as Lydon with both ears closed. And so they had. They deported this one.” Attribution: “Because he and his particular homeland is putting all Greece to shame, since, while he is a Greek, he is like that (that is, cowardly and cowardly) afterwards, however, taking the floor, Agasias from Stymphalida said: But this man neither he has absolutely nothing to do with Boeotia, nor with Greece in general, because I saw him, like Lydus, with both of his ears pierced. And indeed that was the case. Well, of course he was kicked out.” The New Greeks, however, envied the blacks of Africa who wear earrings and have the impression that this means progress and evolution. Of course, the Europeans follow the same tactic. And of course it is not the only barbaric custom adopted by civilized Europe… The New Greeks, however, do something more terrible: Instead of teaching morals to the students, they introduce texts that cultivate the model of the stateless consumer, that devalue ideals and heroes and models of morals. A classic example is the first Governor of the country, Ioannis Kapodistrias, who was rightly called a saint of politics. He offered all his property to the Greek State. When the National Assembly decided to give a grant (salary) to the Governor, Kapodistrias responded with a document that has no equal in political matters and concludes: “… that those of you who participate in the Government, want to know with us that in the in the present circumstances, it is not possible for the public ministries to receive salaries commensurate with the rank of their high ministry and with their servitudes, but that such salaries must be exactly commensurate with the financial means which the Government has at its disposal. Kapodistrias’ refusal to accept the sponsorship caused surprise “due to the uniqueness of the act and the new admiration for the wonderful man…”. The honesty of Kapodistrias can also be seen from his following words “I prefer death, than to deceive a people, entrusting their fate to my loyalty”. After all this, one would expect them to project Kapodistrias as a model of virtue, an ideal example for young children to imitate, just as he really is the first worthy Governor of the Neo-Hellenic State, who was deservedly called the “saint of politics”.
And yet, instead of this, in the 3rd high school textbook they quote a poem with clear hints about financing. By whom; From the man who donated his property to the poorest state, the politician with virtuous morals, who is an excellent example for every politician? The late Io. Kapodistrias? But this is what globalization seeks. The leveling of everything. There should be no values and moral principles. The goal is the destruction of societies and the transformation of people into an easily managed global plankton, with which the global rulers will feed…
By: Vera Gargalatzidou.
There are three types of inhabitants living in Greece. The Greeks (the minority) The adulterated (that is, they have barbaric genes in their genes,) The Greek-speakers (those who claim to be Greek, but are not, nor are they fake) I am not mentioning economic and illegal immigrants. Well, the real ones never sleep.. On the contrary, these are the few who awaken the rest. The corrupted are asleep and the Greek speakers are the majority throughout history.. They are not asleep, but dead and don’t know it. If we consider how many species Plato has classified the inhabitants of the Earth into, we can have a clear picture of the current situation. 1) Barbarians 2) Dead 3) Mortals 4) People 5) Philosophers 6) Heroes.. To reach the level of the philosopher there are four stages. Nowadays, knowledge is accessible to everyone. No more barriers of prohibition.. Everyone’s understanding of the search for Truth is expressed through their way of thinking and behavior. From now on, let’s not classify everyone in the category of Greeks in the true sense of the word.. In essence, Greek is a spirit.. One either has the spirit or not. Not acquired.. As for the language, Greek is the first and only language on planet Earth. Because it is not a product of human evolution..
ATTICA RED-FORMED=ΕΡΥΘΡΟΜΟΡΦΟΣ/ERYTHROMOPHOS “ARYVALLOS”- A SMALL, OFTEN SPHERICAL VESSEL, WITH A NARROW MOUTH, FOR THE OIL WHICH ATHLETES USED TO OIL THEIR BODIES…. Young robed man, headband, running RIGHT, pursued by TWO winged GODDESSES. .. EROS on the LEFT holds a scourge with his right hand, while EROS on the right extends his arms protectively towards the young.
Parallel to the wings of EROS with the scourge, the inscription: Asopodorῳ ἡ lekythos. Above the new one is the inscription: Doris εποησεν. By the painter and potter Dourida. From Athens, area of today’s Stadiou Street. 480-470 BC Duris is one of the most important vase painters and potters of the first half of the 5th century BC. The performance of the aryvallus is a commentary on the power and dominance of Eros, which acts as a positive or negative force on its victims, especially the young.
The LYCURGUS CUP (British Museum, PE 1958,1202.1
The BERLIN Museum encloses and proudly displays the altar of ZEUS of PERGAMOS…and because PERGAMOS…in todays Turkey..Does NOT means is ..Turkish either , or as they learn at schools, as many other “.Neighbours” with inferiority complex & Envy-jealousy etc..stealing History, as well with the blessings of PSEVDO”SCHOLARS” & GEOPOLITICAL CRIMINALS
The Statue of Liberty, whose official name is “Liberty enlightening the World” (English “Liberty enlightening the World” Gallic “la Liberte eclairant le monde”), is a colossal statue on the islet of the same name and in the upper part of New York Bay. This statue was erected to commemorate the friendship between the peoples of the USA and France. Its total height is 93 meters (302 ft) including the plinth, and in the Encyclopaedia Britannica version it shows a woman preaching freedom. This woman holds a torch in her raised right hand and an inscribed tablet in her left bearing the date July 4, 1776. An elevator goes up to the height of the balcony and a spiral staircase leads to an observation deck on the crown worn by Liberty. The torch she holds is 93 meters above the surface of the sea. At the base of the statue is the American Museum of Immigration. The proposal for the construction of the statue was formulated by a French historian, Édouard de Laboulais, after the American Civil War. A sufficient amount of money was collected by contributions from the French people, and the work began in France in 1875, under the direction of the sculptor FREDERIC-AUGUSTE BARTHOLDI. APOLLO’s ΦΩΤΟΦΟΡΟΣ/PHOTOPHOROS=LIGHT BEARER is depicted in exactly this form. And fortunately for us, the IMMORTAL GREEK LAND of CORINTH, saved us this image, so that today we can know the truth. The figure of APOLLO ΦΩΤΟΦΟΡΟΣ/PHOTOPHOROS=LIGHT BEARER is today in the MUSEUM of CORINTH, but it goes unnoticed by the unsuspecting visitor. It is on a three-fold plate together with two other representations. The one in the left part depicts an angel, a figure similar to that of the Christian faith and according to archaeologists is the figure of the goddess HECATE. In the right part, a rosette is depicted. And in the midst of the miracle! The form of the Light-bearer APOLLO, the same as that of the Statue of LIBERTY! Intellectual property is not clear to whom it belongs. It is said by people of CORINTH who know that the director of the American Archaeological Mission, a sober and honest man, has declared that AMERICANS should come and worship in the Museum area where the image of the light-bearer APOLLO is located, because it is the source of their national symbol . (In the photo, we see the sculpture with the representation of ZOODOTIS ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝ ΗΛΙΟΣ=APOLLO HELIOS with his fiery chariot)
Gold seal ring from Thessaly. Representation of either LEDA and ZEUS transformed into a swan, or Venus and Mars, to the right of the satyr. In the background are depicted a helmet, a tree, a square column with a lion’s head and a temple or shrine. At the bottom of the representation are two spears, a shield and the inscription OMOLEIIAION – 2nd century BC. Benaki Museum of Hellenic Culture, Athens, Greece
THE SYMBOLIC MESSAGES-MEANINGS BEHIND THE KNOT OF HERCULES (GOLD INLAGD WITH GARNET , EMERALDS AND ENAMEL. /PRIVATE COLLECTOR/) . … SIMILAR TO IT: METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART N. YORK..
THE ANCIENT GREEK WRITERS HAD THREE WAYS TO EXPRESS THEIR THOUGHT. THE FIRST WAS CLEAR AND SIMPLE, THE SECOND SYMBOLIC AND FIGURATIVE , THE THIRD SACRED AND HIEROGLYPHIC. THE SAME WORD TOOK, ACCORDING TO THEIR DESIRE, THE MAIN MEANING, THE SYMBOLIC OR THE TRANSCENDENTAL. THIS WAS THE SPIRIT OF our LANGUAGE. HERACLITUS HAS PERFECTLY EXPRESSED THIS DIFFERENCE by IDENTIFYING IT WITH THE ADJECTIVES: SPEAKER(=ΟΜΙΛΩΝ), MEANINGFUL(= ΣΗΜΑΊΝΩΝ), MYSTIC-HIDER(= ..ΚPYΠΤΩΝ)..
BELOW: THE ANCIENT GREEK KNOT OF HERCULES IN GOLD Also known as the Knot of Hercules, Love Knot and Marriage Knot, the Hercules Knot is a wedding symbol that stands for undying love and commitment. It is one of the most strong known knots and is made with two entwined ropes representing the legendary fertility of Demi-God Hercules Reef knot
THE SYMBOLIC MESSAGES-MEANINGS BEHIND THE KNOT OF HERCULES (GOLD INLAGD WITH GARNET , EMERALDS AND ENAMEL. /PRIVATE COLLECTOR/) . … SIMILAR TO IT: METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART N. YORK..THE ANCIENT GREEK WRITERS HAD THREE WAYS TO EXPRESS THEIR THOUGHT. THE FIRST WAS CLEAR AND SIMPLE, THE SECOND SYMBOLIC AND FIGURATIVE , THE THIRD SACRED AND HIEROGLYPHIC. THE SAME WORD TOOK, ACCORDING TO THEIR DESIRE, THE MAIN MEANING, THE SYMBOLIC OR THE TRANSCENDENTAL. THIS WAS THE SPIRIT OF our LANGUAGE. HERACLITUS HAS PERFECTLY EXPRESSED THIS DIFFERENCE by IDENTIFYING IT WITH THE ADJECTIVES: SPEAKER(=ΟΜΙΛΩΝ), MEANINGFUL(= ΣΗΜΑΊΝΩΝ), MYSTIC-HIDER(= ..ΚPYΠΤΩΝ)..
BELOW: THE ANCIENT GREEK KNOT OF HERCULES IN GOLD Also known as the Knot of Hercules, Love Knot and Marriage Knot, the Hercules Knot is a wedding symbol that stands for undying love and commitment. It is one of the most strong known knots and is made with two entwined ropes representing the legendary fertility of Demi-God Hercules Reef knot. In his Natural History, PLINY relates the belief that wounds heal more quickly when bound with a HERCULES KNOT. It has also been used since ancient Greek traditions, krepresented the legendary fertility of the demi-god HERACLES, more popularly known as HERCULES. He was the epitome of virility and bravery.
TODAY, he is without a doubt one of the MOST ICONIC FIGURES in ALL OF GREEK MYTHAGOG-COSMOLOGY
HELLENIC CIVILIZATION/ASIA MINOR/ S A L A G A S S O S/
IONIAN RHYTHM COLLUMES- ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ IT’S JUST UTOPIA to REACH, or UNDERSTAND THE HIGH LEVEL OF THE ANCIENT HELLENIC SPIRIT of CREATIONS & SUNLIGHT-BEAMS CIVILIZATION, to BE UNDERSTOOD by ALL KIND OF BARBARIANS… >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>HERE: //ANCIENT ULTIMATE ARTS & BEAUTY… MOSTLY STOLEN, LOOTED, or DESTROYED, (or OFTEN.. COPIED & TWISTED.. & SHOWED.. as..THEIR OWN!!!!!! ) MOSTLY BY ALL BARBARIANS!! ALL OVER the WORLD, WITHOUT KNOWLEDGE, HAVING – OF COURSE – HEAVY INFERIORITY COMPLEX, ENVY, JEALOUSY & NOT AUTHENTIC HIGH CIVILIZATION, AS: -TEMPLES, STATUES, MOSAICS, SCRIPTS, COINS, SCIENCE, as: MEDICINE, SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY. JUST ONE example): The ANTIKITHYRA mechanism MATHEMATICS, GEOMETRY, STETEOMETRY, PHYSICS, ASTRONOMY, DRAMA, PHILOSOPHY, POETRY & ETYMOLOGY of NAMES & WORDS by ANCIENT MATHEMATIC- DIANETIC THE LANGUAGE, ITSELF which IS MATHEMATIC ( https://euphoriatric.com/the-mathematical-structure-of…/ ,… IS INTERCONNECTED WITH ALL THE ABOVE ACHIEVEMENTS.. .. ARE JUST the WITNESSES… INSPIRING EVERYBODY WITH BASIC INTELLIGENCE.. JUST by VISITING ALL MUSEUMS & UNFORTUNATELY THOUSANDS OF “PRIVATE” COLLECTORS AROUND THE WORLD.
MARBLE COLUMN (IONIAN ORDER), FROM THE TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS AT SARDIS. DATED: ca. 300 BC / PARIAN MARBLE; DIMENSIONS: H. 361 cm
THE SEKTION OF A FLUTED GREEK IONIC COLUMN IN THE CENTER of this room stood over fifty-eight feet high in its original location at the TEMPLE of ARTEMIS. The DELICATE FOLIATE carving on the capital is UNIQUE among EXTANT capitals from the temple, and the torus (foliated base), with its vegetal SCALE-LIKE pattern, is also EXCEPTIONALLY ELABORATE.
This capital is slightly smaller than others found at the site, indicating that it does not belong to the outer colonnade. The column, displayed here with most of the shaft omitted, was probably originally from one or more of those pairs. Alternatively, it may be from the cella (inner room) or from the inner back porch. Parts of the fluted shaft are restored, and the profiled base below the torus is a copy of the original.
The Dolopes were an ancient Greek tribe that settled around the Agrafa mountain range in central Greece. Their settlement area was called Dolopi and included an important area centered on the south-eastern part of today’s Karditsa Prefecture and the northern part of Evrytania Prefecture. Their main city was Ktimeni, which was located on the site of the current village of Redina Karditsa. The Dolopes were a sister tribe to the Aitolians, with whom they bordered to the south. Their branch was the Dryopes who settled a little further south in the area of Late Doria and dispersed after the descent of the Dorians. Other related tribes of the Dolopians with whom they had a common history were the Agraios, the Aperantes and the Athamanes who settled north of the present prefecture of Etoloakarnania. They are also often called Dolopes. History The Dolopes seem to have existed until the 6th century BC. they remained autonomous. They belonged to the Delphic Amphictyonia and were represented in the Amphictyonic Congress with two votes. From the 6th century they were for long periods under the rule of their stronger neighbors, first the Thessalians and later the Aetoli. In 374 BC they submitted to the tyrant Jason of Fera. In the years that followed, they submitted to the Macedonians and then joined the Aetolian Commonwealth until the Roman conquest in 168 BC. As Pausanias mentions, the Dolopes had disappeared as a people in the 2nd century AD.
PERSONALLY, IT FEELS LIKE AS BITTER REGRET THAT WE GREEKS, HAVING THE MOST ANCIENT AND GREAT CIVILIZATION, HAVE FALLEN SO LOW THAT WE WORSHIP AN ENTITY, THAT HAS NOTHING IN COMMON WITH US.
LEDA, the wife of the KING of SPARTA TYNDAREUS, meets the CYGNUS who is driven by the little EROS
When ZEUS fell in love with LEDA, he transformed into a CYGNUS and thus took refuge in her arms to protect himself from APHRODITE, who allegedly pursued him.
From their union were born POLYDEUKIS of the DIOSKOURI(=ZEUS SONS) and the beautifulO HELEN.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM of CHANIA.
HELLENIC CIVILIZATION/APAMEA/CORINTHIAN (ORDER OF COLUMNS)/
APAMEA is an ANCIENT GREEK city, overlooking the GHAB VALLEY in the Hama Governorate of Syria.
The city was FOUNDED AROUND 300 BC BY SELEUCOS I NICATOR, ONE of the ΔΙΑΔΟΧOI=
DIADOCHI = SUCCESSORS
FOUGHT FOR CONTROL OVER THE EMPIRE FOUNDED by ALEXANDER the GREAT AFTER HIS DEATH, ESTABLISHING THE SELEUCID EMPIRE OVER THE HELLENIZED TERRITORIES ALEXANDER HAD CONQUERED IN ASIA.
“SELEUCUS” named the city in DEDICATION to his WIFE, APAMA of SOGDIANA, one of the four cities of the Syrian TETRAPOLIS along with ANTIOCHOS (named after his father), LAODICEIA (named after his mother) and SELEUCEIA (named after himself).
In the FOLLOWING CENTURIES, the SELEUCID EMPIRE came INTO CONFLICT WITH THE ROMAN REPUBLIC OVER HELLENISTIC GREECE, RESULTING IN A GRADUAL DECLINE OF THE EMPIRE AND THE SUBMISSION OVER TERRITORIAL CLAIMS WEST of the TAURUS MOUNTAINS IN PRESENT-DAY TURKEY.
IN 64 BC, GNAEUS POMPEI US MAGNUS (also known as POMPEI the Great) MARCHED ON APAMEA, ANNEXING the CITY AS PART of the ROMAN PROVINCE OF SYRIA. IN RESPONSEN TO AN EARTHQUAKE in6 AD 115 ANTIOCH EARTHQUAKE ), THE ROMANS REBUILT APAMEA with a TYPICAL GREEK- ROMAN street grid system, and large public works such as aqueducts, bathhouses, and a THEATRE
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FEMALE STATUE WITHOUT HANDS IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM of EPIDAURUS . ARGOLIS PREFECTURE, PELOPONNESE, GREECE
This site, which includes the imressive theatre of EPIDAURUS, is a UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE Inhabited since NEOLITHIC times, the FIRST significant settlement was in the MYCENAEAN PERIOD.
STUDY SHOWS ANCIENT THEATRE OF EPIDAURUS IS WORLD’S MOST PERFECT IN TERMS OF AESTHETIC AND ACOUSTIC MARVEL l , and all the more wondrous considering that it was created almost 2,500 years ago. The Ancient Theatre of Epidaurus is the crown of cultural activity in Greece during the summer months and remains to this day one of the most important and globally recognizable monuments of antiquity. Carved into the side of Mount Kynortio and dominating the southeastern end of the sanctuary, which was dedicated to ASCLEPIUS – the God and CREATOR of MEDICINE in GREEK MYTHAGOGY–COSMOLOGY THE ANCIENT THEATRE OF EPIDAURUS has been characterized as the BIRTH place of the ART of THEATRE, and the GENRES OF COMEDY, TRAGEDY AND DRAMA. A team of six professors from the University of Patras conducted extensive research on the ancient theatre and concluded that “the measurements confirm the theatre’s EXCELLENT ACOUSTICS and SPEECH INTELLIGIBILITY y, for ALL the TYPICAL LISTENER POSITIONS TESTED.”
The study showed that in whichever seat someone sits within the theatre, either at the very front or at the last seat at the top of the theatre hill, they will be able to clearly hear the actors speak – who of course, never use microphones or any kind of sound boost equipment during plays.
The awe that someone feels once they enter the theatre is remarkable.
The NATURAL EHO OF ONE’S VOICE CAN BE HEARD FROM ONE END OF THE THEATRE TO THE OTHER, A PHENOMENON, THAT HAS LONG ATTRACTED THE ADMIRATION OF SCIENTISTS AND EVEN MORE SO DUE TO THE FACT, THAT THE THEATRE OF EPIDAURUS WAS BUILT ALMOST 2,500 YEARS AGO – A TIME WHEN KNOWLEDGE AND TECHNOLOGY WERE MUCH MORE LIMITERAD.
Playing at the Ancient Theatre of Epidaurus today is considered an incredible honour and career highlight, an achievement that is high on the bucket list of not just Greek actors but of the the most talented actors actors all around the world.
The theatre hosts mostly ancient Greek-style plays as well as contemporary adaptions of old plays and some musical events.
The performances can be in modern Greek, Ancient Greek or a mix of both, while there are very limited plays in different languages.
Some of the most famous and prestigious Greek movie stars have played in Epidaurus over the years, such as Melina Mercouri, Katina Paxinou, Alekos Alexandrakis, Manos Katrakis, Anna Synodinou, Kostas Kazakos, and of course the “national Greek star” Aliki Vougiouklaki.
Foreign directors of international acclaim, like American ROBERT WILSON and Belgian comedy-tragedy movie maker IVO VAN HOVE have said that creating plays for the ANCIENT THEATRE of EPIDAURUS was a “LIFE GOAL.
The asclepieion at Epidaurus was the most celebrated healing center of the classical world, the place where ill people went in the hope of being cured. To find out the right cure for their ailments, they spent a night in the enkoimeteria, a big sleeping hall. In their dreams, the god himself would advise them what they had to do to regain their health. Found in the sanctuary, there was a guest house for 160 guestrooms. There are also mineral springs in the vicinity which may have been used in healing.
Epidauros • (Epídauros) f (genitive of ἠῐdauros); second declension. The word epidauros means “Dra On the Wind”, it is no coincidence that the Asclepians exist there, which has to do with sound, acoustics, earthly musical harmony which is synchronized with universal musical harmony and healing.
the acoustics in the ancient theater of Epidaurus have the curious thing, that as the Greek is clearly heard there, other languages cannot be heard, there is some kind of coordination of the sound, the Mathematical Greek language, the space and the acoustics, and this is because the Greek language is a musical language. (the relationship between musical harmony and mathematics and mathematics and the harmony of the universe is well known, just as it is also known that in ancient Greece music, arithmetic, geometry and astronomy were sister sciences)
Its orchestra is a perfect circle, while its cavity is part of a sphere. 34 rows of seats in the lower section and 21 in the upper give the number 55 (ЭЄ). The sum of the first 10 numbers (1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10) gives 55 (ЭЄ), the sum of the first 6 (1+2+3+4+5+6 ) gives 21 and the sum of the last 4 (7+8+9+10) gives 34.
The golden number Φ makes its appearance since the ratio of the rows of the two diazoms 21/34=0.618=Φ, but also the ratio of the lower diazom to the total of the rows 34/55=0.618=Φ6 (PYTHAGORAS IS PRESENT..AGAIN!).
5th century BC Dodona Epirus Theater (APE ROTAN)
Dodona or Dodoni is one of the most important oracles of ancient Greece. It is located in the regional unit of Ioannina of Epirus and was dedicated to Zeus and Dione. (Dodonaios God) ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ The theater of Dodona is among the largest and best preserved ancient Greek theaters in the world, capable of accommodating approximately 18,000 spectators.
Buthrotos (Albanian: Butrint, ancient Greek: Vuthroton)—
Wherever Archaeologists dig in Buthrotos (Butrint) they find #Greek Archaeological findings.
The #Albanian Archaeologist: Dhimiter Condi, who led for 30 years the team that excavated in Bouthroto found ancient #Greek statues, coins minted with Greek cities, such as #Corfu, Macedonia, and so on.
We don’t need to say anything more, as Albanian archaeologists such as:
▪︎ Dhimiter Condi also mentions in his book: “Butrint: history, monuments and museum” that #Hellenus founded “Bouthrotum”, which it means: bull crossing in #Greek language.
Furthermore, the albanian Archaeologist: Dhimiter Condi, published in his book that Buthroto was founded by Greeks.
In the photo from the book of the Albanian Archaeologist: Dhimiter Condi, among other findings it is showing:
▪︎ Statue of #Apollo, 2nd century AD, it was found in Nymphaeum in excavations at Butrint in 1929.
▪︎ Statue of #Dionysus from 2nd AD, was found in In Nymphaeum in excavations at Butrint in 1929.
▪︎ The many coins which they were found in Butrint, they include: coins minted as #Greek cities; such as Kerkyra (Corfu), Makedonia, and so on.
By Dhimiter Condi, Butrint: history, monuments and museum, Argjiro, Albania, 2008, pp. 78, 91
Dhimitër Çondi, Ph.D.
Co-Director of the Excavations Project at Butrint.
Professor of Archaeology.
Albanian Institute of Archaeology
HELLENIC CIVILIZATION/IONIA(=”ASIA MINOR”)/EPHESOS/THE ODEON THEATER, ASCLEPEIION AND GEOMETRICAL INSTRUMENT, AS ALL HELLENIC TEMPLES AND MOST OF THE THEATERS, AS WELL, NO MATTER WHERE!! (SPAIN, MARSEILLE, MAGNA GRAECIA, BLACK SEA, IONIA, PONTOS, GREECE, MIDDLE EAST, ASIA, NORTH AFRICA..) By:. MEDUSA PEGASOS
WHAT EVER STATUES “THEY” STOLE… NO MATTER WHAT TEXTS THEY STOLE, THE BARBARIANS REMAINED BARBARIANS… THEY COULD NOT UNDERSTAND THE GREEK SPIRIT, ITS UNFATHOMABLE HEIGHTS AND GREAT DEPTHS, ITS LENGTHS AND WIDTHS.. “THEY” JUST SCRATCHED THESURFACE A LITTLE AND SAY “THEY”(=)…. CREATED… CIVILIZATION…. THEY TALK… ABOUT RENAISSANCE… …WHICH…”RENAISSANCE”??!!!… IN ORDER TO BE A RENAISSANCE, THERE MUST HAVE BEEN A BIRTH!!! WHEN DID THE BARBARIANS HAVE A BIRTH AND WE… DON’T KNOW???!!!! AND SOMEONE NÄVE WILL TELL YOU:.. -BUT Greek CULTURE BELONGS… TO THE WHOLE PLANET….. NO… MY FRIEND, GREEK CULTURE BELONGS TO THE GREEKS AND BECAME UNIVERSAL BECAUSE OF ITS QUALITY!
A T H I E F IS A L W A Y S THIEF AND AN O W N E R IS AN O W N E R !!! (By THE MEDUSA)
THE ARCHAEO-LOOTERS OF HELLENIC ANCIENT MASTERPIECES HAVE SURPASSED EVEN “LORD” ELGIN, (SAME ROOTS, AS “FRENCH” ABBOT MICHEL FOURMONT .. KAI O ΝΟΩΝ ΝΟΕΙΤΩ !!)
IN LOOTING….COUNTERFEITING – DISTORD
THESE KIND OF…. “NOBLE” BARBARIANS, WHO WERE BYING NOBLE TITLES, ALL OVER EUROPE(!!) .. DURING THE MIDDLE AGES & RENAISSANCE, AS WELL… MOST OF THEM HAVE CONTAMINATED & DEFILED THE 17 GREEK WARRIORS AT THE SACRED PLACES ..BEFORE AND DURING THE “BYZANTINE” & “OTTOMAN” OCCUPATIONS….THE SAME “ONES” ARE EXTREMILY ANTHELLENIC(=ANTIGREEK) … DUE TO THEIR HEAVY INFERIORITY COMPLEX, ENVY, JEALOUSY…..ETC TOWARDS TO HIGH & UNIQUE LEVEL OF THE HELLENIC CIVILIZATION. IT’S IDENTICAL, THAT COUNTERFEITING AND UNGRATEFUL BENEFICIARIES (Ο ΝΟΩΝ ΝΟΕΙΤΩ!!) ARE THE MOST FAKE, UNPREDICTABLE AND DANGEROUS ONES!! APPOLONIAN LIGHT vs DARKNESS.
THE ANCIENT GREEK CITY OF — A I Z A N O I — was the main settlement center of the GREEK BRANCH AIZANITIS people WHO LIVED IN ANTIQUE MACEDONIAN PHRYGIA During the excavations carried out around the TEMPLE OF ZEUS traces of settlements dating back to 3000 BC were brought to light. In the HELLENIC period, this region was subordinated alternately to Pergamum and Bithynia, but in 133 BC it came under Roman rule. It was one of the important cities in Roman times with the Temple of Zeus, the Stadium-Theatre complex and the Macellum. The Temple of Zeus, built on a hill and considered the city’s important religious structure, is one of the best-preserved temples of Zeus in the world. While the construction of a stadium with a capacity of 13,500 people and a theater with a capacity of 20,000 people in the north of the city as a complex was not seen anywhere else in Aizanoi in ancient times, the Aizanoi Macellum, dated to the second mid-2nd century AD, is one of the first bags in the world. Statue head of the goddess of love and beauty Aphrodite, the ancient city of Aizanoi, Kütahya, western Turkey, Oct. 29, 2021. (AA Photo) Statue head of the god of wine Dionysos, Aizanoi, Kütahya, western Turkey, Oct. 29, 2021. (AA Photo) Noting that they have been sustaining their work in a creek bed in the ancient city of Aizanoi recently, Coşkun told that the statuary heads of Aphrodite and Dionysus were unearthed in this creek bed. “These are important findings for us, as they show that the polytheistic belief culture of ancient Greece existed for a long time without losing its importance in the Roman era,” he said. “The findings suggest that there may have been a sculpture workshop in the region.” Home to one of the MOST well-preserved temples in Turkey, dedicated to the Greek god ZEUS, the city of Aizanoi is easily comparable to EPHESUS in its grandeur and importance. Initially inhabited by the Greek branch of Phrygians, the area was converted into a city in the first century B.C. by the Romans and includes unique spots such as a temple; four Roman bridges, two of which are still in use today; the world’s first known indoor marketplace, with inscriptions of the prices of sold goods still visible on the walls; theatres; roman baths and an ancient sacred cave.
*****************************THE MYCENAIAN BASILICA “HOUSE OF THE SPHIGNS”
The Mycenaean “house of the Sphinxes” took its name from the large number of ivory plaques and numerous exquisite ivory crafts found in the residential remains of a building outside the Cyclopean walls of the Mycenaean palace in the Argolis. It was a two-story building complex at a pivotal point, an annex of the palace built during HY III B2 (1250-1200 BC), and which was used as a transit center, with a workshop for processing ivory and faience objects. At the same time, it also housed administrative functions, as the inscribed ivory seals and the signs of Linear B’ show. The royal storehouse/accounting room with the carved heraldic seals contained lists of supplies of goods on behalf of the royal court, lists of dry food pithos, official written orders, traces of various herbs, wares registration plates, showing that in it in this particular house, the royal transactions were carried out by authorized officials of the unclaimed who sealed the products (arch. Alkistis Papadimitriou). The home of the Sphinxes was destroyed by natural disasters, earthquakes, and the fire (1,200 BC).
The ivory or mother-of-pearl imported from Africa or India, especially from Syria, raw, or dead, or petrified, was a rare and very expensive material, and its value depended on the finite thickness of the tusks. Today, under the ultraviolet light, it is possible to determine the type of mammal from which the processing material came in ancient times: elephant, walrus, wild boar, deer, whale, blowtorch, hippopotamus, mammoth, narwhal, rhinoceros, turtle, etc. Side products were the “black ivory”, a material from the carbonization of the residues (scrapings) of the processing of ivory, which was used in antiquity as a pigment in painting, as in Mycenaean manuals. Before the advent of rubber (synthetic paste), trinkets were crafted from biological materials, from combs, necklaces, beads, headdresses, to piano keys and billiard balls, and ivory was the most profitable …illegal trade.
The depicted elephant tile (photo) of the (13th BC) century from the “House of the Sphinxes”, is one of the masterpieces of the elephant work workshop in Mycenae, and is kept in the collection of the National Archaeological Museum of Athens under no. wide (7526). Two antichrist (heraldic) sphinxes are carved with apotropaic symbolism, stepping with their fore feet on a column (power), and with their hind feet on double horns of dedication. The iconography of the watchful guardians of trade has Eastern influences, and the dark color of the ivory is due to wear from its fire (1,200 BC). Its design evokes the stone shield of the Lion Gate of the Mycenaean palace above the relief triangle of the entrance!
MAGNA GRAECIA/IDENTICAL HELLENIC THEATER RYTHM
The theater/temple of ..(.LATER ..NAMED) ….”San NICOLA” near CASERTA, ITALY/, was rediscovered by chance in 2000 by a paraglider. It’s 2100 years old and hosts a theater and a temple on the same hill 520 meters on the sea level, dominating the evocative panorama on the plains below.
The TEMPLES of the GREEK ANCESTORS WERE on ENERGY HUBS, THEY WERE NOT BUILT by CHANCE , MEANWHILE the WHOLE ISLAND of RHODES IS AN ENERGY HUB LIKE LIKE SAMOTHRAKI. “MODERN” PEOPLE DO NOT UNDERSTAND the VIBRATIONS of the ENERGY FIELDS, …………. DUE TO THAT, THE JUDEO-CHRISTIANITY – DOESN’T… AT ALL!!!…ATHENA WAS CALLED ATHENA PALLAS FROM THE PULSATING VIBRATIONS= “PALLOMENES” DONISEIS= ΠΑΛΛΌΜΕΝΕΣ ΔΟΝΉΣΕΙΣ. BASIC HISTORICAL FACTS ..ANSWER IS H E R E!:
THE BRIGHTNESS OF THE GREEK CIVILIZATION GATHERS ALL THE BARBARIANS, BY DESTRUCTION to DESTROY IT. THIS IS HAPPENING FOR 2 MILLENNIA by NOW, BOTH GLOBALY & INSIDE THE HELLENIC REGIONS, WHERE THESE ANTHELLENIC RODENTS, WHO DURING THE AGES, STILL RULLE… THROUGH RELIGION, POLITICS, ECONOMY, “EDUCATION” & MEDIA..
THE RIGHT OF THE STRONGER: BARBARIC LIES PERSIST ABOUT the ORIGINS of ANCIENT GREEK CITIES SUCH AS PERSEPOLIS, PETRA and BAALBEK, AMONG OTHERS, FALSELY ATTRIBUTED TO…. HAVING BEEN BUILT by the.. PERSIANS , PHOENICIANS, CARTHAGENIANS, NABATEANS and ROMANS RESPECTIVELY. The PERSIANS found the ABANDONED CITY OF PERSEPOLIS (BUILT by DESCENDANTS OF PERSEUS), AND THE NABATEANS, WHO WERE NOMADIC HERDERS FOUND AND MADE THE ABANDONED PETRA THEIR HOME. THE ROMANS WOULD INVADE and FALSELY PUT THEIR TAG ON EVERYTHING THEY CONQUERED.
ONE SUCH WORK WAS the KYBALION AND OTHER, WERE TRANSLATED FROM EXISTING ARCHAIC WORKS. HISTORY, ORIGIN, ART AND HIGH TECHNOLOGY..
HAVE ALL BEEN STOLEN, LOOTED AND CLAIMED BY… OTHERS. NEWTON ALSO STOLE CLAIM TO THE LAWS OF MOTION AND PHYSICS, GAINING THIS KNOWLEDGE FROM ANCIENT TEXTS which he SECRET LY HELD. THE GREEKS SHOULD NEVER LEARN THAT: DEMOCRITUS , PYTHAGORAS, HERACLEITOS COMPLETELY FORMULATED THE THEORY OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND SPECIAL RELATIVITY, UNIFYING INTO SINGLE MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS, AS ELECTRICITY, GRAVITY, MAGNETISM, ASTRONOMY https://euphoriatric.com/pythagoras-the-nine-muses/… (https://euphoriatric.com/the-mathematical-structure-of…/),..and the Weak Currents of NUCLEAR ATOMS.
EVERY CIVILIZATION IS JUDGED by WHAT it LEFT BEHIND … BUT…. THE GREEKS MUST NEVER LEARN THAT: THE ASTRONOMERS – MATHEMATICIANS: EUDOXUS, CALLIPOS , ARISTARCHOS, ANAXIMANDROS, EUKLIDES, ARCHIMEDES, CONON, HIPPARCHUS, CLEOMEDES, APOLLONIOS, PTOLEMY, THEON, HYPATIA, PAPPUS, HAD EXHAUSTED THE LIMITS OF HUMAN INTELLIGENCE BY SOLVING MENTALY WITHOUT GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION EQUATIONS OF 12 UNKNOWNS (TWELVE EQUATIONS TWELVE UNKNOWNS), WHILE THE LIMIT OF TODAY’S COMPUTERS IS “7 EQUATIONS 7 UNKNOWNS”. BECAUSE THE THIEVES OF ANCIENT KNOWLEDGE, AS: – KEPLER, GALILEO, COPERNICUS etc. MUST be SHOWN!! … The GREEKS SHOULD NOT KNOW that: the ENGINEERS – TECHNICIANS: EUPALINOS, SOSTRATOS, HERON, ZOSIMOS, KALLINIKOS, MANUFACTURED TOPOGRAPHIC INSTRUMENTS FÖR TRIGONOMETRIC SURVEYING, AUTOMATIC MECHANISMS AND INSTRUMENTS FOR ELECTRICAL APPLICATIONS, BECAUSE THE SWINDLER EDISON MUST BE SHOWN AS THE INVENTOR OF … ELECTRICITY, ALTHOUGH THE ABOVE GREEK ENGINEERS USED THE ELECTRON (AMBER) AS A NATURAL ACCUMULATOR of STATIC ELECTRICITY in TECHNICAL APPLICATIONS… THE GREEKS MUST NOT KNOW THAT: THE GEOGRAPHERS – EXPLORERS SKYLAX, PYTHEAS, EUDOXUS, STRABON, PAUSANIAS, COSMAS the INDIKOPLEISTIS, HECATAEUS, HAD MAPPED THE ENTIRE SURFACE OF THE PLANET, BECAUSE THERE IS A DANGER THAT THE GREEKS WILL LEARN THAT ATLANTIS AND THE AMERICAN CONTINENT BELONGED ADMINISTRATIVELY IN DELPHI, WHILE ASIA BELONGED ADMINISTRATIVELY TO SARDIS, WITH THE CENTRAL COORDINATOR BEING THE APOLLONIAN CENTER OF DELOS, TO WHICH THE TRANSBOREAN GREEKS (NORTHERN SIBERIA) SENT AS A TOKEN OF RECOGNITION “EVERY YEAR, CHOICE GRAIN”, THROUGH THE GREEK ARIMASPAS AND ISSIDONES AND MASSAGESTAE of CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN SIBERIA. THE GREEKS SHOULD NOT KNOW THAT THE e GREEK DOCTORS, GALENOS, CELSIUS, HERACLIDES, HEROPHILUS, PRAXAGORAS, AGNODIKIS, KTIRIAS, HIPPOCRATES, ERIVIOTIS, CARRIED OUT “BALANCING ELEKTROMAGNETIC FLUIDS OF THE BODY” TREATMENTS BY REGULATING the ALKALINITY and ACIDITY OF THE ORGANS.. ….. THAT THEY WERE MAKING CURES USING “LEFT-HANDED AMINO ACIDS” (ANTIBIOTICS) obtained from plants, fully knowing that only recently did molecular biology discover the action-reaction of left-handed amino acids (antibiotics) with right-handed amino acids (organism proteins). THE GREEKS MUST NOT LEARN THAT THE SYMBOLS “LEFT-CROWNED SWASTIKA” AND “RIGHT-CROWNED SWASTIKA” WERE SYMBOLS of PHYSICS and MATHEMATICS, BY WHICH THE GREEKS PYTHAGORAS AND DEMOCRITUS AND ARISTARCHOS EXPRESSED RIGHT-HANDED AND LEFT-HANDED NUCLEI OF ATOMS, PLANETS, SOLAR SYSTEMS, GALAXIES AND COSMIC DOMAINS CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES. 2500 YEARS AGO HIPPOCRATES PERFORMED BRAIN AND HEART SURGERY… DESPITE THE ALMOST NON-EXISTENT MEANS OF HIS TIME, HIPPOCRATES PERFORMED DIFFICULT SURGERIES. HE AND HIS STUDENTS SUCCESSFULLY TREATED ORTHOPEDIC, CARDIAC AND BASIC SURGERY CASES. HIPPOCRATES EVEN PERFORMED OPERATIONS ON THE HUMAN SKULL, AS WE READ IN SEVERAL OF HIS WORKS… IN ADDITION TO THE OPERATION ITSELF, HIPPOCRATES ATTACHED GREAT IMPORTANCE TO THE PREPARATION OF THE PATIENT AND THE OPERATING ROOM. In the work Kat’iatreion, he describes in detail how the patient should be prepared before the operation, how the tools are sterilized, how the space is shaped, but also how artificial and natural light is used during the operation… American ARCHAEOBOTANISTS WERE ABLE FOR the FIRST time to STUDY and ANALYZE the CONTENTS of PILLS MADE BY DOCTRINE IN ANCIENT GREECE and which were discovered 20 years ago, in a GREEK SHIPWRECK OFF THE COAST of TUSCANY… DNA ANALYZES SHOWED that each pill was a mixture of at least ten different plant extracts, including hibiscus and celery. “For the first time, we now have physical EVIDENCE of what is contained in the writings of the ANCIENT GREEK PHYSICIANS, AS DIOSCORIDIS AND GALENOS,” SAID ALLEN TWO WAY of the SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION’s NATIONAL MUSEUM of NATURAL HISTORY in WASHINGTON , ACCORDING to NEW SCIENTIST “APOSTLE ORPHEUS” Besides…
THE “Phoenician “DECEPTION The PHOENICIANS and GREEK ALPHABET “…the GREEK ALPHABET EXISTED at the TIME of ATLANTIS, 9,500 BC, SINCE PLATO speaks of inscriptions with oaths as well as names of kings carved into vows, and therefore carried history at least from 15,000 BC. But according to the “PHILHELLENIC” pile researchers, it comes from…. the Phoenician alphabet of the 14th century BC. That is, the wretches have deliberately They “FORGOTTEN” to multiply the history of Greece and its language x 10!!!
IDENTICAL HELLENIC THEATERS TEMPLES, STATUES, FRESCOES, MOSAICS MOTIVES FROM THE MYTHAGOGY-COSMOLOGY:
.. NOT ONLY.. CYPRUS…: IONIA, PHRYGIA, CAPADOKIA, PONTOS, ASPENDOS, ANTIOCHIA, EPHESOS, PERGAMOS, SMYRNA, ALICARNASOS… etc etc.. FACTS vs FAKES: JUST ONE EXAMPLE:
THE EVALUATION OF THE OFFER OF GREEK CULTURE ALL OVER THE WORLD, IS DIFFICULT TO EVALUATE, BECAUSE OF THE WIDTH OF THE OFFER IT IS THE PLACE THAT HOSTED THE HIGHEST CIVILIZATION
JUST UTOPIA to REACH, or UNDERSTAND THE HIGH LEVEL OF THE ANCIENT HELLENIC SPIRIT of CREATIONS & SUNLIGHT-BEAMS CIVILIZATION, to BE UNDERSTOOD by ALL KIND OF BARBARIANS…EARTH, WEST, SOUTH & NORTH!! >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> HERE: //ANCIENT ULTIMATE ARTS & BEAUTY… MOSTLY STOLEN, LOOTED, or DESTROYED, COUNTERFEITING, STEALING, COPIED & DISTORTED.. .. AND – VERY OFTEN – SHOWED…BY SOME OF THE BARBARIANS, AS….. THEIROWN!!!!!!!
THAT HAPPENS ALL OVER the WORLD, – SUPPORTED, as ALLWAYS, BY the CLASSICAL, GLOBAL ANTHELLENIC(=ANTIGREEK) – BARBARIAN GEOPOLITICAL MAFIA.. THUS BARBARIANS HELP BARBARIANS.. WITH HEAVY INFERIORITY COMPLEX, ENVY, JEALOUSY & OFCOURSE VERY FAR b FROM THE AUPHTENTIC ETHERIAL & UNIQUE CIVILIZATION AS: TEMPLES(CORINTHIAN, DORIC & IONIC ORDER ONES), STATUES, MOSAICS, SCRIPTS, FRESCOES, COINS, SCIENCE: MEDICINE, MATHEMATICS, TECHNOLLGY, GEOMETRY, PHYSICS, ASTRONOMY, DRAMA, POETRY… PLUS:… THE ETYMOLOGY of NAMES & WORDS by the ANCIENT MATHEMATIC- DIANETIC LANGUAGE, WHICH IS INTERCONNCTED MATHEMATICAL WITH THE ABOVE ACHIEVEMENTS .. ARE JUST the WITNESSES…
****The head of the Medici-Riccardi horse It is part of an original Greek equestrian bronze sculpture of the 4th century BC. Used as a fountain spout since the 15th century in the garden of the Palazzo Medici-Riccardi and belonging to the Medici antiquities collection, the head revealed, during the restoration, interesting traces of gilding, which show how the statue was gilded from the beginning. The head was part of a sculptural group consisting of the horse, young, nervous as revealed by the dilated nostrils, and his rider, who restrains his momentum by pulling him to the right: thus appearing to reveal the very position of the head , which today, after restoration, has been stripped of its seventeenth-century base, which regularized its edges and gave it elegance and symmetry, and returned to its original position. National Archaeological Museum of Florence
The stolen ancient Greek masterpiece from the sculptor LYSIPPOS The horse sculptures come from the island of Chios (the fifth largest of the Greek islands).
Since four horses and a quadriga (a type of chariot that was also used in the Ancient Olympic Games) were mentioned in the Parastaseis syntomoi chronikai, more commonly called “brief Historical Notes” text dated from the 8th or ninth century. The horses stayed there until 1204 when they were looted by Venetian forces as part of the sack of the capital of the Byzantine Empire in the Fourth Crusade. Interestingly, the collars on the horses’ necks that you can see in the photos below were added around this time to cover the areas where their necks and heads had been removed to allow them to be transported from Constantinople to Venice.
The horse sculptures come from the island of Chios (the fifth largest of the Greek islands). Since four horses and a quadriga (a type of chariot that was also used in the Ancient Olympic Games) were mentioned in the Parastaseis syntomoi chronikai, more commonly called “brief Historical Notes” text dated from the 8th or ninth century. The horses stayed there until 1204 when they were looted by Venetian forces as part of the sack of the capital of the Byzantine Empire in the Fourth Crusade. Interestingly, the collars on the horses’ necks that you can see in the photos below were added around this time to cover the areas where their necks and heads had been removed to allow them to be transported from Constantinople to Venice.
Soon after the Fourth Crusade, Doge Enrico Dandolo (Doge meaning a civil officer or lay judge in Venice or Genoa) sent the horses to Venice, where they were installed on the terrace of the facade of St. Mark’s Basilica in 1254.
In 1797, Napoleon forcibly removed the horses from the basilica and carried them off to Paris, where they were used in the design of the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel together with a quadriga.
In 1815, the horses were returned to Venice by Captain Dumaresq, who had fought at the Battle of Waterloo and along with the allied forces in Paris. He was selected by the Emperor of Austria to take the horses down from the Arc de Triomphe and return them to their original place at St. Mark’s in Venice. For doing an excellent job bringing the horses back to Venice, the Emperor gave him a gold snuff box with his initials in diamonds on the lid.
Until the early 1980s, the horses remained untouched above St. Mark’s. But with growing air pollution that would make the statues deteriorate quicker, they were removed and brought inside St. Mark’s and can still be seen inside the basilica. They were replaced with exact copies that can be seen outside.
..
ORPHEUS
He was one of the first singers and musicians of the ancient legends. Others were certainly remembered in antiquity, but the mythical singer ORPHEUS, son according to legend of Apollo and the muse Clio, and, according to others, of Oeagros and Clio or of Apollo and Calliope, transcended the concept of time and history, thus still belonging today as yesterday to the collective imagination for certain modern narrative works that evoke it, such as ORFEO IN PARADISO by Luigi Santucci or ORFEU NEGRO by Vinicius de Moraes. He was and is the one who, with his poetry and his singing, was able to soften the cruelest souls, who made wild beasts docile and docile, stopped rivers, moved plants and even stones. A song therefore that seemed suspended between the earth and the sky and which captured the attention of all creatures, making them cry, the expression of a touching tenderness, of a sweet melancholy. Orpheus is remembered, in ancient legendary stories, as a companion of Jason, the hero who first dared to attempt a long and dangerous sea voyage to the distant lands of the Black Sea, in Colchis, to conquer the Golden Fleece. the divine singer in the expedition had the task of overriding the dangerous melody of the Sirens and in this way saved his fellow Argonauts who would otherwise have been their prey. But what made him even more famous was his descent into the world of the dead while alive. Others later tried this harsh experience (Hercules, Odysseus, Aeneas), but Orpheus only did it driven by love for his wife, the nymph Eurydice, who had died from a snake bite. No longer able to live without her, he overcame the resistance of the guardians of the world of shadows, Charon, Cerberus, Ixion, Tantalus, Sisyphus; he moved the entire underworld to pity and managed to change the inexorable verdict of Hades and Persephone. In exchange for permission to bring Eurydice back to life, the lords of the Underworld made a bizarre condition: he would never have to turn to look at Eurydice’s beloved face during the journey back from the kingdom of the dead. If he had done so he would have lost her forever. At first Orpheus resisted despite the fact that she called her name several times and in many tones, but, when he had the feeling that Eurydice was not following her steps, he was unable to resist and could not help but turn away. losing her forever. Orpheus came out of the world of the dead, but his life no longer had meaning; so he wandered on Mount Rodope, now inconsolable and swore that he would never love a woman again: when he met the Bacchae, who offered him consolation and love, he did not allow himself to be convinced by their flattery, so much so that they, in a feast in honor of Dionysus, divinity whose cult Orpheus had opposed, taken by enthusiasm and Dionysian obsession, killed him by cutting him to pieces and throwing him into the Ebro river. The head and the lyre that always accompanied his singing continually repeated the pain of the loss of his wife: the remains arrived near Antissa, on the island of Lesbos, land of great lyric poets such as Alcaeus and Sappho, where an oracle arose and a tomb was erected and his remains were kept there forever with great respect and veneration.
Ancient Hellenic Aesthetics
ANCIENT GREEKS HAD FLOOR HEATING AND BIOCLIMATIC PALACES2.700 BC
TEMPLE OF APOLLO/ DELPHI//BEOTIA.
WE REAL GREEKS OF KYNOS (GREEK-MINDED) WE CREATED CONSTELLATIONS, THE RAT SATANISTS WHO RULE US BY STOCK AND ORIGIN, WE IN THE LIGHT, THEM IN BR@A THE MUD AND THE DISADVANTAGES OF THEIR FEET RELATIVES DIKON THE BATTLE IS OLD, LIGHT AGAINST DARKNESS, HUMANS AGAINST HYBRIDS, GREEK WHITES vs moses shepherds Walking down to Monastiraki from Apollonos Street, behind the old Ministry of Education, next to Samiotis Priests at number 26, I noticed a …door How old is it, and who put it there and for what reason? What does it symbolize, who are behind the Gate? The careful traveler notices THE 9 MUSES OF OUR GREEK GOD APOLLO THE SIXTEEN POINTED STAR OF THE SILVERS (VERGINA SUN) THIS ALONE PROVES THE GREEKNESS OF THE MACEDONIAN KINGDOM AND AFTERWARDS WORLD KINGDOMS AN ATLANTA THE HOLY OWL OF THE GODDESS OF WISDOM ATHENA A FLOOR VIEW OF THE ACROPOLIS…. Ms… I leave it up to you… further down I raised dirty galleries that are made by the well-known reptilians of the planet, and that, indeed in the heart of Zionism, BROOKLYN, New York, resisted at first even this NYPD that caught them…
History of Macedonia
The Stag Hunt Mosaic, c. 300 BC, from Pella MAKEDONIA 🇬🇷
Along the top of the scene the artist GNOSIS (=ΓΝΩΣΙΣ) has signed HIS name in white SQUARE =”ΓΝΩΣΙΣ ΕΠΟΗΣΕΝ”= KNOWLEDGE CREATED THIS, the EARLIEST known artist’s signature on a mosaic.
By ANCIENT QUEST.
Portrait of Alexander the Great Egypt, Alexandria. 3rd century BC. This cameo portrait was previously believed to be a depiction of Antiochus of Syria, based on an interpretation of the lettering on the reverse of the stone. However, when compared with close analogies in glyptic art and numismatics, the personage shown here fits the traditionally iconography of Alexander the Great considerably better. The image of a young military commander in armour with a luxuriant head of hair and a diadem, a clear-cut profile and an upward gaze are typical for portraits of the Hellenic Macedonian conqueror, going back to the original by Lysippos. The cameo created in the new Egyptian capital that Alexander founded is a vivid illustration of his cult in a Hellenistic state. Material: Three-layered sardonyx, gold. Dimensions: 2,6×1,7 cm
ΤHE THRONE OF EURIDICE, GRANDMOTHER OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT AIGAI, MACEDONIA, #GREECE. “THRONE OF A LATE 4th CENTURY BC QUEEN FROM A TOMB AT AEGAE, #GREECE. AEGAE OR AIGAI WAS ORIGINAL CAPITAL OF MACEDONIANS, THE ANCIENT KINGDOM in EMATHIA IN NORTHERN #GREECE, ALSO THE BURIAL-PLACE OF THE MACEDONIAN KINGS, NOW VERGINA .
SWASTIKA JUST IN SANSKRIT THAT IS WELL AND IS”. THIS SYMBOL IS GREEK ORIGIN. IN ANCIENT TIMES REFERRED AS “DOUBLE MEANDER” OR “GAMMADION”… NOT, AS SWASTIKA. Now theories k.Chitler for suns etc. I can not say because I need at least 1,000 pages to analyze. Used by Hittler when he visited a tribe of the Himalayas that had as its symbol the double meander and adopted as of them took in his words the same “DREADFUL AND STRONG KNOWLEDGE .” NOTE THAT THIS TRIBE, ALTHOUGH BUDDHISTS CONSIDER TODAY AS SPIRITUAL FATHERS GREEKS IN PARTICULAR APOLLO. Ancient OLYNTHOS , MEANDER, CROSS AND SUN SYMBOLS, EARLY (4th B.C) GREEK MOSAIC/ MACEDONIA/ GREECE. MOSAIC OF THE OIKOS AT AIGAI PALACE IN VERGINA, GREECE . BUILT BY PHILIP II (c. 359-336 BCE), FATHER OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT, IT’S ONE AMONG THE MANY LARGEST AND WELL KNOWN CLASSICAL-IDENTICAL HELLENIC MOSAICS… 450 YEARS BC.
DOUBLE MEANDER MOSAIC OF THE OIKOS AT AIGAI PALACE IN VERGINA, GREECE . BUILT BY PHILIP II (c. 359-336 BCE), FATHER OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT, IT’S ONE AMONG THE MANY LARGEST AND WELL KNOWN CLASSICAL-IDENTIXAL HELLENIC MOSAICS… 450 YEARS BC
Mosaic floor from the Villa of Dionysos in Dion, Archaeological Museum of Dion, Macedonia, Greece.
READERS FLOOR AT THE LIBRERY OF MESSINI THE METROPOLE OF THE LATER CICILIAN MESSINI, BY SPARTANS (SPARTA IS THE CAPITAL OF LACONIA – NEIGHIBOUR TO MESSINI CITY OF MESSINIA COUNTY
The most ancient Greek symbol, the Meander, is a symbol of Victory and Unity, a symbol of Infinity and Eternal Life, but also of our eternal journey through the world. Greek Key, as it declares the Greek origin of all things that carry it on them!
As a symbol, it may have been used mainly in decoration, but it is essentially a Greek seal, as most ancient Greek objects bear the design of the Meander. As a shape, the Acropolis will not be missing either. It may be born of prehistoric times, but it will be reborn and take its main, but not only, form during Geometric Times.
A symbol of all Greeks, the Meander, as it will be used in vases, temples, monuments, sculptures, objects, war weapons and armour, clothing in all the lengths and breadths of the Greek World. The same shape is present in the famous shield of Philip II. Through the Roman Empire, it also appears in Byzantine Culture. So the Maander is one of the leading Greek symbols, which was used in the most important periods of Greek history!
The sense of the infinite, of the endless on the one hand, but also of precision and integration on the other, characterize Greek culture. Already from classical antiquity, the meander represented the visual expression of the quintessence of ancient Greek thought – harmonious identification of opposites to the highest possible degree.
In ancient times this symbol depicted the endless flow of time and the completion of repeated time cycles. .
The enigmatic and unknown adventures of fate and the movement in a certain direction, from the point of birth and starting to the wide horizons of the unknown – a parallel with the course of Hellenism throughout the world.
In the mythical choice of Heracles, the difficult path of Virtue had a meandering shape (in contrast to that of Evil, which was straight), with the meanders symbolizing the structured difficulties of life, which man is called to overcome by sharpening his spirit in order to approach the ideal.
It is noteworthy that the meander is a more widespread symbol, both geographically and chronologically, that is traced wherever European-type Civilization has appeared.
It is presented in the majority of ancient works of art, in vases, buildings, inscriptions. The meander (or Greek key) was and is the symbol of eternal life and our eternal passage through this world. The most important presence of the meander is that in the genetic material (meander-spiral).
By the term meander or Greek key is meant in architecture and archeology the banded decoration – a composition of straight lines – that join each other at right angles or intersect diagonally. The meander motif, in its various variations, was often used in antiquity to decorate the frieze of temples. Variants of it are the meander which uses spiral repeating patterns (5) and the Vitruvian helix (tongue), a repeating curvilinear wave pattern.
Archaeological Museum of Dion, Macedonia, Greece. Gold jewelry from Dion, Archaeological Museum of Dion, Macedonia, Greece.
GREEK MYTHAGOGY-COSMOLOGY- ARTS, ASTRONOMY, ARCHITECTURE, GEOMETRY, STEREOMETRY, MATHEMATICS, MEDICAL SCIENCE, PHILOSOPHY, MUSIC, POETRY, DRAMA, FINE ARTS…THESE ACHIEVEMENTSARE INTECONECTED,A SA WHOLE BASED ON THE MATHEMATIXAL PRINCIPLES OF THE ANCIENT GREEK LANGUAGE
Statues of the children of the healing god Asklepios from the Great Baths of Dion, early 2nd century AD; Archaeological Museum of Dion, Macedonia, Greece.
Mosaic floor depicting Medusa’s head from the Villa of Dionysos in Dion, Archaeological Museum of Dion, Macedonia, Greece.
Archaeological Museum of Dion, Macedonia, Greece.
Statue of Dionysos from the Great Baths of Dion, Archaeological Museum of Dion, Macedonia, Greece.
Stele from the Snactury of Isis in Dion, Archaeological Museum of Dion, Macedonia, Greece.
Mosaic floor depicting Medusa’s head from the Villa of Dionysos in Dion, Archaeological Museum of Dion, Macedonia, Greece.
Sanctuary of Demeter, Dion.
Public toilet where people socialized while taking care of their business, Dion.
A mosaic in the ancient city of Dion.
The Necropolis of Archontiko, near Pella, contained bodies with distinctive warrior’s garb. Some of them have thin gold masks, which are similar in material but very different in style to those found in more famous tombs in Mycenae:
It may be that kings or HIGH level warriors were buried with masks honoring for battles and position.
Pella (Greek: Πέλλα) is a municipality in the Pella regional unit of Central Macedonia, Greece.
On the site of the ancient city of Pella is the Archaeological Museum of Pella
Dion. The sacred city of the Macedonians and the sanctuary of Zeus in the area of Olympus. It reached its peak during the Hellenistic and Roman periods, as it was one of the earliest Roman colonies in the Macedonian region. During the time of Alexander the Great, Dion had significant importance for Macedonia Greece in general.
It was there that Philip II celebrated the capture and destruction of Olynthus, the capital of the Chalkidiki League. In the same place, Alexander the Great invoked the help of the gods, while he was making the ceremonial preparations for his military campaign in Asia. #AlexanderTheGreat#macedonia#dion
Ancient Dion was a centre of the worship of Zeus and the most important spiritual sanctuary of the Ancient Macedonians.
The ancient Macedonians worshipped the Olympic Pantheon, especially Zeus,Artemis, Heracles, andDionysus.As all the Ancient Greeks regarded it as an essential element of Hellenic identity to share common religious beliefs and to come together at regular intervals at Panhellenic sanctuaries (Olympia,Delphi,Nemea/Argos, etc.) in order to celebrate Panhellenic festivals. Most of the gods who were worshipped in southern Greece can also be found in the Macedonian pantheon and the names of the most important Macedonian religious festivals are also typically Greek. Evidence of this worship exists from the beginning of the 4th century BC onwards, but little evidence of Macedonian religious practices from earlier times exists. From an early period, Zeus was the single most important deity in the Macedonian pantheon. Makedon, the mythical ancestor of the Macedonians, was held to be a son of Zeus, and Zeus features prominently in Macedonian coinage.The most important centre of worship of Zeus was at Dion inPieria, the spiritual centre of the Macedonians, where beginning in 400 BC King Archelaos established an annual festival, which in honour of Zeus featured lavish sacrifices and athletic contests. Worship of Zeus’s son Heracles was also prominent; coins featuring Heracles appear from the 5th century BC onwards. This was in large part because the Argead kings of Macedon traced their lineage to Heracles, making sacrifices to him in the Macedonian capitals of Vergina and Pella. Numerous votive reliefs and dedications also attest to the importance of the worship of Artemis. Artemis was often depicted as a huntress and served as a tutelary goddess for young girls entering the coming-of-age process, much as Heracles Kynagidas (Hunter) did for young men who had completed it. An important aspect of Macedonian social life were court symposia, which were characterized by heavy drinking (of apparently unmixed wine), feasting, and general debauchery. Symposia had several functions, amongst which was providing relief from the hardship of battle and marching. Athenian playwrights such as Euripides and Agathonand the famous painter Zeuxis, all were influential in the early kingdom. Euripides wrote his last two tragedies at Archelaos’s(= people`s leader) court.The ancient Macedonians worshipped the Olympic Pantheon, especially Zeus,Artemis, Heracles, andDionysus.As all the Ancient Greeks regarded it as an essential element of Hellenic identity to share common religious beliefs and to come together at regular intervals at Panhellenic sanctuaries (Olympia,Delphi,Nemea/Argos, etc.) in order to celebrate Panhellenic festivals. Most of the gods who were worshipped in southern Greece can also be found in the Macedonian pantheon and the names of the most important Macedonian religious festivals are also typically Greek. Evidence of this worship exists from the beginning of the 4th century BC onwards, but little evidence of Macedonian religious practices from earlier times exists. From an early period, Zeus was the single most important deity in the Macedonian pantheon. Makedon, the mythical ancestor of the Macedonians, was held to be a son of Zeus, and Zeus features prominently in Macedonian coinage.The most important centre of worship of Zeus was at Dion inPieria, the spiritual centre of the Macedonians, where beginning in 400 BC King Archelaos established an annual festival, which in honour of Zeus featured lavish sacrifices and athletic contests. Worship of Zeus’s son Heracles was also prominent; coins featuring Heracles appear from the 5th century BC onwards. This was in large part because the Argead kings of Macedon traced their lineage to Heracles, making sacrifices to him in the Macedonian capitals of Vergina and Pella. Numerous votive reliefs and dedications also attest to the importance of the worship of Artemis. Artemis was often depicted as a huntress and served as a tutelary goddess for young girls entering the coming-of-age process, much asHeracles Kynagidas (Hunter) did for young men who had completed it.
Ancient Dion was a centre of the worship of Zeus and the most important spiritual sanctuary of the Ancient Macedonians.
Entrance to the tomb of King Philip II (r. 359–336 BC)
ALEXANDER THE GREAT IN THE MUSEUMS OF THE WORLD Alexander the Great, the Soldier who conquered the Eastern world, the one who united all Greeks, who promoted Greek culture in the World, adorns the museums of the world with his aura. Here are some of his most characteristic portraits!
Excellent portrait of Alexander the Great from the Acropolis Museum of Athens.
Alexander the Great at a young age, a marble work of the Roman period. From the Paul and Alexandra Kanellopoulos Museum, Athens
Marble bust of Alexander the Great, in the Archaeological Museum of Thassos.
Alexander the Great from the Archaeological Museum of Constantinople. It was found in Pergamum in Ionia, together with the famous sculptural ensemble of the Pergamum frieze. Estimated age of about 30 years, and in the style of Lysippos
Bust of Alexander the Great (0.28 m.), in Penteli marble found in Kerameikos. It is his work (300 BC), and he wears the lion as an ulcer, his origin from the mythical hero Hercules. The letters on the face have been carved at a later date.
From the Archaeological Museum of Olympia, bust of Alexander the Great, work of the Hellenistic period.
Bust of Alexander the Great, made of Cypriot limestone, a work of the Hellenistic period that adorns the Archaeological Museum of Nicosia in Cyprus.
Alexander the Great from the Archaeological Museum of Berlin, Germany. This work of his (300 BC), was found in the excavations of Priini in Asia Minor Ionia. After the victory at Granikos, Alexander generously financed the construction of the temple of Athena Polias in Prieni, as the dedicatory inscription on the monument testifies.
Bust of Alexander the Great from Staatliche Antikensammlungen und Glyptothek Munich Museum, Germany.
Alexander the Great from the Archaeological Museum of Seville as a teenager.
Alexander the Great was found in Sparta, and is on display at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, USA.
Alexander the Great in the form of the Sun-Cosmocrator (350-300 BC) was found in Amiso of Pontus. The Brussels Museum, Musee du Cinquantenaire, shines in Belgium.
Found in Megara, and the young Alexander the Great is currently on display at the J.Paul Getty Museum in Malibu, California, USA.
In Tarsus, Syria, the bust of Alexander the Great was found, and it is housed in the Archaeological Museum of Copenhagen in Denmark.
Bust of Alexander the Great in red granite, from the Archaeological Greco-Roman Museum of Alexandria, Egypt.
Marble bust of Alexander the Great from the Damascus Museum, Syria.
Bust of Alexander the Great from the Hermaic Azara stele, kept in the Louvre Museum of France, of the first half (1st AD), one of the most faithful depictions of the Great soldier, and discovered in Tivoli (1779).
Recently found in Bursa, IONIA = “ASIA MINOR
Source: From the AEGAI Archaeological Museum
MIRROR FROM THE AEGIES (VERGINA) of (4th BC)
The oldest mirror of a much-loved girl, was dedicated by the parents to her (unsought) grave for consolation, to accompany her on the eternal journey of no return. It was found in 2014 in the necropolis of Aige (Vergina), the birthplace of Philip II of Macedon and his son Alexander the Great during the Hellenistic era.
The mirror depicts the god Eros (Love) flying with a small leap approaching Dionysus, sitting on the rocks on the panther skin, an expression of lust and passion, and is dated (4th century BC). It symbolizes the undying love of the girl’s family to its members in perpetuity. The fine art is the work of a skilled craftsman from the land of the Macedonians (arch. A.Kottaridis).
Today as we celebrate World Family Day, I dedicate it to you for the unbreakable bonds that govern family members, both in the living world and in the unknown…eternity!
The Alexander Sarcophagus is a remarkably well-preserved, late 4th century BC Hellenistic stone sarcophagus from the necropolis near Sidon, Lebanon. It is adorned with bas-relief carvings of Alexander the Great and scrolling historical and mythological narratives.
Restoration work on a huge carpet-like Greek mosaic in the West Bank city of Jericho has been completed, revealing 38 intricate panels depicting floral and geometric patterns and a ‘tree of life’ (below) Hisham’s Palace had lain forgotten for centuries until it was rediscovered in the 19th century. British archaeologist Robert Hamilton explored it more extensively in the 1930s, when the mosaic was first discovered in the palace’s main bathhouse.
HELLENIC CIVILIZATION/THRACE/.
THRACIAN WREATH IN GOLD 420 BC PROPABLY BELONGNING TO AN ARISTOCRAT
National Archaeological Museum of Bulgaria
EVERYTHING BORN HERE!
At the time, before the Deluge of Deucalion, the Priests were the wise scientists, knowledgeable in all the Sciences of the time and not only. At that time, a great civilization had developed in Greece, but it was lost, with no evidence of its existence left, due to the encroachment of the Greeks.
But the Priesthood of Egypt, as their country was not affected by the flood, managed to save and spread all the knowledge of the Greeks, which, unfortunately, the Egyptians appropriated. And as the Greeks no longer had testimonies, due to the destruction of their country, the Greek knowledge passed through time and was “appropriated” as… the knowledge OF THE ….. EGYPTIANS
In addition to the revelation and admission of the Egyptian Sages to Solon, about the divine origin and superiority of the Greeks, as mentioned by Plato in “Timaeus”, the following passage by Ath. Stageritis is equally revealing:
[…] Actis(*) went to Egypt, where he built Heliopolis after his father’s name, he also taught the Egyptians Astrology; and because later a deluge happened in Greece and most of the people perished and their writings and History, and Astrology was found only in Egypt later, the Egyptians discovered this relevant circumstance, they appropriated it, boasting and claiming to have discovered it, because the Greeks had no proof… These may seem improbable, but we should not notice them as strange, because we have and find sufficient proofs that there were found in Egypt very ancient Hellenistic cities called […] OGYGIA, Volume I Within the Universe, everything moves in a circle, where the end will meet the beginning, as the completion of the 360° circular path “touches” the first degree of the beginning. Above the meeting of the two Fates, the first and the last, there appears Lawfulness and…
WHAT STARTED HERE WILL END HERE!
THE GREEKS AND US!!!!!!!!!!
”’GREEKS” ARE NOT THOSE WHO LIVE IN GREECE, BUT THOSE WHO (WHEREEVER THEY ARE, IN WHATEVER POINT OF THE EARTH AND IF THEY LIVE) SPEAK THE GREEK LANGUAGE, I.E. LIVE ACCORDING TO THE LAWS OF THE SUN, THE LAWS OF LIGHT, THE LAWS OF GOD THE CREATOR!!
IN BRIEF, THE WORD “GREEK”, MEANS “HE WHO (CAN AND) SEES GOD”.
I.E., ONE WHOSE HIGH VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCY IS THE SAME AS THAT OF LIGHT, THEREFORE IT ALLOWS HIM TO “SEE” THE CORRESPONDING FREQUENCY IN WHICH THE GODS BECOME VISIBLE!!
A “GREEK” IS THE SPIRITUALLY EVOLVED BEING AND ABSOLUTELY THE CITIZEN OF A COUNTRY, WHICH IS COMPLETELY ARBITRARY AND ABUSEFULLY CALLED “GREECE”!!
“GREECE” WAS ONCE, MANY THOUSANDS OF YEARS AGO, WHEN THEY HAD MADE THIS PLACE THEIR PLACE, THEIR THRONE, THEIR HEADQUARTERS.
WE HAVE NOTHING TO DO WITH THEM!!!!
EVEN OUR ANCIENT ANCESTORS WERE NOT RELATED TO THE GREEKS, YES, THOSE OF THE CLASSICAL PERIOD!!!!
EVEN THEN THERE WERE A FEW GREEKS AMONG THEM!!!
THE GREEKS HAVE ALWAYS BEEN FEW AMONG THE MANY, BECAUSE THEIR JOB ON EARTH WAS NO OTHER THAN TEACHING AND SPREADING KNOWLEDGE.
THE TEACHERS WERE GREEKS.
THE TEACHERS!!!!!!!!!
COMING TODAY AND GOING OUT ON THE STREETS DOES ANY CITIZENS WHO HAVE AWARENESS OF THEIR “GREEK” IDENTITY CAPABLE OF TAKE THE helm OF OUR PRESENT COUNTRY AND RESTORE THE DIGNITY AND HER STATE HISTORY????
I HIGHLY DOUBT!!!!
TODAY’S GREEKS LIVE A FOREIGN WAY OF LIFE AND WHAT THEY PERCEIVE HAS TO DO WITH THEIR MICRO-WORLD AND THEIR-MICRO INTERESTS!!!
THIS SHOWS A LACK OF ESSENTIAL EDUCATION WHICH TODAY HAS BEEN COMPLETELY DESTRUCTED WHEN WE HAVE ENDED UP WALKING AS A PEOPLE TORTURED IN A CONTINUOUS LYMPHATIC PROCESS!!! GIORGOS HAVALES
TEMPLE OF HEPHAESTUS. It is one of the best preserved ancient temples. On top of Kolonos hill, which is delimiting the Ancient Agora of Athens to the west, stands the temple of Hephaestus.
Doric peripteral temple, with pronaos –fore-temple– cella –inner shrine– and opisthonaos –rear temple–, the best preserved of its type in the Greek world.
The facade of the pronaos and opisthonaos, to the east and west, are distyle, and the inner shrine had an interior colonnade.
It occupies the crest of the Kolonos Agoraios Hill and was designed by an unknown architect probably in honour of Hephaistos
It is one of the best preserved ancient temples, partly because it was transformed into a Christian church.
According to the traveller and geographer Pausanias (1, 14, 5-6), two deities were jointly worshipped in the temple: god Hephaestus, protector of all metallurgists, and goddess Athena Ergani, protecting all potters and the cottage industries.
The identification of this templeas Hephaesteion (location of worship of the god Hephaestus) was ascertained by the excavations and investigations that brought to light metallurgy workshops on the wider area of the hill, thus outshining earlier opinions presuming that Theseus, Hercules or Aris (Mars) were the deities worshipped there.
The temple was probably erected between 460 and 420 BC by a yet unknown architect, to whom, however, are attributed other temples of similar structure in the Attica region.
The temple disposed of a pronaos (anteroom) and an opisthodomos (back section), both distyle (two-columned) in antis.
On the exterior it was surrounded by a Doric colonnade having six columns on the narrow sides and thirteen columns on the longer sides.
The entire building, from the crepis (stone base) to the roof, was made of marble produced in the quarries of Pendeli mountain (in Attica), while the architectural sculptures that adorned the temple were of marble produced in the quarries on the island of Paros.
On the interior of the cella was a two-part colonnade forming the letter Π and at the far end was a pedestal, that supported the bronze ceremonial statues of Hephaestus and Athena, created by the sculptor Alkamenis; according to the traveller and geographer Pausanias, they were probably executed between 421 and 415 BC.
The lavish sculptural decoration of the temple featured highly interesting metopes that adorned the east and the west side of the external colonnade. The east side numbered ten metopes that were visible from the Agora: they depicted nine of the feats of Hercules.
Furthermore, on the north and the south side are depicted four of the feats of Theseus, which probably were the reason why the people named this temple ?Thision?.
The frieze does not run across all four sides of the cella, but only the across the pronaos and the opisthodomos.
The pronaos features the victorious struggle of Theseus against the claimers of the throne, who were the fifty sons of Pallas; six gods also participate into the fight.
The opisthodomos depicts the fight of the Centaurs narrated on the wall which is against the cella.
Notable sculptural representations also adorned the pediments of the temple.
The west pediment depicted the fight of the Centaurs and the east pediment the reception of Hercules on mount Olympus or the birth of goddess Athena.
Several among these sculptures inspired statues that were found in the surroundings of the temple, such as the fragmented and partially preserved complex of two feminine figures, one of which transports the other on her shoulders, as if trying to save her life, (?Ephedrismos? = carrying on one’s back),
Museum of the Ancient Agora, no of finding S 429), or the trunk of a dressed feminine figure where the movement is intensely underlined; the latter could be one of the acroteria (ornamental corner pieces) of the temple (Nereis = water deity, Museum of the Ancient Agora, no of finding S 182).
During the Hellenistic period, bushes or small trees in parallel order were planted into flowerpots around the temple; these pots came to light during excavation.
In the seventh century AD, the temple was conversed into a church dedicated to St. George Akamas, and thus stayed in use until the liberation of Greece from the Turkish occupation.
During the eighteenth century, many eminent Protestants, who died in Athens, were interred in the edifice, while in 1834 it hosted the ceremony of the first reception of king Otto. Hence the temple was used as an archaeological museum, until 1930, when the American School for Classical Studies in Athens started excavations in the Ancient Agora.
Photograph: Francis Naef
For devotees of “Indo-European” reeds. Indian relief “Heracles the protector of the Buddha”. The Indo-Europeans allegedly and without evidence, in 2300, the Greeks and Herakles before 7,000. BUDDAH with DIONYSOS as patron next to him, in 7000. The Greeks lived in Asia (Greek name) since prehistoric times and had excellent relations with the Asians. Some LOW LEVEL individuals are promoting this tree as… linguistic history(!!), how FUNNY it is when one of the two central trunks starts with the word European which ALL Greeks know that the word EUROPE is from GREEK MYTHOLOGY-COSMOLOGY and the word Hellenic should have been placed there instead, it comes later in a branch with Greek, that is, they again separate the ancient from the modern Greek… how complex now when they know that if they remove our language from their vocabularies, the whole trunk will collapse! And the pacifier Indo India another Greek word is the basis….POOR “scientists” tells you!
https://euphoriatric.com/the-mathematical-structure-of…/ The University professors who, INSTEAD OF SERVING the TRUTH keep a FISHY SILENCE in the FACE of the DESTRUCTION of HISTORY AND LANGUAGE, and EVEN MORE so those who appoint them to their positions, are considered guilty. Just as unfortunately today everything on our planet IS SICK, so in our country there is a morbid lack of meritocracy, so that positions and positions are held by unfit people with only the virtue of acquaintances and their submission to what the globalization agenda naturally imposes.
However, be aware of this: just as the PHYSICAL TAXIS cannot be changed either by laws or by force, so it is NEVER allowed to be practiced for a long time to the detriment of the humanizing Greek Speech and our humanizing Language.
It is only a matter of time for the repentant human race, after being soiled in the spiritual mud, to take REFUSE ONCE AGAIN in the THREADS of the LIGHT-GIVING GREEK CULTURE ORDER to BE REBORN.
THE “Phoenician “DECEPTION The Phoenicians and Greek Alphabet “…the Greek alphabet existed at the time of ATLANTIS, 9,500 BC, since PLATO speaks of inscriptions with oaths as well as names of kings carved into vows, and therefore carried history at least from 15,000 BC. But according to the “PHILHELLENIC” pile researchers, it comes from…. the Phoenician alphabet of the 14th century BC. That is, the wretches have deliberately They “FORGOTTEN” to multiply the history of Greece and its language x 10!!!
The RIGHT of the STRONGER: BARBARIC lies persist about the origins of ancient Greek cities such as Persepolis, Petra and Baalbek, among others, falsely attributed to having been built by the Persians, Phoenicians, Carthagenians, Nabateans and Romans respectively. The Persians found the abandoned city of Persepolis (built by descendants of Perseus), and the Nabateans who were nomadic herders found and made the abandoned Petra their home. The Romans would invade and falsely put their tag on everything they conquered.
One such work was the KYBALION which he and others translated from existing archaic works. History, origin, art and high technology have all been stolen, looted and claimed by others. Newton also stole claim to the laws of motion and physics, gaining this knowledge from ancient texts which he secretly held.
THE GREEKS SHOULD NEVER LEARN that: DEMOCRITUS , PYTHAGORAS, HERACLEITOS completely formulated the theory of NUCLEAR PHYSICS and SPECIAL RELATIVITY, unifying into formulas, as ELECTRICITY, GRAVITY, MAGNETISM, ASTRONOMY, and the Weak Currents of NUCLEAR ATOMS. EVERY CIVILIZATION is judged by WHAT it left behind…BUT…. THE GREEKS MUST NEVER LEARN, that: the ASTRONOMERS MATHEMATICIANS: EUDOXUS, CALLIPOS , ARISTARCHOS, ANAXIMANDROS, EUKLIDES, ARCHIMEDES, CONON, HIPPARCHUS, CLEOMEDES, APOLLONIOS, PTOLEMY, THEON, HYPATIA, PAPPUS, had EXHAUSTED the LIMITS of human INTELLIGENCE by solving MENTALY WITHOUT GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION equations of 12 unknowns (twelve equations twelve unknowns) while the limit of today’s computers is “7 equations 7 unknowns”. Because the THIEVES of ANCIENT KNOWLEDGE, AS: – KEPLER, GALILEO, COPERNICUS etc. MUST be SHOWN!! … The GREEKS SHOULD NOT KNOW that: the ENGINEERS – TECHNICIANS: EUPALINOS, SOSTRATOS, HERON, ZOSIMOS, KALLINIKOS, manufactured TOPOGRAPHIC instruments for TRIGONOMETRIC SURVEYING, AUTOMATIC mechanisms and instruments for ELECTRICAL applications, because the SWINDLER EDISON MUST be SHOWN as the INVENTOR of … ELECTRICITY, ALTHOUGH the above GREEK ENGINEERS used the ELECTRON (AMBER) as a NATURAL ACCUMULATOR of STATIC ELECTRICITY in technical applications… The Greeks MUST NOT KNOW that: the GEOGRAPHERS – EXPLORERS SKYLAX, PYTHEAS, EUDOXUS, STRABON, PAUSANIAS, COSMAS the INDIKOPLEISTIS, HECATAEUS, had mapped the ENTIRE surface of the planet, because there is a danger that the Greeks will learn that ATLANTIS and the AMERICAN CONTINENT belonged administratively in DELPHI, while Asia belonged administratively to SARDIS, with the central coordinator being the APOLLONIAN Center of DELOS, to which the Transborean Greeks (Northern Siberia) sent as a token of recognition “every year, choice grain”, through the Greek ARIMASPAS and ISSIDONES and MASSAGESTAE of CENTRAL and SOUTHERN SIBERIA. The GREEKS shouldNOT KNOW THAT THE GREEK DOCTORS, GALENOS, CELSIUS, HERACLIDES, HEROPHILUS, PRAXAGORAS, AGNODIKIS, KTIRIAS, HIPPOCRATES, ERIVIOTIS, CARRIED OUT “balancing electromagnetic fluids of the body” treatments by regulating the alkalinity and acidity of the organs. That they were making cures using “left-handed amino acids” (antibiotics) obtained from plants, fully knowing that only recently did molecular biology discover the action-reaction of left-handed amino acids (antibiotics) with right-handed amino acids (organism proteins). The Greeks must not learn that the symbols “LEFT-CROWNED SWASTIKA” and “RIGHT-CROWNED SWASTIKA” were SYMBOLS of PHYSICS and MATHEMATICS, by which the Greeks PYTHAGORAS and DEMOCRITUS and ARISTARCHOS expressed right-handed and left-handed nuclei of atoms, planets, solar systems, galaxies and cosmic domains clusters of galaxies. 2500 years ago HIPPOCRATES performed brain and heart surgery… Despite the almost non-existent means of his time, HIPPOCRATES performed DIFFICULT surgeries. He and his students successfully treated orthopedic, cardiac and basic surgery cases. HIPPOCRATES even performed operations on the human skull, as we read in SEVERAL of his works… In addition to the operation itself, HIPPOCRATES attached great importance to the preparation of the patient and the operating room. In the work Kat’iatreion, he describes in detail how the patient should be prepared before the operation, how the tools are sterilized, how the space is shaped, but also how artificial and natural light is used during the operation… American archaeobotanists were ABLE for the FIRST time to study and analyze the contents of pills made by doctors in ANCIENT Greece and which were discovered 20 years ago, in a Greek shipwreck off the coast of TUSCANY… DNA analyzes showed that each pill was a mixture of at least ten different plant extracts, including hibiscus and celery. “For the first time, we now have physical EVIDENCE of what is contained in the writings of the ANCIENT Greek physicians DIOSCORIDIS and GALENOS,” said ALLEN TWO WAY of the SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION’s NATIONAL Museum of NATURAL HISTORY in WASHINGTON , according to New Scientist.. “Apostle ORPHEUS”
(ΦΌΒΟΣ/”PHOBOS”) = FEAR NULLIFIES MEMORY AND KNOWLEDGE(=ΓΝΩΣΗ=GNOSI) WITHOUT COURAGE AVAILS NOTHING.
THUCYDIDES
THE STOLEN STATUE OF THESEUS
An amazing work of art of our ancestors, dating back to 500 BC, stolen by Germans. It was located in the temple of Athena Aphaia in Aegina. Today we see the temples turned into ruins and we are unaware that a few years ago they hid all these masterpieces which were stripped, mutilated to adorn museums abroad.
HIPPOCRATES AND EPIONE/ IVORY CARVED 5th CENTURY BC
The Greeks began to use a year divided into twelve months, it is believed that this happened no later than the 8th century. BC, since mention of its existence is found in Hesiod. It should also be mentioned that the relationship between the calendar year and the various holidays was close for the Greeks, as evidenced by the fact that the names of most of their months came from the names of holidays celebrated during those months. These celebrations are rarely related to episodes from the life of the gods themselves and usually have to do with the agricultural occupations that took place during the corresponding period of time and with which man ensured his harvest and therefore his existence and perpetuation. So the ancient Greeks were the first (in Europe) to divide the year into 12 synodic (lunar) months and, because they knew that each synodic month did not have a whole number of days (approximately 29 ½ days), they gave the months a duration of 30 days (perfect or , full months) and 29 days (hollow months) alternately. They thus tried to make the first day of each month coincide as much as possible with the New Moon. Months of the ancient Greek year (of ancient Athens) and their approximate Time interval (from-to) are: 1. Hekatombion July 15-August 15 2. Metageitnia August 15-September 15 3. Voidoromion September 15-October 15 4. Pyanepsion October 15-November 15 5. Maimaktrion November 15-December 15 6a. Poseidon I December 15-January 15 6b. Poseidon B’ (or second or later) vaccine month 7. Weddings January 15-February 15 8. Antithestira February 15-March 15 9. Deer hunting March 15-April 15 10. Munichion April 15-May 15 11. Thargilion 15 May-15 June 12. Skiforion June 15-July 15 In ancient Greece, as we saw above, the year consisted of twelve lunar months, which usually had 29 and 30 days alternately (these are the “hollow” and “full” months, respectively). The limits of each month were marked by the appearance of two new moons, so its duration was about 29 ½ days. (In total, we know more than 130 local month names and in addition their dialectal variants, which were usually derivatives of the names of feasts or divine epithets and corresponded to separate cities. The inoculated months usually took one of the remaining names with the additional indication- “second”, “late” or, as in Thessaly, marked “inoculated”.) The first month of each year coincided with the summer (e.g. Athens) or winter solstice (e.g. Delos), and the spring (e.g. Delphi) or autumnal equinox (e.g. Argos) . However, the establishment of a year of 354 days created a problem and, if no measures were taken, it would constantly expand, since a solar year has 365 days. In order to eliminate this difference, they added at intervals, usually every two years, a vaccinal month lasting about 22-23 days. Along with the lunar month, characterized by epigraphic texts as “min kata theon (SUN)” or “min kata Selininen”, the organization of the annual time was also based on the tenure of the political rulers (e.g. Attic organization and division of the annual time into rectories) and in this case the month was called “men kat’ archontan”. These different systems of naming and organizing the annual time functioned simultaneously in the daily reality of each city, just as the religious and political expressions functioned simultaneously. The fact that in several parts of the ancient Greek world the names of the months are not related to the festivals of their most important gods but usually to those of Apollo means that a sanctuary of this god with pan-Hellenic acceptance must have made a decisive contribution to their establishment, as has been proven this in Delphi and around the seventh century BC. Of course, it should be emphasized that the ancient Greeks do not seem to have celebrated the New Year with special holidays. For them, the beginning of each month was more important, which was connected to any of their occupations. In Athens, however, an epigraphic testimony informs us of a religious ceremony that took place on the last day of the past year, but which involved a limited number of people. It was a sacrifice of the outgoing officials to Zeus Sotira and Athena Soteira wherever it was aimed at securing the favor of these gods for the new year. In the Roman years and under the influence of Rome itself, the celebration of the New Year began, which expanded throughout the territory of the Roman Empire, therefore also in the Greek area. Julius Caesar, applying the knowledge of the famous Greek astronomer from Alexandria Sosigenis, in 46 BC. established January 1 as the beginning of the year, which has since become widespread in the West. Also with the help of Sosigenes, requested by Julius Caesar, we also owe the adjustment of the year to the duration of the rotation of the Earth around the Sun.
HELLENIC CIVILIZATION/ASIA MINOR/ IONIA/ A N T I O C H E I A/
MOTIVES FROM THE CLASSICAL GREEK MYTHAGOGY-COSMOLOGY: – HERE: THE N I N E M U S E S
https://euphoriatric.com/pythagoras-the-nine-muses/ ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ IT’S JUST UTOPIA TO REACH, OR UNDERSTAND THE HIGH LEVEL OF THE ANCIENT HELLENIC SPIRIT OF CREATIONS & SUNLIGHT-BEAMS CIVILIZATION, TO BE UNDERSTOOD BY ALL KIND OF BARBARIANS…WAS SHOWED..AS..THEIR OWN!!!!!! MOSTLY BY ALL KIND OF BARBARIANS!! >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> HERE: //ANCIENT ULTIMATE ARTS & BEAUTY… MOSTLY STOLEN, LOOTED, or DESTROYED, (or OFTEN.. COPIED, COUNTERFEITED, DISTORTED & TWISTED.. & ALL OVER the WORLD, WITHOUT KNOWLEDGE, HAVING – OF COURSE – HEAVY INFERIORITY COMPLEX, ENVY, JEALOUSY & NOT AUTHENTIC HIGH CIVILIZATION, AS: -TEMPLES, STATUES, MOSAICS, SCRIPTS, COINS, SCIENCE, as: MEDICINE, SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY. JUST ONE example): THE ANTIKYTHIRA MECHANISM MATHEMATICS, GEOMETRY, STETEOMETRY, PHYSICS, ASTRONOMY, DRAMA, PHILOSOPHY, POETRY & ETYMOLOGY of NAMES & WORDS by ANCIENT MATHEMATIC- DIANETIC THE LANGUAGE, ITSELF which IS MATHEMATIC, WHICH,… IS INTERCONNECTED WITH ALL THE ABOVE ACHIEVEMENTS.. .. ARE JUST A TINY PART OF THOUSAND OF THE WITNESSES… INSPIRING EVERYBODY WITH BASIC INTELLIGENCE.. JUST by VISITING ALL MUSEUMS & UNFORTUNATELY THOUSANDS OF “PRIVATE” COLLECTORS AROUND THE WORLD
This is a gold HEMISTATER or DRACHM from Sicily, struck by HIERON circa 220-217 BC when he was King. The coin shows PERSEPHONE WREATHED in BARLEY with a CORNUCOPIA behind her. The reverse shows a CHARIOTEER driving a biga with prancing horses and an inscription IEPΩNOΣ below.
HIERON II ( 308 BC – 215 BC) WAS A GREEK TYRANT OF SYRACUSE ( 270 BC – 215 BC), ILLEGITIMATE SON OF THE NOBLE HIEROCLES AND DESCENDANT OF THE TYRANT GELON . HE SERVED AS A GENERAL TO THE KING OF EPIRUS, PYRRHUS , AND WAS AN IMPORTANT MILITARY FIGURE WHEN THE FIRST CARTHAGENIAN WAR BROKEN OUT . AFTER THE DEPARTMENT OF PYRRHUS FROM SICILY (275 BC) THE ARM OF SYRACUSE APPOINTED HIERON, AS HIS COMMANDER, HE SIGNIFICANTLY STRENGTHENED HIS POSITION BY MARRYING THE DAUGHTER OF LEPTINUS, A PROMINENT CITIES .
In a WELL-KNOWN story described by Vitruvius, HIERON II ordered a votive crown to be made for him from pure gold and because he did not trust the goldsmith he asked ARCHIMEDES to EXAMINE WHETHER the gold had been ADULTERATED with SILVER. ARCHIMEDES had to SOLVE the problem WITHOUT DESTROY ING the CROWN DID NOT WANT TO MELT IT TO CALCULATE ITS DENSITY AND ORIGIN. WHILE BATHING, ARCHIMEDES NOTICED THAT THE WATER LEVEL IN THE TUB ROSE when HE STEPPED IN AND REALIZED THAT THIS EFFECT COULD BE USED TO DETERMINE THE VOLUME OF THE CROWN…
Assuming that water is practically incompressible the effect of sinking would be for the crown to displace an amount of water equal to its own volume. Dividing the mass of the crown by the volume of water displaced gives the density of the crown, the density will be less than that of gold if some cheaper and less dense metals had been added. Archimedes was so excited by his discovery that he went out into the street naked shouting ” Eureka! Eureka! ». King Hiero’s gold was actually adulterated with silver according to ARCHIMEDES’S FAMOUS DISCOVERY
In the museum of the gallery of ATTALOS located below the ACROPOLIS, there is a “MANGER” of 330 BC. depicting the cave of PAN, where HERMES delivers little DIONYSOS to the NYMPHS! And whoever understood, understood…..
****P E R G A M O S = Π Ε Ρ Γ Α Μ Ο Σ *** *****************************************************’
Pergamus (/ˈpɜːrɡəməs/; Ancient Greek: Πέργαμος) was the son of the warrior Neoptolemus and Andromache. Pergamus’s parents both figure in the Trojan War, described in Homer’s The Iliad: Neoptolemus was the son of Achilles and fought on the DANAAEANS side, while Andromache was the Trojan prince Hector’s wife. After the death of both Achilles and Hector, and the fall of Troy, Neoptolemus captured the newly widowed Andromache for his concubine and went to rule in Epirus. After Neoptolemus’s death, some sources say that Andromache returned to Asia Minor with her youngest son, Pergamus, although this is probably a later addition to the legend.
Asklepion of the Pergamon
Pergamon Museum, the most visited in Berlin. It hosts more than 1.5 million visitors per year.
Pergamon Museum, the most visited in Berlin. It hosts more than 1.5 million visitors per year.
Pergamon (Pergamum) ancient Greek city located 16 miles from the Aegean Sea, Turkey /
BERLIN, GERMANY – MARCH 06, 2013: Detail of the frieze of the Pergamon Altar in the Pergamon Museum. Altar was built in the 2nd century in the ancient Greek city of Pergamon in Asia Minor
Ornament of the Pergamon altar, inside the Pergamon museum in Berlin. Athena winning against a giant and crowned by the NIKE.Ornament of the Pergamon altar, inside the Pergamon museum in Berlin. Athena winning against a giant and crowned by the Victory.
Altar in Pergamon Museum in Berlin
A representation of ancient Pergamon, its Library had 200,000 works, of which a large part was brought to Alexandria as a wedding gift from Mark Antony to Cleopatra.
*****THE KINGDOM OF PERGAMOS = ΠΕΡΓΑΜΟΣ**********************’
After the dissolution of the Macedonian empire and the battle of Ipsos, Lysimachus, general of M. Alexander, became King of Pergamum and placed the spoils of victory in the city.
He entrusted the guarding of the treasure to Philetairos, who, when Lysimachus died, took the money and founded the independent state of Pergamum. When the descendants of Philetairos, the well-known Attalid dynasty, reigned, Pergamos experienced wealth and glory. The population of the kingdom of Pergamum in its heyday is estimated at 5.5 million. In the photo the Asclepius.
During that period, important monuments were built, such as the temple of Zeus and the temple of Athena Nikephoros. The arts developed, the city expanded and a library was established which was the cause of the systematic production of parchment.
When the construction of the library began, the people of Pergamum asked Egypt to supply them with papyrus. The Egyptians, not wanting the library of Pergamum to surpass the reputation of the library of Alexandria, refused to sell them stationery.
The scientists who were in Pergamon found the solution. They created a new writing material from animal skins, which was called parchment after the city. After treating the leather with lime, it was dried and then polished. Parchment was durable and cheaper than papyrus, and PERGAMOS quickly became the center of its trade.
The Asklepiion of Pergamum was built in the 4th century BC. and was dedicated to the god of Medicine, Asclepius. It was surrounded by Ionic arcades and was located 3km northeast of the city.
When the Romans began their conquests, Pergamos voluntarily surrendered and became a province of the Roman Empire. In that period, Galen was born, a great physician of antiquity who studied in Pergamum and Alexandria and worked in Rome.
During the time of Emperor Nero, many important monuments of the city were removed and transferred to Rome. However, the stripping of the archaeological site took place in more modern years.
The Altar of Zeus from the citadel of ancient Pergamon in Asia Minor is in the center of the middle hall in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin. It was part of a large building complex. The collection also includes other pieces of the complex, such as a part of the temple of the victorious Athena.
At the end of the 19th century, German archaeologists discovered monuments of the ancient city of Pergamum. They bought the altar of Zeus from the Turks for 20,000 talents along with other finds such as statues and inscriptions.
The altar was transported in pieces from Asia Minor to Berlin and reassembled. Its frieze is 113 meters long and represents the giant battle.
The entire facade of the temple, as well as the propylon of the temple of the goddess Athena, are today prominently displayed in the “Pergamon Museum” in Berlin. The museum bears the name of the ancient Greek city, as the works of art discovered in Pergamon were among the first and most important exhibits of the museum.
Pergamon: How the Germans bought the altar of Zeus from the Ottomans and moved it to Berlin
The Greeks had inhabited the coasts of Asia Minor since ancient times. They founded cities, which played an important role in trade and the spread of Greek culture.
Among them is Pergamos, which emerged as one of the richest cities in the region. Its name meant citadel, as it was built on a 300-meter hill. It was located in a fertile valley, between the rivers Selinunda and Kiteio. Pergamon began to flourish after the campaign of Alexander the Great until the rule of the Romans.
A representation of ancient Pergamon, its Library had 200,000 works, of which a large part was brought to Alexandria as a wedding gift from Mark Antony to Cleopatra.
The Kingdom of PERGAMOS
After the dissolution of the Macedonian empire and the battle of Ipsos, Lysimachus, general of M. Alexander, became King of Pergamum and placed the spoils of victory in the city.
He entrusted the guarding of the treasure to Philetairos, who, when Lysimachus died, took the money and founded the independent state of Pergamum. When the descendants of Philetairos, the well-known Attalid dynasty, reigned, Pergamos experienced wealth and glory.
The population of the kingdom of Pergamum in its heyday is estimated at 5.5 million. In the photo the Asclepius.
During that period, important monuments were built, such as the temple of Zeus and the temple of Athena Nikephoros. The arts developed, the city expanded and a library was established which was the cause of the systematic production of parchment.
When the construction of the library began, the people of Pergamum asked Egypt to supply them with papyrus. The Egyptians, not wanting the library of Pergamum to surpass the reputation of the library of Alexandria, refused to sell them stationery.
The scientists who were in Pergamon found the solution. They created a new writing material from animal skins, which was called parchment after the city. After treating the leather with lime, it was dried and then polished. Parchment was durable and cheaper than papyrus, and Pergamum quickly became the center of its trade.
The Asklepiion of Pergamum was built in the 4th century BC. and was dedicated to the god of Medicine, Asclepius. It was surrounded by Ionic arcades and was located 3km northeast of the city.
When the Romans began their conquests, Pergamos voluntarily surrendered and became a province of the Roman Empire. In that period, Galen was born, a great physician of antiquity who studied in Pergamum and Alexandria and worked in Rome.
During the time of Emperor Nero, many important monuments of the city were removed and transferred to Rome. However, the stripping of the archaeological site took place in more modern years.
The Altar of Zeus from the citadel of ancient Pergamon in Asia Minor is in the center of the middle hall in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin. It was part of a large building complex. The collection also includes other pieces of the complex, such as a part of the temple of the victorious Athena.
At the end of the 19th century, German archaeologists discovered monuments of the ancient city of Pergamum. They bought the altar of Zeus from the Turks for 20,000 talents along with other finds such as statues and inscriptions.
The altar was transported in pieces from Asia Minor to Berlin and reassembled. Its frieze is 113 meters long and represents the giant battle.
The entire facade of the temple, as well as the propylon of the temple of the goddess Athena, are today prominently displayed in the “Pergamon Museum” in Berlin. The museum bears the name of the ancient Greek city, as the works of art discovered in Pergamon were among the first and most important exhibits of the museum.
Man looking at Pergamon Altar in Pergamon Museum in Berlin
PERGAMOS = ΠΕΡΓΑΜΟΣ = “height or elevation” Ancient Greek city of Mysia Minor, in Asia Minor, the seat of the dynasties of ATTALOS and EUMENES, famous for its temple of ASCLEPIOS and the invention and manufacture of parchment. Pergamus (/ˈpɜːrɡəməs/; Ancient Greek: ) was the son of the warrior Neoptolemos and Andromache. Pergamus’s parents BOTH figure in the CIVIL WAR BETWEEN DANAAE+ACHAEOI vs TROJANS described in Homer’s The Iliad: Neoptolemus was the son of Achilles and fought on the ACHAEOI side, while Andromache was the Trojan prince Hector’s wife. After the death of both Achilles and Hector, and the fall of Troy, Neoptolemus captured the newly widowed Andromache for his concubine and went to rule in Epirus. After Neoptolemus’s death, some sources say that Andromache returned to Asia Minor with her youngest son, Pergamus, although this is probably a later addition to the legend.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L3SIooVHV8E
****’ P E R G A M O S = Π Ε Ρ Γ Α Μ Ο Σ ************
How the Germans bought the altar of Zeus from the Ottomans and moved it to Berlin
The Greeks had inhabited the coasts of Asia Minor since ancient times. They founded cities, which played an important role in trade and the spread of Greek culture. Among them is Pergamos, which emerged as one of the richest cities in the region. Its name meant citadel, as it was built on a 300-meter hill. It was located in a fertile valley, between the rivers Selinunda and Kiteio. Pergamon began to flourish after the campaign of Alexander the Great until the rule of the Romans.
A representation of ancient Pergamon,
PERGAMOS (/ˈpɜːrɡəməs/; ANCIENT GREEK:) was the son of the warrior NEOPTOLEMOS and ANDROMACHE. PERGAMOS’s parents BOTH figure in the CIVIL WAR BETWEEN THE WEST GREEKS (DANAAE+ACHAEOI) vs TROJANS described in HOMER’s The ILIAD: NEOPTOLEMOS was the son of ACHILLES and fought on the ACHAEOI side, while ANDROMACHE was the TROJAN prince HECTOR’s wife. After the death of both ACHILLES and HECTOR, and the fall of Troy, NEOPTOLEMOS captured the newly widowed ANDROMACHE for his concubine and went to rule in EPIRUS. After NEOPTOLEMOS‘s death, some sources say that ANDROMACHE returned to Asia Minor with her youngest son, PERGAMOS although this is probably a later addition to the legend.
Is Library had 200,000 works, of which a large part was brought to Alexandria as a wedding gift from Mark Antony to Cleopatra. The Kingdom of Pergamum After the dissolution of the Macedonian empire and the battle of Ipsos, Lysimachus, general of M. Alexander, became King of Pergamum and placed the spoils of victory in the city. He entrusted the guarding of the treasure to Philetairos, who, when Lysimachus died, took the money and founded the independent state of Pergamum. When the descendants of Philetairos, the well-known Attalid dynasty, reigned, Pergamos experienced wealth and glory.
The population of the kingdom of Pergamum in its heyday is estimated at 5.5 million. In the photo the Asclepius. During that period, important monuments were built, such as the temple of Zeus and the temple of Athena Nikephoros. The arts developed, the city expanded and a library was established which was the cause of the systematic production of parchment.
When the construction of the library began, the people of Pergamum asked Egypt to supply them with papyrus. The Egyptians, not wanting the library of Pergamum to surpass the reputation of the library of Alexandria, refused to sell them stationery. The scientists who were in Pergamon found the solution. They created a new writing material from animal skins, which was called parchment after the city. After treating the leather with lime, it was dried and then polished. Parchment was durable and cheaper than papyrus, and Pergamum soon became the center of its trade.
The Asklepiion of Pergamum was built in the 4th century BC. and was dedicated to the god of Medicine, Asclepius. It was surrounded by Ionic arcades and was located 3km northeast of the city. When the Romans began their conquests, Pergamos voluntarily surrendered and became a province of the Roman empire. In that period, Galen was born, a great physician of antiquity who studied in Pergamum and Alexandria and worked in Rome.
During the time of Emperor Nero, many important monuments of the city were removed and transferred to Rome. However, the stripping of the archaeological site took place in more modern years.
The Altar of Zeus from the citadel of ancient Pergamon in Asia Minor is in the center of the middle hall in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin. It was part of a large building complex. The collection also includes other pieces of the complex, such as a part of the temple of the victorious Athena. At the end of the 19th century, German archaeologists discovered monuments of the ancient city of Pergamum. They bought the altar of Zeus from the Turks for 20,000 talents along with other finds such as statues and inscriptions.
The altar was transported in pieces from Asia Minor to Berlin and reassembled. Its frieze is 113 meters long and represents the giant battle.
The entire facade of the temple, as well as the propylon of the temple of the goddess Athena, are today prominently displayed in the “Pergamon Museum” in Berlin. The museum bears the name of the ancient Greek city, as the works of art discovered in Pergamon were among the first and most important exhibits of the museum.
Source: mixanitouxronou.gr
“Never of worldly Phoenix the daughter as beloved, who gave birth to my Rhadamanthes and the co-god Minos; HOMER “Ilias” X 321-322 (Kazantzaki-Kakridi street)
Homer presents Zeus as exalting his love for his wife Hera as superior, comparing it to the loves he felt in his adventures with other women. Listing the names of the girls with whom he had some “close contacts”: Ixion’s wife, the limp Danae, Semele, Alcmene, Demetra the beautiful-haired, Leto the world-famous, he also mentions Europe in these verses, without he names her.
In the photo, a red-shaped bell-shaped krater (vessel for mixing wine with water), found in Taranto, in southern Italy, and dated to 360 BC. Attributed to the “Painter of Ilio Persida”. Today at the Louvre museum. On one side of it is depicted the very beloved scene that was often depicted on vases, reliefs and hologlyphs, mosaics, frescoes by ancient and modern artists, but also on coins, up to our modern Euro: The rapture of Europa, daughter of the king of Tire Phoenicas , from Jupiter -taurus. On the other side of the vase, Dionysus, a Maenad and a Satyr are depicted (1st comment). Europa was a beautiful girl with big eyes (wide + second form of the acc. of oro: opopa >opsis, omma-mati). The abductions of the myths followed roughly the same pattern: The beautiful girl was playing carefree or picking flowers with her friends, when a divine figure saw her, fell in love with her, and abducted her. Like Pluto Persephone, Boreas Oreithyia, Jupiter Europe etc. In this performance, it is the moment when Zeus, transformed into a beautiful, tame and pure white bull, pretends to graze approaching Europe, who sat down to rest from the game on the shores of Tire or Sidon. She wears a white beaded necklace and bracelets. He sits on top of a cave. [My personal guess: Pre-economy of the Ideal Man? But do the trees that surround her also indicate her chthonic status and symbolism? Are they myrtles? For when Europe was deified, her statue was surrounded with a wreath of myrtles of great diameter]. Around her are her friends and perhaps Aphrodite with Niki. The young woman pulls back her veil to admire the bull, which makes a playful bending motion. Europe’s next move will be to ride him happily. Then he, wasting no time, got up and rushed into the sea! From there, accompanied by a procession of dolphins, Nereids, Tritons, and even Poseidon himself, as depicted in various versions, they reach Idaion Andron in Crete, where they unite. From this marriage three children are born: Minoas, Sarpedon and Rhadamanthys. From this representation, the tilted head of Europe is what they chose to depict in the watermark and the Euro hologram (2nd comment).
Heavy gold funeral mask embossed with a hammer, so-called of Agamemnon, found by H.Schliemann in 1876 in the pit tomb IV of the tomb circle A located south of the Lion’s Gate, originally outside the walls. The attribution made by Schliemann is imaginative in that the mask dates back to the 16th century BC, a period preceding the one in which Atreus is believed to have lived. The two holes present near the ears indicate that the mask was held over the face of the deceased by means of a thin rope. Some scholars believe that the mask could be a fake commissioned by Schliemann himself.
Agamemnon, found by H.Schliemann in 1876 in the pit tomb IV of the tomb circle A located south of the Lion Gate, originally outside the walls. The attribution made by Schliemann is imaginative as the mask dates back to the 16th century BC, period preceding the one in which Atreus is believed to have lived. The pit tombs of the two circles, B and A, have yielded funerary objects of great value, a sign of the economic and commercial power of the aristocratic elite who were buried in the two tomb circles which has roots already in the Mesoelladic, 18th century BC, when the second Cretan palaces flourished.
Guido VISCONTI.
ARETE = ARETH = VIRTUE
As a concept it refers to “excellence” of any kind.
The concept was also occasionally personified as a minor goddess.
In the Homeric world, ARETE includes all the faculties and capabilities available to humans.
In Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, Book 2, Chapter 6: “Virtue (arete), then, is a habit or trained faculty of choice, the characteristic of which lies in moderation or keeping the average in relation to the persons concerned, as determined by logic. , that is, from the reason by which the prudent would determine it”.
Statue of Virtue in the library of Celsus in Ephesus 2nd century AD
Treasures of the PONTOS KINGDOM The pure gold king’s crown. Credit: SAMSUN MUSEUM ANCIENT GREEK TREASURES dated from the KINGDOM of PONTOS, a HELLENIC state located in the NORTHEASTERN part of ASIA MINOR, will be displayed in a new museum in the city of SAMSUN, TURKEY.
Among the antiquities is the AMISOS TREASURE . It consists of 64 pieces, was found during a construction excavation in SAMSUN on Nov. 28, 1995, and is considered the MOST valuable treasure belonging to the dynasty members of the PONTOS KINGDOM.
It is stated that the history of the gold artifacts dates back to the 1st century B.C. and could have belonged to the sixth PONTOS KING, MITHRIDATES PHILOPATOR PHILADELPHOS.
The contents were: “a pure gold king’s crown, 15 gold buttons, four gold bracelets with human and animal figures on it, 18 broken gold bracelets, a gold barette, two gold earrings, 10 big gold necklaces, a gold ring with a gem, 24 necklaces, 424 beads, a glass bowl, four earthenware, three kerosene lamps and an earthenware plate.”
TREASURES PONTOS KINGDOM The museum will also exhibit coins from the Classical, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Seljuk, Ottoman and Republican periods, jewelry, arches, sculptures, tombs and warship models from the Chalcolithic, Early Bronze, Hellenistic and Roman periods.
Another highlight of the new museum is the Amisos Mosaic with a base size of 56 square meters. It is a remarkable ancient mosaic discovered in the Turkish city of Samsun, which was formerly known as Amisos in antiquity. The mosaic was unearthed during archaeological excavations in the area and dates back to the Roman period, around the 2nd or 3rd century CE.
Treasures PONTOS KINGDOM Amisos Mosaic: Credit: Samsun Museum The Amisos Mosaic is renowned for its intricate design and detailed craftsmanship. It depicts scenes from ANCIENT GREEK MYTHOLOGY, including images of gods, mythical creatures, and other figures. The mosaic is composed of colorful tesserae (small tiles) made of stone or glass, meticulously arranged to create vibrant and lifelike compositions.
The rise and fall of the Kingdom of PONTOS The Kingdom of PONTUS along the southern coast of the Black Sea emerged in the 4th century BC after the collapse of the Persian Empire and the conquests of ALEXANDER the GREAT .
The region was initially inhabited by various indigenous peoples but became heavily influenced by Greek culture following the arrival of Greek colonists and the establishment of Greek colonies along the Black Sea coast.
PONTOS reached its peak under the rule of Mithridates VI Eupator, also known as Mithridates the Great, who reigned from around 120 BCE to 63 BCE.
Mithridates was a formidable ruler who expanded PONTOS’ territory through military conquests and alliances. He also resisted Roman expansion into Anatolia, leading to a series of conflicts known as the Mithridatic Wars between PONTOS and the Roman Republic.
Despite Mithridates’ efforts, PONTOS eventually fell to the Romans, with Mithridates being defeated by Roman general POMPEUS the GREAT in 63 BCE. The kingdom was then incorporated into the Roman Republic’s territories as a client state.
The region continued to be significant during the Roman and later Byzantine periods, but the Kingdom of PONTOS as an independent entity ceased to exist after its conquest by Rome.
TAGSAmisosAmisos TreasuresGreek News Pontos KingdomSamsunTurkey
Tourists in Pergamon Museum in Berlin
BERLIN, GERMANY – MARCH 06, 2013: Pergamon Altar as reconstructed in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin. It was built in the 2nd century in the ancient Greek city of Pergamon in Asia Minor
Detail of the famous Pergamon Altar in the Pergamon museum in Berlin
ISTANBUL, TURKEY – 10 JULY, 2014: Miniaturk park in Istanbul, Turkey. Reduced copy of Pergamon Altar built during the reign of King ΕΥΜΕΝΗΣ II in ancient Geek city of Pergamon in Asia Minor.
Spectators in the hall and on the steps of the Pergamon Altar in Pergamon Museum, Berlin, Germany – September 22, 2007
Educational concepts in Classical Greek sculptur, : interior of an European museum
HIEROGAMIA (sacred marriage) of ZEUS and HERA, fresco, fourth style, c. 65 CE. From Pompeii, House of the Tragic Poet. Naples, National Archaeological Museum. Photo: Luciano Pedicini, Naples, licensed under public domain (PD-1996).
By: Michalis Cheilos. Paestum( Poseidonia )Ultras Magna Graecia
For the History ,Paestum was a major ancient Greek city on the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea, in Magna Graecia. The ruins of Paestum are famous for their three ancient Greek temples in the Doric order dating from about 550 to 450 BC that are in an excellent state of preservation. The city walls and amphitheatre are largely intact, and the bottom of the walls of many other structures remain, as well as paved roads.
HIS IS PHOENICIA FROM THE EAST…. SO THAT THEY DON’T FOOL YOU OF THAT IT WASN’T A GREEK COLONY IT WAS CONQUERED BY THE SEMITIC TRIBES LATER….
By: Πολύγνωτος Παπαοικονόμοu
ANCIENT PHOENICIA A COLONY OF GREEK RACES THE MOST IMPORTANT CITIES OF THE PHOENICIAN COAST WERE BYBLOS, SIDON, TYRE, ARADOS, JOPPA, GAZA (ORIGINALLY MINOA OR MINYA) AND TRIPOLI, WHICH WERE FOUNDED BY CRETANS IN 3000-1600 BC THAT IS, WHEN OUR GREEK ANCESTORS WERE UNDISPUTED SEA EMPERORS OF THE ENTIRE MEDITERRANEAN.
For Tire it is written that it was founded in 2300 BC. by GREEK PELASGIANS SETTLED FROM MAGNESIA AND PHTHIA, THERE WAS ALSO A TEMPLE OF HERAKLES, APPARENTLY OLDER THAN that of the SON of ALCMENE (HERODOTUS, B 44).
Tire owes its name to the princess TYRO, daughter of the king of THESSALY Salmoneus and wife of Kritheos, king of Phthia!!! (Greek Mythology, Richepin A 386, Pergamenai Editions 1953).
But the most important PHOENICIAN CITY, SIDON, IS ALSO mentioned by HOMER (Odyssey, Raps. d, verse 618) as a Greek establishment WHEN, AFTER THE CIVIL WAR WITH TROJA. MENELAOS sailed there with his fleet, in SIDON the GREEK PHAEDIMOS was the king.
ALSO GREEK-PELASGIAN COLONIZED CITIES IN PHOENICIA WERE POSIDION AND Al MINA, WHICH WERE FOUNDED BY SETTLERS FROM OLD ERETRIA (on MOUNT ORTHYS) IN 2000 BC.
Another case is the city of EVAGORITIS, a name ORIGINATING from the CYPRIOT KINGDOM OF EVAGORAS, WHICH FLOURISHED IN 1800 BC. and it is described as a multi-people commercial center with famous professorships and large libraries!!
THE NATIVE SIMITIC TRIBES OF PHOENICIA APPEAR IN THE FOREGROUND ONLY IN 1300-1200 BC, AS SAILORS, PIRATES AND TRADERS.
HOWEVER , EVEN THEIR MOST FAMOUS COLONY, THE WELL-KNOWN CARTHAGE, FOUNDED IN 750 BC. SERVED, AS A GREEK COLONY, FOUNDED BY THE GREEK PRINCESS DIDO, WITH THE NAME CARTHAGENI!!! DIDO WAS A DIASPORA GREEK, SISTER OF PYGMALION, KING OF CYPRUS AND TYRE, WHO LED A COLONIZATION CAMPAIGN WITH A LARGE GROUP OF OTHER GREEKS, AS WELL
By: Gorgo Degr:,
THE SEMITES WERE NOT SKILLED SAILORS. THEY LEARNED THE ART FROM THE GREEK PHOENICIANS, WHO STAYED BEHIND, IN THE CONTEXT of the general destruction caused by the fire from heaven in 1200, which destroyed ALMOST all of PHOENICIA THE MINYANS WERE NOT THE FIRST GREEKS, THEY WERE THE MOST GREEK NOT OF US ALL
HERE: A GREEK PARCEL GILT SILVER MIRROR HELLENISTIC PERIOD, CIRCA 2ND-1ST CENTURY B.C. Disk-shaped, the obverse highly polished, the reverse set with a repoussé sheet in high relief depicting Aphrodite about to punish Eros for breaking an alabastron, the goddess threatening with the sandal removed from her right foot, held in her right hand, leaning forward on her stool, supporting herself with her left hand on the corner of the cushion, her right foot forward, the left leg bent back with her sandaled foot on a footstool, a himation around her waist and legs, bracelets on each wrist, a hand -mirror on the cushion behind her, winged Eros cowering before her with his hands raised to his lips, the broken vessel on the ground between them, a second Eros crouching beneath her stool, enclosed by a wreath of oak leaves, preserving gilding for the wreath, hair, wings, drapery, sandal, alabastron and footstool 6 3/8 in. (16.1 cm.) diameter 12,055 oz (374.8 g)
THYMELE WORSHIP COMMUNITY
ὦναὶ, ὧι damalis Eros And blue-eyed nymphs purple of Aphrodite they sympathize, it returns d’ high mountain peaks; I am touching you, you are not happy Come to us, blessed they obey willingly; Kleoboulis is a good man advisor, myself for man- ᾽, ὦ Deonise, accept. ……….THAT IS: TRANSLATED ABOVE TEXT/ (FROM THE ANCIENT ATTICA DIALECT): Anakta, where Eros the tamer and the blue-eyed Brides and the rosy-cheeked Aphrodite play with you and you turn to the high mountains, I run into you; and come to me good friend and my request listening to the cutie. Be Good advisor Be Cleobolus, Dionysus me to accept my love EPIGRAM of ANACREON to DIONYSOS In the image: Black Attic Hydra of 520 BC. approximately with Dionysus, Bacchus and Silenus. It has an inscription at the top of the scene: ΠΑΜΦΑΙΟΣΜΕΠΟΙΗΣΕΝ=PAMPHEIOSMEPOIISEN =AMPPHEUS MADE ME
TO CELEBRATE THIS OCCASION, LET’S LOOK TOGETHER AT THIS SPLENDID ATTIC ΕΡΥΘΡΟΜΟΡΦΟΣ=RED-FIGURED NECK-AMPHORA ARV(2) 648.27, attributed to THE OIONOKLES PAINTER, DATED TO 470 BC. approximately and PRESERVED AT THE KUNSTHISTORISCHES MUSEUM IN VIENNA (inv. 846).
It is a courtship scene IN WHICH A YOUNG MAN, STANDING AND LEANING ON A KNOBLED STICK, HANDS A FLOWER TO A GIRL SITTING BEFORE HIM.
In her left hand is perched a #dove, an iconographic attribute OF THE GODDESS #APHRODITE and a clear reference to the feeling between the protagonists.
Between the two there is a KALATHOS (wicker basket used to store wool and utensils for domestic work entrusted to women).
PER FESTEGGIARE QUESTA RICORRENZA, OSSERVIAMO INSIEME QUESTA SPLENDIDA NECK-AMPHORA ATTICA A FIGURE ROSSE ARV(2) 648.27, attribuita AL PITTORE DI OIONOKLES, DATATA AL 470 a.C. circa e CONSERVATA AL KUNSTHISTORISCHES MUSEUM DI VIENNA (inv. 846).
È una scena di corteggiamento NELLA QUALE UN GIOVANE UOMO, STANTE E APPOGGIATO A UN BASTONE NODOSO, PORGE UN FIORE A UNA FANCIULLA SEDUTA INNANZI A LUI.
Nella mano sinistra di lei è appollaiata una #colomba, attributo iconografico DELLA DEA #AFRODITE e chiaro riferimento al sentimento tra i protagonisti.
Tra i due è un presente un KALATHOS (cesto in vimini usato per riporre lana e utensili dei lavori domestici affidati alle donne).
La ceramica antica – Identita, cocci e dintorni.
nd you, on #”Valentine’s Day”#February 14, do you prefer #flowers or chocolates?
TO CELEBRATE THIS OCCASION, LET’S LOOK TOGETHER AT THIS SPLENDID ATTIC ΕΡΥΘΡΟΜΟΡΦΟΣ=RED-FIGURED NECK-AMPHORA ARV(2) 648.27, attributed to THE OIONOKLES PAINTER, DATED TO 470 BC. approximately and PRESERVED AT THE KUNSTHISTORISCHES MUSEUM IN VIENNA (inv. 846).
It is a courtship scene IN WHICH A YOUNG MAN, STANDING AND LEANING ON A KNOBLED STICK, HANDS A FLOWER TO A GIRL SITTING BEFORE HIM.
In her left hand is perched a #dove, an iconographic attribute OF THE GODDESS #APHRODITE and a clear reference to the feeling between the protagonists.
Between the two there is a KALATHOS (wicker basket used to store wool and utensils for domestic work entrusted to women)
PER FESTEGGIARE QUESTA RICORRENZA, OSSERVIAMO INSIEME QUESTA SPLENDIDA NECK-AMPHORA ATTICA A FIGURE ROSSE ARV(2) 648.27, attribuita AL PITTORE DI OIONOKLES, DATATA AL 470 a.C. circa e CONSERVATA AL KUNSTHISTORISCHES MUSEUM DI VIENNA (inv. 846).
È una scena di corteggiamento NELLA QUALE UN GIOVANE UOMO, STANTE E APPOGGIATO A UN BASTONE NODOSO, PORGE UN FIORE A UNA FANCIULLA SEDUTA INNANZI A LUI.
*** AUTOLYCUS, THE GRANDFATHER AND GODFATHER OF ODYSSEUS *** AUTOLYCUS AND THE HELMET OF ODYSSEUS Autolykos = self-luminous from lyki = the light In Rhapsody IV of the Odyssey, the maid Eurycleia washing the feet of Odysseus, who has been transformed into a beggar by Athena, recognizes him directly from a wound on his leg. This wound was caused by a wild boar’s tooth when he went as a young man to Parnassos, where his grandfather Autolykos lived, to hunt wild boar. The name Odysseus was given by Autolykos to his grandson because of the suffering he had given to those he had wronged (v, 405). “.. there are many because I am tired and I can’t do it ..” “because I arrived here angry with many” His daughter was Anticleia, the mother of Odysseus. Autolykos took part in the Argonautic expedition, being one of Jason’s 50 Argonauts. On Parnassos where he lived he honored the god Hermes according to Homer (v, 395). According to Hesiod, Autolycus had inherited from Hermes the ability to steal and transform the stolen. From Amydoras he stole a bronze helmet, the “kynee”. This helmet was worn by Odysseus during his night invasion with Diomedes in the city of Troy. Odysseus must have taken the cunning of his character from his grandfather… AUTOLYCUS AND THE HELMET OF ODYSSEUS When the Greeks decided to send two warriors to spy on the Trojan camp, Diomedes chose Odysseus as his companion to go with them. Homer tells us: “…And Mirionis gave Odysseus’ quiver bow and sword. And then the head with a helmet his leather jacket, tightly fastened in many thongs, and had wool in the background, and boar’s teeth, densely white, encircled it. Autolykos had stolen this from Eleonas, it seemed of Ormenides Amyntoros pierced the roof. In the Scandian of Amphidamados, inhabitant of Kythera he also sent it as a souvenir to Molon of Xenia Amphidamas saw it. And to his son Molos he left Mirionin. And this helmet it was where the forehead of uncle Odysseus lived…” (ILIAS, Rhapsody K, f. 260) Here we see that this HELMET belonged to Amydoros Ormenides who lived in Eleonas, who was the father of Phoenix, Achilles’ teacher. Autolycus steals [antitorisas domon] a leather helmet [kynei] from the house of Amyndoras Ormenides [father of Phoenicus] which was in Eleonas. He gives it as a gift to Amphidamandas, a resident of Skandia of Kythira. He gave it as a gift to Molo, father of Mirionis, for his hospitality. Molos gave it to his son, Miriones, to wear in the Trojan War. Mirionis gives it to Odysseus while preparing for the evening spying. This helmet had white wild boar teeth all around, material with excellent impact properties and inside with compressed wool to absorb the impacts and not let them be transferred to the skull. Mirionis knows the history of this helmet. That’s why he gives it to Odysseus. It was owned by his grandfather, Autolykos. Odysseus is depicted with this helmet in most vase paintings. We understand that it was something very important for Odysseus….. In the photo we see a helmet from the Mycenaean era made of boar’s teeth similar to the one mentioned by Odysseus. It was found in a vaulted tomb of Pylos. Antonopoulio Museum of Pylos
Orestes kills his father’s cousin, Aegisthus, and then kills his own mother, Clytemnestra, who had made a bond with him while Agamemnon was away in Troy. Everyone’s motivation for their actions was revenge. In the past, Aegisthus has killed Orestes’ grandfather and his uncle, Atreus, for reasons of power. Agamemnon succeeds in expelling Aegisthus from Mycenae, but also Thyestes (brother of Atreus) and takes over the kingdom. When she left for Troy, Clytemnestra following the curse of Nafplius, who after the murder of his son, Palamidus of the Achaeans (Odysseus and Agamemnon) entered into a relationship with Aegisthus. (Nauplius had sworn that he would corrupt the women of the Achaeans after the death of his son and thus destroy their houses). Thus Clytemnestra and Aegisthus organize the murder of Agamemnon, which happens with the return of the king. Aegisthus seems to have gotten his revenge, but Orestes restores his father’s name and kills the two lovers. Then he arrives in Athens to be tried in Areion Pagon. The votes of conviction/acquittal are equal. Then Athena takes over and acquits Agamemnonides. Since then, the votes are an odd number, so as to avoid a tie.
Caraff with painted moments of children playing and talking.
Aphrodite and Eros. Ancient Greece. Tanagra-Greece, the last quarter 4th cent. BC. – the 1st quarter 3rd cent. BC.
A statuette depicting Aphrodite with her son Erota, whom she entertains with a toy-top, is a unique work, known to date only in a single copy. In this sculptural group, a characteristic feature of Hellenistic art was manifested – a penchant for genre. The coloring applied on the white coating has been preserved so well that you can mentally recreate the original major color scale.
The Hermitage Museum
THE KRYPTEIA IN SPARTA: INITIATION OR STATE TERRORISM? [SECOND PART].
[Image: Anonymous, “Relief with Heroes and Worshipers”, Sparta 6th century BC, Altes Museum, Berlin]. In summary, we can therefore state that while the tradition attributable to Plato identifies the krypteiai with “war training”, in which young people on the verge of finishing their training were subjected to a final test, lasting a season or even a entire year, to verify their actual military capacity – measured on the ability to resist deprivation and to procure everything one needs on one’s own and without any help – that represented by Aristotle and Plutarch makes them real missions military, blitzes carried out lightning fast by a carefully selected elite to inflict the greatest damage on enemies in a reasonably short time. So how can these discrepancies between the sources be explained? Numerous scholars have long questioned the various reconstructions since the 19th century. A common feature of the results obtained by them is the importance that almost everyone recognizes in the role of the helots in the evolution of the Spartan order and in particular of the agoge. Perceived as a foreign body by the ruling class, they always represented a threat to the stability of the existing social order and to its very survival. At the slightest sign of weakness of the Spartiates, they would certainly have risen up to subvert the order, the kosmos, which saw them in a base and degrading position. This had to be avoided at all costs. But there’s more. Since its origins, the Spartan state, due to the great distance that separated it from the sea, had directed its expansionist aims towards the interior and the mainland. Those who paid the price, before the others, were the Messenians, who inhabited a region located in the south-western Peloponnese, coveted by the Spartans for the fertile plains it hosted. After the so-called “Messenian wars”, they had been subjugated by their powerful neighbors and reduced to the rank of helots, with all the imaginable consequences. As is easy to understand, the Messenians had never resigned themselves to this condition and had periodically attempted to recover through numerous insurrections, all of which were bloodily repressed. Until, after the disastrous outcome of the battle of Leuctra (371 BC), Sparta had lost its military hegemony in favor of the Thebans and they had invaded the Peloponnese and liberated Messenia, actually founding there, with the general Epaminondas, the new polis of Messene (369 BC). Therefore the helots were perceived by the Spartiates as a danger to be perpetually guarded against; and the Messenians, subjugated in ancient times, were assimilated to them in the perception of the ruling class. However, when, after Leuctra, the Spartans lost their military dominance in the Peloponnese and were forced to accept the Theban imposition of a free Messenia with a new capital, it can well be assumed that they certainly did not do so willingly. Isocrates, in the oration “to Archidamus”, confirms this thesis [7]. But what does this situation have to do with the interpretation of krypteia? Well, some scholars have advanced the thesis that the alleged incompatibility between the versions of Plato and Aristotle is nothing more than the indication of an evolution undergone by the institute over time. If, in fact, throughout Spartan history it was nothing more than a military training practice, a final test which young warriors had to undergo at the end of the period of preparation for entry into active citizenship, after the defeat of Leuctra, the loss of Messenia and the liberation of its inhabitants, became something substantially different. The Spartans never completely resigned themselves to the loss of Messenia. «The Spartans did not make peace with the Messenians, because the Messenians were helots. The Spartans were at war with the Messenians: in the Spartan view this was a war against the helots” [8]. A war, however, which due to the current conditions of the 4th century. B.C. it could not be fought, at least in enemy territory. But which, on the other hand, could be replaced by the one fought within one’s own territory against the helots still available. On an almost ritual level, the victims of the krypteiai served to symbolically renew the submission of all the helots (including the Messenians) to Sparta, and to remind the younger generations (called to physically carry out the actions) of their duty to continue the war until the lost territories are regained.
War was part of Sparta’s nature. The glory of the ancestors came from the war, the stories, the examples, the warnings addressed to the young were full of the war. The role of citizen and that of warrior were in fact indistinguishable in the Spartan perspective. And we had to return to the war if we didn’t want to die.
[7]. See M. Nafissi, “Krypteiai spartane”, pag. 220. The text of Isocrates’ Archidamus, in its English translation, can be consulted here: https://bit.ly/2RRUO3r. See in particular paragraphs 28, 86-87 and 96. [8]. See M. Nafissi, “Krypteiai spartane”, pag. 222.
Capitoline Museums Rome Attic red-figure goblet with an athlete drawing water from a well Painter ONESIMOS (ΟΝΉΣΙΜΟΣ) 5th century BC
After eliminating all the brigands, thieves and monstrous murderers who had infested the road from Troezen to Attica, Theseus was able to enter Athens, where Aegeus still reigned, who after so many years seemed to have forgotten the story of Pittaeus, of Aethra, of the sword and of the sandals. He had welcomed Medea into his palace, who he then married, always driven by the desire to secure an heir. Medea had given him a son who could one day become the successor to the throne of Athens. Medea, unlike Aegeus, had not forgotten Aethra and her son and was on her guard, fearing that one day he would show up boasting of his origins and legitimate role as king. As soon as he arrived in Athens, in fact, Theseus immediately made headlines. While he was admiring a temple under construction, dedicated to Apollo, he was addressed with offensive words by the construction workers. In response, the hero lifted and threw a cart pulled by an ox which had been used to transport construction material over the temple. Those men were struck by the gesture and it was immediately known throughout the city. Even Medea, realizing that Theseus had arrived in Athens, attempted an extreme gesture: she turned to Egeus telling him that a stranger with a rather singular appearance and threatening attitude had shown up; so he warned the king, making him suspicious of the newcomer’s intentions. If the foreigner had been a spy, Egeo would have had to eliminate him without attracting too much attention. Medea convinced him to invite him to a banquet: she would provide the rest. With a poisonous herb she prepared a mixture to put in the guest’s wine to eliminate him. Once at the table Theseus took out the sword, which his father had hidden many years before, to cut the portions of the ox that had been placed on the table in honor of him. When Egeus saw that sword he recognized it and remembered everything, so he overturned the cup of poisoned wine and hugged his son. He had therefore found a son who came from the past, but he also knew that Theseus would not have forgiven Medea for the danger of the poison. So he convinced her to sneak away before the hero could take revenge on her. Medea, with her son Medus, wrapped in a fairy cloud, moved away from Athens forever. The dangers were not over yet: it was in fact the turn of Pallas and his fifty sons. He considered Aegeus a usurper, but, knowing that his descent was unlikely, he had put up with it while waiting to become king of Athens in his turn. Suspicious about the arrival of that newcomer welcomed so affectionately by the king, he thought that there was a link between Aegeus and Theseus; if this were true, all his hopes could vanish at any moment, and so he prepared a plan to eliminate the young man. He divided the group of his sons into two groups: he himself, in command of twenty-five of them, headed towards the city threateningly with the intention of taking Theseus by surprise and killing him. The other group, however, would have stopped in a place called Gargetto to set up an ambush for Theseus in case he managed to escape the first attack. But this plan, apparently flawless, did not achieve the desired results because the archer Leo warned Theseus that in this way he managed to overcome his opponents. Pallas and the survivors had to surrender to Theseus and invoke his mercy. But, having learned that it was Leo who had warned the hero, they promised in their hearts that they would take revenge and swore eternal hatred for his lineage too. By now Theseus enjoyed the full approval of the king, who had recognized him as his son.
Vase – 450 – 430 BC Theseus, wearing the petasus and chlamys, takes leave of Egeus. The Athenian king is on the far left, wearing tapeworm and cloak and holding a staff. To the right of Theseus, Medea and a warrior, Forbas, with a large shield. Behind her the warrior Aethra, mother of Theseus, with chiton and cloak that also wraps her head. All the characters represented are indicated by inscriptions in purple red, which have almost completely disappeared. It was precisely from this kylix that the personality of an painter Athenian painter around the middle of the 5th century BC, was identified. His production is exclusively limited to a series of kylikes, mostly decorated with mythological and heroic subjects of Attic theme. Civic Archaeological Museum of Bologna
Metopa raffigurante Teseo dal “Tesoro degli Ateniesi” (inizio del VI sec.a.C.) Museo di Delfi.
Il tempio di Teseo ad Atene (469-465 a.C.)
GREEK MARRIAGE BOILER
height 51.1 cm, 430-420 BC, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
The bath of the bride and groom was an integral part of the wedding ritual, because it marked the end of one phase of their lives and the beginning of a new one. Besides, purification with water before any contact with the goddesses was a tradition for the Greeks. The water for the wedding bath was drawn from a specific source and in Athens – more specifically – it came from the Enneakrouno. The vessel for his transport was the bath-boat. The subject of the bride’s bath is depicted more often than the groom’s, but the scene is summed up in the procession to or from the fountain.
In the belly of the vessel the bride sits on a difro, resting her feet on a footstool and with both hands plays a harp, suggesting the songs that were heard during the bride’s preparation. One of the following approaches from behind, holding a luthophoro, a vessel used mainly at weddings to carry water for the wedding bath.
Three women approach the bride holding wedding gifts in boxes. On the other side of the vase two women offer boxes of gifts. Beneath the handles are depicted winged women who may be Nikes denoting the triumphant power of beauty or may represent deities of the Underworld associated with fertility.
The ribbons or branches they carry represent the divine blessing they bring to the bride. Since the bride does not wear a veil and crown and is not clothed, it leads us to the conclusion that the “mansions” are depicted, one day after the wedding feast and the bridal procession. During this time, the bride would welcome friends and family to her new home and receive their gifts, textiles, baskets, trunks, compasses, mirrors, etc…….
ART IMAGES FROM MUSEUMS – Art images from museums · Hydria: the queen of vases – 4th century BC – from Cuma, province of Naples – h 65.5 cm – State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia – purchased from the collection of Marquis G. Campana in 1862 This large hydria, widely known as “Regina Vasorum”, is one of the finest examples of ancient Greek pottery. Almost the entire surface of the egg-shaped body of the vase is covered with black lacquer. The edge is decorated with a golden band of ovules. The lacquered body, with the exception of a narrow band, is decorated with vertical ribs, thus recalling the finish of metal vases.
1) The narrow band on the body shows griffins, lions and panthers, all in relief. However, the most important decoration of the vase is a relief composition showing the Eleusinian deities. We see Rhea, mother of the Olympian gods; the goddess of the Underworld Hecate holding a torch; the young Dionysus holding a thyrsus;
2) The goddess of agriculture and fertility Demeter; Athena sitting on a rock;
Silver bucket with FEMALE scene (WOMEN, bathing or in spa) – h 27 cm – from HERCULANEUM – 2nd–3rd century AD – NATIONAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM OF NAPLES Cosmetics were stored in terracotta containers, glass jars or containers made of various materials like this silver cosmetic jar from Herculaneum.by Art images from museums.
SECCHIO in ARGENTO con scena FEMMINILE (DONNE al BAGNO o alle TERME) – h 27 cm – da ERCOLANO – II-III secolo d.C. – MUSEO ARCHEOLOGICO NAZIONALE DI NAPOLI I COSMETICI VENIVANO conservati6 in contenitori di terracotta, barattoli di vetro o contenitori di vari materiali come questo vaso per cosmetici in argento proveniente da ERCOLANO. by Immagini d’arte dai musei.
MAGNA GRAECIA
ΑΡΓΥΡΟΣ ΚΟΥΒΆΣ με σκηνή ΓΥΝΑΙΚΕΊΟΥ (ΓΥΝΑΊΚΕΣ, που κάνουν ΜΠΆΝΙΟ ή στο ΣΠΑ) – h 27 cm – ΑΠΌ ΤΟ HERCULANEUM = ΗΡΑΚΛΕΙΟN – 2ος–3ος ΑΙΏΝΑΣ μ.Χ. – ΕΘΝΙΚΌ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΌ ΜΟΥΣΕΊΟ ΝΆΠΟΛΗΣ Τα καλλυντικά αποθηκεύονταν σε δοχεία από τερακότα, γυάλινα βάζα ή δοχεία από διάφορα υλικά όπως αυτό το ασημένιο καλλυντικό βάζο της HERCULANEUM. by ΕΙΚΌΝΕΣ ΤΈΧΝΗΣ ΑΠΌ ΜΟΥΣΕΊΟ
Capitoline Museums Rome Carved medallion: priestess making libation before a statuette of Apollo standing on a column Gold and carnelian
Capitoline Museums Rome The restored statue of POTHOS, as AOLLO Kitharodos Original of Scopas (4th century BC)
Capitoline Museums Rome Statue of a young Centaur with the signature of ARISTEAS and Papias 117-138 AD From TIVOLI, HADRIAN`S villa The sculpture, in dark gray marble, is signed by ARISTEAS and PAPIAS, artists from APHRODISIAS**, the ancient Greek city in IONIA (=ΙΩΝΙΑ=Todays ‘Asia Minor’), seat of a school of able students of traditional-classical Greek works, some of whom, in the last decades of the 1st century AD .BC in Rome, where emperors and private individuals could provide them with continuous and well-paid work. The largest number of known sculptures date from the time of Hadrian (2nd century AD), including the Capitoline Centaurs. These are well-known statues for the mastery of the construction and the rarity of the material, a precious marble extracted from the quarries of Cape Kavo Tainaro in Laconia. Anatomical details and variation in the rendering of facial features combine to differentiate the age and emotions of the Centaurs: the young is happy and joyful, the old is tired and suffering. The search for metallic effects in the rendering of the hair, beard and tail, from which the origin of bronze prototypes is conjectured, is evident.APHRODISIAS**=ΑΦΡΟΔΟΣΙΑΣ(/æfrəˈdɪsiəs/; Ancient Greek: Ἀφροδισιάς, romanized: Aphrodisiás) wasONE OF small ancient Greek Hellenistic cities in the historic CARIA cultural region of western Asia Minor, today’s Anatolia in Turkey.
(5th century BC). Sculptor. He probably came from Boeotia and settled in Athens. He was one of the most important sculptors, mainly coppersmiths, of the time BEFORE PHAEDIAS. His sculpture covers the period from 470 to about 440 BC, thus marking the transition from the austere rhythm to the mature classical art of the second half of the 5th century. Information about his art exists in ancient written sources and possible depictions of his sculptures on ancient coins or miniature works, as well as from Roman times. Pausanias cites as his most famous works the horses and mounted teenagers of Deinomenes’ dedication at Olympia (466-464 BC), for the construction of which he collaborated with Onatas of Aeginitis, the Ram-bearing Hermes of Tanagra (c. 450 BC), the colossal bronze Apollo of Apollonia of the Black Sea (mid-5th century BC) that was transferred in the 1st century e.g. in Rome and erected in the Capitol, the Aphrodite of the Propylaea of the Acropolis of Athens (c. 445), Apollo Alexikacus in Kerameikos, Zeus Ammons, dedication of Pindar to Thebes (c. 440), Hermione, dedication of the Lacedaemonians at Delphi , the marble statue of Dionysus in Tanagra, the chryselephant statue of Asclepius in Corinth, the bronze statue of Alcmene, etc. The statue of Sosandra, mentioned with admiration by Lucian, was probably the work of a younger Kalamis, a 4th century sculptor. e.g. Despite the fact that K. remained committed to the principles of strict rhythm, it seems that he gave the works of his maturity fluidity and grace, elements that were highly valued by the ancients.)
A P O L L O OF OMPHALOS, by the sculptor CALAMIS**=Κ ΑΛ Α Μ Ι Σ (480-460 BC) Dimensions: 181 cm Capitoline Museums Rome
WOMAN PLAYING THE LYRE. RED WINE-TERRACOTTA ATTICA PER. 490-480 BC.
Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Harvard University – DSC01548
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OINOCHOI – vessel typical of ancient Greek pottery, used for pouring wine (less often water). It was a kind of jug with an oval belly and a clearly divided neck ending in a characteristic trefoil spout. it had a tall, bulky vise, twisted high above the mouth, (the name comes from the Greek oinos – wine and heo – pour).
HERACLES AND CERBERUS….
ATTIKOS “DIGLOSSOS” AMPHOREAS, 520-515 BC.
ATTRIBUTED TO THE PAINTER ANDOKIDES…
LOUVRE PARIS MUSEUM…
HERACLES IS DEPICTED IN THE UNDERWORLD, WHILE TRYING TO TAME CERBERUS...
THE HERO IS ATTENDED BY THE PROTECTOR OF THE GODS, ATHENA.
JEWELERY…
THE ANCIENT JEWELLERY WAS CALLED PYXIS/ΠΥΞΙΣ(=COMPASS) AND WOMEN KEPT JEWELRY AND COSMETICS THERE..IT HAD INSTRUCTIONS AND GAVE ITS NAME TO THE NAVAL COMPASS…
A pyxis is a wooden or ceramic ancient Greek vessel, cylindrical in shape, with a lid. Women usually put their cosmetics or jewelry there. In other words, it was a vessel that played the same role as a present-day cosmetic box or a jewelry box. The nautical compass got its name from the similarity in shape to the ancient vessel.
One of the most interesting ancient Greek compasses is today in the National Museum in Warsaw. It is an Attic vase of the 4th century BC. which has a hand depicted on its lid.
The ancient pyxis. The fingers are thin
and the hand is probably female. It is a rare case in Attic vase painting where the subject is not decorative, but used as a practical guide: it shows the owner of the compass how to open the lid! Corresponding symbols exist today on many packages for how to open them!
Photo Compass of the Archaic period 470 BC- 460 BC. Performance from the weddings of Peleus and Thetis. Louvre Museum.
THE NIOBIDE CRATER … CALYCOTOS** CRATER OF THE “NIOBIDE PAINTER”: APOLLO AND ARTEME KILLING THE CHILDREN OF NIOBES 460-450 BC. PARIS, LOUVRE
The best-known example of a red-figure vase decorated with representations showing the influence of the great painting is a cupped krater from Orvieto in central Italy (Etruria), now in the Louvre Museum (fig. 190), dating to the decade 460-450 BC. X.
On one side of this crater, the killing of the sons and daughters of Niobe by Apollo and Artemis is depicted, and for this reason the vase painter who created the representation is called the “painter of the Niobides”. According to the myth, Niobe, daughter of Tantalus, married Amphion from Thebes and had seven sons and seven daughters.
Proud as she was, Niobe once boasted of her many children to Leto, who had only two. Enraged by the insult, Leto asked her own children, Apollo and Artemis, to punish Niobe and they killed her children with their arrows. Only one of Niobe’s sons and one of her daughters survived.
In the center of the scene of the killing of the Niobids in the crater of the Louvre, Apollo and Artemis are shown shooting the children of Niobe; two of them try in vain to escape, while two others, a boy and a girl, are already lying dead on the ground. The scene takes place in a rocky mountain landscape, where a tree can be seen. The irregularities of the ground are clearly visible from the position of the dead Niovids lying on the ground and from the movement of those running to escape. On the other side of the crater is depicted a multi-faced scene, in which various heroes of mythology appear who are difficult to identify; one at the bottom of the representation is lying down and rising, another beside him is seated and the rest are standing.
Only two figures are identified with certainty, Athena and Heracles, who is depicted in the center of the composition. The overall interpretation of the scene remains enigmatic. The different positions and the bold perspective foreshortening of the figures as well as their placement at different levels within the space are elements that refer to the important innovations of the great painting of the first half of the 5th century BC, mentioned by ancient authors, connecting them, as we have seen, with Polygnotos and Mykonos. It is therefore very possible, as they have already assumed, that the “painter of the Niovides”, when he painted this crater, had as his models frescoes or paintings by these two painters and especially by Polygnotos. How much the Athenian vase painters of the mid-5th BC admired Polygnotos. century can also be seen from the fact that three of them took his name and signed their works that way.
KALYKOTOS** (from the word KALYX) = cover, cover, wrist, in use only on flowers and fruits, case of the seeds of …
CRATER LEFKANIC RED MORPHOSIS HELICATE CRATER 410-400 BC. IT IS ATTRIBUTED TO THE PAINTER OF THE CARNIES..DIONYSUS WITH HIS FOLLOWERS IS DEPICTED… Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Taranto.
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CLAY PUMP(KYMBI**)….. LONG OPEN VASE WITH WRITTEN MULTICOLORED DECORATION OF GOATS IN A LANDSCAPE WITH RICH VEGETATION ON ONE SIDE AND DOLPHINS IN A SEA LANDSCAPE ON THE OTHER… AKROTIRI THIRAS(SANTORINE) LATE CYCLADE PERIOD …NATIONAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM….
**KYMBI=ΚΥΜΒΗ, IS A CHARACTERISTIC TYPE OF THERAIC(From SANTORINI) POTTERY, ALTHOUGH THE EXACT USE OF THE VESSEL IS NOT KNOWN…. -.. THE TERM “CATACOMB” IS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK PREPOSITION KATA=DOWN, AGAINST AND THE LATIN WORD CUMBA, WHICH IN ITS TURN COMES FROM THE GREEK KYΜΒΗ/KYMBI, MEANING: 1) AMPHORA CAVITY, CUP, VESSEL. 2) A KIND OF BOAT MADE FROM A HOLLOWED-OUT TREE TRUNK….
GEOMETRIC DIPYLOUS AMPHORE…… The Amphora of Dipylus is the most important vase of the geometric era and one of the most famous works of ancient Greek ceramic and vase art. Its maker is known by the conventional name Angiograph of Dipylos. HISTORY OF ITS DISCOVERY… It was found in 1891 during the archaeological excavations directed by Valerios Stais at the Dipylos of Keramikos. DESCRIPTION The vase is entirely decorated with successive parallel horizontal friezes of geometric decoration of meanders and rhombuses. The main frieze contains two images flanked by two small handles. Contains a total of 19 human silhouettes. The image on the front is longer than the image on the back. It is flanked by two small vertical meanders. It depicts a performance of intention and mourning of a dead woman, as we infer from the skirt she wears. She is placed on a horizontal bed with a funeral sheet. In front of the bed two kneeling women to the right mourn, while to the right a man and a woman sit on a chair to the left who also mourn. Even further to the right are five women, and two men also mourning, while a child touches the bed of the deceased with his hand. To the left of the bed are six other women and a child who are mourning, while the child also touches the bed with his hand. The men are distinguished by the sword and knife they wear at the waist. The representation on the reverse is flanked by two large stars. The neck of the vase contains two representations of grazing deer and resting goats. ARTISTIC INTERPRETATION …. The chest of the people is shaped like a triangle, from which the arms of the mourners form an extension. Palms and fingers are depicted only when they have some special significance to the scene depicted. The hands and fingers of the dead manifest the lifeless body. Between the human silhouettes are placed decorative elements that visually connect the scene with the entire decoration of the vase, thus forming a bridge between the geometric shapes and the human scene. The decorative elements on the belly and neck of the vase are of excellent quality. They serve to further emphasize the shape of the vessel. In the center of the neck of the vase, as well as on its shoulders and in the center of the belly we notice a double meander, an invention of the Angiographer of Dipylos. Another important innovation is the deer friezes, perhaps of Eastern influence with a gold foil pattern. INTERPRETATION …. The amphora marked a female grave, while a monumental krater was placed in male graves. HISTORICAL LOCATION…… It is dated to the Late Geometric era, 760-750 BC. The workshop of the Angiographer of Dipylos had specialized in the manufacture of this monumental vase. The Pottographer of Dipylos may have been the potter of this vase at the same time. The Dipylos is of later construction. The vessel may have been moved there from somewhere else after the destruction of the city in 490 BC. and placed in the place where it was found.
CENTAUR FIGHTS/ CENTAUROMACHIA = ΚΕΝΤΑΥΡΟΜΑΧΙΑ. Red-faced Deinos of Apulia – Battle scenes of Lapiths and Centaurs – late 4th century. BC. – Jatta National Museum, Ruvo di Puglia, Bari, Italy Lapiti (gr. Lapithai) Mythical people of Thessaly, famous for the battle with the Centaurs. The latter, invited by Peirithos, king of L. to his wedding banquet with Hippodamea, which was drunk with wine, did not respect either the bride or the Lapith girls. In the terrible fight that followed the Centaurs were slaughtered. The myth is represented among others on the western pediment of the temple of Zeus in Olympia. Art images from museums
ARCHESTRATOS – THE ANCIENT GREEK POET AND PHILOSOPHER FROM SYRACUSE FATHER OF GASTRONOMY nine years of light
In addition to the high arts of Rhetoric, Poetry, Philosophy and Architecture, Ancient Greece also gave birth to the high art of Gastronomy. The most circumstantial proof of this is the word “gastronomy” which comes from the Greek “gastir” and “nomos”, i.e. “the laws of the stomach”. As the cradle of gastronomy, Greece laid the foundations of the culture of taste and influenced the culinary culture of many countries since 400 BC. Thus, on the international menu we often find dishes with a Greek influence and this is because many nations embraced the Greek culinary philosophy and art, because, among other things, it is healthy and delicious. The Ancient Roots of Greek Cuisine The Ancient Greek poet, philosopher and gastronomist Archestratos is considered the father of Gastronomy. Born in Syracuse in the 4th century BC, he was the man who laid the foundations of the philosophy of cooking.
He is said to have been a gourmand of the time, who traveled the Mediterranean, tasting food and recording recipes. In his famous poem “Idypathia” he reveals to us the secrets of ancient Greek cuisine, devoting chapters to the Greek diet. Only 300 verses have survived from his specific poetic work, in which he nevertheless records the rules of the Greek diet and presents the “Savoir Manger”.
According to Archestratos, the 5 golden rules of eating are as follows:
Using simple, pure products produced by nature.
Harmony of materials between them, so that one does not overlap the aromas and flavors of the other.
No heavy sauces and hot ingredients.
Use of light sauces for greater pleasure on the palate.
Seasoning with the well-known Greek measure and discipline, so as not to disturb the harmony of flavors and aromas.
The Ancient Greeks didn’t just eat for survival, but also to enjoy, feel pleasure, communicate and philosophize about cooking. Another indication regarding the consideration of cooking as a high art, equal to the rest of the arts, in Ancient Greece, was that it was practiced only by men, who at that time held the reins in the practice of the high arts and saw gastronomy as a spiritual good.
Red-Figure Lekythos (Oil Vessel): Athena Slaying Giant (body); Satyr between Maenads (shoulder), c. 490 BC. Shoulder attributed to Berlin Painter (Greek, Attic, active c. 505–460 BC), body attributed to Painter of Goluchow 37 (Greek, Attic, active c. 490–460 BC). Ceramic; diameter: 14.1 cm (5 9/16 in.); diameter of mouth: 8.7 cm (3 7/16 in.); overall: 38 cm (14 15/16 in.); diameter of foot: 10 cm (3 15/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund 1978.59
The two separate areas of figural decoration on this vase have been attributed to different painters: the small satyr and maenads on the shoulder to the Berlin Painter; and the larger figures of Athena and the slain Giant Enkelados on the body to the Painter of Goluchow 37. Scholars have named these two painters, whose actual names remain unknown, after other vases they have painted, now in Berlin and Warsaw. The victory of Athena and the Olympian gods over the Giants has been interpreted as a metaphor for the Greek victory over the Persians around the time this vase was made. Thus, although Enkelados appears as a fully armed warrior, he falls in utter and complete defeat—bleeding from multiple wounds, eyes rolling back, sword dropping from his hand.
Douris was a most versatile painter, creating scenes of great delicacy, as on the Atalanta lekythos (1966.114), and scenes of great power, as here. In the mythological War of the Gods and Giants (Gigantomachy), Athena slays the giant Enkelados with her spear. He reels backward, his eyes rolling skyward. The giant’s broken spear is a beautiful compositional bridge between the two figures. This scene may depict the victory of the Greeks (represented by Athena) over the Persians (represented by the Giant) at Marathon in 490 BC
The Sun of Vergina is a symbol that was widely used by Ancient Greeks. It became famous due to the Macedonians who were using it as Symbol of the Argead Dynasty. –The Royal house of Macedon: vergina sun philip The typical Sun of Vergina is a 16-pointed Sun. It can also be found in other styles: 12-pointed or 8-pointed. What was the meaning of this symbol?? –In the typical 16-pointed Sun , the 4 rays represent the 4 elements: Earth-Ocean-Fire-Air. The other 12 rays represent the 12 Gods of Olympus.You can see the explanation in the following animation :
–In every form, the Sun of Vergina symbolized Virginity: Goddess Athena was a Virgin, so this Sun was associated with her. We can also find this symbol associated with Apollo. –All the versions (16,12 and 8-pointed Sun) are associated with another famous Greek symbol, the “Delphian Epsilon”, symbol of Apollo:
The Sun of Vergina became common art design in coins, craters, wall-drawings etc LONG BEFORE the Macedonian royal house (the Argead Dynasty) used it. After the unification of the Greek (Hellenic) nation under the leadership of Alexander the Great, the Sun of Vergina became the symbol of the Hellenic Ethnogenesis. In the following replies, you will be able to see some pieces of Ancient Greek art containing the Sun of Vergina, BEFORE THE RISE OF THE GREEK KINGDOM OF MACEDONIA. These sun symbols are found in various Greek places, apart from Macedonia. Moreover, there will be a small historical flashback, in order to see the evolution of this symbol throught the ages : 2000 BC: This is the time where ancient Greeks first started using the Sun symbol. It was not standardized yet, it was a early form of the Sun of Vergina:
780BC: The Sun of Vergina has been standardized. The following art work shows the destruction of Troy. We can clearly see the Sun symbol in the warrior’s hump. It was found in Mykonos island :
The following images are just a small sample, showing the wide usage of the Sun of Vergina in Greek Art: Spartan Hoplite – 780 BC:
Spartan Amphoreus – It dates from the 6th century BC, that is, well before Macedonia’s later dominance in the Greek world. In this fine example of ancient pottery, the Sunburst here is not just an incidental decorative motif but rather constitutes the central theme. Its appearance on this household item from distant Sparta, at such an early date, is one of the most compelling pieces of evidence for the panhellenic nature of this ancient symbol. In addition, this item perhaps alludes to a more specific connection between Sparta and her Dorian cousin of the north. This vase can now be found in the Louvre Museum, Paris. 6th Century BC:
An amphora from the Pontus region (the southern shore of the Black Sea) dating from the second half of the sixth century BC. Priam and the god Hermes lead Hera, Athena and Aphrodite to Paris whose task will be to decide which of these goddesses is the most beautiful. According to the legend each of these goddesses made offers to Paris so that they might win the contest. Hera promised to make him ruler of the world, Athena vowed that he would never be vanquished in battle. Paris eventually chose Aphrodite as she promised him the love of Helen, the most beautiful mortal woman in the world. The Trojan War was a direct result of this fateful contest: Exekias was a famous vase-painter and potter of ancient Athens. The scene on this page, from an amphora of the third quarter of the 6th century BC (now at the National Museum of Athens), is one of his most famous works. It is considered one of the finest surviving examples of ‘Black Figure’ vase painting.
Achilles and Ajax, two major Greek heroes of Homer’s Iliad are depicted here relaxing over a game of dice during a lull in the fighting. Achilles has just won; he has just thrown a ‘four’ while Ajax has to accept a ‘three’: Third Quarter of the 6th century BC: Achilles and Ajax The cloaks of both these Homeric figures are studded with numerous 8-ray Sunbursts. The return of Hephestus– 560 BC:
Below is a pyxis (box-like vase) from the second half of the 6th century BC signed by the prolific Athenian potter Nikosthenes. It depicts the hero Herakles with the Gods of Olympus. The seal on the lid of this vessel features the familiar 16-ray Sunburst. Like the garments of Achilles and Ajax on the Exekias vase, the clothes of one of the figures on the front of the pyxis is also adorned with sunbursts: Athena and Hermes– 540 BC heracles olympians pyxis Athena and hermes
Heracles and Lernaia Hydra- 525 BC:
Odyseus blinds the Cyclop, Magna Grecia- 520 BC:
Greek Amphoreus, Magna Grecia– 500 BC
Heracles- Olympia- 500 BC:
Goddess Athena– 5th century BC:
Hades-the Greek underworld– 5th century BC:
An Athenian citizen-soldier of about 450 BC. He is wearing a linen cuirass (body armour), a style which had largely replaced cuirasses made of bronze by about the middle of the 6th century BC:
The shoulder pieces of his cuirass are decorated with 8-ray Sunbursts. The grotesque face of the Gorgon Medusa, a very common Greek symbol and one of the attributes of the goddess Athena, hangs on his chest. Heracles and Athena, 480 BC:
Another Attic vase (dated c. 480 BC), shows a warrior wearing an ΅Attic’ helmet and carrying a large, decorated shield. A sixteen-ray sunburst adorns the shoulder piece that is visible: – c. 480 BC:
The shoulder pieces of yet another hoplite from an Athenian vase of 450 BC above), are likewise decorated with 8-ray Sunbursts. This scene captures the solemn mood of the hoplite warrior’s departure for battle. He is shown clasping his father’s hand while his wife (or mother) carries a phiale (cup) which will be used for the ritual libation of farewell: 450 BC:
Inside the temple of Nemesis in Thamnous– 436 BC:
Ancient Greek hoplites, Museum of Napoli, 400 BC:
The Legent of godess Dimitra-400BC:
Canos Vase –400 BC:
Detail of Canos Vase- The Persian king Darius, seated on his throne, holds a Council of War and decides to invade Greece. Below him are Persians bearing tribute. Above Darius are the Gods of Olympus. Among them, flanked by Zeus and Athena, is a female figure, a personification of Greece [Hellas] herself. Athena has placed her arm on Greece and together with Zeus appears to be consoling her in view of her impending struggle and tribulations (see Canosa vase detail below): Two 16-ray Sunbursts complete the line-up of Greece and the Hellenic pantheon while a further two Sunbursts appear
Greek Hoplite vs Persian Soldier, 4th century BC:
The Greek hero Perseus:
Fourth century BC Athena Promahos Three youths in battles one of whom carries a shield emblazoned with the Sunburst:
An epaulette depicting a sunburst. epaullete On Greek Shields and Helmets The shields of ancient Greek hoplites (heavy infantry) invariably bore a symbolic design known as the episema, which had a ritual or heraldic significance. Surviving representations of these devices attest to a vast diversity of design and inspiration. Although often unique to the individual, (a phenomenon resulting in a plethora of emblems: roosters, lions, tripods, gorgons, birds, bulls, serpents, boars etc), whole armies often presented a uniform design. Such was the case of SpartaΆs soldiers who were easily recognizable by the legendary Lambda (‘Λ’: the Greek ‘L’, the first letter of ‘Lacedaimonia’, the land of the Spartans) on their shields, in addition to their scarlet cloaks. At least two of the hoplites competing in the armed foot-race from a Greek amphora of the 4th century BC (below), carry shields featuring a solar episema. Athletic contests were held in honour of the gods at Greek festivals. The armed foot-race was a very popular event, so much so, that 25 shields were on hand at Olympia for the use of the contestants. A Panathenaic amphora by Nikomachos from the same period (not shown) likewise depicts three nude warriors racing, two of whom carry shields emblazoned with Sunbursts.
Nudity in battle, as depicted on this late classical Athenian wine-jug (below), was an artistic convention designed to distinguish Greek from barbarian. Greek warriors never actually fought without body armour; nor did they hunt in this way as the famous painting by Gnosis of Alexander hunting would have us believe. A Greek hoplite is here engaged in battle against three Persians (not all of whom are visible). This scene reflects the growing confidence felt by Greeks in the wake of their defeat of Persia in the early 5th century and XenophonΆs successful Persian venture in the early 4th century BC. The Greek hoplite proudly carries a shield adorned with the evidently quite common Sunburst episema:
An Attic red figure krater now in the Antikenmuseum (in Basle, Switzerland; not shown) depicts a scene from the Amazonomachy, the mythical battle between Theseus and his Athenians against the invading Amazons. Significantly, one of the Athenian warriors engaged in the melee, who is also fighting in ?heroic nudity?, holds a shield with a 16-ray Sunburst. The ‘Polygnotos’ stamnos (445-430 BC; below) dealing with the same theme, shows Theseus himself carrying a shield decorated with a Sunburst. [A combat scene from an amphora painted by the so-called Suessula Painter (c. 400 BC; not shown) likewise depicts a Greek soldier carrying a shield decorated with a somewhat faded yet still discernible Sunburst].
An early krater from Magna Graecia from the last quarter of the fifth century BC painted by the so-called Sisyphus Painter incorporates a number of different scenes. Horse riders are apparently engaged in a race in the top-most scene. Women are shown playing musical instruments in the middle, while the bottom scene has the legendary battle between the Centaurs and the Lapiths as its theme. One of the Lapith warriors is carrying a large shield with a distinct 16-ray Sunburst episema…
EARLY CORITHIAN ALABASTRON DEPICTING TWO CONFLICTING ROOSTER…
AROUND 625-600 BC
MUSEUM OF CYCLADE ART Athens N.P. Goulandris Collection 1062.
ATTICA black-figured AMPHORA. Minute style, with large number of white embroidered rosettes. Designs black on red panels with borders of lotus and honeysuckle along the top; accessories of white and purple. In the centre is ZEUS seated to RIGHT, bearded, with long hair, fillet, long purple CHITON and embroidered HIMATION, in left hand a sceptre; underneath his chair, the back of which is recurved in the form of a swan’s head, is a lion walking and looking back to right. He is represented on a larger scale than the other figures. Confronting him is HERMES, bearded, with hair in a club; he wears a petasos, short embroidered chiton, purple chlamys, and endromides; in his left hand is a caduceus, his right is raised as if speaking. Behind him stand two male figures to left holding spears; the first one is bearded, with long hair, long purple chiton and embroidered himation; the other, beardless, with long hair and a short purple chiton. Behind ZEUS are two male figures to right, both beardless, with long hair, holding spears; the first one wears a short embroidered chiton, the second a striped embroidered himation. (b) CONTEST of HERACLES and GERYON: HERACLES stands to RIGHT, in the lion’s skin, which is stippled to show the hair, and short embroidered chiton, with quiver at back and sheath at left side; in his right hand is a sword with which he attacks GERYON. The latter is represented as three warriors united at the hips, all bearded and fully armed; the shield of the middle one has a star of sixteen points as device, that of the right-hand one is painted purple. The left-hand one falls back wounded; he has a chiton with scale-pattern and shield painted purple inside. Behind him is a hawk flying to left. Between the combatants lies EURYTEON prostrate to right; he is bearded, and wears a short purple chiton and greaves, his left hand is extended; his legs are drawn up in agony, and the eye is rendered without the pupil. On the left is ATHENA to right, without helmet, in long CHITON, with DIPLOIDION, embroidered with diaper-pattern, in her left hand a spear. View lessabout description. https://euphoriatric.com/euphoriatric-symbols-historical.
A krater with the Macedonian 16-ray sun (Vergina Sun) from the 6th century BC, that is, well before Macedonia’s later dominance in the Greek world.
In this fine example of ancient pottery, the sunburst here is not just an incidental decorative motif but rather constitutes the central theme. Its appearance on this household item from distant Sparta, at such an early date, is one of the most compelling pieces of evidence for the panhellenic nature of this ancient symbol. In addition, this item perhaps alludes to a more specific connection between Sparta and its Dorian cousin of the north.
In this fine example of ancient pottery, the sunburst here is not just an incidental decorative motif but rather constitutes the central theme. Its appearance on this household item from distant Sparta, at such an early date, is one of the most compelling pieces of evidence for the panhellenic nature of this ancient symbol. In addition, this item perhaps alludes to a more specific connection between Sparta and its Dorian cousin of the north.
Macedonia- Greece THESSALONIKI Born in 352 BC, Thessalonike was the daughter of King Philippos II of Macedon and his wife or concubine, Nicesipolis. Her mother hailed from the Thessalian nobility, and the name “Thessalonike” was bestowed upon her in honor of Philip’s military victory over the Thessalians History links her to three of the most powerful men in Macedon—daughter of King Philip II, half-sister of Alexander the Great and wife of CASSANDER** A popular Greek legend has it that Thessalonike became a mermaid who lived in the Aegean after the death of Alexander. The legend states that Alexander, in his quest for the Fountain of Immortality, retrieved with great exertion a flask of immortal water. In some versions of the story, he used the water to wash his sister’s hair, making her immortal; in others, he forgot to tell her the contents of the flask and so used it to water a wild onion plant. When Alexander died his grief-stricken sister attempted to end her life by jumping into the sea. Instead of drowning, however, she became a mermaid who passes judgment on mariners throughout the centuries and across the seven seas. To the sailors who encounter Thessaloniki, she always poses the same question: “Is king Alexander alive?” (Greek: Is King Alexander alive?), – to which the correct answer would be “He lives and reigns and conquers the world” (Greek: He lives and reigns and conquers the world!). Given this answer, she would allow the ship and her crew to sail safely away in calm seas. Any other answer would transform her into the raging Gorgon bent on sending the ship and every sailor on board to the bottom of the sea.
**ΚΑΣΣΑΝΔΡΟΣ ( CASSANDER FROM THE BERB: ΚΈΚΑΣΜΑΙ (ANCIENT GREEK). KÉKASMAI =“TO SHINE”; EXCEL OVER”) AND ἈΝΉΡ (ANḖR, “MAN ”). IN TURN, THE NAME MEANS “ONE, WHO EXCELS OVER MAN.”
ΚΑΣΣΑΝΔΡA/ CASSANDRA IS AN ANCIENT GREEK FEMININE NAME MEANING “SHINING UPON MAN.” THIS IS AN ENGLISHZED VERSION OF THE GREEK ΚΑΣΣΑΝΔΡA KASSANDRA. A NAME SHARED WITH THE TROJAN PRINCESS, CASANDRA, DAUGHTER OF PRIAMOS AND ECABE AND SHE WAS GIVEN THE GIFT OF PROPHECIES BY APOLLO BUT CURSED SO THAT NO ONE WOULD BELIEVE HER. Macedonia- Greece
“SOLUN” & “SALONIKA”!! ???.. WELL THIIS IS ALBANO-WARDASKIAN NEW NAME OF THESSALONIKE!! !! ….. FACTS: THESSALONIKE=ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟ+ΝΙΚΗ=VICTORY OVER THESSALIANS.. ….THESSALONIKE WAS NAMED LATER THE HALF SISTER OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT…
MAGNA GRAECIA /Lekythos attica a figure nere di provenienza siciliana: Aiace trasporta sulle spalle Achille esanime. Ultimi decenni VI secolo a.C. Staatliche Antikensammlung di Monaco di Baviera
The sling was an ancient weapon, used in hunting, in war, in sport. And it has also been preserved as a children’s toy to this day. Everyone knows the myth recorded in the Bible with the killing of Goliath by David’s sling. Because slings were made of leather, rope, linen or wool, they were very hard to find over time. The most ancient are a pair of woven slings found together with other weapons in the tomb of Tutankhamun (died 1325 BC) to accompany him on the hunt. Another one was found in 1914 in the area of Fayoum, 800 BC. But the projectiles used in the slings have been found. The first appearance of the sling due to the projectiles found, is the first time around 10,000 BC. The projectiles were very effective in war, because they hit the opponents, seriously injuring them, reaching even to the bones. They even reached the speed of 60 km per hour. In the Greek area, mainly in the Aegean, spherical, oval and amphiconical stone and clay sling projectiles have been found in settlements of the Neolithic and Chalcolithic eras. (Sesklos, Dimini, Naxos, Rhodes etc.). Also found in the Bronze Age were two lead pointed projectiles in a pit under the SE side of the palace of Knossos (Evans). The first depiction of slingers is found on the well-known silver “siege cry” (1st comment) from pit tomb IV of burial enclosure A of Mycenae (1550-1500 BC), where slingers together with archers, club-bearers and satellites attempt a siege of a city (in the National Archaeological Museum, Athens). In the black figure amphora of the photograph from the collection of the British Museum in London, (14233163659), Hercules is depicted killing the Stymphalian hens with a slingshot. In classical Greece there were battalions of slingers under the “small” (lightly armed), which were made up of slaves. The use of the sling continued by the Macedonians and in Hellenistic times and the Romans. They were mostly leaden with pointed ends or like a branch with leaves on both sides. In the lead projectiles that have been found, we notice that there are inscriptions usually embossed and not engraved (Glandes inscriptae, inscribed projectiles). Inscriptions were used for the first time in the 5th century BC. in GREECE. Their use continued into the early Roman Imperial period. They carved the clay matrix where the pencil was poured, so the inscriptions came out in relief. Some also had embossed figures related to something that causes pain: Wasp, snake, arrow, trident, lightning… As for the inscriptions, apart from the more usual ones with the name of the owner or the city, they also had playful and threatening messages, such as : “trogalion” (eat as a sweet snack), or “dexai” lave” (party!), “fire” (to hell!), papai (oh!) etc. Among the projectiles of Roman times it has been found in the countryside of Montiglia , of the autonomous community of Andalusia, 49 km from Córdoba, a pointed lead lead projectile (of the 2nd commentary) 4.5 cm long, 2 cm wide and 1.7 cm high. Weighs 71.1 grams . It bears two inscriptions, reliefs that read: IPSCA and CAES. IPSCA (modern Baena) was an Iberian and then Roman city in the province of Baetica in central Andalusia. Contributensis Ipscensis, in the province of Córdoba. It is the first toponym of any city in Roman Spain ever found written on a slingshot.CAES stands for Gaius Julius Caesar. The city of Ipsca supported Caesar and provided him with “munitions”, such as lead missiles. So he wrote on it that she was Caesar’s sponsor. Probably in 48-45 BC. she also sent her own men to reinforce Caesar’s army in view of his clash with Pompey’s sons, in the last battle of the civil war with Caesar victorious, the so-called “Battle of Munda” (as the entire Iberian peninsula was then called) in 48-45 BC, in the area where the projectile was found. Thus, this find also determined the place of the battle, which had not been determined, but was generally called the “Battle of Munda, (of Spain).
I AM FASCINATED BY THE BARBARIAN IGNORANT AND ARROGANT ONES..FROM PSEVDO”HISTORIANS”, “SCHOLARS”, GEOPOLITICAL SCAMBUGS, CRIMINAL “POLITICIANS”, IDIOTS WITH LOW “EDUCATION”, LOW IQ…,, JEALOUSY – ENVY ONLY ONES WITH LOW IQ, OR HEAVY INFERIORITY COMPLEX TOWARDS THE ORIGINAL HIGH LEVEL UNIQUE CULTURE DO ACT THIS WAY!.. DO THEY MEAN SERIOUSLY??!! ……. THAT FIRST WERE NAMES AS:… “ALEKSANDAR”, PERIANDAR, MENANDAR, MEANDAR, LEANDAR, ANAXIMANDAR…??? ETC.
.... DO THEY. REALLY MEAN. THAT??, …. IT SOUNDS LIKE THE ORIGINAL ANCIENT GREEK MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE (NAMES AND WORDS., SCIENCE, ASTRONOMY, THRATERS, MATHEMATICS,…ETC.. ETC..) WERE SLAVIC?? SOME OF THE HUNDRED OF THOUSANDS OF WORDS AND NAMES…. AS:
ΚΑΣΣΑΝΔΡΟΣ ( CASSANDER FROM THE BERB: ΚΈΚΑΣΜΑΙ (ANCIENT GREEK). KÉKASMAI =“TO SHINE”; EXCEL OVER”) AND ἈΝΉΡ (ANḖR, “MAN ”). IN TURN, THE NAME MEANS “ONE, WHO EXCELS OVER MAN.”
ΚΑΣΣΑΝΔΡA/ CASSANDRA IS AN ANCIENT GREEK FEMININE NAME MEANING “SHINING UPON MAN.” THIS IS ENGLISHZED VERSION OF THE GREEK ΚΑΣΣΑΝΔΡA KASSANDRA. A NAME SHARED WITH THE TROJAN PRINCESS, WHO WAS GIVEN THE GIFT OF PROPHECIES BY APOLLO BUT CURSED SO THAT NO ONE WOULD BELIEVE HER.
ΠΕΡΙΑΝΔΡΟΣ PERI+ANDROS=”ABOUT THE MAN”) TO…. “PERIANDAR” ( CORINTH/ 600 BC).
ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΣ/MENANDROS “MENANDER”=MENANDROS/ FROM: MΕΝΟΣ /MENOS=“FORCE”+ANDROS, (GENETIVUS FORM OF ANHP/ANER= MAN).
ΑΡΙΣΤΑΝΔΡΟΣ “ARISTANDER”= /ARISTANDROS (FROM: APISTO+ANDROS=NOBLIEST OF MAN.
ΑΡΙΣΤΑΡΧΟΣ/ARISTARHOS… (ARISTARHUS, LATER IN LATIN) ΑΡΙΣΤΟΣ+APXOΣ= NOBLIEST+DOMINANT, RULER. ΑΡΙΣΤΟΦΆΝΗΣ/ARISTOFANIS= ARISTOPHANES ΑΡΙΣΤΟ+ΦΆΝΗΣ=THE SEEN NOBLIEST.
ΑΝΑΞΙΜΑΝΔΡOΣ ANAXIMANDER”=ANAXIMA+ANDROS=MAN’S SOVEREIGNTY…TO “ANAXIMANDAR”(ONE OF THE IMPORTANT TEACHERS OF PYTHAGORAS).
ΝΙΚΑΝΔΡΟΣ “NIKANDER”= /NIKANDROS(NIKH+ΑΝΔΡΟΣ= MAN’s VICTORY TO “NIKANDAR”. ΛΥΣΑΝΔΡΟΣ/ LYSANDROS “LYSANDER””LYSANDAR” (FROM VERB:ΛΥΩ) ΛΥΣΗΣ(SUBSTANTIVE) = MANS SOLUTION, THE MAN, WHO SOLVES THE PROBLEMS… (EXAMPLE: ANA+ΛΥΣΗΣ= ANALYSIS, DIA+LYSIS, KATA+LYSIS, PARA+LYSIS… etc. THE MEANINGS CHANGE, DEPENDING ON WHICH PREPOSITION, INTENT, OR WORDS ARE CONNECTED…
ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΙΑ/MACEDONIA COMES FROM ΜΑΚΕΔΝΟΣ= MEANING TALL….
ATTIC RED-FORMED HUS……AND THE ACTIVITIES OF THE HAMMOCK OF THE FESTIVAL OF THE FLOWER FESTIVAL..
Attributed to the Painter of Eretria National Archaeological Museum Collection of Vases, no. wide BS 319 the vase depicts a scene that has been linked to the action of Aiora, which probably took place in Attica during the festival of the FLOWER FESTIVAL (ANTHESTIRIA)…..
In the center of the performance hangs a hammock (cradle), on which a crowned, bearded man places a small boy, also crowned. On the ground, below the hammock, are branches and next to it the top of a jar, which is half buried in the ground. On the left stand two older boys, while on the right is a klims (seat with a back) with a footstool, which has been dressed in a tunic and robe and decorated with a necklace, wreaths and branches, as if it were a human. In front of the incantation is a low table, with a bottle and three popanas (sweets).
According to the prevailing opinion, the custom of Aiora is connected with the myth of Irigoni, daughter of Ikarius, who gave his name to the Municipality of the same name in Attica. Ikarius had been initiated by the god Dionysus himself into the art of making wine, but he was killed by his compatriots, who, not having experienced the consequences of wine-drinking again,
they thought he poisoned them. Irigoni could not bear the pain of her father’s death and hanged herself from a tree….. The inhabitants of Attica, in order to save themselves from the wrath of Dionysus who caused an epidemic of suicides by hanging among young girls, asked for an oracle from the oracle of Delphi, according to which they would be propitiated only if they honored Dionysus, Ikarius and Herigone. They thus instituted the Hammock festival, during which girls swung in a cradle…..singing an ode called ἀλῆτις ,,,.
A small number of Attic vase paintings depicting young girls swinging in hammocks attest to the practice of the custom in Attica…. In the Eretrian Painter’s hu, the girl’s place is taken by a boy, which may echo another version of the myth, in which did not distinguish the gender of the children who participated in action.
THE DANCE OF THE COLOURS.
RED-FIGURED ΕΡΥΘΡΟΜΟΡΦΟΣ = ERYTHROMORPHUS) VESSEL IN THE FORM OF A KNUCKLEBONE (ASTRAGALOS). 470 – 450 BC. #Hellas, #Greece.
Personifications of floating Clouds on an ANCIENT ATTIC vessel from AEGINA. Here, four girls personifying clouds, float in the air. The second girl holds a long tendril with flower.
On the reverse side of this vessel, the God of WINDS, AEOLOS, directs the dance or the girls (clouds) from the mouth of his cave.
Knucklebones is a game of dexterity played with a number of small objects that are thrown up, caught, and manipulated in various manners. IT IS ANCIENT IN ORIGIN IS FOUND IN THE ANCIENT HELLENIC GAME OF THE ASTRAGALOS (a bone in the ankle, or hock) of a sheep was used.
SOPHOCLES (A GREEK TRAGEDIN OF THE 5th CENTURY BC), in a written fragment of one of his works, ascribed the game to the mythical figure PALAMEDES, who supposedly taught it to his HELLENIC countrymen DURING THE CIVIL WAR WITH TROY. The game is also mentioned BY HERODOTUS AND PLATO .
Αν οι θεοί συνομιλούν, χρησιμοποιούν την ελληνική γλώσσα.. ΚΙΚΈΡΩΝ ..
When the gods converse, they use the Greek language.. CICERO .
HELLENISTIC MYRTLE WREATH OF MIDA HELLENISTIC WREATH – MEDA’S DIAMOND Meda, daughter of Kothelas, king of the Getae, was a Thracian princess whom Philip married, when he was returning from the campaign in Scythia, in 339 BC. and at the time of her death she would have been 20-25 years old. Obeying the custom of her tribe which, as recorded by Herodotus, stipulated that the wives of the prominent should accompany their husbands to death, the young foreigner seems to have committed suicide when the king was murdered. Following her husband and master into the flames of the funeral pyre and into the tomb, forever companion of the king’s bed in Hades, she became for the Macedonians, who were certainly not familiar with such examples of devotion, a new Alcestis, a model of conjugal virtue and loyalty. This seems to be the reason why Alexander, the new king, honored her so much, giving her on the journey without return gifts of untold value. Stephen of Medes , one of Philip II’s wives
The artist convincingly renders the forms of his creatures and creates the impression of “naturalness” and liveliness. The jumble of flowers and insects, the entwining, twisting and spreading shoots everywhere evoke the image of nature in Spring, but if one looks more closely, one recognizes the underlying strict geometry of the structure, the symmetrical repeating lyre and heart-shaped patterns, the exact correspondence of the spirals and in the center the sacred symmetry of the divine knot, two sprouts that intertwine as never in nature to form the “Heraklion Amma”, [4] a symbol of the progenitor god of the Herakles, a clear reference to the royal house of the Macedonians. The laws of geometry make Creation ‘Cosmo’, a jewel. Made of gold, the immortal matter, the orderly sprouts, the flowers with deep blue petals, the bees that transform the nectar into honey do not copy nature, but render vividly and accurately like wonderful ideograms the meaning of beings. The artist of the diadem of the Goats did not attempt to depict a naturalistic image of Spring but rather Spring itself as a timeless, unchanging and life-giving Idea… In the center, above the ‘sacred knot’, a dove emerges from the calyx of an anthem , the sacred bird of Venus, symbol of love that lasts forever. Low below him, on the forehead of the lucky wearer, hang two tiny pomegranates, the sacred fruits of Persephone, symbols of fertility that overcomes death. [5] Image of Mediterranean myrtle Greek gold myrtle wreath (The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston) Gift of Miss Annette Finnigan.
Correspondingly interesting and attractive is the relevant description of Étienne When the queen wore the diadem found in the same coffin at the same time as this purple shawl, it must have looked like a veritable bouquet of spring flowers.[35] This diadem is an absolutely extraordinary artifact and very difficult to describe.[36] It develops intricate whorls on either side of a central axis, strongly marked, at the top, by three flowers supported on tendrils supported by a vertical acanthus leaf, in the center, by a knot of Heracles, and, at the bottom, by four globular pendants which were falling on the forehead. The leaves of the acanthus (?) are rather small and inconspicuous compared to the foliage and plant decoration. Although the species cannot be identified with certainty, we can distinguish at least five different types of plant forms: flowers with a double crown of narrow petals and a central bud (pink?), a wide disk with a pistil in the center, and stamens that form a small crown of flowers (anemones?), flowers with five broad petals (daffodils?), more or less elaborate anthemes (lily family?), pointed buds, borne in a rather capricious manner from different supports. Note that we do not recognize the myrtle, which however corresponds to another wreath abandoned on the floor of the vestibule. [37: M. Tsigarida, “Golden myrtle wreath from Vergina”] All (?) the flowers were colored with blue material (paste). and they were often attached to stems forming a kind of spring, which could vibrate at the slightest movement of the head. Bees are represented foraging, while a tiny bird has made its nest in the heart of a flower. The diadem ended in a lion’s head buckle. The myrtle, a sacred plant of the goddess Aphrodite, was a symbol of love and a symbol of immortality and had chthonic associations.[8] The Greeks wore crowns at events and received them as athletic prizes with honors.[9] Crowns made of gold leaf were created to be buried with the dead but were too fragile for everyday wear. But it has been argued that they were worn at formal social events that included religious ritual, such as banquets, which began in sacrifice to the gods.[10] Myrtle leaves and flowers were made of thin gold leaf, stamped and detailed and then joined with stems. Many wreaths that have survived to this day were found in ancient tombs. A gold myrtle wreath inlaid with precious stones is kept in the Museum of Inner Mongolia, accompanied by a note that it is a find from illegal excavations in Ulanqab and is vaguely dated to the Han period (200 BC to 200 AD). It is characteristic that the flowers are inlaid with a blue precious stone, thus resembling a Macedonian crown which was recently returned by the Getty Museum to the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki Gold Myrtle Flower Diadem
HELLENIC WREATH – MEDA’S DIAMOND Meda, daughter of Kothelas, king of the Getae, was a Thracian princess whom Philip married, when he was returning from the campaign in Scythia, in 339 BC. and at the time of her death she would have been 20-25 years old. Obeying the custom of her tribe which, as recorded by Herodotus, stipulated that the wives of the prominent should accompany their husbands to death, the young foreigner seems to have committed suicide when the king was murdered. Following her husband and master into the flames of the funeral pyre and into the tomb, forever companion of the king’s bed in Hades, she became for the Macedonians, who were certainly not familiar with such examples of devotion, a new Alcestis, a model of conjugal virtue and loyalty., measures 14 cm in diameter and 4 cm in height. The interior is plain and unadorned. The exterior is flanked by a mother-of-pearl band, and most of the surface covered with acanthus leaves in low relief set against a gilt background. Four projecting heads depict characters from Greek mythology: Zeus, Hera, Aphrodite and Athena.
MORGANTINA. MEGARIAN CUP FROM THE AGORA AREA . THE SO-CALLED “MEGARESE CUPS” WERE TABLE VASES INTENDED TO CONTAIN HEMISPHERICAL LIQUIDS, PRODUCED IN GREECE AND ITALY. CHARACTERISTICS WERE THE LACK OF THE FOOT AND THE RELIEF DECORATION OF THE EXTERNAL WALLS, USUALLY WITH PHYTOMORPHIC MOTIFS. THIS IS AN EXAMPLE FROM MORGANTINA, DATING BACK TO BETWEEN THE 2nd AND 1st CENTURIES BC. IT IS A MAGNA GRAECIA/SICILIAN PRODUCTION, FROM A LOCAL FACTORY (FROM SYRACUSE OR TYNDARIS). ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM OF AIDONE (EN). THE FOUNDER OF BYZANTION, BYZAS, WAS SON OF KING NISOS OF MEGARA. DURING THE 7th CENTURY BC, THE GREEK NATION WAS CITY-STATES WERE EXPANDING AND ESTABLISHING NEW COLONIES. The DORIAN CITY-STATE of THE MEGARA, NEAR ATHENS, WAS ALSO SEARCHING FOR SITES TO SET UP YET ANOTHER COLONY.
By: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΟΣ ΔΡΟΣΟΣ
THOSE WHO COULDN’T STAND THE BEAUTY)(=ΚΑΛΛΟΣ/KALLOS), THE HARMONY AND THE MEASURE, TRIED TO DESTROY THEM, TO CARVE ON THEM THEIR OWN UGLYNESS!!! AND THESE WERE NONE OTHER THAN THE VILE AND VILE DRESSED SUBHUMANS, THE BARBARIC AND FOOLISH INSTRUMENTS OF THE DARK PRIESTHOOD OF THE JUDAISM DOCTRINE!!!…
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΟΣ ΔΡΟΣΟΣ (ΜΕΓΙΣΤΙΑΣ)
ΕΚΕΙΝΟΙ ΠΟΥ ΔΕΝ ΑΝΤΕΞΑΝ ΤΟ ΚΑΛΛΟΣ, ΤΗΝ ΑΡΜΟΝΙΑ ΚΑΙ ΤΟ ΜΕΤΡΟ, ΠΡΟΣΠΑΘΗΣΑΝ ΚΑΤΑΣΤΡΕΦΟΝΤΑΣ ΤΑ, ΝΑ ΧΑΡΑΞΟΥΝ ΠΑΝΩ ΤΟΥΣ ΤΗΝ ΔΙΚΗ ΤΟΥΣ ΑΣΧΗΜΙΑ!!! ΚΑΙ ΑΥΤΟΙ ΔΕΝ ΗΤΑΝ ΑΛΛΟΙ ΑΠΟ ΤΑ ΜΙΑΡΑ ΚΑΙ ΒΔΕΛΥΡΑ ΦΑΙΟΦΟΡΕΜΕΝΑ ΥΠΑΝΘΡΩΠΙΔΙΑ, ΤΑ ΒΑΡΒΑΡΑ ΚΑΙ ΑΝΟΗΤΑ ΟΡΓΑΝΑ ΤΟΥ ΣΚΟΤΕΙΝΟΥ ΙΕΡΑΤΕΙΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΙΟΥΔΑΙΟΓΕΝΟΥΣ ΔΟΓΜΑΤΟΣ!!!…
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΟΣ ΔΡΟΣΟΣ (ΜΕΓΙΣΤΙΑΣ)
A 2,300-year-old ancient Greek gold wreath worth £100,000, kept for decades in a tatty box of old newspapers under bed by owner who had no idea what it was. The wreath was put on sale at Duke’s of Dorchester auction house in 2016
Greek Bronze chariot inlaid with ivory with scenes from the life of the Greek hero Achilles, 2nd quarter of the 6th century B.C. Dimensions: Total H. 51 9/16 in. (130.9 cm); Length of pole 82 1/4 in. (209cm). Description of figures on the Chariot: The iconography represents a carefully thought-out program. The three major panels of the car depict episodes from the life of Achilles, the Greek hero of the Trojan War. In the magnificent central scene, Achilles, on the right, receives from his mother, Thetis, on the left, a shield and helmet to replace the armor that Achilles had given his friend Patroklos, for combat against the Trojan Hektor. Patroklos was killed, allowing Hektor to take Achilles’ armor. The subject was widely known thanks to the account in Homer’s Iliad and many representations in Greek art. The panel on the left shows a combat between two warriors, usually identified as the Greek Achilles and the Trojan Memnon. In the panel on the right, the apotheosis of Achilles shows him ascending in a chariot drawn by winged horses. The subsidiary reliefs partially covered by the wheels are interpreted as showing Achilles as a youth in the care of the centaur Chiron and Achilles as a lion felling his enemies, in this case a stag and a bull. The central axis of the chariot is reinforced by the head and forelegs of the boar at the junction of the pole to the car. The deer below Achilles’ shield appears slung over the boar’s back. The eagle’s head at the front of the pole repeats the two attacking eagles at the top of the central panel, and the lion heads on the yoke relate to the numerous savage felines on the car. While the meaning of the human and animal figures allows for various interpretations, there is a thematic unity and a Homeric quality emphasizing the glory of the hero. Provenance: Metropolitan Museum of Arts, New York. P.S.: In 1902, a landowner working on his property accidentally discovered a subterranean built tomb covered by a tumulus (mound). His investigations revealed the remains of a parade chariot as well as bronze, ceramic, and iron utensils together with other grave goods. Following the discovery, the finds passed through the hands of several Italian owners and dealers who were responsible for the appearance of the chariot and related material on the Paris art market. There they were purchased in 1903 by General Luigi Palma di Cesnola, the first director of The Metropolitan Museum of Art. There is presented, UNFORTUNAELY..as…. “Etruscian” No matter the HISTORICAL EVIDENCE.. The Monteleone chariot is the best preserved example of its kind from MAGNA GRAECIA OR q”ANCIENT ITALY before the Roman period. The relatively good condition of its major parts–the panels of the car, the pole, and the wheels–has made it is possible to undertake a new reconstruction based on the most recent scholarship. Moreover, some of the surviving ivory fragments can now be placed with reasonable certainty. The other tomb furnishings acquired with the chariot are exhibited in two cases on the south wall of this gallery
By: IXΩP.:HELLENIC CIVILIZATION/ANCIENT FINE ARTS/ 4th CENTURY BC (BRITISH MUSEUM). “THE GOBLET OF LYCURGOS” …SCIENTIST ARE STILL TRYING TO FIND OUT HOW IT CHANGES COLORS…
The British Museum acquired the LYCURGUS CUP from Victor, 3rd Lord Rothschild, in 1958. As the British Museum states on its website dedicated to the cup, the object was “originally purchased by Baron Lionel Nathan Rothschild (1808-1879)”. . The conclusion is yours to make.
THE GREEKS CALLED IT : **ΆΓΑΛΜΑ=STATUE**, WHICH MEANS, THAT EMBRACES YOUR SOUL WHEN YOU SEE IT.. AS YOU REFLECT IT
BEAUTIFUL AND YOU ARE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND ALL THE SYMBOLISM, WHICH EACH STATUE(AGALMA ONE!)CARRIES ON IT…
.... THE ROMANS CONTINUED TO NAME THE STATUES… STATUA FROM THE GREEK WORD ΣΤΑΤΙΚΟ=STATIC ((VERB: ISTHMI= I AM STANDING ΑΣΤΗΡ=STAR)),
—WHICH IN ENGLISH BECAME STATUE AND MEANS THIS, THAT IS STANDING STILL….
**”I ΆΓΑΛΜΑ** (VERB: ΑΓΑΛΙΑΖΩ//AGALIAZO ) = BEING IN HOLISTIC EUPHORIA………
…… THIS HUGE GAP EXISTS BETWEEN EVERY GREEK AND BARBARIAN WORD AND EVERY GREEK AND BARBARIAN IDEOLOGY. THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS CONCEPTUAL AND EXPLAINS THE ESSENCE OF EVERY THING. “THE PRINCIPLE OF WISDOM IS THE VISITATION OF NAMES” ALL THE OTHER LANGUAGES ARE PURELY SUPERFICIAL BECAUSE THEIR CREATORS HAD A SUPERFICIAL REFLECTION….
AS PLATO SAID: -VISION MAY BELONG TO ALL, BUT PERCEPTION TO A FEW…MAN, WHO`S BLIND IN PHYCHE= (=SOUL), CANNOT SEE OR EVEN UNDERSTAND ESSENTIAL THINGS.
A historically reliable set of Athenian armor from 490 BC. It has been scrupulously copied from all available ceramic depictions of the period. This armor could only be afforded by an extremely wealthy warrior – a high-ranking officer or general ..
Perhaps the single best known sculpture from antiquity, the so-called LAOCOON group, was found in Rome in 1506 and placed on public display in the Vatican, where it remains. This cast was made from the marble original and acquired by the Ashmolean from the British Museum in 1933.
The Roman writer PLINY (active in the AD 70s) ascribed the group to the sculptors HAGESANDROS, ATHENODOROS and POLYDOROS, who worked in the later first century BC. Hellenistic sculpture. LAOCOON, a Trojan priest of APOLLO, and his sons struggle with two flesh-eating snakes, sent as a divine punishment. The priest had warned the Trojans against accepting the wooden horse sent by the AEOLIAN-ACHAIAN GREEKS at th that civill war between the WEST Greeks vs “Troades”and incurred the anger of POSEIDON (some say ATHENA,) who was supporting the ACHAIAN GREEKS. The saying ‘ BEWARE of DANAOI (=ACHAIAN-AEOLIAN GREEKS) bearing gifts’ comes from lines spoken by the priest in VIRGIL`S poem The AENEIAD
While struggling against the snakes, LAOCOON supports himself against the altar on which he had been making a sacrifice. His head is turned back with a grimace of pain which is combined with the horror at the death of his sons, the exertion of his struggle and the awareness of his own imminent death. The LAOCOON group is one of the most discussed and famous pieces of HELLENIC sculpture, described by Michaelangelo as a ‘MIRACLE of art’.
IT IS SEEN, AS THE EPITOME OF THE IDEAL IMAGE OF YOUTH FUL GODS IN GREEK ART.
HERMES of PRAXITELES The statue, known as the Hermes of PRAXITELES, or the HERMES of OLYMPIA, was FOUND in the RUINS of the TEMPLE OF HERA, in OLYMPIA, GREECE. The priceless artwork is displayed at the Archaeological Museum of Olympia.
The MARBLE sculpture is dated back to the FOURTH CENTURY BC, BASED on a remark recorded by the second-century Greek traveler Pausanias.
Its style defined what is known as the “Praxitelean Style,” although art historians doubt it was indeed created by Praxiteles because there are no identified ancient replicas of it. A German archaeological excavation of the Temple area, led by Ernst Curtius, was begun in 1875 after an agreement was made with the Greek government.
On May 8, 1877, in the Temple of Hera, archaeologist Gustav Hirschfeld uncovered the main parts of a statue of a young man resting against a tree trunk, covered by a mantle. It was in an excellent state of preservation.
It took a great deal more effort, and six additional discoveries, to uncover the rest of the parts of the statue as it is displayed today.
There are parts of the HERMES of PRAXITELES STILL missing, including his right forearm, two fingers of his left hand, the left foot, and his penis. DIONYSUS is missing his arms and the end of his right foot.
Much of the tree trunk and the plinth are also lost. However, an ancient base of the statue survives.
H E R M E S OF P R A X I T E L E S Public Domain HERMES’ PLACE in the GREEK PANTHEON According to Greek mythology, HERMES was born to Maia, a daughter of ATLAS and ZEUS. The infant HERMES snuck out of his cave on Mount CYLLENE in ARCADIA on the day of his birth and traveled all the way to PIERIA, 250 miles to the NORTH in MACEDONIA, to meet his half-brother APOLLO, who was grazing his cattle.
The young god stole all 50 of the animals and then went into hiding.
APOLLO chased HERMES BACK to ARCADIA and brought the MISCREANT in front of their FATHER. HERMES protested that he was an INNOCENT INFANT, and it was impossible for him to have done such a thing.
To add INSULT to INJURY, HERMES STOLE APOLLO’s BOW and ARROW from him, AS WELL.
ZEUS put HERMES on trial, and ruled that the young god should return the cows he stole at ANY cost.
Again, HERMES PROVED to be the WINNER in this situation as well. While in PIERIA, he had INVENTED the LYRE, an instrument he built using a turtle shell, two cow’s horns, and sheep gut.
HERMES began to play the instrument and sing so HEARTBREAKINGLY BEAUTIFUL that the god of music decided he must have the lyre, and he offered the fifty cows in return.
APOLLO also TAUGHT HERMES the ART of PROPHECY and GAVE him the KERYKEION, a winged staff with two snakes wrapped around it, his future trademark as a messenger of the gods. He received this distinction from ZEUS immediately after the said trial.
Clearly, HERMES was a MISCHIEVOUS god from the moment of his birth. Moving easily between Mount OLYMPOS and EARTH, he was very popular with mortals. He was a great liar and thief, and even became the patron saint of thieves, liars and merchants.
We can see that, from antiquity, traders have had a reputation for telling lies to sell their merchandise, even when there was nothing wrong with their merchandise.
But HERMES also served as the MESSENGER of all the GODS and was seen as the GOD of TRAVELERS and ATHLETES because of his SPEED and physical FITNESS.
The messenger of the gods was also a friend to mankind and, by relaying divine messages to mortals, he became the highest-ranking being that they would ever encounter on their level of existence. Mortals could relate to him much more than to the fearsome ZEUS.
In ancient philosophy, Hermes was the representative of “logos,” the word, as well as meaning and reason itself. The Greek word ερμηνεία (hermeneia – “interpretation,”) derives from his name. Therefore, the term “hermeneutics” means the study of the methodological principles of interpretation.
Hermes’ name was used in Hermeticism, Hermetic Magic and alchemy, all highly influential ancient disciplines which lasted well into the early modern age. These practices gave us the modern phrase “hermetically sealed
.”
The sculpture of ancient Greece is the main surviving type of fine ancient Greek art as, with the exception of painted ancient Greek pottery, almost no ancient Greek painting survives. Modern scholarship identifies three major stages in monumental sculpture in bronze and stone: the Archaic (from about 650 to 480 BC), Classical (480–323) and Hellenistic. At all periods there were great numbers of Greek terracotta figurines and small sculptures in metal and other materials.
The Greeks decided very early on that the human form was the most important subject for artistic endeavour. Seeing their gods as having human form, there was little distinction between the sacred and the secular in art—the human body was both secular and sacred. A male nude of Apollo or Heracles had only slight differences in treatment to one of that year’s Olympic boxing champion. The statue, originally single but by the Hellenistic period often in groups was the dominant form, though reliefs, often so “high” that they were almost free-standing, were also important.
The reason that ancient Greek sculptures have small penises isnt because the artist didnt want the viewer to focus on them. Its because the cultural perception of penis was different.
NO ONE LOVED THE HUMAN BODY, AS MUCH, AS THE GREEKS. ..
NO ONE PRAISED HUMAN BEAUTY, AS MUCH, AS THE GREEKS, THROUGH THEIR ARTS…
NO ONE HONORED LOVE WITH THEIR LIVES, AS MUCH, AS THE GREEKS…
AND THE MISANTHROPIC , NEGATING, RABID-FURIOUS PERSECUTORS OF HELLENISM OVER THE CENTURIES NEVER FORGAVE US FOR THIS …
Alexandria aligns with the Sun on the day of the birth of the Great jag … This is what the Italian archaeo-astronomers Dr. Giulio Mali and Luisa Ferro of the Polytechnic University of Milan
The city’s main thoroughfare, the Canopian Way or Meson Pedion, is almost perfectly aligned with the sun as it would have risen on the morning of July 20, 356 BC. according to the Julian calendar. It would have been common in cities of that era for the main street to have been laid out parallel to the Mediterranean coast, and even though the Kanopic street ran west/east, it deviates from parallel to the beach.
Part of a statue of Zeus from Afghanistan:
In 2017 the National Archaeological Museum of Afghanistan celebrated the return of a major exhibit that had been stolen and smuggled out
It was the foot of Zeus of the Hellenistic period from Bactria
According to museum officials, it was the first exhibit that had been stolen
Its length is 27 cm and the width is 21
It is the left foot with sharp toes in a sandal especially beautifully decorated, with embossed representations of the symbol of God with the thunderbolt
According to archaeologists, the statue comes from the kingdom of Bactria of the Hellenistic (Late Greek) era of the present city of Ai Khanum
The statue would be 3 meters tall
A Japanese collector bought it on the black market and returned it to its place of origin
Rewind to the ancient Greek world of around 400 BC, and you’ll find that large, erect penises were not considered desirable, nor were they a sign of power or strength.
In his play The Clouds (c. 419–423 BC), ancient Greek playwright Aristophanes summed up the ideal traits of his male peers as “a gleaming chest, bright skin, broad shoulders, tiny tongue, strong buttocks, and a little prick
Lady of Elce(detail)~National Archaeological Museum, Madrid. THE LADY OF ELIKI~ GREEK-IBERIAN ART The Lady of Elche (4th century BC. Greco-Iberian Art). is a limestone bust that was discovered in 1897 at L’Alcúdia, an archaeological site on a private estate two kilometers south of Elche, Spain.
~Ancient Eliki, colony of the Achaeans (Elche, Spain)~ It was founded by Ionian settlers in 600 BC. near Lefki Akra (Alicante). The distant Greek settlers named the city in memory of their birthplace of the Achaean Eliki next to Aegio. Over time, the local Iberians also joined the Greek population of the city. It seems that due to its commercial location it flourished. From its ancient Greek period, the famous Dama de Elche (Dama de Elche) is preserved, a bust of a woman carved in colorful stone in Greco-Iberian style.
During the Second Carthaginian War, the general Hannivas destroyed the city. When the Romans dominated Spain they rebuilt it under the name Iulia Ilice Augusta. For about three centuries Eliki experienced a long period of prosperity. Its superior water quality and better land access (via a trade route) led to the withering of the neighboring city of White Acre (2nd-3rd century AD).
With the advent of Christianity in the region, Eliki became the seat of a bishop. During the 5th century AD it was occupied by the Arianist Visigoths who destroyed its ancient monuments. During the period 554 -620 AD it came under Byzantine rule thanks to the old patrician Justinian Liverio. Then it was recaptured by the Visigoths and in 711 it passed into the possession of the Arabs. At the end of the 13th century, in the framework of the Spanish reconquista, the king of Aragon, James II the Righteous 1267–1327, liberated Eliki from the Moorish despotism. Today’s Elche developed from the 18th century onwards. From the 19th century the establishment of a railway and a shoe industry gave greater commercial prestige to the town.
Even in modern times the inhabitants of Elche (remembering their distant Greek origins) celebrate the Greek week which includes the typical life of an ancient Greek city: Rhapsodies, theaters, dancing, torches, parades of hoplites, amphorae, ancient coins, offerings, tunics , pedicles and Homeric speech.
At the same time, they celebrate the Assumption of the Virgin every August 15 with religious performances. They even call themselves pobladores Griegos, that is, Greek residents.
Lady of Elce(detail)~National Archaeological Museum,Madrid.
LETO……(LATUNA LATER IN LATIN)
IN GREEK MYTHOLOGY LETO (OR LATO IN THE DORIC DIALECT), IS THE DAUGHTER OF THE TITAN COIUS AND PHOEBE [.FROM ZEUS SHE GAVE BIRTH TO APOLLO AND ARTEMIS . IN ROMAN MYTHOLOGY LATER, THE CORRESPONDING GODDESS OF LETO IS LATONA.
LETO WAS THE MAIN deÄGODDESS IN EASTERN LYCIA, WHILE THE INHABITANTS OF KOS ALSO CLAIMED HER ORIGIN.
HER SANCTUARY, LETOON, CONNECTED THE CITY-STATES OF LYCIA TO EACH OTHER. SHE WAS WORSHIPED WITH THE EPITHETS OF KOIOGENEIA [, FISTI AND ECDYSIA.
BIRTH OF ARTEMIS AND APOLLO
When HERA learned that LETO was pregnant by ZEUS, she FORBADE her to give BIRTH on LAND and in ANY PLACE under the sun. According to a myth, NOT so widespread, LETO came from the land of HYPERBORIA in the form of a SHE-WOLF, seeking the land of wolves, LYCIA. The MOST widespread myth says that when LETO was about to give birth, a small island appeared in the sea , DELOS, where she managed to give birth first to ARTEMIS and then to APOLLO .
According to OVID, after the birth of the twins, Leto wandered and reached Lycia, where she was not received with the best welcome. When she went to drink water from a lake, the inhabitants forbade her, stirring up the mud at the bottom of the lake. Then LETO transformed them into frogs for the lack of hospitality they showed, so that they would always live condemned to the muddy waters of rivers and lakes.
THE PUNISHMENT OF NIOBE……
Once the queen NIOBE , who had seven sons and seven daughters, was proud of the fecundity and beauty of her children, saying that “LETO, the chosen one of ZEUS , has only one pair of TWINS to show against her so many” (meaning her ARTEMIS and APOLLO).
When LETO found out, she was indignant and asked her children to punish NIOBE’S rashness. Thus, according to the traditions, the two gods marked with their arrows, ARTEMIS the DAUGHTERS, APOLLO the SONS.
The dead bodies of NIOBE’S children remained UNBURIED for NINE days, since ZEUS turned into stone anyone who attempted to pay funeral honors. On the ninth day the gods yielded to NIOBE’S entreaties and buried them themselves in two common graves.
WORSHIP
SANCTUARIES OF LETOS are mentioned by ancient sources in many regions of Greece. Very often she was worshiped alongside her two children. PAUSANIAS AND STRABO mention the existence of sanctuaries and statues DEDICATED to LETO, APOLLO AND ARTEMIS in the village OF ZOSTIR IN ATTICA, MEGARA, ARGOS, SPARTA, TANAGRA [, DELPHI (AND PINDAROS mentions in an ODE OF), in ARTEMISION OF RHODES, IN MANTINEIA, IN PHAISTOS OF CRETE (ECDYSIA WERE CELEBRATED IN HER HONOR), in ORTYGIA and LATOREA in LYDIA , where a festival dedicated to her was also held.
Her worship was great in DELOS, where there was a large temple dedicated to her, LETOOS. According to the legend, LETO WON DELOS from POSEIDON, with whom she exchanged KALABRIA .
SIMILAR was the temple in LYCIA, LETOON, NEAR THE RIVER XANTHOS, “60 stadia from the city.” Inscriptions indicate that the LYCIAN Community had its headquarters there. Modern excavations, from 1962 onwards, have been carried out in the area, bringing to light, among other things, a trilingual inscription in ARAMAIC , and LYCIAN GREEK.
LYRICAL HYMNS have been written in HONOR of LETO by the THRACIAN MUSICIAN AND POET PHILAMMON.
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In ancient times, many believed that the laurel was a sacred plant and had a direct connection with the god of divination, Apollo. According to mythology, Daphne was a young nymph and daughter of the river god Pineus. When the god Apollo saw her for the first time he fell in love with her, but she rejected him. Apollo, however, did not give up easily and chased her among the trees. Daphne, however, in order to escape him, prayed to her father to help her. He heeded her call and transformed her into a tree that would take root on the river bank. So Apollo cut some branches and made a wreath to keep her in his memory forever.
After the god’s favorite nymph was transformed into the plant of the same name, it became almost an integral part of Delphi, where divine predictions took place. The most famous prophecies of the Oracle Pythia were made by eating bay leaves.
In addition to Apollo, the laurel was also dedicated to the god of medicine, Asclepius, due to its medicinal properties. At the same time, it was a symbol of wisdom and poetry, as there are related references even in Homer’s Odyssey.
Was the laurel and still is the plant of glory and prosperity? More generally, its symbolism is varied and linked to various spiritual, historical and cultural elements. Let’s take a look at the highlights of the laurel symbolism:
Victory and Praise: In ancient Greece, the laurel was more than just a plant. It symbolized victory, honor and recognition. In particular, laurel wreaths were a sign of honor and recognition for the winners of races, such as in the Olympic games. It was a way to recognize successes and honor those who stood out in sports, art or politics. Today, laurel wreaths are placed on graves and statues as a mark of respect to important persons, while Orthodox churches are decorated with laurel on Palm Sunday.
Spiritual Awakening and Knowledge: The laurel in the ancient Greek tradition had a special importance in the spiritual world. One of the most famous examples is her relationship with Pythia. According to mythology Pythia, the priestess of the Oracle of Delphi, when she had to predict the future or give advice to the Greek world, chewed bay leaves. The inhalation of incense from the burning of the leaves, combined with their consumption, constituted the “secret” of her delirium. Thanks to them, she saw her oracles.
This practice reflects the deeper symbolism of the laurel as a means of accessing deeper, spiritual truths. Most likely, the plant represents knowledge, attunement to the spiritual world, and the ability to “see” beyond everyday reality.
“There are two reasons why Socrates ascended and was marbled on his distinguished pedestal, tells us his great grandson in letters, who was born fifteen years after the death of Socrates, Aristotle. One that he taught “it is not determined at all”, and the other that he invented “practical reasons”. The first explains that Socrates first succeeded in defining concepts. And do you know what feat that is? It is a fact as important as the establishment of the Olympic games by Heracles and Lycurgus. Defining a concept is a very difficult task. If it were not so, the absurdity we see around us today would not have happened. You ask people in Greece what democracy is, and you get nine million definitions. Have you ever attended the coronation of the casida and palavera? The abrakatabra that German physicists say about German theologians?
And the same thing happens, if you ask what is freedom, virtue, justice, honorable and everything else.
But the definition of each concept is one, Socrates taught. To define a concept, he told us, you would describe it in so many words that you couldn’t add a single word, couldn’t take a single word away, and couldn’t change a single word. So. And if you manage to define the concept in the end.
But this, dear reader, is discovery and invention like those of Newton, Columbus, Darwin, Einstein, Freud. And Socrates is the first photometric for all these bigoted men. The second that succeeded, Aristotle always says, is “practical reasons”. In other words, the inductive method was introduced in the research.
This second is even more important than the first. Because in essence it means that Socrates introduced science into the spiritual history of man, in the sense that he introduced the method of science. This is the reason why, among other things, we say that the Greeks brought science to the history of man. And this is why the Greek stands out from all other cultures.
As we are half-educated, and prognosticators, and spiritually young, we often claim that other ancient peoples also did science. The Egyptians, for example, the Aztecs, the Assyrians, the Chinese, the Chaldeans, the Jews, the Persians, you name it.
. Only the Greeks did science. Science, in the sense that you discover and build a system of applied information whose organic structure has the order, precision and necessity of the organic order that exists within nature. Cause which makes nature and the laws of its constitution unchangeable, and eternal, and indestructible.
Compared to the Greeks, the science that the others did is a pre-empirical achievement. Astrology for example instead of astronomy. “Comboyanism”(=Hill Billy THUGS mentality) instead of medicine. Priesthood and priest instead of philosophy. Guard instead of geometry. Magic and catechism instead of morality. Hide and seek instead of sports. Morlo-kings made of dry wood instead of politics. And compare accordingly. Today, research in all areas of science is served by one hundred as many sciences, which are taught in the universities of the world.
Origin and source and motherland (as we say homeland) of all this boisterous spiritual orgasm that brought man “repentantly to strike the stars”, according to Horace’s verse, is Greece. And the progenitor or master of this discipline is Socrates.
Of course, here one cannot overlook the heavy pre-shock of the advance of the Presocratics. Nor the concluding hymn of the great philosophies of Plato, Aristotle, and Epicurus.
This is why Socrates, the son of Sophroniscus and Phainaretes the Athenian, is great. Because she is the mummy who brought science to the light of history.” Dimitris Liantinis – Gemma
Centaur in polychrome marbles Marble: antique red and black, antique green base
—-The definition of the courtyard in front of the south façade of the villa [Villa Doria Pamphili], divided into three spaces by the orthogonal arms of the terraced portico, according to the model of the Hellenistic-Roman maritime villas, belongs to this first arrangement.
This extraordinary sculpture was rediscovered in the mid-19th century in Albano, in one of the luxurious residences of the Pamphilj family in Lazio. It is a remarkable replica, perhaps from the Antonine Era (138-192 AD), of one of the so called “Furietti Centaurs”, the celebrated pair in the Capitoline Museums from Hadrian’s Villa. The original model was sculpted in grey Lucullan marble and signed by ARISTEAS an artist from APHRODISIAS, a city known for exporting sculptures. The composition of these statues shows clear references to the Hellenic culture. Our version is outstanding for the excellent quality of the materials used in its carving and its refined colours
The bronze statue of Lysippus… Victorious youth or athlete of Phano, as exhibited in the US Getty Museum. It is considered by the experts… A young Olympic runner of 370-300 BC and is attributed to the sculptor Lysippus who was famous in antiquity, that he had the ability and experience to breathe soul into his works. The young man’s proportions and stance are similar to the statue commissioned by Lysippus for Demetrius the Besieger. Because his legs look strong and well-trained and his left hand is holding a palm branch, it is argued that he is an Olympic runner. Still others believe that it adorned a sanctuary where pan-Hellenic games were held, Olympia or Delphi. The work has been cast in one piece by the lost wax method, but the head as shown by x-rays was cast separately. It is saved almost entirely after the looting of the Greek treasures by the Romans who took them from Greece to decorate Rome… and then to plunder… I love you and thank you very much…
HELLENIC CIVILIZATION/ MAGNA GRAECIA/POMPEIA /
TRICLINIUM=TRIKLINON(=THREE BED ROOM) OF THE HOUSE OF VETTII IN POMPEI
A triclinium ( pl. : triclinia) is a formal dining room in a Roman building. The word is adopted from the Greek triklinion (τρικλίνιον)—from tri- (τρι-), “three”, and klinē (κλίνη), a sort of couch or rather chaise longue. First recorded in 1640–50; from Latin trīclīnium, from Greek triklī́nion=τρικλίνιο, diminutive of tríklīnos “having three couches (adjective), dining room so furnished (noun),” equivalent to tri- tri- + klī́n(ē) “couch” (see clinic) + -ion diminutive suffix. Etymology edit. triklinos < ancient Greek triklinos < tri- + bed. three bed room= τρίκλινος< τρι- + κλίνη. Adjective editing. triclinos, -i, -o. which has three beds.. In ancient Greek and Roman architecture, a dining room in an elite house. Triclinia (pl.) normally featured dining couches arranged on three sides of a table. The triclinium was named after the three couches typically found in the dining rooms of upper-class . The lectus, or couch, was an all-purpose piece of furniture. Usually made of wood with bronze adornments, the open bottom was crisscrossed with leather straps, which supported stuffed cushions. The dining room was one of the most important reception spaces of the residence and, as such, it included high-quality decorative fixtures, such as floor mosaics, wall paintings, and stucco reliefs, as well as portable luxury objects, such as artworks (particularly sculptures) and furniture. Like the Greeks, the Romans reclined on couches while banqueting, although in the Roman context respectable women were permitted to join men in reclining. This practice set the convivium apart from the Greek symposium, or male aristocratic drinking party, at which female attendees were restricted to entertainers such as flute-girls and dancers as well as courtesans (hetaerae).
A dining room typically held three broad couches, each of which seated three individuals, thus allowing for a total of nine guests. This type of room is commonly described as a triclinium (literally, “three-couch room”), although dining rooms that could accommodate greater numbers of couches are archaeologically attested. In a triclinium, the couches were arranged along three walls of the room in a U-shape, at the center of which was placed a single table that was accessible to all of the diners. Couches were frequently made of wood, but there were also more opulent versions with fittings made of costly materials, such as ivory and bronze
OLYMPIAS OF EPIRUS
While her birth name was Polyxena, she is widely known by her later name, Olympias. Wife of Philip II, mother of Alexander the Great, Olympias exercised unprecedented power who defied the ancient world’s rules for women, and charted her and her son’s rise to power through wits, ambition, and might. She was perhaps the first woman to play a major role in ancient Greek political history.
She was born around 375 BCE, the daughter of Neoptolemus I of Epirus, a Greek king, and an unknown mother. Her family was a powerful one in ancient Greece. They claimed to be descended from the Greek hero Achilles, the main character in Homer’s “Iliad.”
Olympias was also known by several other names: Polyxena (her Original Name), Myrtale, and Stratonice. Historians believe she chose the name Olympias to celebrate her husband’s victory in the Olympic Games.
Olympias made it her life’s main mission to ensure that Alexander would one day be King. She was a devoted mother to her young son and constantly reminded him of his ancestral lineage to Achilles, which would have a powerful impact on Alexander.
ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΣ ΒΑΚΤΡΙΑΣ (τόπος ανακάλυψης του δίσκου)
AMPHIPOLIS OF BACTRIA (disc discovery location)
“When two suns will shine in the sky, the earth will be on fire! The heavenly goddess, eternal mother of all, the winged Nemesis with her chariot will bring! From her womb, she will restore an ancient bond”!
In the bloodline of Alexander (stripe), my friends, the fetus that will restore the right order was conceived! It will be a beast for those who promote immorality! They already know it, their mind controls them, they stand defenseless against his appetites and wait for the fate! Those whose eyes are awakened, live the events and understand! For MOST others, with lO IQ OR INFERIORITY COMPLEX this seems like NOTHING!!
CYBELE with her chariot drawn by two lions for a votive sacrifice and above the HELIOS=ΗΛΙΟΣ=SUN GOD, the S E L E N E = Σ Ε Λ Η Ν Η = MOON and the SIXTEENTH OF V E R G I N A.
Dion. The sacred city of the Macedonians and the sanctuary of Zeus in the area of Olympus. It reached its peak during the Hellenistic and Roman periods, as it was one of the earliest Roman colonies in the Macedonian region. During the time of Alexander the Great, Dion had significant importance for Macedonia Greece in general.
It was there that Philip II celebrated the capture and destruction of Olynthus, the capital of the Chalkidiki League. In the same place, Alexander the Great invoked the help of the gods, while he was making the ceremonial preparations for his military campaign in Asia.
THE FACT THAT FILLS YOU LEAST WITH ANGER! FOR A LIFE TIME THEY MAKE MONEY FROM GREEK ANTIQUITIES, EVEN TODAY WHEN TOURISTS VISIT THE TEMPLE OF EPHESUS AND THE TURKS CALL THEM… “ROMAN” RUINS!!!
The fact that fills you least with anger! For a lifetime they make money from Greek antiquities, even today when tourists visit the temple of “EPHESUS” and the Turks call them..
Roman ruins!!! NOT to mention the MUSEUMS everywhere in NORTHERN and CENTRAL EUROPE, that have STOLEN antiquities along with the rocks on which they rest!
It’s a DISGRACE, these countries like GERMANY and ENGLAND, are STILL allowed to keep these STOLEN TREASURES that have nothing to do with their histories
“EPHESUS”=ΕΦΕΣΟΣ
THE EVALUATION OF THE OFFER OF GREEK CULTURE ALL OVER THE WORLD, IS DIFFICULT TO EVALUATE, BECAUSE OF THE WIDTH OF THE OFFER IT IS THE PLACE THAT HOSTED THE HIGHEST ALL HUMANITY RECEIVED, THE LIGHT OF KNOWLEDGE AT ALL LEVELS !!! EVERY SPIRIT OF YOUR HOLY EARTH IS A RICH OF INFORMATION OF WORLD ANCIENT HISTORY.
EPHESOS the CITY OF ARTEMIS & HERACLEITOS.
“EPHESUS” was one of the MOST important coastal cities of ASIA MINOR, almost on the AEGEAN SEA.
BUILT at the 10th century BC by IONIAN GREEKS
ANCIENT EPHESUS (today’s archaeological site) in ANTIQUITY was very close to the sea, even known as “THALASSOTHÉA “(=SEEWIEW), but the constant silting of the river KAǗSTROU forced residents to move the settlements of WEST. NEVERTHELESS, the ancient city was built on the low slopes of KORESOS and wields hills, where then the fertile plain of EPHESUS extended to the so-called EPHESUS field. The Temple of ARTEMIS was located right in this plain 1 Mile (ten stages) from the city. The fertility of the plain of EPHESUS as well as the location of the city of thalassothéas at a focal point of the natural way of communication of the AEGEAN SEA with the HELLENIC MAINLAND contributed to the edge of the city.
According to the ANCIENT traditions of the ANCIENT GREEK writers HISTORIANS, GEOGRAPHERS etc. EPHESUS was reported to have been occupied during prehistoric times by the amazons allegedly moved from the caucasus region by raiding ASIA MINOR capturing various areas – cities named after the most ikanotérōn of them, which were among others EPHESOS, SMYRNA , KYME , MYRINA and SINOPE… ETC….
STRABON also mentions the above that in later times these cities worship their famous heroines amazons and even cut coins with AMAZON shows. The EPHESIANS in particular in the 5th century bc, wanting to honor the famous AMAZON EPHESOS, a competition among the most famous sculptures of their time for the construction of a statue in order to place it in the temple of ARTEMIS.
Around The 8th century BC, EPHESUS became the economic center of ASIA MINOR. In The 6th century it passed under the rule of CROESUS, but preserving its independence. He then passed the rule of CYRUS and the next PERSIAN Kings and THUS became part of the PERSIAN STATE. EPHESUS was RELEASED in 334 bc by the troops ALEXANDER the GREAT, so EPHESOS BECAME GREEK AGAIN and CHANGED its name and was named ARSINÓEIA(=ARSINOI ARSINOE: (ARSIS = to LIFT = from the verb:
ΑIPΩ+NΟΥΣ/
AERO+NOUS = MIND ),
ΑΡΣΙΣ+ΝΟΥΣ= The HIGH-MINDED…
That LIFTS UP (“takes the mind”) the minds.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
HELLENIC CIVILIZATION/
MYTHOLOGY-COSMOLOGY/
JUST UTOPIA to REACH, or UNDERSTAND THE HIGH LEVEL OF THE ANCIENT HELLENIC SPIRIT of CREATIONS & SUNLIGHT-BEAMS CIVILIZATION, to BE UNDERSTOOD
….by ALL KIND OF BARBARIANS…
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
HERE: //ANCIENT ULTIMATE ARTS & BEAUTY… MOSTLY STOLEN, LOOTED, or DESTROYED, (or OFTEN.. COPIED & TWISTED.. & SHOWED by COUNTERFEITING BARBARIANS,..AS….THEIR OWN!!!) MOSTLY BY ALL BARBARIANS!!
ALL OVER the WORLD, WITHOUT KNOWLEDGE,
BEEING – OFCOURSE –
SUPPORTED, as ALLWAYS, BY the CLASSICAL, GLOBAL BARBARIAN
GEOPOLITICAL MAFIA..
THUS BARBARIANS HELP BARBARIANS.. WITH HEAVY INFERIORITY COMPLEX, ENVY, JEALOUSY & OFCOURSE VERY FAR FROM THE AUPHTENTIC ETHERIAL & UNIQUE CIVILIZATION AS:
.. ARE JUST ONE OF the WITNESSES… INSPIRING EVERYBODY WITH BASIC INTELLIGENCE.. JUST by VISITING ALL MUSEUMS,
AROUND THE WORLD….BUT NO ONE KNOWS the NUMBER OF THE THOUSANDS of THOSE “PRIVATE” ONES…..
The GREEKS SHOULD NEVER LEARN that: DEMOCRITUS , PYTHAGORAS, HERACLEITOS completely formulated the theory of NUCLEAR PHYSICS and SPECIAL RELATIVITY, unifying into single MATHEMATICAL
formulas, as ELECTRICITY, GRAVITY, MAGNETISM, ASTRONOMY, and the Weak Currents of NUCLEAR ATOMS.
The Greeks MUST NEVER LEARN that: the ASTRONOMERS – MATHEMATICIANS: EUDOXUS, CALLIPOS
CONON, HIPPARCHUS, CLEOMEDES, APOLLONIOS, PTOLEMY, THEON, HYPATIA, PAPPUS, had EXHAUSTED the LIMITS of human INTELLIGENCE by solving MENTALY WITHOUT GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION equations of 12 unknowns (twelve equations twelve unknowns) while the limit of today’s computers is “7 equations 7 unknowns”.
BECAUSE the THIEVES of ANCIENT KNOWLEDGE, AS: – KEPLER, GALILEO, COPERNICUS etc. MUST be SHOWN!! …
The GREEKS SHOULD NOT KNOW that: the ENGINEERS & TECHNICIANS, AS:
–EUPALINOS, SOSTRATOS, HERON, ZOSIMOS, KALLINIKOS, manufactured TOPOGRAPHIC instruments for TRIGONOMETRIC SURVEYING, AUTOMATIC MECHANISMS and INSTRUMENTS for ELECTRICAL applications, BECAUSE the GREAT SWINDLER EDISON “MUST” be SHOWN as the INVENTOR of … ELECTRICITY, ALTHOUGH the ABOVE GREEK ENGINEERS used the ELECTRON (AMBER) as a NATURAL ACCUMULATOR of STATIC ELECTRICITY in technical applications...
The Greeks MUST NOT KNOW that: the GEOGRAPHERS – EXPLORERS SKYLAX, PYTHEAS, EUDOXUS, STRABON, PAUSANIAS, COSMAS the INDIKOPLEISTIS, HECATAEUS, had mapped the ENTIRE surface of the planet, because there is a danger that the Greeks will learn that ATLANTIS and the AMERICAN CONTINENT belonged administratively in DELPHI, while Asia belonged administratively to SARDIS, with the central coordinator being the APOLLONIAN Center of DELOS, to which the Transborean Greeks (Northern Siberia) sent as a token of recognition “every year, choice grain”, through the Greek ARIMASPAS and ISSIDONES and MASSAGESTAE of Central and Southern SIBERIA.
The Greeks should not know that the Greek DOCTORS, GALENOS, CELSIUS, HERACLIDES, HEROPHILUS, PRAXAGORAS, AGNODIKIS, KTIRIAS, HIPPOCRATES, ERIVIOTIS, carried out “BALANCING ELEKTROMAGNETIC FLUIDS of the BODY” treatments by REGULATING the ALKALINITY and ACIDITY of the ORGANS. That they were making cures using “left-handed amino acids” (antibiotics) obtained from plants, fully knowing that only recently did molecular biology discover the action-reaction of left-handed amino acids (antibiotics) with right-handed amino acids (organism proteins).
The Greeks must NOT LEARN that the SYMBOLS “LEFT-CROWNED SWASTIKA” and “RIGHT-CROWNED SWASTIKA” were SYMBOLS of PHYSICS and MATHEMATICS, by which the Greeks PYTHAGORAS and DEMOCRITUS and ARISTARCHOS expressed RIGHT -handed and LEFT -handed NUCLEI of ATOMS, PLANETS, SOLAR SYSTEM, GALAXIES and COSMIC DOMAINS CLUSTERS of GALAXIES.
*****************************Macedonia is Greece.
Absolutely fascinating! The discovery of ancient Greek coins scattered throughout the WORLD is truly impressive. It’s a vivid reminder of the extensive reach of Greek civilization through establishing colonies across the continent. These coins not only serve as tangible artifacts but also as symbolic representations of the cultural, economic, and political influence of the ancient Greeks. Each coin tells a story, offering glimpses into the time’s trade networks, artistic styles, and historical events. It’s remarkable to think about how these small pieces of metal have traveled across centuries, bearing witness to the interconnectedness of ancient societies and leaving an enduring legacy that continues to captivate us today.
GREEK COINAGE SYSTEM PROMOTED THE DEVELOPMENT OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND MARKET EXCHANGE IN THE ANCIENT MEDITERRANEAN/BLACK SEA AND HELLENIC EAST.
PICTURE: VARIOUS COINS OF GREEK CITY-STATES, COLONIES OF BOTH HELLENIC AND HELLENISTIC KINGDOMS IN THE MODERN COUNTRIES.
1)SILVER TETRADRACHM FROM CHERSONESOS IN CRIMEA, 2nd c. BC
2)SILVER TETRADRACHM OF BASILEUS(=KING) ANTIOCHUS=ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΣ= “AL-KHANOUM” GRECO-BACTRIAN KINGDOM/AFGHANISTAN, 230 BC
3) SILVER TETRADRACHM OF KING MENANDER I SOTER, INDO-GREEK KINGDOM, 140 BC
4)SILVER TETRADRACHM FROM EPHESUS IN IONIA (“ASIA MINOR”/TODAY’S TURKEY), 390 – 300 BC.
5)SILVER TETRADRACHM WITH HEAD OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT, PTOLEMAIC KINGDOM IN EGYPT, 313 BC
6)DIDRACHM FROM CYRENE (modern LIBYA), 250 BC
7)Silver DRACHM from MASSALIA (MODERN MARSEILLE, FRANCE) WITH HEAD OF ARTEMIS, 200 BC
8)SILVER DIDRACHM FROM NEAPOLIS=ΝΕΑΠΟΛΙΣ=NEW CITY (MODERN NAPLES IN SOUTH ITALY) 4th c. BC
9)• SILVER TETRADRACHM from EMPORION (Empúries, Catalonia/Spain) 4th c. BC.
Telly Raptis: yes Corinthians I believe set up a colony in (what is present day) Ukraine around 600 BC So Greeks went to the heart of Slavic territory before there were Slavs..
Ancient Greek Coins, exhibit excellent examples of mythological figures. They can add a visual and tactile dimension that can greatly enhance our readings of history. Unlike vases and mosaics, ancient Greek and Roman coins are extraordinary numerous, cover a wide geographical area and are often of exceptional quality.
These are typical ancient Corinthian coins and their stories transport us back to a time contemporary with the myths. Handling them is an amazing experience begging questions such as: who handled them, where did they travel through the ancient world, what did the coins buy (food, pleasure, political advantage), what do they tell us about history of area or its origin, etc.
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KINGDOM OF MACEDON. DEMETRIOS I ‘POLIORKETES’. SILVER TETRADRACHM(=FOURDRACHM), CIRCA 300-295 BC. SALAMIS. Ob: NIKE(=VICTORY), BLOWING TRUMPET AND HOLDING STYLIS, STANDING LEFT ON PROW OF GALLEY LEFT. Rv: ΔHMHTPIOY BAΣIΛEΩΣ, POSEIDON PELAGAIOS STANDING LEFT, PREPARING TO THROW TRIDENT.
The “secret” of the golden ring, after 25 centuries, which was kept in the dark, will be revealed at the University of Athens by professor of Thracian origin (from Xanthi) Charalambos X. Spyridis (*) . The result of his many years of research, with which he managed to decode a unique text, written in the Thracian language of the 5th BC . ah! The reading of the “golden ring” will take place – a world first! – in a lecture by the professor, organized by the Department of Music Studies of the University of Athens on Wednesday, April 9 at 19:00 in the ceremony hall of the Foundation (30 University Street). It is a text of 61 characters of the uppercase Attic-Ionic alphabet, in continuous speech – not divided into words – uninterpreted to this day, according to the official version. The ancient text is engraved on the plate of a golden ring, which was worn by a prominent man of the ancient great Thracian country of Sapaiki or the ancient country of the Vissa Thracians, which coincides with the present-day Vorisogradsko region of Bulgaria ( Ezerovo village ). From the reading of the epigram of the golden ring of Ezerovo, it follows: – The recounting of events mentioned by most of the ancient Greek writers, tragedians and historians. – Who and what was the one who wore the ring. – What was the religion of the ancient Thracians of the region. – That the language of the ancient Thracians was Greek. – The existing Archaeo-Thracian linguistic material of dialectal words is enriched. – It clarifies the way of writing the epigram and the double pronunciation of some basic letter in the language of the ancient Thracians. – We learn where the ancient Thracians of the region came from, closing a cycle of centuries of migration. – We learn what the city of Ezerovo was called at that time and details unknown until now about the name and geography of the area. – We learn the main occupation of the ancient Thracians of the region. – We learn information about ancient Thracian metric and rhythm. – The origin of many people of spirit and letters from ancient Thrace is definitively clarified, such as the sophist Protagoras and Scythinus the iambographer. It is, therefore, a unique – to date – extensive ancient Thracian text. The ring of Ezerovo Good luck, in the year 1912, when excavating a mound (tumba, geilofo) in the village of Ezerovo in the Vorisogradsko region of Bulgaria – the northernmost part of the ancient Great Thracian Sapaic country or perhaps the southernmost part of the ancient country of the Vissa Thracians – between cities of Haskovo and Philippopoleos, a magnificent tomb of 403 BC was found. It was the tomb of an eminent man, as appears from the offerings. The deceased wore a gold ring, which bore a broad inscribed plate, on which were engraved 61 letters of the capital Attic-Ionic alphabet! Many scholars, especially Europeans, including Balkans – including Greeks ( D. Detschew, P. Kretschmer, Ribezzo, Seure, Basavaricius, M. Apostolidis, K. Kourtidis, etc. ) tried to interpret, each with his knowledge and his rich imagination the inscription. According to Mr. Spyridis, “each of these researchers separates the words in his own way and gives the words his personal interpretation so that all these interpretive efforts have as their only common element arbitrariness”. As a native of Xanthiotis, Mr Spyridis was interested in the ring of Ezerovo and researched it since 1988. He completed his research on 30.12.2013. All this becomes even more important if one considers that the Thracians did not have a written language and therefore did not leave written monuments. They did not know how to write and considered it a great shame to use letters (Aelianus ” Historical Miscellany” , 8,6,1-4)… They could not count above the number four (Aristotle “Problems” , 911a, 1-4 )… Regarding the language of the Thracians, our knowledge is very limited, as Professor Spyridis says. The linguistic material, which has survived from the ancient authors and lexicographers (mainly Hesychius of Alexandria and partly Stephen of Byzantium), includes: – 40 dialect words, – about 1,500 first names (person names and toponyms), – various relief inscriptions, which were found in Moesia and Northern Thrace and which make known to us many main Thracian names, of various periods and even Roman, – two inscriptions on two gold rings, which were found in Ezerovo and Divanli, respectively, – inscriptions on four Divanli silver urns, – a vase found in a Samothrace sanctuary, and – some words mainly of plants thanks to the fact that the ancient Greeks considered the Thracians unsurpassed in herbal medicine. Finally, many Greek words which were read in Linear B are also attested in the area of Thrace. Many names and toponyms known in Thrace (such as Agrianes, Dymi, Nestos, Skyos Potamos, Avai, etc.) also exist in southern Greece. This linguistic material, however, is an insufficient material. The Thracians began to use the Greek alphabet – and in particular its Attic-Ionic variant, from the 5th BC . c., as can be seen from the data available to date. The violinist of Abdira Last week at the Physicists’ Conference in Nafplio, Mr. Spyridis spoke, among others, about the “violinist of Abdira”, who was first presented by this column, in the paper of 21.06.2011, article entitled ” In ancient Abdira they played violin!” (For more, see G. Lekaki’s book “Introduction to Music”, published by MadMelody, 2013). The professor discussed the ancient stringed musical instruments with a bow, the existence and function of which was first mentioned by Heraclitus (in passage 51), the dark philosopher. The presentation made an impression, since, as I mentioned in the article above, modern musicology believes and propagates that the ancient Greeks did not know the doxari!!! As for the “ancient Abderite violinist”, Mr. Spyridis will speak on April 29 at the “Drakopoulos” hall in Propylaia (30 Panepistimiou). PS: see and official announcement of Har. Spyridis at the last Balkan Physics Congress. SOURCE : article by G. Lekakis in his “Chronotopia” column, in the newspaper “Chronos” Komotini, 2.4.2014. ARCHIVE OF CULTURE , 3.4.2014. “INTERPRETATION OF THE UNIQUE ARCHAEOTHRACIAN EPIGRAM”! Decoding and interpretation of the unique ancient Thracian epigram on the gold ring of Ezerovo. As an assistant professor of the Physics of Music at the Physics Department of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki on the one hand, and on the other hand as a member of the Congress of the Balkan Union of Physicists, in the late 1980s I had begun to deal with a subject of a Thracian nature in order to present at the Balkan Physics Congress, which would take place on 26-28.9.1991 in Thessaloniki. In particular, I had chosen to decode, or to translate, the first and only long extant Thracian written text with 61 consecutive Greek capital letters of the Ionic type, found engraved on the plate of a gold ring. The skeleton of an eminent Thracian man of the 5th century BC wore the ring in his tomb. Thus, without realizing it, a research Odyssey began for me that lasted 24 whole years; from 1990 to 30.12.2013, Monday of the week – an unforgettable time milestone! For the Balkan Physics Congress, I hypothesized that the ring’s inscribed plaque presented a musical score (score) of some Thracian hymn to a deity or hero, perhaps the “fame” of the official to whom the skeleton belonged in the tomb. I recorded this score in modern musical notation using the Tables of the ancient Greek philosopher and musician Alypius (4th century BC). With this musical version of the epigram of the ring, performed on cello by the professor of the Contemporary Conservatory of Thessaloniki, Mr. G. Manolas in a world premiere on Saturday night, 28.9.1991, the Balkan Conference closed in the Ceremony Hall of theAristotle University of Thessaloniki. I continued my research drawn by the wise linguists, historians and archaeologists of the various states. I formulated the opinion that the inscription is a specific text written in a mixture of Greek dialects with barbarisms, whose most elementary cells, the syllables of the words, contain traits and qualities of a musical nature. With the help of the Alypius Tables, I resurrected the musicality that existed and lived lethargically inside the epigram for so many centuries, treating it simultaneously as a “libretto” and as a “score” of an ancient musicological work, which was performed and sung by my students. (*) Char. Ch. SPYRIDIS is a professor of Music Acoustics, Informatics at the Department of Music Studies of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. The presentation of the relevant book took place in Athens, at the Society of Greek Writers, on Friday 1.12.2023. SEE her HERE . Published by “Ammon Publishing”, Athens 2023. arxeion-politismou.gr
The symbol of Pegasus is an enduring one, and instantly recognizable. Pictured as a strong white stallion with wings, he is one of Greek Mythology’s most beloved creatures. There are several different versions as to the origins of his birth. Often described as a child of Poseidon, he is said to have been born from the neck of the severed head of the Medusa, or a mix of the Medusa’s blood and seafoam created by Poseidon. Whilst many people associated Pegasus with the legendary hero Perseus, he was in fact most strongly associated with a lesser-known Greek hero called Bellerophon.
Golden Thracian Pegasus from the 4th century BCE. It was found in now days Vazovo, Bulgaria
The hero Bellerophon was commanded by King Iobates to slay the beast. He rode into battle on the back of the winged horse Pegasos and drove a lead-tipped lance into its flaming throat, choking the beast on molten metal. Late classical writers believed the creature was a metaphor for a Lycian volcano.
Bellerophon, Pegasus and the Chimera, Laconian black-figure kylix C6th B.C., The J. Paul Getty Museum
Bellerophon (aka Bellerophontes) is the Corinthian hero of Greek mythology who famously battled and killed the fantastical Chimera monster, a fearsome fire-breathing mix of lion, goat, and snake. Bellerophon was the son of Poseidon and he is also noted for taming the winged horse Pegasus, a gift from his father.
Other adventures include famous fights and victories over the warlike Solymoi, the Amazons, and Carian pirates – all tasks set him by Iobates, the king of Lycia. The hero then pushed his luck too far, and, riding Pegasus high in the sky in a vain and foolish attempt to join the gods on Mount Olympus, Bellerophon fell to the ground and was killed.Bellerophon & PegasusIn Greekmythology, Bellerophon was the son of Poseidon, although his natural father is usually cited as Glaucus, making him the grandson of Sisyphus, the king of Corinth who was punished by Zeus for his trickery and had to endlessly roll a huge stone up a hill down in Hades, the Greek underworld. According to Homer (c. 750 BCE), Bellerophon gained rather more divine favour than his grandfather as “the gods granted him beauty and all that is lovely in manhood” (Iliad, 6:155). The god of the sea also gave his son a magnificent gift, Pegasus, the winged horse which had been born from the severed head of the Gorgon Medusa when she was killed by the hero Perseus. In other accounts, Bellerophon found the horse at the sacred spring of Pirene near Corinth, and the Greek writer Hesiod (c. 700 BCE) suggests this fact explains the name Pegasus, which derived from ‘water’- pēgē. Taming the horse with the help of the goddess Athena, Bellerophon was able to ride and fly Pegasus, a skill that would come in handy in his later adventures when he killed various exotic creatures. Indeed, the historian Robin Lane Fox notes that the hero’s very name indicates his past and future career, –phontes meaning ‘killer’. Bellerophon was said to have killed a man called Bellerus and then his brother Deliades which explains why he left Corinth and began his adventures in Tiryns, which ultimately led to more killings.
BELLEROPHON RODE HIS WINGED HORSE PEGASUS & SO MANAGED TO FLY ABOVE THE CHIMERA, REPEATEDLY FIRING ARROWS INTO ITS BACK.Bellerophon & the ChimeraBellerophon was involved in a famous battle with the Chimera (Chimaera or Chimaira). This happened after Proitos, the king of Tiryns(aka Proetus) became outraged with the hero following accusations made by his wife Stheneboia (called Anteia in some versions) that Bellerophon had tried to rape her. She had fallen in love with our hero, but Bellerophon, being a good guest and not wishing to dishonour his host, would not encourage her. Proitos believed his wife and sent Bellerophon to serve his father-in-law (or brother in other versions) Iobates, the king of Lycia (in modern Turkey). Proitos even gave our hero a tablet to be delivered to Isoabates which was inscribed with instructions to do away with Bellerophon at any opportunity. The precise wording of this poison pen letter was:
Pray remove the bearer from this world; he has tried to violate my wife, your daughter.(Graves, 75a)
Iobates first welcomed his guest with all due honours, arranging a round of feasts that lasted nine days. Then the king asked to see the tablet from his son-in-law. After reading the dastardly instructions scratched into the wax, Iobates set our hero the impossibly dangerous task of killing the Chimera – a fantastic fire-breathing creature which had a lion’s body, a snake as a tail, and a goat’s head protruding from its back. Hesiod gives the following description in his Theogony:
[The] Chimaera, who breathed invincible fire, terrible and great and swift-footed and mighty. She had three heads: one was a fierce-eyed lion’s, one a she-goat’s, one a snake’s, a mighty dragon’s.
Red-figure plate showing Bellerophon riding Pegasus and chasing the Chimera, by the Baltimore painter, second half of the 4th century BCE. (Photo taken at the “Monsters. Fantastic Creatures of Fear and Myth” exhibition, Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Rome)
Corinthian plate with Chimera, 590-575 BCE. (Photo taken at the “Monsters. Fantastic Creatures of Fear and Myth” exhibition, Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Rome)
Silver stater from Corinth, 525-500 BCE. O: Pegasus. R: Incuse square of swastika design
Golden coin with Pegasus and Goddess Athena from MAGNA GRAECIA/Syracuse (Corinthian colony 8th century BC)
AMYNTAS -(greek- AMYNTAS – ) THE GRANDFATHER of ALEXANDROS THE GREAT MACEDONIA- HELLAS Amyntas III (… – 370 BC), son of Arridaios, was king of Macedonia in the period 393 BC. with 370 BC. He came from the Argead dynasty. His children were Perdikas III, Alexander II, Menelaus, Archelaus, Eurinoe and above all he was the father of Philip II and therefore the grandfather of Alexander III (Alexander the Great) Amyntas is considered historically, the regenerator of the Macedonian kingdom after the period of great disturbance and decline that followed the death of Archelaus I in 399 BC, which is also reflected by the fact that he was the 8th king in 6 years. He was also an experienced statesman and diplomat by making important alliances. In 371 BC, at the pan-Hellenic gathering of the Lacedaemonian allies, he voted in favor of the Athenians and supported the side of the rest of the Greeks who argued that Amphipolis should have been given to the Athenians. (according to one of the terms of the Peace of Nicaea in 421 BC, which was never observed by the Spartans). With Olynthos now sidelined and weakened, Amyntas was now able and capitulated with Athens, and made his own kingdom the direct supplier of timber to Athens, and specifically to Timotheus of Piraeus, thus significantly strengthening the economic state of the kingdom of Macedonia.
Gold oktadrachm of Ptolemy IV Philopator Greek, Ptolemaic Hellenistic
credit The Metropolitan Museum of Art NY
MACEDON. Chalcidian League. Ca. 432-348 BC. AR tetradrachm (26mm, 14.32 gm, 12h). NGC XF 5/5 – 3/5, scratches. Olynthus, ca. 390 BC. Laureate head of Apollo right; sprig in left field / Χ-Α-Λ-ΚΙΔ-ΕΩΝ, cithara (lyre) with seven strings. Robinson & Clement Group I, 42 var. (A32/P- [unlisted rev. die]). SNG ANS -. HGC 3, 498. Extremely rare issue with floral symbol – R&C record only two examples (Athens, Brussels), both of which are from the same obverse die and have the same die breaks. Despite not listing it on the holder, this coin is in Fine Style, from the same dies as a previous example we have sold (Heritage Auctions, Auction 3109, 17 August 2023, lot 31009).
The Chalcidice is a three-fingered area of land extending from eastern Macedon into the Aegean Sea. Wary of Athenian imperialism and the rising power of the Macedonian Kingdom, the free cities of the Chalcidice banded together in ca. 432 BC to form a defensive coalition called the Chalcidian League, with its capital of Olynthus. The silver coinage struck at Olynthus was on the Macedonian standard, somewhat lighter than the Attic standard employed by most of Greece, and was legal tender at all cities belonging to the league. The standard design featured a head of Apollo, god of beauty, art, and music, with a type of lyre called a cithara on the reverse. The depictions of Apollo on these pieces are remarkable for the strength and beauty of their style. Sadly, the Chalcidian League’s coinage came to an end with the capture and destruction of Olynthus by King Philip II of Macedon in ca. 348 BC.
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Gold Stater of Philip III Arrhidaeus, King of Macedon (323–317 BC). He was a son of King Philip II of Macedon by Philinna of Larissa/Thessaly, and thus an elder half-brother of Alexander the Great.
Alexander the Great driving a chariot drawn by four elephants, on a gold stater of Ptolemy I of Egypt.
“ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ” Minted in Alexandria, circa 305-298 BC.circa 305-298 BC.
WHEN THE GREEKS MADE AN APPEAL, THEY RAISED THEIR HANDS.
SO THEY FORM THE LETTER WITH THE HEAD
E (epsilon )
WHICH IS THE SYMBOL OF COMMUNICATION WITH THE HEAVENLY BEINGS.
THEY WERE BARE, SO THAT THERE WAS A GROUNDING CONTACT WITH THE GROUND.
THE BRAIN BROUGHT MESSAGES AT THE SPEED OF THOUGHT WHICH REACHED THE BASE OF CREATION !!
IN RELIGIONS, THE BELIEVER KNEES WHEN HE REDUCES HIS HEIGHT AND LOSES TANGENT GROUNDING.
THE FOUNDATION OF THE HANDS IN PRAYER SHORT-CIRCUITS THE ENERGY FIELD OF THE BODY, AND CANNOT EMIT MESSAGES.
IF HE RELEASES HIS HANDS,HOWEVER, HIS HEAD IS DONE…..THEN THE MESSAGES ARE TRANSMITTED TO EARTH,THE PARALLEL TO HERSURFACE OF ,
AND THEY NEVER GET TO CREATION!!
Ancient Greek Coins with Goddesses.
A silver coin of Alexandria depicting Alexander the Great. Reign of Ptolemy I (366 BCE – 282 BCE).
A RARE AND EXCEPTIONAL GREEK ELECTRUM HEKTE OF EPHESOS (IN IONIA) FROM THE CELEBRATED PHANES SERIES
IONIA, EPHESOS = ΙΩΝΙΑ, ΕΦΕΣΟΣ PHANES. Circa 625- BC. EL HEKTE – SIXTH STATER (9.5mm, 2.35 g). FOREPART OF STAG RIGHT, HEAD REVERTED/ ABSTRACT GEOMETRIC PATTERN WITHIN INCUSE SQUARE PUNCH. Weidauer –; SNG von Aulock –; Zhuyuetang –; TRITON XI, lot 232; TRITON IX, lot 919; TRITON VIII, ( lot 400; CNG 100, lot 78; CNG 91, lot 272. Good VF, toned. Rare.)
Kings of Thrace. Byzantion. Macedonian. Lysimachos 305-281 BC. Head of the deified Alexander the Great right, wearing diadem and horn of Ammon / Athena Nikephoros enthroned left, shield resting against base of throne.
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An Exceptional Greek Silver Stater of Corinth (Corinthia)
Corinthia, Corinth. Stater 500-450, AR 8.47 g. Pegasus flying l.; below, phi. Rev. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet and pearl necklace; behind, ivy-leaves. All within partially incuse square. Calciati 64. Kraay, Q. Tic. VI, 1977, pl. 1, 15 (these dies). Ravel 173. Gillet collection photo file 960 (this coin).
A portrait of exquisite style and a superb old cabinet tone. Obverse
slightly off-centre, otherwise extremely fine.
Very Rare Electrum Hekte from Mytilene, Lesbos, C. 521-478 BC Obverse: Head of a ram facing to right, a rooster walking to left below, pecking at the ground. Reverse: Incuse head of a bull facing to left. Extremely fine, very rare. The mythology represented on Mytilene’s electrum coins isn’t always clear however, the animals present on this coin can all be associated with the sun god Apollo in one form or another. In fact, Apollo is a favorite subject of Mytilene’s coinage. On later coins from the city, Apollo’s lyre is present and on others the image of Apollo Karneios wearing ram’s horns is shown. Apollo Karneios is said to be a patron god of cattle and herders so the bull could be a reference to him, as well as the ram. The rooster, which heralded the coming of dawn with its cry, was sacred to the sun god Helios who, by the time of Euripides (c. 480 – c. 406 BC), had become syncretized with Apollo. Euripides provides the first reference to their syncretization in the surviving fragments his play Phaethon. Ancient Mytilene, modern Mytilini (map) is on Lesbos, a Greek island located in the northeastern Aegean Sea. The city was famous for its great output of electrum coins struck from the late 6th through mid 4th centuries BC. According to Homer, Mytilene had been an organized city since 1054 BC.
A Hellenic Gold Diadem (3 Century BC), which depicts the goddess of victory Nike and is adorned with garnet and cornelian stones.
Ancient THRACIAN G𝚘l𝚍 P𝚊n𝚊𝚐𝚢𝚞𝚛is𝚑t𝚎T𝚛𝚎𝚊s𝚞𝚛𝚎 = ΠΑΝΗΓΥΡΙΚΟΣ ΘΗΣΑΥΡΟΣ, MADE ABOUT 2,450 BC FOUNDIN THE BULGARIAN TOWN OF PANAGYURISHTE IN 1949,IT CONSISTS OF 9 VESSELS TOTALY 6.1k𝚐 OF 24-KARAT GOLD AND HAS BEEN USED ONLY BY THE THE THRACIAN KING SEUTHES III.
Hellenistic gold armlet with Herakles knot. Inlaid with garnets, emeralds, and enamel. Dated 3rd–2nd century BCE. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (1999.209).
Greek Intaglio Gold Ring (3rd Century BC), engraved with the head of Alexander the Great in the guise of Herakles, wearing the lion’s skin, with paws fastened round the neck.
HISTORY FROM COINS? GOLD STATER COIN IN THE INDO-GREEK COIN DISPLAY , MONEY GALLERY GOLD COIN SHOWING ZEUS THROWING THUNDERBOLT
FROM AROUND 250 BCE TO 10 CE, A SERIES OF RULERS CONTROLLED AN AREA OF CENTRAL AND SOUTH ASIA IN THE ANCIENT REGIONS OF BACTRIA AND GANDHARA.
THIS DISPLAY GIVES TANTALISING GLIMPSES INTO THE HISTORY OF THOSE ANCIENT RULERS AND OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE HISTORY OF THE GRAECO-BACTRIAN and INDO-GREEK KINGDOMS , AS THEY ARE ARE NOW known.6
NO WRITTEN SOURCES AND FEW ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FROM THIS PERIOD SURVIVE in the REGION MEANING that6 COINS are, IN MANY CASES, our ONLY HISTORICAL SOURCE. While EIGHT KINGS ARE MENTIONED IN TEXTS, WE KNOW OF ÖVER 40 FROM THE COINS PRODUCED IN THEIR NAMES.
COINAGE WAS A RELATIVELY NEW PHENOMENON AT THE BEGINNING OF THE GRAECO-BACTRIAN KINGDOM. BEFORE THE ARRIVAL OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT IN CENTRAL ASIA in 329 BCE, the PERSIANS HAD MADE LONG, THIN ‘BENT BAR’ COINS WITH IMAGES STÄMPEL INTO EITHER END, WHILE COINS FROM ANCIENT INDIA LOOKEN QUITE DIFFERENT, BEING IRREGULARLY SHAPED PIECES OF SILVER STAMPED WITH MANY DIFFERENT PUNCHES. ALEXANDER BROUGHT WITH HIM THE GREEK STYLE OF COINAGE WITH IMAGES ON BOTH SIDES, A PATTERN FOLLOWED BY THE GRAECO-BACTRIAN AND INDO-GREEK RULERS.
In the display, you’ll discover a selection of the ASHMOLEAN’S WORLD-LEADING collection of coins from this period. Learn how coinage developed at the crossroads of Asia, consider what we can understand about history when coins are our only evidence, and discover new research on these important objects.
HEADER IMAGES ABOVE: (1) SILVER TETRADRACHM OF DEMETRIOS I, SHOWING THE KING WEARING AN ELEPHANT SCALP HELMET, EARLY 2ND CENTURY BCE; (2) 4th-century BCE PERSIAN ‘BENT BAR ‘ COIN; (3) PUNCH-MARKED COIN FROM ANCIENT INDIA; (4) SILVER TETRADRACHM OF f QUEEN AGATHOCLEIA
Coin of Ptolemy II, Alexandria, Egypt, 280-279 BC
SILVER TETRADRACHM COIN, c. 480–420 BC.
THE INSCRIPTION “ΑΘΕ” IS AN ABBREVIATION OF ΑΘΗΝΑΙΩΝ, WHICH IS b TRANSLATED AS “OF THE ATHENIANS .”
ATHENIAN DRACHMAS WERE CALLED GLAUKES (ΓΛΑYΚΕΣ , OWLS).
A Rare, Magnificent, and Important Greek Silver Tetradrachm of Camarina (Scily), Possibly the Finest Example Known of this Issue
Camarina. Tetradrachm circa 425-405, AR 16.82 g. Fast quadriga driven r. by helmeted Athena, holding reins and kentron; above the horses Nike flying l. to crown her. In exergue, barley grain. Rev. KAMAPINAI – ON Head of young Heracles l., wearing lion skin; below chin, olive sprig with fruit. Rizzo pl. 5, 13 and 6, 9 (this coin illustrated). Boston 261 (these dies). SNG München 402 (these dies). Kraay-Hirmer pl. 53, 149 (this coin). Westermark-Jenkins 146.11 (this coin) and pl. 15 (this reverse illustrated).
Very rare and possibly the finest specimen known of this magnificent issue. A
portrait of enchanting beauty, work of a very talented master engraver.
Superb old cabinet tone and good extremely fine.
MACEDONIA. AKANTHOS. TETRADRACHM c. 500 BC. ACCORDING TO THE ANCIENT HISTORIAN NIKOLAOS OF DAMASKOS, AKANTHOS WAS PRESUMABLY FOUNDED BY COLONISTS FROM THE ISLAND OF ANDROS(NOT “ANDAR”!!) IN 655 BC. THE FIRST RELIABLE EVIDENCE OF THE EXISTENCE OF AN AUTONOMOUS POLIS (=ΠΟΛΙΣ=CITY) ARE THE TETRADRACHMS MINTED FROM 520 BC. THESE SILVER COINS WERE NOT ONLY USED ON THE CHALCIDIAN PENINSULA, BUT ALSO IN MAGNA GRAECIA – PARTICULARY SICILY , EGYPT AND PERSIA. THE EXPORT OF SILVER IN THE FORM OF THESE COINS WAS AN IMPORTANT SOURCE OF INCOME FOR AKANTHOS*(=THORN) IN ARCHAIC TIMES, ALONGSIDE THE DOMINANT AGRICULTURE.
*ΑΚE + Α Ν Θ Ο Σ = SHARP FLOWER = Α Κ Α Ν Θ Ο Σ = “A C A N T H U S”
THE MOST DASHING OF ALEXANDER’S SUCCESSORS, “DEMETRIUS” I POLIORCETES WAS THE SON OF THE GREAT MACEDONIAN GENERAL l ANTIGONOS MONOPTHALMUS= ΜΟΝΟΦΘΑΛΜΟΣ (“one-eyed”), WHO SERVED BOTH PHILIP II AND ALEXANDER III THE GREAT. AFTER ALEXANDER’S DEATH, DEMETRIOS LED ARMIES IN SUPPORT OF HIS FATHER’S CLAIM TO SUPREME POWER. HE WON AN IMPORTANT NAVAL VICTORY IN 306 BC AT SALAMIS AGAINST THE PTOLEMAIC FLEET.
A Rare Greek Silver Half Victoriatus of APOLLONIA (ALIAS ΙΛΛΥΡΙΑ/ILLYRIA)
Illyria. Apollonia. mid 1st century BC. (Silver, 14 mm, 1.32 g, 10 h), Half-Victoriatus, Aineas. ΑΙ / ΝΕ Burning bitumen (‘the nymphaeum of Apollonia ablaze’). Rev. ΑΠΟΛΛΩ / ΝΙΑΤΑΝ Lagobolon. BMC 44. HGC 3, p. 7, 7. Pozzi (Boutin) 2916. Maier. SNG Copenhagen. Very rare. Rough surfaces and two flan cracks, otherwise, very fine.
*******************JULIANUS THE GREAT***********************************************’
Julian (full name Flavius Claudius Julianus), was a Roman emperor of Byzantium (Eastern Roman Empire) during the 4th century. He remained in history as a “Violator” and “Apostate”, thanks to the Church which slandered him (Julian was the only non-Christian emperor of Byzantium), as well as all those who stood in the way of its plans.
Iulianos was a profoundly educated man. Influenced by Greek classical education, he considered himself Greek and did not hesitate to declare “I am Greek”. In his letter to the philosopher Themisius, he will say characteristically: “Leaving for Greece, when everyone thought I was being sent into exile, I did not glorify my luck as if I were celebrating the greatest festival, saying that that change was for me everything better and how had I exchanged, as they say, “Copper for gold and nine oxen for a hundred”? I felt such joy that I wanted to go to Greece instead of staying at home, even though I had neither a field nor a garden nor a little house of my own.” In another of his letters (“In praise of the empress Eusevia”), he cannot hide his love for Greece: “But what has come over me? And what kind of speech did I intend to conclude if not the praise of my beloved Greece, which I cannot bring to mind without being dazzled by everything that is hers?”
Julian was bothered by the phenomenon of Christianity that was in direct conflict with his Greek education and training, as well as with the Greek Culture he adored. He tried to put a brake on the lewdness of the clergy and the enrichment of the Church, without, however, proceeding with prosecutions against them (“I, but the gods, do not want Christians to be killed or unjustly beaten or suffer any other harm” [“Idiochiri letter to Atharbius”]). Instead he tried to keep a balance. He issues decrees on secularism, while at the same time trying to revive the Greek (and Roman) religion. He returns the properties and recalls from their exile, persecuted by the -Arianist- Constantius, orthodox Christians. It abolishes government subsidies to the Christian church. It issues five decrees to strengthen the power of local parliaments. He forbids being addressed as “Despot” and declares that he considers himself a member of the senate class. In his letters he addresses the town councils as equal to equal. It promotes measures (tax exemptions, debt statutes, etc.) to strengthen the autonomy of cities. He tries to reconcile the warring sections of the Christians and to prevent conflicts between Gentiles and Christians (“I have treated all the Christians with such gentleness and charity that none of them suffer violence anywhere nor are they dragged by force to the shrines or forced to do anything against their will” [“To the inhabitants of Edessa”]).
Attempting to limit Christian propaganda and the spread of Christianity, he issues a decree to exclude Christian teachers from education; forbids bequests to churches; obliges Christians to repair the damage they had caused to the sanctuaries of the Gentiles. Julian will justify the measure he took, to forbid Christian teachers of rhetoric and grammarians to teach Greek philology, summarizing his whole attitude towards them in the phrase: “Go to your churches, interpret Matthew and Luke”… The Christians considered that the measure that by extension also prohibited their children from studying. Regarding this, however, Julian, towards the end of the letter (“Letter 42”), is clear…
Proper education, I think, does not mean handling words and language with eurythmy, but being distinguished by a healthy mental disposition to think logically, to have correct opinions about good and bad, beautiful and ugly. He, then, who believes one thing and teaches another to those who learn by him, I think has moved away both from education and from honesty. And if the difference between thoughts and words concerns small matters, then the evil is somewhat tolerable. But in great matters, if a man teaches the opposite of what he believes, how can he not be considered a crafty man, anything but honest and conscientious, who speaks with very good words about things he considers insignificant, deceiving and enticing with praise those in whom he seeks to impart his own ugliness?
Therefore, those who want to be teachers must be fair and reasonable people, and the ideas they have embraced must not come into conflict with their public function. And much more than all, people of such quality should be all those who are engaged in the interpretation of ancient texts to the young, whether they are orators or simple teachers or sophists – and much more the latter, who aspire to teach not only language but also ethics, and claim that their specialty is political philosophy.
Now whether this be true or not, let us leave it for the present; I commend them for having the ambition to practice so fine a profession, but I would commend them still more if they were not liars, and if they did not allow themselves to be thought to believe one thing and another teach their students. So what do you say? For Homer, Hesiod, Demosthenes, Herodotus, Thucydides, Isocrates and Lysias, were not the gods the heads of education? Did they not consider their patrons, some to Hermes and others to the Muses? It is therefore absurd, I think, that some whose business it is to interpret the works of all these, at the same time despise the gods whom they honoured. And although I find this paradoxical, I do not claim that youth teachers should change their ideas. I leave them to choose between not teaching what they do not consider worthy and important, or, if they wish to continue teaching, first of all to preach to the students that neither Homer nor Hesiod nor any of those who expound…(words missing) …since they have even been accused of impiety and foolishness and theological fallacies. And since thanks to their writings they earn money and live here, it is as if they admit that they are filthy lucre and for a few drachmas they are capable of everything.Hitherto, many were the reasons why the people did not visit the shrines, and the fear that hung everywhere excused the concealment of the true opinion of the gods. But now that the gods have given us freedom, it seems absurd to me to teach people what one does not approve of. But if they consider wise those whose works they interpret and whom they recognize as prophets, let them first imitate their piety towards the gods; but if they maintain that those who deserve the greatest honors have gone astray, then let them go to the churches of the Christians to interpret Matthew and Luke…
Your own laws forbid you to eat of the sacrificed animals. But I would prefer to be “reborn”, as you would say, and your hearing and your language…(words missing). So here is the new law that applies to teachers. No young person who wants to study is excluded. It would be neither reasonable nor fair to block the way for children who still don’t know which direction to take – for fear of pushing them towards the ancestral traditions against their will although it would be fair, like the mad, so them to treat them against their will. But I believe that fools should be taught and not punished.
As for the financial measures he took against the Church, he will justify them with a very… Christian argument (“To the inhabitants of Edessa”):
Since then their wonderful law exhorts them to renounce their possessions in order to walk more easily to the kingdom of heaven, for this reason we too, in agreement with their saints, gave orders to confiscate all the money of the church of the Edessites and to be given to the soldiers, and their estates to be added to our own. And this in order to impoverish them and put their minds to it, but also so that they are not deprived of the kingdom of heaven in which they still hope. And the inhabitants of Edessa I warn them to stay away from quarrels and insurrections, lest they arouse my feeling of charity, and I punish them with sword, fire, and exile, for disturbing the social peace.
Referring to the clergy, he will write (“To the inhabitants of Vostra”):
Instead of rejoicing that they have gone unpunished for their evil deeds, they covet their old power, and since they can no longer judge, write wills, hand over foreign inheritances, and bestow it all on themselves, they move the strings to they cause disorder, add fuel to the fire and dare to heap new ones on top of the old troubles, leading the people into discord. I therefore thought that I should announce to the inhabitants of all the cities by this decree, that it is forbidden for them to rise up together with the clergy, to be seduced by them, and to raise stones showing disobedience to the rulers. They are free to assemble whenever they like and pray for themselves as they wish. But if some try to convince them to rise up – allegedly – for their own interests, let them not participate in riots so as not to be punished.
And he continues, addressing “To the residents of Vostra”:
You people isolate yourselves. Let all avoid rivalries and let no one transgress – and let the misguided not transgress against those who rightly and justly worship the gods according to the tradition of centuries, and let those who worship the gods not destroy and plunder the houses of those who – mostly due to ignorance than by conviction – they have gone astray…
And now as many times in the past, I exhort those who are possessed of a true reverence for the gods not to wrong the multitudes of Christians, nor to attack and insult them. We should rather pity than hate those who err in the most important matters; for the greatest good is godliness, while on the contrary the greatest evil is impiety...
All of the above, as it followed, were sufficient reasons for the Church to “baptize” Julian “Apostate” and “Violator”. And the Judeo-Christians wanting to “dirty” the name of Julian, did not hesitate to accuse him of non-existent rumors that had as a common source the Byzantine chronicler and monk, Georgios Kedrinos, who lived towards the end of the 11th and the beginning of the 12th century AD. X. “Thanks” to Kedrinos, we “learn” that Julian performed libations to the gods, disemboweling babies and pregnant women in order to perform omenscopies with their entrails, that Julian was given the last oracle of Pythias and that shortly before he died (probably by a Christian hand) acknowledged his defeat by saying “Nenikkas me Nazaroie” (you have defeated me Christ). In other words, these are crude constructions of the Church, which wanted to demonstrate in every way the predominance of Christianity. It should be noted that those other ecclesiastical writers who referred to the emperor’s last words had the decency to warn the reader with a “they say that”…
After the death of Julian, a wave of terror broke out in the Eastern Empire. Almost immediately the Library of Antioch was set on fire by Christians. This was followed by group persecutions and violent deaths of philosophers, convictions for witchcraft of the believers of the ancient Pantheon, destruction of ancient temples but also focal points of Hellenism that did not have a religious character, such as gymnasiums and museums; with the final result being the prohibition of the ancient religion by the emperor Theodosius (November 392) and the almost simultaneous ban of the Olympic Games… The Greek Spirit, crushed, will now find refuge in the philosophical schools, most of which only have a few decades left to live. Even the national name of the Greeks was banned… Today Julian is an annoying parenthesis in Greek history textbooks. He is always referred to by the moniker bestowed upon him by the Christians (“Transgressor” or “Apostate”) which, at best, portrays him as an unearthly visionary; a small mound swept away by the river of history…
It is fortunate for historians that Julian was not limited to talking a lot (one of the faults attributed to him by Ammianus Marcellinus) but also dictated a lot; and when he was not dictating, he wrote himself, always at night. Julian was a maniac of communication; and after he ascended the throne, his new status allowed him, when he did not oblige him, to communicate in writing with everyone: Whether with the whole of the inhabitants of a city (as above) or with the commander of a distant province or with members of the senate; but he was mainly interested in communication with men of letters. It is characteristic that as soon as he took power he sent letters to innumerable intellectuals of all religions and all shades, calling them to him. As also that in those very days, he took issue with a young Cynic philosopher who had offended him, writing a long discourse entitled “Against the Cynic Heraclius, concerning how Cynicism ought to be practiced, and whether it is fit to form myths the cynic”. (Full of respect for the first Cynic, Diogenes, and resentful of the levity of his descendants, Julian continued his polemic with a second work of a philosophical nature entitled “Toward the untutored dogs” [i.e. the uneducated Cynics]).
Julian’s “Against Christians” speech is a work of defense of Greek culture, Greek religion and the Greek spirit and accuses the uncivilized Jews of having “stolen” their elements and distorted them in an immoral way. Julian uses the innumerable contradictions and absurdities of the Holy Bible to criticize Judeo-Christianity, while also attacking the “Fathers” of the Church, such as against the “wretched Eusebius” who “claims that they also have some poems with hexameter verses, and he is proud that the Jews also deal philosophically with logic, whose name he first heard from the Greeks”. The original title of the text is “Against the Galileans”, which Julian used as an example of the – two centuries earlier – Epictetus philosopher. Julian used the derogatory epithet “Galileans” for the Christians, considering that this way he limited their “range” to a certain geographical area (retaining the epithet in the modern Greek rendering would be unseemly). Like Celsus’ “True Word” and Porphyry’s “Against the Christians”, Julian’s “Against the Christians” was saved through the work of a Christian, who quoted it piecemeal in order to reconstruct it. However, while 80% of the “True Word” has been saved, the question is whether we have a quarter of it from Julian’s work: These are extensive excerpts from the first of the three books that made up the work. As for the Christian work that contained “On the Galileans”, it is only half preserved… It was written by the bishop of Alexandria, Cyril, who rearranged (i.e. cut and sewed) the original text in order to make it easier for him and also deleted, as said by himself, passages that he considered abusive. After all this, a researcher named K. J. Neumann was found, who undertook the reconstruction of the work and published it in Leipzig in 1880, under the title “IULIANIITERATOR IS LlBRORUM CONTRA CHRISTIANOS QUAE SUPERSUNT”.
It is therefore understandable that the work, as it has been saved, does not have peace and coherence. But it remains, even so, of great interest: Julian was not a simplistic opponent of Christianity; from a young age, he was well versed in the Scriptures as well as Jewish mythology. As Eunapius writes, the minor Iulianos was kept close by people of the palace (eunuchs), in order to ensure that he would become a Christian. But he, “in spite of all this, showed his high nature: He immediately learned all the Christian books by heart, so much so that his teachers were indignant that the teacher kept them short, as they had nothing to teach the child. And since he no longer had anything else to learn from them, he asked his cousin Constantius to allow him to attend courses in philosophy and rhetoric. And he allowed it because he preferred that Iulianos get lost in the books than to remember his family and the royal office…”.
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Excessively Rare and Important Greek Silver Distater of Paphos (Cyprus), Struck Under the King Nikokles, One of Four Known, Circa 325-309 BC. .
Museum of Rome..
Head of Aphrodite to left wearing an elaborate tiara composed of a mural crown with four towers enclosing a polos ornamented with palmettes and annulets, a disc earring with a triple pendant and a pearl necklace; behind her neck, depicts Apollo wearing a laurel wreath and nude but for a cloak over his shoulders, seated left on omphalos, holding an arrow in his right hand and a bow, the bottom of which rests on the ground, in his left; to left, laurel branch; to right, behind Apollo’s hand, Ο .
This is a spectacular coin of great beauty and historical significance. Nikokles was one of the most powerful of the late kings in Cyprus, but he, like all the others, was overthrown by Ptolemy I (Nikokles and his family all committed suicide)
**********Ε Φ Ε Σ Ο Σ = “E P H E S U S” ************
THE EVALUATION OF THE OFFER OF GREEK CULTURE ALL OVER THE WORLD, IS DIFFICULT TO EVALUATE, BECAUSE OF THE WIDTH OF THE OFFER IT IS THE PLACE THAT HOSTED THE HIGHEST ALL HUMANITY RECEIVED, THE LIGHT OF KNOWLEDGE AT ALL LEVELS !!! EVERY SPIRIT OF YOUR HOLY EARTH IS A RICH OF INFORMATION OF WORLD ANCIENT HISTORY.
This model of the Temple of Artemis, at Miniatürk Park, Istanbul, Turkey, attempts to recreate the probable appearance of the third temple
EPHESOS the CITY OF ARTEMIS & HERACLEITOS.
“Ephesus” was one of the most important coastal cities of ASIA MINOR, almost on the AEGEAN SEA.
********************** TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS IN EPHESOS.. A TINY LITTLE PART OF WHAT HAS SURVIVED FROM BREAKING, BURNING, LOOTING ETC FROM ALL KIND OF INTRUDERS-BARBARIANS. THROUGH THE AGES..
BUILT at the 10th century BC by IONIAN GREEKS
ANCIENT EPHESUS (today’s archaeological site) in ANTIQUITY was very close to the sea, even known as “THALASSOTHÉA “(=SEEWIEW), but the constant silting of the river KAǗSTROU forced residents to move the settlements of west. Nevertheless, the ancient city was built on the low slopes of KORESOS and wields hills, where then the fertile plain of EPHESUS extended to the so-called EPHESUS field.
During the Classical Greek era, it was one of twelve cities that were members of the IONIAN League. The city came much later under the control of the ROMAN Republic in 129 BC.
“EPHESUS” WAS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ANCIENT GREEK COASTAL CITIES OF IONIA (“ASIA MINOR”), ALMOST ON THE AEGEAN SEA. BUILT AT THE 10th CENTURY BC BY IONIAN GREEKS ANCIENT EPHESUS (TODAY’S ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE ) IN ANTIQUITY WAS VERY CLOSE TO THE SEA, EVEN KNOWN, AS “THALASSOTHÉA “(=SEEWIEW), BUT THE CONSTANT SILTING OF THE RIVER KAǗSTROU FORCED RESIDENS TO MOVE THE SETTLEMENTS OF WEST. NEVERTHELESS, THE ANCIENT CITY WAS BUILT ON THE LOW SLOPES OF KORESOS AND WIELDS HILLS, WHERE THEN THE FERTILE PLAIN OF EPHESUS EXTENDED TO THE SO-CALLED EPHESUS FIELD. THE TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS WAS LOCATED RIGHT IN THIS PLAIN 1 MILE (TEN STAGES) FROM THE CITY. The FERTILITY OF THE PLAIN OF EPHESUS as well as the location of the city of THALASSOTHÉAS, AT A FOCAL POINT OF THE NATURAL WAY OF COMMUNICATION OF THE AEGEAN SEA WITH THE HELLENIC MAINLAND CONTRIBUTED TO THE EDGE OF THE CITY .
ACCORDING TO THE ANCIENT TRADITIONS of the ANCIENT GREEK writers HISTORIANS, GEOGRAPHERS etc. EPHESUS was reported to have been occupied during prehistoric times by the amazons allegedly moved from the caucasus region by raiding ASIA MINOR capturing various areas – cities named after the MOST ikanotérōn of them, which were among others EPHESOS, SMYRNA, KYME, MYRINA AND SINOPE.
STRABON ALSO MENTIONS the ABOVE that in LATER TIMES THESE CITIES WORSHIP THEIR FAMOUS HEROINES AMAZONS AND even CUT COINS with AMAZON shows. The EPHESIANS in PARTICULAR in the 5th century bc, WANTING TO HONOR the FAMOUS AMAZON EPHESOS, a competition among the most famous sculptures of their time for the construction of a statue in order to place it in the temple of ARTEMIS.
AROUND THE 8th CENTURY BC, EPHESUS BECAME THE ECONOMIC CENTER OF IONIA(“ASIA MINOR”). IN THE 6th CENTURY IT PASSED UNDER the RULE of CROESUS, BUT PRESERVING ITS INDEPENDENCE. HE THEN PASSED THE RULE OF CYRUS AND THE NEXT PERSIAN KINGS AND THUS BECAME PART OF THE PERSIAN STATE… EPHESUS WAS RELEASED IN 334 BC BY THE TROUPS OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT, SO EPHESOS BECAME GREEK AGAIN AND CHANGED ITS NAME AND WAS NAMED ARSINÓEIA(=ARSINOI ARSINOE: (ARSIS = TO LIFT FROM THE VERB: AIRO + NOUS = MIND ), THE HIGH-MINDED….THAT LIFTS UP (“TAKES THE MIND”), THE MINDS.
“EPHESUS” WAS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ANCIENT GREEK COASTAL CITIES OF IONIA (“ASIA MINOR”), ALMOST ON THE AEGEAN SEA.
BUILT AT THE 10th CENTURY BC BY IONIAN GREEKS
ANCIENT EPHESUS (TODAY’S ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE ) IN ANTIQUITY WAS VERY CLOSE TO THE SEA, EVEN KNOWN, AS “THALASSOTHÉA “(=SEEWIEW), BUT THE CONSTANT SILTING OF THE RIVER KAǗSTROU FORCED RESIDENS TO MOVE THE SETTLEMENTS OF WEST. NEVERTHELESS, THE ANCIENT CITY WAS BUILT ON THE LOW SLOPES OF KORESOS AND WIELDS HILLS, WHERE THEN THE FERTILE PLAIN OF EPHESUS EXTENDED TO THE SO-CALLED EPHESUS FIELD. THE TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS WAS LOCATED RIGHT IN THIS PLAIN 1 MILE (TEN STAGES) FROM THE CITY. The FERTILITY OF THE PLAIN OF EPHESUS as well as the location of the city of THALASSOTHÉAS, AT A FOCAL POINT OF THE NATURAL WAY OF COMMUNICATION OF THE AEGEAN SEA WITH THE HELLENIC MAINLAND CONTRIBUTED TO THE EDGE OF THE CITY .
ACCORDING TO THE ANCIENT TRADITIONS of the ANCIENT GREEK writers HISTORIANS, GEOGRAPHERS etc. EPHESUS was reported to have been occupied during prehistoric times by the amazons allegedly moved from the caucasus region by raiding ASIA MINOR capturing various areas – cities named after the MOST ikanotérōn of them, which were among others EPHESOS, SMYRNA, KYME, MYRINA AND SINOPE.
STRABON ALSO MENTIONS the ABOVE that in LATER TIMES THESE CITIES WORSHIP THEIR FAMOUS HEROINES AMAZONS AND even CUT COINS with AMAZON shows. The EPHESIANS in PARTICULAR in the 5th century bc, WANTING TO HONOR the FAMOUS AMAZON EPHESOS, a competition among the most famous sculptures of their time for the construction of a statue in order to place it in the temple of ARTEMIS, as above
AROUND THE 8th CENTURY BC, EPHESUS BECAME THE ECONOMIC CENTER OF IONIA(“ASIA MINOR”). IN THE 6th CENTURY IT PASSED UNDER the RULE of CROESUS, BUT PRESERVING ITS INDEPENDENCE. HE THEN PASSED THE RULE OF CYRUS AND THE NEXT PERSIAN KINGS AND THUS BECAME PART OF THE PERSIAN STATE… EPHESUS WAS RELEASED IN 334 BC BY THE TROUPS OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT, SO EPHESOS BECAME GREEK AGAIN AND CHANGED ITS NAME AND WAS NAMED ARSINÓEIA(=ARSINOI ARSINOE: (ARSIS = TO LIFT FROM THE VERB: AIRO + NOUS = MIND ), THE HIGH-MINDED….THAT LIFTS UP (“TAKES THE MIND”), THE MINDS. THE EVALUATION OF THE OFFER OF GREEK CULTURE ALL OVER THE WORLD, IS DIFFICULT TO EVALUATE, BECAUSE OF THE WIDTH OF THE OFFER IT IS THE PLACE THAT HOSTED THE HIGHEST ALL HUMANITY RECEIVED, THE LIGHT OF KNOWLEDGE AT ALL LEVELS !!! EVERY SPIRIT OF YOUR HOLY EARTH IS A RICH OF INFORMATION OF WORLD ANCIENT HISTORY
JUST UTOPIA to REACH, or UNDERSTAND THE HIGH LEVEL OF THE ANCIENT HELLENIC SPIRIT of CREATIONS & SUNLIGHT-BEAMS CIVILIZATION, to BE UNDERSTOOD ….by ALL KIND OF BARBARIANS… >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> HERE: //ANCIENT ULTIMATE ARTS & BEAUTY… MOSTLY STOLEN, LOOTED, or DESTROYED, (or OFTEN.. COPIED & TWISTED.. & SHOWED by COUNTERFEITINGBARBARIANS,..AS….THEIR OWN!!!) MOSTLY BY ALL BARBARIANS!!
ALL OVER the WORLD, WITHOUT KNOWLEDGE,
BEING – OF COURSE – SUPPORTED, AS ALWAYS, BY THE CLASSICAL, GLOBAL BARBARIAN GEOPOLITICAL MAFIA..THUS BARBARIANS HELP BARBARIANS.. WITH HEAVY INFERIORITY COMPLEX, ENVY, JEALOUSY & OFCOURSE VERY FAR FROM THE AUPHTENTIC ETHERIAL & UNIQUE CIVILIZATION AS:
THE ETYMOLOGY of NAMES & WORDS by the UNIQUE MATHEMATIC- DIANETIC ANCIENT GREEK LANGUAGE WICH IS INTERCONNCTED MATHEMATICALY WITH ALL THE ABOVE ACHIEVEMENTS….ARE JUST ONE OF the WITNESSES… INSPIRING EVERYBODY WITH BASIC INTELLIGENCE.. JUST by VISITING ALL MUSEUMS, AROUND THE WORLD….BUT NO ONE KNOWS THE REAL NUMBER OF THE THOUSANDS OF THOSE “PRIVATE” ONES…..
THE GREEKS SHOULD NEVER LEARN THAT: DEMOCRITUS , PYTHAGORAS, HERACLEITOS COMPLETELY FORMULATED THE THEORY OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS and SPECIAL RELATIVITY, UNIFYING INTO SINGEL MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS, AS ELECTRICITY, GRAVITY, MAGNETISM, ASTRONOMY, AND THE WEAK CURRENTS OF NUCLEAR ATOMS…THE GREEKS MUST NEVER LEARN THAT: THE ASTRONOMERS – MATHEMATICIANS: EUDOXUS, CALLIPOS, ARISTARCHOS,(https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aristarchus-of-Samos) ANAXIMANDROS, EUKLIDES, ARCHIMEDES, CONON, HIPPARCHUS, CLEOMEDES, APOLLONIOS, PTOLEMY, THEON, HYPATIA, PAPPUS, HAD EXHAUSTED THE LIMITS OF HUMAN INTELLIGENCE by SOLVING MENTALY WITHOUT GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION EQUATIONS OF 12 UNKNOWN (TWELVE EQUATIONS-TWELVE UNKNOWN), WHILE THE LIMIT OF TODAY’S COMPUTERS IS “7 EQUATIONS 7 UNKNOWNS”….
…..BECAUSE THE THIEVES OF ANCIENT KNOWLEDGE, AS: – KEPLER, GALILEO, COPERNICUS etc. MUST.. BE SHOWN!! …
THE GREEKS SHOULD NOT KNOW THAT: THE ENGINEERS & TECHNICIANS, AS: -EUPALINOS, SOSTRATOS, HERON, ZOSIMOS, KALLINIKOS, MANUFACTURED TOPOGRAPHIC INSTRUMENTS FOR TRIGONOMETRIC SURVEYING, AUTOMATIC MECHANISMS AND INSTRUMENTS for ELECTRICAL APPLICATIONS, BECAUSE the GREAT SWINDLER EDISON “MUST” BE SHOWN as THE “INVENTOR” OF … ELECTRICITY, ALTHOUGH THE ABOVE GREEK ENGINEERS USED THE ELECTRON (AMBER), AS A NATURAL ACCUMULATOR OF STATIC ELECTRICITY IN TECHNICAL APPLICATIONS …
THE GREEKS MUST NOT KNOW THAT: THE GEOGRAPHERS – EXPLORERS SKYLAX, PYTHEAS, EUDOXUS, STRABON, PAUSANIAS, COSMAS THE INDIKOPLEISTIS, HECATAEUS, had mapped the ENTIRE surface of the planet, because there is a danger that the Greeks will learn that ATLANTIS and the AMERICAN CONTINENT belonged administratively in DELPHI, while Asia belonged administratively to SARDIS, with the central coordinator being the APOLLONIAN Center of DELOS, to which the Transborean Greeks (Northern Siberia) sent as a token of recognition “every year, choice grain”, through the Greek ARIMASPAS and ISSIDONES and MASSAGESTAE of Central and Southern SIBERIA.
The Greeks should not know that the Greek DOCTORS, GALENOS, CELSIUS, HERACLIDES, HEROPHILUS, PRAXAGORAS, AGNODIKIS, KTIRIAS, HIPPOCRATES, ERIVIOTIS, carried out “BALANCING ELEKTROMAGNETIC FLUIDS of the BODY” treatments by REGULATING the ALKALINITY and ACIDITY of the ORGANS. That they were making cures using “left-handed amino acids” (antibiotics) obtained from plants, fully knowing that only recently did molecular biology discover the action-reaction of left-handed amino acids (antibiotics) with right-handed amino acids (organism proteins).
The Greeks must NOT LEARN that the SYMBOLS “LEFT-CROWNED SWASTIKA” and “RIGHT-CROWNED SWASTIKA” were SYMBOLS of PHYSICS and MATHEMATICS, by which the Greeks PYTHAGORAS and DEMOCRITUS and ARISTARCHOS expressed RIGHT -handed and LEFT -handed NUCLEI of ATOMS, PLANETS, SOLAR SYSTEM, GALAXIES and COSMIC DOMAINS CLUSTERS of GALAXIES
Despite the almost non-existent means of his time, HIPPOCRATES performed difficult surgeries. He and his students successfully treated orthopedic, cardiac and basic surgery cases. HIPPOCRATES even performed operations on the human skull, as we read in several of his works… In addition to the operation itself, HIPPOCRATES attached great importance to the preparation of the patient and the operating room.
In the work Kat’iatreion, he describes in detail how the patient should be prepared before the operation, how the tools are sterilized, how the space is shaped, but also how artificial and natural light is used during the operation…
American archaeobotanists were able for the first time to study and analyze the contents of pills made by doctors in ancient Greece and which were discovered 20 years ago, in a Greek shipwreck off the coast of Tuscany…
DNA analyzes showed that each pill was a mixture of at least ten different plant extracts, including hibiscus and celery. “For the first time, we now have physical evidence of what is contained in the writings of the ancient Greek physicians DIOSCORIDIS and GALENOS,” said ALLEN TWOWAY of the SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION’s NATIONAL Museum of NATURAL HISTORY in WASHINGTON , according to New Scientist. Apostle ORPHEUS”
EPHESOS the CITY OF ARTEMIS & HERACLEITOS.
“Ephesus” was one of the most important coastal cities of ASIA MINOR, almost on the AEGEAN SEA.
BUILT at the 10th century BC by IONIAN GREEKS
ANCIENT EPHESUS (today’s archaeological site) in ANTIQUITY was very close to the sea, even known as “THALASSOTHÉA “(=SEEWIEW), but the constant silting of the river KAǗSTROU forced residents to move the settlements of west. Nevertheless, the ancient city was built on the low slopes of KORESOS and wields hills, where then the fertile plain of *EPHESUS” extended to the so-called EPHESUS field
PHOTO FROM EPHESUS, WHERE THE ONE OF THE “NEIGHBORS” (ALL THE THREE OF THESE …ONES, ..THESE… “NEIGHBORS”, ACT ON THE SAME LEVEL!!!)… PRESENTING ANCIENT GREEK HISTORY, LAND, TEMPLES, STADIUMS, ARTS, MONUMENTS, LETTERS ETC, .AS … TURKISH HERITAGE, (IN THIS CASE HERE), TO …. HUMANITY… *******LAUGHING EXTENDS LIFE!***
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Antioch on the Orontes, an ancient Greek city on the eastern side of the Orontes River, was one of the most glorious of all the Greek cities in the world.
Greek settlers had been arriving on the western shores of IONIA for a couple of centuries, the Trojan War in about 1183 BCE MYCAENEANS Greeks were migrating into IONIA, often destroying the established local political structure, and bringing with them their own language and oral traditions. Local names that may have first been written down by them centuries later underwent a degree of transformation in that time.
Antioch was founded near the end of the fourth century BC by Seleucus I Nicator (= Σέλευκος Α’ ο Νικάτωρ), one of Alexander the Great‘s generals, as one of the tetrapoleis of Seleucis of Syria. Seleucus encouraged Greeks from all over the Mediterranean to settle in the city.[2] The city’s location offered geographical, military, and economic benefits to its occupants; Antioch was heavily involved in the spice trade and laid within close reach of the Silk Road and the Royal Road. The city was the capital of the Seleucid Empire from 240 BC until 63 BC, when the Romans took control, making it the capital of the province of Syria and later of Coele Syria. During the late Hellenistic and Roman Principate periods, Antioch’s population may have reached a peak of over 500,000 inhabitants (most generally estimate between 200,000 and 250,000),[4] making the city the third largest in the Roman Empire after Rome and Alexandria and one of the most important cities in the eastern Mediterranean. From the early fourth century, Antioch was the seat of the Count of the Orient, head of the Diocese of the East. The Romans provided the city with walls that encompassed almost 450 hectares (1,100 acres), of which one quarter was mountainous, leaving 300 ha (750 acres) –
In ancient times it was also called Antiochia on Daphne or on Orontos or Antiochia the Great. The river Orontis is on its eastern side and the mountain Silpio is very close. Seleucus I founded it at the end of the 4th century. e.g. , in honor and memory of the father of Antiochus, after his victory in the Battle of Ipsos.
It was the cradle of Greek civilization in the Middle East region, a city that was the crossroads of great philosophical currents, with a great development of letters and sciences. It was the city of national, philosophical and religious contrasts, but also of spectacles, multiculturalism and extreme expressive events. But it gradually went into decline due to the fierce raids of the conquerors, which we mentioned above, as well as the change of the trade routes to the West.
The first inhabitants were Greeks, from nearby Antigoneia. The Byzantine chronicler Ioannis Malalas narrates quite accurately that Seleucus resettled 3,500 Athenians and Macedonians from Antigone, as well as Cretans, Cypriots and other Greeks from the surrounding area. In a short time, other ethnically mixed residents from Syria and regions of the Greek east arrived. Due to the large number of Athenian inhabitants of the city, as well as the intense spiritual movement, the city was called “Syrian Athens”.
The new city began to develop at a rapid pace, with the creation of four large districts, thus also called Antioch the TETTAPOLIS. These 4 districts were so large that each one was surrounded by its own wall. From the time of Antiochus IV the Illustrious, the whole of Antioch was surrounded by a large wall. It took five hours to complete the circuit of Antioch, which is shorter than only Rome
Diagonally through the center of the city, from the north-east gate to the south-west, ran a magnificent street decorated with four rows of columns (“stoa tetrastichos”) 3 km long. Across this, another street, from the mountainside to the islet, divided the city in the four major districts. Both of these streets, built by the successor of the Roman Emperor Augustus, Tiberius, were “supportive” (roofed) and “decent” with occasional “four gates”, decorated with bronze works and statues.
Many and varied monuments were erected by almost all the rulers of the Seleucids, many Romans and even Byzantine Emperors who were based in this city.
The world fame of Antioch also contributed to its beautiful suburbs, among them Platamoun (or Platanos – not related to the one towards Laodicea), on the road to Cilicia. Near this suburb, Justinian renovated an old road into a large carriageway by making mountain slopes, – “and all over the place they were embarrassed” (Procopius – About buildings).
Its population reached 500,000 inhabitants early on. Many Jews settled as early as Seleucus I, who gave them equal rights with the Greeks. And thus the rapid spread of Christianity is explained. However, the dominant element in both administration and social life were the Greeks.
Mosaic of EROS=ΕΡΩΣ standing on the WINGS OF TWO PSYCHES(=ΨΥΧΗ=SOUL) and whipping them on in Hatay Archaeology Museum
GREEK mosaic made from marble, limestone and glass terrerae depicting the Judgement of Paris from Greek mythology, wich of course was based on the HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR BETWEEN ACHAEANS-DANAAENS AGAINST THE GREEKS OF TROY..
Paris, the prince of TROY, has to decide which of the three goddesses HERA, ATHENA or APHRODITE is the prettiest. He chose APHRODITE, who promised him that he would marry the MOST beautiful mortal woman, who was Helen of Sparta. PARIS received Helen to join him in Troy, which sparked the Trojan War as the ACHAEANS fought to get her back.
The mosaic above was found in the Atrium House in Antioch-on-the-Orontes in modern-day Turkey. It is currently on display at the Louvre in Paris, room 25 Denon.
A detail from a fragmentaryby ARISTOMENES, ATHENIAN sculptor marble relief depicting the Judgement of Paris, one of the preliminaries in the Trojan War story. Paris wears his typical oriental cap and on the left is his companion, the shepherdess Oenone, who holds a SYRINX=ΣΥΡΙΓΞ(=PANPIPES). Early 2nd century CE. (Palazzo Altemps, Rome)
THE GOLDEN MASK OF AGAMEMNON, THE KING OF MYCENAE: THE MASK OF AGAMEMNON IS AN ARTIFACT DISCOVERED IN MYCENAE IN 1876 BY THE GERMAN ARCHAEOLOGISTS HEINRICH SCHLIEMANN. THIS MASK IS MADE OF GOLD AND IS A FUNERAL MASK FOUND OVER THE FACE OF A DEAD BODY IN A BURIAL PLACE AT MYCENAE. SCHLIEMANN THOUGHT, THAT THE BODY AND THE MASK ARE OF THE LEGENDARY KING AGAMEMNON. THIS MASK IS CRAFTED OUT OF PURE GOLD AND SUCH MASKS WERE PUT ON THE FACE OF DECEASED KINGS AND ROYAL PEOPLE.
AGAMEMNON WAS THE SON OF KING ATREUS OF MYCENAE AND QUEEN AEROPE. HE WAS THE LEADER OF THE ACHAEANS-DANAOI OF WEST GREEKS DURING THE CIVIL WAR WITH TRIADES (TROJANS), AS MYCENAE WAS THE MOST POWERFUL WEST GREEK TOWN AT THAT TIME. HE WAS ALSO THE BROTHER OF MEN ELAUS AND THE HUSBAND OF CLYTEMNESTRA. AGAMEMNON HAD THREE DAUGHTERS AND ONE SON . – (ONE OF HIS DAUGHTERS, IPHIGENIA, WAS THE PROTAGONIST IN EURIPIDES PLAY-DRAMA). WHEN AGAMEMNON RETURNED TO HIS KINGDOM, AFTER THE END OF THE TROJAN WAR, HE WAS MURDERED BY HIS WIFE CLYTEMNESTRA AND HER LOVER AEGISTHUS.
THE AUTENTICITY OVER THIS MASK REMAIN TILL TODAY. THIS GOLDEN EXHIBIT IS CURRENTLY ON DISPLAY AT THE NATIONAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM IN ATHENS. IN SPITE OF ALL THE DOUBTS, THIS DISTINGUISHED MASK OF GOLD, WHICH IS ABOUT 12 INCHES IN HEIGHT IS STILL KNOWN, AS THE MASK OF AGAMEMNON AND IS ONE OF THE MOST PRIZED DISCOVERIES FROM THE ANCIENT MYCENAEAN AGES
The Golden Larnax (Chrysi Larnaka)( (greek – Χρυσή Λάρναξ) (with the Panhellenic Sun on the lid) that contains the remains (bones) from the burial of King Philippos II of Macedonia and the royal golden wreath (greek- χρυσό διάδημα) . Formerly located at the Thessaloniki’s Archaeological Museum, Thessaloniki Greece, now displayed at the underground museum stage of Verghina, inside the Great Tumulu
HELLENIC CIVILIZATION / FEMALE BURIALS, APPEAR TO BELONG TO PRIESTESSES. THEIR GOLD REGALIA USUALLY INCLUDES HEADDRESSES, SOME QUITE TALL, AS WELL, AS SPANGLES EMBOSSED WITH GODDESSES, ANIMALS, SYMBOLS AND RITUAL SCENES AND MOTIVES FROM THE GREEK MYTHOLOGY-COSMOLOGY HELLENIC (=GREEK) MYTHOLOGY-COSMOLOGY. DATED FROM THE GREEK COLONIZATION OF THE BLACK SEA REGION. “THIS GOLDEN KALATHOS (A SHAPE FAVORED IN GREEK ART) WAS FOUND IN ONE OF THREE TOMBS IN THE MASSIVE MOUND BOLSHAYA BLIZNITSA (15m TALL) ITS INTERIOR WAS BUILT WITH STONE VAULTING. IT LIES NEAR A WEALTHY TRADING CENTER ON THE TAMAN PENINSULA, ACROSS THE KERCH STRAIGHT FROM CRIMEA.
S
GOLD EARRING WITH GARNETS AND MERMAID.
CLASSICAL HELLENIC(BEFORE “HELLENISTIC”) PERIOD 4th/3rd century BC
CHRISTIE’s.
I wanted to show this jewel for its beauty and originality as well as for the refined manufacturing technique.
I hope you appreciate it
ORECCHINO IN ORO CON GRANATI E SIRENA.
Periodo elleninico IV/III secolo a.c.
Christie’s.
Ho voluto mostrare questo gioiello per la sua bellezza ed originalità nonché per la raffinata tecnica di lavorazione.
Spero che apprezziate.
HELLENIC CIVILIZATION/THRACE/.
THRACIAN WREATH IN GOLD 420 BC PROPABLY BELONGNING TO AN ARISTOCRAT
MAGNA GRAECIA/ GODDESS NIKH=”NIKE”=VICTORIA “ΚΡΕΙΘΩΝΙΟΣ ΗΘΗΚΗ TON ΕΤΗΦΑΝΟΝ”(ancient Greek) = KRITONIOS DEDICATED this CROWN/GOLDEN WREATH From the 4th century Staatlichen Antikensammlunge
HELLENIC CIVILIZATION TRITON is holding an “Erotideus”(=God EROS in very young age, but literally meaning young boy acting”eroticaly”!) Gold armband, 200 BC ΜΕΤROPOLITAN MUSEUM ΝΥ
By: Antonio Esposito Marroccella.Gold earrings with clover and amphora pendants decorated with filigree and granulation – late 4th century BC – h 0.07 m – Benaki Museum of Greek Civilization, Athens, Greece Art images from museumsOrecchini in oro con trifoglio e pendenti ad anfora decorati con filigrana e granulazione – fine del IV secolo a.C. – h 0,07 m – Benaki Museum of Greek Civilization, Atene, Grecia Immagini d’arte dai musei
By: Marika Monica Bianco.
GOLDEN CUPS OF VAPHIO=ΒΑΦΕΙΟ OR VAFIO(ITALIANIZED)= DYEING WORKSHOP FROM THE TOMB OF THE PRINCE OF VAPHIO, LOCATED AT THE ANCIENT SITE OF LACONIA, GREECE, ABOUT 8–9 km SOUTH OF SPARTA. IN THE THÒLOS TOMB EXCAVATED IN 1886 , WHICH CONTAINED THE REMAINS OF THE PRINCE, OF WHICH NOT MUCH REMAINS, AS WELL AS THE FUNERARY OBJECTS BURIED WITH HIM, THE TWO FAMOUS GOLD CUPS WERE ALSO FOUND: ONE WITH RELIEF REPRESENTATIONS OF THE DOMESTICATION OF A BULL AND BULLS. THE CUPS DATE BACK TO THE MID -15th CENTURY BC AND ARE PRESERVED IN the6 NATIONAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM OF ATHENS.
Tazze auree di Vaphio/Βαφειό o Vafio (italianizzato) della tomba del principe di Vaphio, situata nel antico sito della Laconia, Grecia, a circa 8–9 km a sud di Sparta. Nella tomba a thòlos scavata nel 1889, che conteneva le spoglie del principe, di cui non rimane molto, così come degli oggetti funerari sepolti insieme a lui, sono rinvenute anche le due famose tazze in oro : una con raffigurazioni in rilievo dell’addomesticazione di un toro e di tori. Le tazze risalgono alla metà del XV sec a.C e sono conservate nel Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Atene
ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΊΑ = GREECE ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΊΑ = ΕΛΛΆΣ.
GOLD DIADEM FROM THE WELL KNOWN ANCIENT GREEK: “KNOT OF HERCULES”
MACEDONIA, 3rd-2nd BC CENTURYWalters Art Museum.
ILIAD: THE MYTHICAL HORSE HYMN TO TECHNOLOGY HEPHAESTUS BUILT FOR ACHILLES…..
“He puts the earth, he puts the sea, he puts the heavens above, he puts the tireless sun, the bright moon, and all the stars, as they crown the sky…” Homer wrote in his 134 verses in the Iliad, about Achilles’ mythical shield.
A shield work of art, one of the most impressive objects of ancient history. The legendary creation built by Hephaestus, hides major and minor symbolisms.
The “Shield of Achilles” is the shield used by Achilles to fight Hector, and is described in Homer’s Iliad. In the epic, Achilles has lost his armor after lending it to his companion, Patroclus. Patroclus has been killed in battle by Hector, who has taken his weapons as booty. Achilles’ mother, Thetis, asks the god Hephaestus to forge a new suit of armor for her son.
The passage describing the shield is an early example of the “expression” (a literary description of a work of visual art) and influenced many later poems, including the Shield of Hercules, attributed to Hesiod.
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Homer gives a detailed description of the images adorning the new shield, the work of Hephaestus. Starting from the center of the shield it moves outwards, from circle to circle, and the shield is described as follows:
The earth, the sky and sea, the sun, the moon and the constellations.
“Two beautiful cities full of people”: in one, a wedding and a trial take place, while the other is besieged by two armies, where the shield shows an ambush and a battle.
A field being recultivated for the third time.
The property of a king, where his harvest is harvested.
A vineyard where people pick grapes.
A “herd of horned animals with straight horns.”
The bull in front has been attacked by a pair of wild lions and the shepherds with their dogs are trying to drive them away.
An image of a sheep farm.
A dance scene, where young men and women dance.
The great ocean current.
Achilles’ shield can be read in a variety of different ways. One interpretation is that the shield is simply a physical encapsulation of the whole world. The layers of the shield are a series of contrasts i.e. war and peace, work and celebration, although the depiction of a murder in the city at peace shows that man is never completely free of conflict.
Wolfgang Sandewald, a German writer, claims that these intersecting contrasts show the basic forms of a civilized and essentially orderly life.
This contrast, too, is seen as a way to make us “see war in relation to peace.” The description of the shield fades between the battle for Patroclus’ body and Achilles’ re-entry into battle, which is also one of the bloodiest parts of the epic.
Consequently, the shield could be translated as a “rest before an impending deluge”, used to emphasize the cruelty of the violence during the Trojan War. It could also be translated as a reminder to the reader of what will be lost if Troy finally falls.
By: Gioacchino Vella
Gold earring, 4th century BC It depicts with excellent technique a group of two horsemen on a chariot while the upper part is decorated with a rosette. This amazing gold artefact is one of many pieces of fine jewelry found in tombs in the COLCHIS region. COLCHIS then had huge reserves of gold National Museum of Agriculture
SEILINOS**(=ΣΕΛHΝΟΣ) ON A WAGON WITH EROS = ΕΡΩΣ AND PSYCHE = ΨΥΧΗ(= SOUL). MATERIAL: GOLD & SARDONYX DIMENSIONS: FRAME: 22.1 x 18.1 x 4.2 mm, WEIGHT. 5.3 g. STONE: 18.4 x 14.1 mm – 250 BC – RMO,
**SEILENOS** (SILENUS in Latin) WAS THE OLD RUSTIC GOD OF WINE-MAKING AND DRUNKENNESS. HE WAS THE FOSTER-FATHER OF THE GOD DIONYSOS, WHO WAS ENTRUSTED TO HIS CARE BY HERMES AFTER HIS BIRTH FROM THE THIGH OF ZEUS. THE YOUNG GOD WAS RAISED BY SEILENOS AND NURSED BY THE NYSIAD NYMPHS IN A CAVE ON MOUNT NYSA. https://www.theoi.com › Georgikos SILENUS (Seilenos) – Greek God of Drunkenness & Wine …
By: Олег Марголін.
«П’яний Сілен на колісниці з Еротами та Психеєю» Матеріал: метал ; золото ; сардонікс. Розміри: рамка: 22,1 х 18,1 х 4,2 мм, вага. 5,3 г. Камінь: 18,4 х 14,1 мм – 25-0 рр. до н – RMO, Rijksmuseum van Oudheden.
CYBELE with her chariot drawn by two lions for a votive sacrifice and above the HELIOS=ΗΛΙΟΣ=SUN GOD, the SELENE=ΣΕΛΗΝΗ = MOON and the SIXTEENTH of VERGINA.
DOUBLE PLAYER ENGRAVED ONYX CAMEO WITH SLEEP “HERMAPHRODITUS AND EROTES” MADE BY SOSTRATOS(=ΣΩΣΤΡΑΤΟΣ) OF ALEXANDRIA, SURROUNDED by “PUTTI”, HEIGHT 2.1 cm and HEIGHT 2.6 cm,
——————-“HERMAPHRODITOS AND EROTES”—————
THE HERITAGE, SAINT PETERSBURG, RUSSIA – to buy (1787 r. ) The museum was part of the collection of the Duke of Orleans.
HELLENIC CIVILIZATION/IONIA(“ASIA MINOR”)/ZEVGMA/MOTIVES FROM THE GREEK MYTHOLOGY-COSMOLOGY. Zeugma Mosaic Museum, in the city of Gaziantep, Turkey, is the biggest mosaic museum in the world, containing 1700 m2 of mosaics. It opened to the public on 9 September 2011. The 30,000 m2 (320,000 sq ft) museum features 2,448 m2 (26,350 sq ft) of mosaic and replaces the Bardo National Museum in Tunis as the world’s largest mosaic museum
Dionysos riding on a panther. Floor mosaic. Ca. 120—80 BC. Delos, House of the Masks.
MAGNA GRAECIA The mosaic of ALEXANDER the GREAT that adorned the Faun’s mansion in POMPEII. NATIONAL ARCHEOLOGICAL MUSEUM, NAPOLI.
ANTIOPE AND SATYROS = ΑΝΤΙΟΠΗ ΚΑΙ ΣΑΤΥΡΟΣ/MOTIVES FROM THE GREEK MYTHOLOGY-COSMOLOGY/IONIA/”MINOR ASIA”/ TODAY’S TURKEY…
DIONYSOS ORIGINALLY DIONYSOS WAS THE GREEK GOD OF FERTILITY. DIONYSOS WAS THE SON OF THE SUPREME GOD ZEUS AND SEMELE, THE DAUGHTER OF A KING WHY IS DIONYSOS CALLED BACCHUS? HE WAS ALSO KNOWN AS BACCHOS (/ˈbækəs/ or /ˈbɑːkəs/; ANCIENT GREEK: ΒΆΚΧΟΣ BACCHOS) BY THE GREEKS (A NAME LATER ADOPTED BY THE ROMANS) FOR A frenzy HE IS SAID TO INDUCE CALLED BACCHEIADIONYSOS ORIGINALLY DIONYSOS WAS THE GREEK GOD OF FERTILITY. DIONYSOS WAS THE SON OF THE SUPREME GOD ZEUS AND SEMELE, THE DAUGHTER OF A KING WHY IS DIONYSOS CALLED BACCHUS? HE WAS ALSO KNOWN AS BACCHOS (/ˈbækəs/ or /ˈbɑːkəs/; ANCIENT GREEK: ΒΆΚΧΟΣ BACCHOS) BY THE GREEKS (A NAME LATER ADOPTED BY THE ROMANS) FOR A frenzy HE IS SAID TO INDUCE CALLED BACCHEIA
APOLLO AND DAPHNE
M O R E Z E V G M A = Ζ Ε Υ Γ Μ Α = “BRIDGE OR CROSSING”
Three ancient Greek mosaics (2nd Century BC) unearthed by Turkish archaeologists in Gaziantep/Zeugma (ancient greek city ΖΕΥΓΜΑ), near the border with Syria Zeugma served as one of most important trading centers of Eastern Roman Empire. Situated in South-eastern Turkey, Zeugma, literally “bridge” or “crossing” in ancient Greek, owes its name to the fact that it was located at the major ancient crossing point on the river Euphrates. The ancient term Zeugma actually referred to the twin cities on the opposing banks of the river. They were Hellenistic settlements established by commander Seleucus Nicator around 300 BCE.
THE FIRST BATH OF ACHILLEUS” / HOUSE OF THESEUS/ KATO-PAPHOS ARCHELOGICAL PARK, CYPRUS ….ON THE LEFT OF THE MOSAIC IS THETIS = ΘΕΤΙΣ (THE MOTHER OF ACHILEUS).
PS: READ THE INSCRIPTIONS (IN…GREEK OF COURSE..NOT..WHAT..EVER..)
HELLENIC CIVILIZATION/PHILIPOUPOLIS/MOSAICS FROM THE GREEK MYTHAGOGY-COSMOLOGY/HERE: HERAKLES, YPPOLITE etc..
P. S: CHECK UP, THE INCRPTIONS PLEASE(!!)
,,,,,THEN: YOU KNOW ..WHO`s WHO IN THE ZOO..MEANING WHO IS THE CREATOR & WHO’s THE CREATURE!
CLASSICAL GREEK MOSAICS/DELOS 230 BC
HELLENIC CIVILIZATION/GEOMETRICAL MOSAIC/ FOLLOWING THE CLASSICAL GREEK PRINCIPLES / IDENTICAL CORINTHIAN ORDER OF THE COLUMNS/HELLENISTIC-ROMAN(LATER) PERIOD/MAROCCO/VOLUBILIS
H E L L E N I C C I V I L I Z A T I O N
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From Ancient Greek ζεῦγμα (zeûgma, “yoking; a bond, a band”), from ζεύγνυμι (zeúgnumi, “to yoke; to join”), from ζεῦγος (zeûgos, “a yoke”) “Zeugma,”, ” It forms all or part of: adjoin; adjust; conjoin; conjugal; conjugate; conjugation; conjunct; …Zevgma has been a part of the English language since the 15th century,
The ancient Greek mosaics of Zeugma in Turkey are true archaeological treasures that can still be admired at the Zeugma Mosaic Museum in Gaziantep, Turkey.
The 30,000-square-meter (320,000 square foot) museum, which opened its doors in September of 2011 is the largest mosaic museum in the world, containing 1,700 square meters (18,000 square feet) of ancient works of art.
M OT I V E S FROM THE G R E E K M Y T H A G O G Y – C O S M O L O G Y
THE MUSEUMS HELLENIC MOSAICS ARE FOCUSED ON ZEUGMA, WHICH HAVE BEEN FOUNDED, AS SELEUCIA BY SELEUCOS I NICATOR, FOUNDER OF THE SELEUCID KINGDOM after serving as a military officer in the army of ALEXANDER the GREAT. The treasures, including the mosaics, remained relatively unknown until 2000 when artifacts appeared in museums and when plans for new dams on the EUPHRATES meant that much of ZEUGMA would be flooded. In 2011, many of the mosaics remain covered, and teams of researchers continue to work on the project.
ZEUS TRANSFORMED, INTO A BULL IS PORTRRAYED STEALING THE GODDESS EUROPA
ACRATOS AND EUPHROSYNE
ANDROMEDA WITH PERSEUS, WHO IS HOLDING THE HEAD OF MEDUSA.
ZEUS IN THE FORM OF SARYROS TRYING TO SEDUSE ANTIOPE
DAEDALOS AND ICAROS MOSAICS WITH MINOANS WIFE PASIPHAE – ZEVGMA MOSAIC MUSEUM/ IONIA (=”ASIA MINOR” OR “ANATOLIA”)
However, some of the mosaics appear to belong to the Roman era, as they depict Greek GODS AND GODDESSES. IN ADDITION THE MOSAICS deviate from purely HELLENIC STYLE AND IMAGERY, with archaeologists placing them in the Roman era of the city’s history.
Queen Pasiphae, wife of King Minos, (left) orders the court architect Daedalus (center) to make her a wooden cow so that she may have sex with the white bull, with whom she has fallen hopelessly in love through divine intervention. That’s where the Minotaur is born! Icarus right, Ariadne and a servant in the middle. Under Pasiphae’s chair symbolically the white bull with Eros
A Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν A P O L L O was the leader of the MUSES Initially these deities were nymphs of the mountain and the waters. HESIOD in THEOGONY narrates: MNIMOSYNE slept in PIERIA with KRONO’s son ZEUS and gave birth to these virgins that make us forget our sufferings and alleviate our pain. Nine nights in a row by the wise ZEUS going up to his sacred bed, slept next to the MNEMOSYNE, away from all the immortals. Muses are the source of inspiration for every mental activity and in many places they were worshiped with special honors, while there is an ORPHIC HYMN of the MUSES. PLATO in his ACADEMY had an altar dedicated to the MUSES, while HOMEROS invokes MUSA CALLIOPE as his source of inspiration, when writing his epics. The same is found in the works of Hesiod, but also to all the great creators of antiquity. It has not remained until today, the term muse is used frequently to show that someone inspires an artist, a creator ……….
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KLEIO AND EUTERPE
In linguistic approach, Europe’s name is descriptive in origin. Those who look to the ancient Greek language to parse it roots combine eurys, meaning “wide,” and ops, meaning “face” or “eye,” to arrive at “wide-gazing” as an appropriate description of Europe’s broad shoreline as seen from the shipboard perspective of the maritime Greeks. By extension, they believe this phrase connotes “mainland.” Adventurous travelers who got closer to the northern lands reported the existence of mountain systems and river basins that were much larger than those of the Mediterranean region, along with climates that were very different from those the Greeks
Princess Europa and Zeus, in the shape of a white bull! The Princess got attracted by this beautiful bull and climbed on his back. Zeus jumped in the sea to bring her to Crete. Europa, in GREEK MYTHOLOGY, the daughter either of PHOENIX or AGENOR king of THE AUTHENTIC HELLENIC PHOENICIA., BEFORE PHOENICIA BECAME SEMITIC TheBEAUTY of EUROPA inspired the love of ZEUS, who approached her in the form of a WHITE bull and carried her away from PHOENICIA to CRETE. There she bore Zeus three sons: MINOS, ruler of Crete; Rhadamanthys, ruler of the Cyclades Islands; and, according to some legends, SARPEDON ruler of LYCIA. Zeus loved Europa so much that he showered her with three priceless gifts. The first one was a bronze man, Talos, who served as a guard to her. He was the bronze giant that the Argonauts met and killed in their attempt to shore on Crete. The second was a dog, Laelaps, which could hunt anything she wanted. The last one was a javelin that had the power to hit the target, whatever it was.
She later married ASTERIOS, the king of Crete, who adopted her sons, and she was worshipped under the name of HELLOTIS in CRETE, where the festival HELLOTIA was held in her honour.
It is said that when Europa died, Zeus transformed her into a star complex and he himself took again the shape of the white bull to merge in the complex. The Taurus Constellation is believed to be the form of Zeus. Today the name Europa has been given to one of Jupiter’s 16 moons and in fact this moon is very special, as it is believed to have water on its surface.
EUROPA being abducted by ZEUS disguised as a bull, Europa being abducted by Zeus disguised as a bull, detail from AN IDENTICAL ATTICA krater, 5th century; in the Tarquinia National Museum, Italy.(less)Courtesy of the Museo Nazionale Tarquiniense, Tarquinia, Italy; photograph, Hirmer Fotoarchiv, Munich P.S: ATTICA IS THE PREFECTURE WHERE ATHENS IS
MAGNA GRAECIA //POMPEI
Sappho (/ˈsæfoʊ/; Attic Greek Σαπφώ[sapːʰɔ̌ː], Aeolic Greek Ψάπφω, Psappho[psápːʰɔː]) was a Greek lyric poet, born on the island of Lesbos. TheAlexandrians included her in the list of nine lyric poets. Her birth was sometime between 630 and 612 BCE, and it is said that she died around 570 BCE, but little is known for certain about her life. The bulk of her poetry, which was well-known and greatly admired through much ofantiquity,has been lost; however, her immense reputation has endured through surviving fragments.
Sappho’s recently discovered poem on old age (lines 9–20), assigned to Book IV based on its meter. 3rd-century BC papyrus (P.Köln XI 429), from a 2007 exhibit of the Altes Museum
SAPFO ON A FRESCO OF POMPEI
Sappho on an Attiac red-figure vase by the Brygos Painter, c. 470 BC.
Sappho reading to her companions on an Attic vase of c. 435 BC
The year was 479 BC the United Greeks fought against the invaders from Persia.A few months after the victory of the battle of Plataea, the Greeks created a monument from the swords of fallen Persians (the serpent column, now rests in Constantinople) and carved on the column the names of the every Greek city which participated in the war.
You can see Cleary historical evidence, enjoy my Slavic friends.
ONE OF THE MOST QUESTIONABLE WORKS OF ART IS THE ANCIENT GREEK MOSAIC FROM THE ANCIENT GREEK CITY OF ANTIOCHIA(“ANTAKYA”), ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT CITIES OF HELLENIC ERA IS IN IONIA = ΙΩΝΙΑ = “ASIA MINOR” IN TODAY`S TURKEY.
THE GREEK ORIGIN OF ORPHEUS AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE https://enneaetifotos.blogspot.com/2024/01/e.html?m=1 Orpheus is a huge chapter in what we call Greek tradition. Proclus mentions that “after all the Greek theology of the Orphic Mystagogia is an offspring”. And as we will surely know, the entire edifice of Greek culture is founded on Greek worship. And this is nothing but the way of seeing life, nature and everything. That is, Greek theology. From there derive all the high and timeless values, which the Christian frenzy either copied or perverted and condemned. Next is that the propaganda of Christian circles, which is irritated by anything Greek, would attempt to distort and obscure the Orpheus story. To confuse with intent to cause confusion. So things are not simple and superficial. The reasons are much deeper, and only if one penetrates the essence of Hellenism and Judeo-Christianity will he be able to understand why some try to present him as a “barbarian”. Because in doing so, they are trying to support a series of fallacies. In short, whatever the Greeks achieved was not theirs but foreign. As for the myths related to this supreme spiritual entity, which they pervert precisely because they do not understand them, thus even reaching what the ancients called “insults”, it will not be discussed here. What we will attempt is to present all those elements that negate the fallacies of the followers of the Jewish schismatic group called Christianity. The alleged barbaric origin of Orpheus is attempted to be based on the nickname “Thrace”. We say “Orpheus the Thracian”. Thrace, at that time, extended over a much wider area than today, inhabited by many barbarian peoples, including Greek races. The deception lies in the fact that they stick to this name, without giving more information, information that solves the issue once and for all and that is present in the sources. Of course, their whole enterprise is aided by the distortion of texts and meanings which they impart to their ignorant readers. Origin of Orpheus Let’s see some information about Thrace, from the old geographical dictionary of N. Lorentis… In the most ancient times, the boundaries and extent of this country were vaguely defined; according to Homer, the entire extended country of Europe beyond Thessaly is understood under this name, on which the poet mentions as the same parts the Pierian, the Imathian and the Paionian, inhabited under the Peons and Kikons. And Herodotus includes among the nations of Thrace the Getae and Dacas; according to Strabo, Scylacus and Pliny, Thrace extended from the Istron River to the Strymons; and in the past Thrace was inhabited by many individual peoples, having the same customs and laws changing to each other.So when the ancients speak of “Thrace”, they are referring to a much wider area than we understand today. In this region there were many peoples (tribes). Some barbaric and others Greek, as we will see later. We are very happy to have ancient texts that give us information about both the exact birthplace of Orpheus, his origin, and his place of action. Let’s start from the “Argonauts” of Orpheus. More specifically, it states at the end of the project: Where did you rush to the snow-covered Thrace, Livythron is the place, I am the homeland of the earth; andron I entered the periklito, where I became a mother of great readers Oiagroios. Levithra is the fatherland of Orpheus. These belong to Thrace (as they were called then) and are located at the foot of Mount Olympus. Olympus is located on the borders of Thessaly and Macedonia (as they are called today). Sweida’s dictionary states: Orpheus, of Levithra in Thrace (a city not under Pieria), son of Oiagros and Calliope; and Oiagros the fifth was from Atlas, according to Alcyone, one of his daughters. It happened generations before the Trojans. Information is becoming more and more specific. Levithra is in Pieria. In the “Geographical” dictionary of N. Lorentis, it is mentioned about Pieria that it is “a province of today’s Macedonia located on the border of Thessaly near Mount Olympus, according to Strabo forming the coast between the Aliakmonos river and the Axios, and in ancient times it belonged to the Thrace; Orpheus was descended from this country” (p. 446). The grammarian and poet Ioannis Tzetzis (12th century), in the work “Lykofron”, mentions that Orpheus lived around Helikon and Levithra. The name “Leivithron” means “reithron, oheton, krunon and place in Macedonia and according to Helikon” (Hesychius, “Glossai”). Today the area is called “Kanalia”, and it means the same thing. That is, a place where water flows and which has many ravines and springs. In the Argonauts of Orpheus it is mentioned: “Pierien Levithron ta’ akra karina”. Pausanias in “Boiotics” (L΄7-9), writes that Orpheus was buried in Dion “and the country of Macedonia is under Mount Pierian” and that his bones are there. In the years when Pausanias wrote (around the 2nd AD century), Pieria was said to belong to Macedonia, just as we say today. In fact, “there is also a river of Helikon”, which reaches “as far as Olympus”, passing through Levithra, “the fourth mountain in Macedonia”, and where “the tomb of Orpheus is at the mouth of the city”. That is, Levithra is not far from Dion, where the tomb of Orpheus is located. For the existence of the monument of Orpheus in Dion, Diogenes Laertius also speaks in the “Lives of the Philosophers”. In the Argonautics of Apollonius of Rhodes, it is mentioned: Let’s first remember Orpheus, the one who, according to tradition, gave birth to him in Thrace, on top of Pimplida, as Calliope united with Oiagros. [..] the famous Orpheus, the lord of Bistonian Pieria. Here, we have the name of the mountain where Orpheus was born. In Orpheus’ Argonautica, Jason addresses Orpheus: Orpheus, Calliope and Oiagro, friend of the barber, Vistonii Kikonessi polyrheniosin ansans, rejoice in Aemonius the first able vessel, Strymonias you flow, Rhodope the proud to help. (f. 77 et seq.) The information we get from this verse of the Argonauts of Orpheus tells us that Oiagros reigned in Vistonia among the people of the Cykons. The Kikones were “an ancient nation of Thrace, living along the coast from Ismaros to the Lisos river opposite the island of Samothrace” (Geographical dictionary N. Lorenti, p. 267). In the same book it is stated that “on its shores, official Greek colonies were established since ancient times” (p. 208). Homer mentions about the Kikones (who sided with the Trojans): “With the sword fighters the Kikones went, Euphimus, of the well-nourished Keadis from Troizena” (Iliad, rhapsody II). As Konstantinides’ Homeric dictionary explains, “Troizenos, son of Keus, father of Euphimos” (p. 637). The genealogical line passes from Keas (Keadis) to Troizenos and from there to Ephimos who leads the Kicones. Kicon was the son of Apollo and the nymph Rhodes (or Rhodope). It is obvious that the names are Greek, and are in use even in our modern times! An additional proof for the Greekness of Orpheus is his Doric origin. This is what the poet Moschos (2nd century BC) tells us in the “Epitaph of Bion”, where he writes: “lost Dorios Orpheus”. Finally, it should be mentioned that “Hellanicus and Damascus and Pherecydes in Orpheus are the relatives of Homer” (Proclus, Life of Homer 26.14). This information is also useful. So Orpheus is an ancestor of Homer! Possible etymologies of his name Even from the etymology of the name “Orpheus”, one can understand the Greekness of the name. Below are some possible etymologies. A. Orpheus: from “orfni”, which means “the darkness of the night”/ “on the darkness of Hades, of the Underworld” (D. Dimitrakos, vol. I’, p. 5244). The same thing is mentioned in the dictionary of Lidel and Scott (ed. A. Konstantinidis): “chthonos orfni, on the underworld, i.e. of Aidos”/”The root of orfni, orfnos, orpheus is erefo: Erebus”. (vol. A, p. 361). Indeed, the myth links Orpheus to Hades, as he descended into it to bring Eurydice to the upper world. But it can also be connected to the ancient mysteries which were incomprehensible to the uninitiated. After all, Hades means that which cannot be seen with the physical eyes. B. Orpheus: from the root “orf” which indicates that someone is deprived of something. Hence the word “orphan”. Some argue that he can be considered metaphorically “orphaned” since he was deprived of his wife. C. Orpheus: from “Or” and “faos”, which means bright speech. The word “oros” means (and) “reason” (oros esti logos delian peion esti, according to Galen), and the word “phaos” means light. Dating The issue of dating – as far as the figures of mythology are concerned – is difficult already from the years of Diodorus Siculus. He writes: I am not unaware that those who compose ancient mythologies happen to have great difficulty in writing. Because due to its antiquity, the relevant material is difficult to find, the writers are in a very difficult position, while at the same time, as its chronological placement is not amenable to precise control, it makes the readers despise the historical ones. Moreover, the variety and multitude of heroes, demigods, and other men to be descended make the narrative almost impossible. But the biggest and most outrageous obstacle of all is that those who recorded the most ancient facts and mythologies do not agree with each other. (Historical Library, Book D΄, 1.1) However, the position of our story is this… We, however, since we have an opposite opinion from them, suffered the trouble of the relevant inscription and took care in every way to expose the ancient myths. For many and great deeds were performed by the heroes and demigods and many other great men, whom, for the benefits they rendered to all men, posterity honored some with isotheisms and others with heroic sacrifices, while all their history glorified to the ages with the praises due to them. (p. 1.4) Diomedes https://www.pare-dose.net/8027
AKROTIRI FROM THE TEMENOS(SACRED PLACE OR TEMPLE DEDICATED TO A CERTAIN GOD OR HERO)
OF THE GREAT GODS.
SAMOTHRACE 4th century BC.
The crime has been committed centuries ago and continues to be committed in the GREEK LOGOS (”SPEECH-LANGUAGE) in all its parts, VOICES (PROSODY), MEANINGS (criterion and hegemon), THINGS, LETTERS. They mean, signified and proclaim, proclaimed…. The noun without a participle of time, like the verb, i.e. the subject and accusative form the sentence as phases. They are important voices, they express meaning in conflict and decide either as a decision or as a decision or if something is true or false. So the important voices belong to a Genus….Who will teach us Ancient Greek, when we are left with only this nonsense FAKE of Greek? the ANTHELLENIC philologists??. we are all friends of reason and wisdom and man naturally hungers for knowledge. They should be called Grammarians, (although Grammar is useful in poetry and writing which is the beginning of Epistemology and by extension Philosophy), as very aptly in Antiquity. Who will teach us…
CHRISTOS SINOS (R I P)
Attic sarcophagus that shows a Homeric battle!
Helene Kemiktsi.
Bronze censer with veiled pupil support. Archaeological Museum of Delphi.
Bronze Incense Burner. Statuette of a Woman wearing a Peplos. 450 BC. Delphi, The Archaeological Museum, Greece
The masterpiece bronze censer consists of a statuette of a veiled maiden, whose head and raised arms support the hemispherical body of the vessel where incense was burned. The female figure wears the Doric veil and has her hair gathered in a kekryfalus, a characteristic netted headdress. He rests on the right leg, while the left is in the air, almost ready to step. The front side is very neat, while the back side is rougher. On the perimeter of the vessel rested a perforated stopper which allowed the smoke to rise, but which was not saved. Technologically, the daughter is reminiscent of veiled figures from the Olympia museum. It is probably the work of a Parian workshop and dates to the period 460-450 BC, although opinions have been expressed that it comes from a workshop in Delphi or some city on the Corinthian Gulf. It was found in the depositary of the sacred road, together with other bronze figurines and a number of valuable offerings. See less — at Folkungagatan.
Bronze censer with veiled pupil support. Archaeological Museum of Delphi.
Bronze Incense Burner. Statuette of a Woman wearing a Peplos. 450 BC. Delphi, The Archaeological Museum, Greece
ETRUSCAN ART AS PART OF THE GREEK (IONIC) COMMUNITY.
OF LATE THE TERM “KOINE” HAS BECOME A KIND OF BUZZWORD. ANY NUMBER OF ARCHAEOLOGISTS FROM DIFFERENT SPECIALTIES HAVE USED IT TO CHARACTERIZE CERTAIN COMPARABLE STYLISTIC AND ICONOGRAPHIC PHENOMENA IN SPECIFIC PERIODS AND IN VARIOUS REGIONS AROUND THE MEDITERRANEAN AND THE BLACK SEA. FOR EXAMPLE, MANY SCHOLARS — INCLUDING ETRUSCOLOGISTS — REFER TO A LATE ARCHAIC EASTERN GREEK OR IONIAN “KOINE”, THAT EXTENDED, AS FAR WEST, AS ETRURIA AND IS CLEARLY REFLECTED, AS DISCUSSED IN CHAPTER 3, IN WALL, TOMB AND VASE PAINTING. IN THIS LATE ARCHAIC PHASE, WHICH WAS SO STRONGLY INFLUENCED BY THE ART OF IONIA, WALL AND TOMB PAINTING, THE OFTEN COLORFUL VASE PAINTING IN THE BLACK-FIGURE(“MELANOMOEPHE”=ΜΕΛΑΝΟΜΟΡΦΟΣ) TECHNIQUE AND OTHER PAINTING GENRES ENJOYED A DISTINCT FLOWERING, BOTH IN ETRURIA AND IN THE EASTERN GREEK REGION OF ASIA MINOR. POLITICAL AND MILITARY PRESSURES, ESPECIALLY THE PERSIAN OCCUPATION, FORCED A NUMBER OF IONIAN ARTISTS, PARTICULARLY PAINTERS AND POTTERS, TO LEAVE THEIR HOMELANDS AND SEE REFUGE AND NEW WORKING OPPORTUNITIES IN SOUTH ETRURIA’s COAST AL CENTERS. NOTABLE EXAMPLES OF IONIA(=”ASIA MINOR”) ETRUSCAN PAINTING — OR PAINTING EXECUTED IN ETRURIA — FROM THE SECOND HALF OF THE SIXth CENTURY, SUCH, AS THE TOMB PAINTINGS OF TARQUINIA (THE TOMBS OF THE BULLS, THE AUGURS, THE LIONESSES, THE JUGGLERS, OF HUNTING AND FISHING AND THE CARDARELLI TOMB, FOR EXAMPLE), THE CAMPANA PLAQUES AND HYDRIAE FROM CAERE, THE CAMPANA DINOI, AND THE “PONTIC” VASES FROM VULCI, OFTEN COMPARE MOST FAVORABLY WITH EXAMPLES OF PAINTING ALONG THE COAST OF IONIA “Asia Minor”), FROM THE OFFSHORE ISLANDS AND IN THE BORDERING REGIONS TO THE EAST. ALL OF THEM WERE PRODUCED BY IONIAN PAINTER THEMSELVES oIN ORDER TO REFLECT THE POWERFUL IONIAN ART. AMONG THESE EASTERN EXAMPLES ARE WALL PAINTINGS — OFTEN ONLY FRAGMENTARY — IN PHRYGIA (THE PAINTED HOUSE IN GORDION, PAINTED JUNIPERWOOD PANELS FROM A CHAMBER TOMB IN TARTARLI), IN LYDIA (FROM A TUMULUS IN Us¸ak, in the HERMOS VALLEY), and ESPECIALLY in LYCIA (two chamber tombs in KIZILBEL and KARABURUN, NEAR ELMALI ), ALSO PAINTED CLAZOMENAEN SARCOPHAGI, PAINTED CLAY RELIEF SLABS LIKE THOSE FROM LARISA AND VARIOUS VASE GENRES LIKE THOSE OF THE LITTLE MASTERS (PICCOLI MAESTRI) FROM SAMOS. COMPARISONS CAN BE MADE IN TERMS OF ICONOGRAPHY, STYLE, AND PAINTING TECHNIQUE. SOURCE: Steingräber, S. 2006. ABUNDANCE OF LIFE. ETRUSCAN WALL PAINTING. ************************
Achilles and Ajax Playing a Board Game 540-530 BCE. Terracotta amphora. Height 2 feet (Musei Vaticani, Rome). ARCHAIC BLACK-FIGURE POTTERY Exekias Achilles and Ajax Playing a Board Game 540-530 BCE. Terracotta amphora. Height 2 feet (Musei Vaticani, Rome) An example of black-figure painting is Achilles and Ajax Playing a Board Game on an amphora signed by Exekias as both potter and painter (at left is written: Exekias epoiesen = ΕΞΕΚΊΑΣ ΕΠΟΊΗΣΕΝ = “Exekias made [me or it].” At right is also written, less relevantly, O Netorides kalos = Ο ΝΕΤΟΡIΔHΣ ΚΑΛΟΣ = “Onetorides is beautiful”). The central image is a narrative scene, with geometric patterns subsumed into border devices. In the panel framed by a lustrous black “glaze,” Ajax (Aiantos = “of Ajax [Aias]”) and Achilles (Akhileos = “of Akhilleus”) are depicted playing a board game during a lull in the Trojan War. In a symmetrical and deceptively tranquil scene, the Homeric heroes bend over a table and call out the scores of the game (which are written before their lips – tesara = 4, for Achilles, tria = 3, for Ajax)
Thetis attempts to make the baby Achilles immortal, by dipping him in the River Styx (the river that runs through the underworld), while holding him by his heel. The one part of his body left untouched by the waters becomes his only point of weakness, hence the phrase ‘Achilles heel.
The learned centaur Chiron instructs the boy Achilles in the playing of the lyre. He rests upon his equine haunch and wears an animal-skin cloak and wreath of laurel.
Dionysos & Satyros/Greek Mythology /Mosaics, status & frescos of POMPPEIA/MAGNA GRECIA
FURIOUS BARBARIAN ACTING FELL UPON THE CALLOS ΚΑΛΛΟΣ = BEAUTY), TO SCRATCH IT, MARK IT, BUT THE ΚΑΛΛΟΣ, AS IT WAS BORN N E V E R CHANGE! But, how many wounds… How many knives on the Greek and his gods… For how much longer?
Eternal honor and memory to our great goddess, may she give us strength and strong vibrations!
ORION AND PSYCHE= ΩΡΙΩΝ KAI ΨΥΧΗ/ GREEK MYTHAGOGY -COSMOLOGY/MAGNA GRECIA/POMPEIA
***********THE RIGHT OF THE STRONGER(??!!??): BARBARIC LIES PERSIST ABOUT THE ORIGINS OF ANCIENT GREEK CITIES SUCH, AS PERSEPOLIS, PETRA AND BAALBEK (BAALBEK, ORIGINALLY NAMED HELIOPOLIS (=meaning ‘City of the Sun’). THE ARCHITECTURE IS OBVIOUSLY GREEK (CORINTHIAN ORDER) AND NOT.. ROMAN, AS PROCLAIMED BY ACADEMICS AND HISTORIANS. THIS CITY IS ALSO MUCH OLDER IN ANTIQUITY, THAN WE ARE TOLD.. THIS CITY PRE-DATES THE ‘GREAT FOOD’ AT AROUND 9,500 BC. SISTER CITIES INCLUDE PETRA, PERGAMON, PALMYRA AND PERSEPOLIS, ALL WITH GREEK ARCHITECTURE AND WITH GREEK NAMES. All OF THESE Greek CITIES WERE FOUND BY.. OTHER PEOPLE’S POST-FOOD AND WERE SETTLED AND FALSELY CLAIMED BY THEM, AS… THEIR OWN. FOR EXAMPLE, HOW COULD THE NOMADIC NABATEANS HERDSMEN SUDDENLY ACQUIRE THE TECHNOLOGY, VOLITION AND MEANS BUILD PETRA, AND IN GREEK (CORINTHIAN RHYTHM) .. IF YOU BELIEVE THIS, THEN YOU WILL BELIEVE, THAT THE AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES BUILT THE SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE.= , AMONG OTHERS, FALSELY”, ATTRIBUTED TO HAVING BEEN BUILT BY THE: PERSIANS, PHOENICIANS, CARTHAGENIANS,… NABATEANS and ROMANS RESPECTIVELY. THE PERSIANS FOUND THE ABANDONED CITY OF… PERSEPOLIS (BUILT BY DESCENDANTS OF PERSEUS), AND THE NABATEANS, WHO WERE NOMADIC HERDERS FOUND AND MADE THE ABANDONED.. PETRA THEIR HOME. THE ROMANS WOULD INVADE and FALSELY PUT THEIR TAG ON EVERYTHING THEY CONQUERED.
ONE SUCH OF THOSE WORKS WAS THE KYBALION, WHICH THEY AND OTHERS TRANSLATED FROM EXISTING ARCHAIC GREEK WORKS. HISTORY, ORIGIN, ART AND HIGH TECHNOLOGY HAVE ALL BEEN STOLEN, LOOTED AND CLAIMED BY OTHERS. NEWTON ALSO STOLE AND CLAIM TO THE LAWS OF MOTION AND PHYSICS, GAINING THIS KNOWLEDGE FROM ANCIENT TEXTS, WHICH HE SECRETLY HELD. THE GREEKS “SHOULD” NEVER LEARN THAT : – DEMOCRITUS , PYTHAGORAS, HERACLEITOS COMPLETELY FORMULATED THE THEORY OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND SPECIAL RELATIVITY, UNIFYING INTO SINGLE MATHEMATICAL. ELECTRICITY, GRAVITY, MAGNETISM, ASTRONOMY, AND THE WEAK CURRENT OF NUCLEAR ATOMS.
EVERY CIVILIZATION IS JUDGED, BY WHAT IT LEFT BEHIND… BUT…. THE GREEKS “MUST” NEVER LEARN THAT : THE ASTRONOMERS AND MATHEMATICIANS: – EUDOXUS, CALLIPOS , ARISTARCHOS, ANAXIMANDROS, EUKLIDES, ARCHIMEDES, CONON, HIPPARCHUS, CLEOMEDES, APOLLONIOS, PTOLEMY, THEON, HYPATIA, PAPPUS, HAD EXHAUSTED THE LIMITS OF WITHOUT GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION EQUATIONS OF 12 UNKNOWN (TWELVE EQUATIONS TWELVE UNKNOWN).. WHILE THE LIMIT OF TODAY’S COMPUTERS IS “7 EQUATIONS 7 UNKNOWN”. BECAUSE THE THIEVES OF ANCIENT KNOWLEDGE, AS: – KEPLER, GALILEO, COPERNICUS etc. “MUST” BE SHOWN!! … THE GREEKS SHOULD NOT KNOW THAT: THE ENGINEERS – TECHNICIANS: EUPALINOS, SOSTRATOS, HERON, ZOSIMOS, KALLINIKOS, MANUFACTURED TOPOGRAPHIC INSTRUMENTS FOR TRIGONOMETRIC SURVEYING, AUTOMATIC MECHANISMS AND INSTRUMENTS FOR ELECTRICAL APPLICATIONS, BECAUSE THE SWINDLER EDISON “MUST” BE SHOWN, AS THE…INVENTOR OF ELECTRICITY, ALTHOUGH THE ABOVE GREEK ENGINEERS USED THE ELECTRON (AMBER), AS A NATURAL ACCUMULATOR OF STATIC ELECTRICITY IN TECHNICAL APPLICATIONS… THE Greeks “MUST” NOT KNOW THAT: THE GEOGRAPHERS – EXPLORERS SKYLAX, PYTHEAS, EUDOXUS, STRABON, PAUSANIAS, COSMAS THE INDIKOPLEISTIS, HECATAEUS, HAD MAPPED THE ENTIRE SURFARE OF THE PLANET, BECAUSE THERE IS A DANGER, THAT THE GREEKS WILL LEARN, THAT ATLANTIS AND THE AMERICAN CONTINENT BELONGED ADMINISTRATIVELY IN DELPHI, WHILE ASIA BELONGED ADMINISTRATIVELY TO SARDIS, WITH THE CENTRAL COORDINATOR BEING THE APOLLONIAN CENTER OF DELOS, TO WHICH THE TRANSBOREAN GREEKS (NORTHERN SIERRA) SENT, AS A TOKEN OF RECOGNITION “EVERY YEAR, CHOICE GRAIN”, THROUGH THE GREEK ARIMASPAS AND ISSIDONES AND MASSAGESTAE OF CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN SIBERIA. THE GREEKS “SHOULD” NOT KNOW THAT THE GREEK DOCTORS, GALENOS, CELSIUS, HERACLIDES, HEROPHILUS, PRAXAGORAS, AGNODIKIS, KTIRIAS, HIPPOCRATES=, ERIVIOTIS, CARRIED OUT “BALANCING ELECTROMAGNETIC CONVECTION FLUIDS OF THE BODY” TREATMENTS BY REGULATING THE ALKALINITY AND ACIDITY OF THE ORGANS,THAT THEY WERE MAKING CURSE USING “LEFT-HANDED AMINO ACIDS” (ANTIBIOTICS) OBTAINED FROM PLANTS, FULLY KNOWING, THAT ONLY RECENTLY DID MOLEKYLAR BIOLOGY DISCOVER THE ACTION-REACTION OF LEFT-HANDED AMINO ACIDS (ANTIBIOTICS) AMINO ACIDS (ORGANISM PROTEINS). THE GREEKS “MUST” NOT LEARN, THAT THE SYMBOLS “LEFT-CROWNED SWASTIKA” AND “RIGHT-CROWNE SWASTIKA” WERE SYMBOLS O PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS, BY WHICH THE GREEKS PYTHAGORAS AND DEMOCRITUS AND ARISTARCHOS EXPRESSED RIGHT-HANDED AND LEFT-HANDED NUCLEI OF ATOMS, PLANETS, SOLAR SYSTEMS, GALAXIES AND COSMIC DOMAIN CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES. 2500 YEARS AGO HIPPOCRATES PERFORMED BRAIN AND HEART SURGERY… DESPITE THE ALMOST NON-EXISTENT MEANS OF HIS TIME, HIPPOCRATES PERFORMED DIFFICULT SURGERIES. HE AND HIS STUDENTS SUCCESSFULLY TREAT ED ORTHOPEDIC, CARDIAC AND BASIC SURGERY CASES. HIPPOCRATES EVEN PERFORMED OPERATIONS ON THE HUMAN SKULL, AS WE READ IN SEVERAL OF HIS WORKS … IN ADDITIO TO THE OPERATION ITSELF, HIPPOCRATES ATTACHED GREAT IMPORTANCE TO THE REPARATION OF THE PATIENT AND THE OPERATING ROOM. IN THE WORK KAT’IATREION, HE DESCRIBES IN DETAIL HOW THE PATIENT SHOULD BE PREPARED BEFORE THE OPERATION, HOW THE TOOLS ARE STERILIZED, HOW THE SPACE IS SHAPED , BUT ALSO HOW ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL LIGHT IS USED DURING THE OPERATION … AMERICAN ARCHAEOBOTANISTS WERE ABLE FOR THE FIRST TIME TO STUDY AND ANALYZE THE CONTENTS OF PILLS MADE BY DOCTORS IN ANCIENT GREECE AND WHICH WERE DISCOVERED 20 YEARS AGO, IN A GREEK SHIPWRECK OFF THE COAST OF TUSCANY… DNA ANALYZES SHOWED, THAT EACH PILL WAS A MIXTURE OF AT LEAST TEN DIFFERENT PLANT EXTRACTS, INCLUDING HIBISKUS AND CELERY. “FOR THE FIRST TIME, WE NOW HAVE PHYSICAL EVIDENCE OF WHAT IS CONTAINED IN THE WRITINGS OF THE ‘ANCIENT GREEK PHYSICIANS DIOSCORIDIS AND GALENOS,” SAID ALLEN TWO WAY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION’s NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY IN WASHINGTON , ACCORDING TO NEW SCIENTISTS “APOSTLE ORPHEUS”74.
THE “PHOENICIAN “DECEPTION THE PHOENICIANS AND GREEK ALPHABET”…THE GREEK ALPHABET EXISTED AT THE TIME OF ATLANTIS, 9,500 BC, SINCE PLATO SPEAKS OF INSCRIPTIONS WITH OATHS, AS WELL, AS NAMES OF KINGS CARVED INTO VOWS, AND THEREFORE CARRIED HISTORY AT LEAST FROM 15,000 BC. BUT ACCORDING TO THE “PHILHELLENIC” PILE RESEARCHERS, IT COMES FROM …. THE PHOENICIAN ALPHABET of THE 14th CENTURY BC. THAT IS, THE WRETCHES HAVE DELIBERATELY THEY “FORGOTTEN” TO MULTIPLY THE HISTORY OF GREECE AND ITS LANGUAGE x 10!!!
PELLA received an important IONIAN influx during early ARCHAIC times. It became a member of the CHALKIDIAN FEDERATION FOR A BRIEF PERIOD IN THE 380s BC. (Xen. Hell. 5.2.13). The transfer of the ROYAL residence to THE CITY OF PELLA DURING THE REIGN OF AMYNTAS III WAS ACCOMPANIED BY A SIGNIFICANT MAKEDONIAN MIGRATION, WHICH TRANSFORMED THE CHARACTERS OF THE CITY.
The patron divinity of PELLA was ATHENA ALKIDEMOS (Livy 42.51.2). AMONG OTHER GREEK cults, those of APOLLO, ARTEMIS, ASKLIPIOS, DEMETER, DIONYSOS, ZEUS- MEILICHIOS, HERAKLES- +KYNAGIDAS, HERAKLES-PHYLAKOS, THEN THE MOTHER OF THE GODS, THE MUSES AND PAN ARE ATTESTED FROM EPIGRAPHIC, LITERARY AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOURCES.
PELLA was the LARGEST city of MACEDONIA. The city had two citadels, a theatre, a large agora, a huge royal Palace which covered the entire acropolis area north of the agora, many sanctuaries, an heroon of HERACLES THE EPONYMOUS, ANCESTOR of the MACEDONIAN KINGS which later was used as a bouleuterion by the “Koinon” of MACEDONIANS
……..F I N A L Y.. LET’S THE FUNNY SIDE OF THE VERY EMBARRASSING FACTS OF THE “NORTH MACEDONIAN” JOKE! : – DESCENDANTS OF ALEXANDER?!
UNLESS HIS SEMEN GOT FROZEN IN SOME TIME CAPSULE UNTIL JOZIP BROZ TITO…. DISCOVERED IT AND FERTILIZED YUGOSLAVIAN FEMALE CANDIDATES!
“REMAINS” OF THE ANCIENT GREEK CITY OF SAGALASSOS IN THE TAURUS MOUNTAINS OF MODERN-DAY TURKEY.
P.S: WE SHOULD-N O T- CALL THEM “RUINS”.. BUT ——-F O U N D A T I O N S-
Ancient Greek Bronze Mirror with Head of Athena, circa 330-270 BC from the Cleveland Museum of Art.
The goddess Hygeia meets the Sun after 2100 years in Laodicea. in the ancient city of Laodicea located in Pamukkale, in today’s southwestern Turkey
ANCIENT DAUGHTER OF VIZIA (525-500 BC)
The archaic daughter of Vizya is the “refugee” who fled with the Asia Minor disaster of 1922 in Greece, from Eastern Thrace of European Turkey. Vizyi (Turkish Vize) was the ancient Thracian city of the Kotydas, which flourished over a series of centuries, during the archaic, classical, Hellenistic and Roman times, since it had its own mint. In the area were found more than thirty (30) Macedonian and Roman “tumbes”, aqueducts, Corinthian capitals, foundations of public buildings, a theater, a cemetery, as well as archaic daughters, like the one depicted with (photo).
For the marble daughter of Vizya, the writer Georgios Vizyinos (a philological pseudonym), originally from the city of Vizya (hence his name) wrote the moving poem entitled “The Beggar of Vizya” poetically narrating the drama of the refugee. The statue, which even without a head captures the refined effects of Ionic Art, can be compared to some Athenian daughters from the Acropolis Museum for its elegance.
The Daughter of Vizyus was clad in a multi-layered tunic, which rises slightly at the side to aid her gait, and over it was gracefully draped her slanting robe, which left her youthful left breast uncovered. It would have been painted in colors that do not survive, with the archaic sneer on the lips before being beheaded, and would have been a cult dedication of (525-500 BC) in a Sanctuary of Byzyus. In her empty hand she would hold her offering, either a dove or some fruit, although her empty palm today (in a beggar’s pose) is looking for her lost homeland… She arrived by sea in Thessaloniki from the port of Raidestos, where housed in the Museum of the co-capital, disabled, with broken legs from the adventures of the refugee journey. Admire the exquisite sculpture that the Greeks carried along with their children, to keep the historical memories intact while immigrating to modern Greece…..
Source:
archaiologia.gr.
From the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki PHOTO: El.Andriomenou (copyright Nefeli)
https://www.saatchiart.com/account/profile/25800
Stealing the reading or the long-suffering Ancient Greek horses! In classical times on the island of Chios, without being verified, it was said that there was a wonderful sculptured set of four horses, made of copper (96.67%) and bronze, which were gilded. They have a maximum height of 2.38 m, a length of 2.52 m and weigh between 8.5 and 9 tons each. With great detail in their construction, the movement and performance of the muscles and even the veins. In fact, for their excellent construction, they said that they were probably attributed to the ancient Greek sculptor of the 4th century BC. Lysippos (390-300 BC), favorite sculptor of M. Alexander. And that these four horses were thought to be part of a monument representing the quadruped (a four-horse chariot used for chariot races) of the chariot of the Sun, (3rd comment), the work of Lysippus, which the Rhodians had assigned to Delphi for victory during the reign of Demetrius Poliorkitos (337-283 BC) in 305 BC. Another version places the statues in the 2nd or 3rd AD. h. With the looting of countless Greek works of art by the Romans, who used them in their mansions as decorations, they were probably stolen from Chios or “somewhere from Greece”, as it was said, and brought to Rome. It is even said that these horses were one of the 500 works of art that Nero stole from Delphi and took to Rome, where he set them up in an arch on the Capitoline Hill (AD 62) and were then moved to shine Trajan’s arch. Centuries have passed and we arrive in Constantinople. These horses are found adorning the triumphal gate, which led to the famous Hippodrome. It is said that around 330 AD when Constantine I, also known as the Great (272-337), inaugurated the “New Rome”, which after a while became widely known under the name “Constantine-polis”, they were transferred from Rome there. And there they shone, until the Crusaders of the 4th Crusade came, who occupied the City. Those moments were very tragic, so some historians consider this Fall as the main one.Because the money-hungry Crusaders, Franks and Flemings, but also Germans, Lombards, Tuscans and Venetians, fallen former feudal lords, with the blessings of Pope Innocent III, while on their way to the Holy Land, made a “stop” there.. Then they destroyed very important works of art, not only from classical times, but also the Holy Altar. Wisdom and Christian icons (being orthodox…) that existed in the City, according to their descriptions by travelers and historians of the time. They melted in the fire wonderful gold, silver and bronze statues and vessels to get the metal! But the four horses were so beautiful that the leader of the Venetian Doge Enrico Dandolo (Doge Enrico Dandolo, 1107-1205) was so fascinated that he did not let them be destroyed and managed to transport them to Venice. In fact, during the transport, the horses’ heads were cut off and then in Venice, they were put back together. It was then that the “collars” on the horses’ necks that exist today were introduced at the incision points. Thus, in 1254 the four horses were again transported to Italy, this time to Venice, where they were placed above the peristyle grand portico of the central gate of St. Mark’s Basilica. Centuries passed again… Until in 1797, Napoleon the Great captured Venice and, after transporting the horses to Paris, placed them on the Arc de Triomphe. As every proud and arrogant glory has its downfall… so did Napoleon (1769-1821). After his fall (1814), the horses returned in 1818 to Venice, on the central gate of St. Marco. Today, faithful copies of them were placed there in their place (1st comment). Because due to their deterioration from the humidity, which is typical in Venice, in 1980 they were moved inside the Basilica of Saint Mark, where there is a Museum. But no one hears them called “The horses of Greek art” anymore… They are “the horses of Saint Mark of Venice” or the “Triumphal Quadriga”…Underthe blessings of THE GREATEST ANTHELLENIC, AMONG ALL THE ANTHELLENIIC IMPERIORS,THEODOSIUS, the KILLER of HYPATIA, AND ALL THE ONES, WHO DID NOT CONVERTED THEMSELVES INTO CHRISTIANITY INTO THREE(3) DAYS(!!) OR THE ONES, WHO DARED to MENTION the WORD HELLEN=ΕΛΛΗΝ!!
HE WAS, THE ONE, WHO ENCOURAGED THE VENETIANS FOR BURNING AND LOOTING FOCUSING ON CLASSICAL “PAGAN” FINE ARTS , AS THE HORSES AND A LOT OF OTHER STATUES, ETC Ah, those Venetians! They have not only stolen the horses and so many other things from Istanbul, but even the word that characterizes their city: The “gondola”! This long, narrow, shallow, shiny, black boat that, with its gondolier standing with a long oar, traverses the many canals of Venice. (With some reservation, of course, maybe my Greek-centricity is exaggerating…). Because the money-hungry Crusaders, Franks and Flemings, but also Germans, Lombards, Tuscans and Venetians, fallen former feudal lords, with the blessings of Pope Innocent III, while on their way to the Holy Land, made a “stop” there.. Then they destroyed very important works of art, not only from classical times, but also the Altar of St. Wisdom and Christian icons (being orthodox…) that existed in the City, according to their descriptions by travelers and historians of the time. They melted in the fire wonderful gold, silver and bronze statues and vessels to get the metal! But the four horses were so beautiful that the leader of the Venetian Doge Enrico Dandolo (Doge Enrico Dandolo, 1107-1205) was so fascinated that he did not let them be destroyed and managed to transport them to Venice. In fact, during the transport, the horses’ heads were cut off and then in Venice, they were put back together. It was then that the “collars” on the horses’ necks that exist today were introduced at the incision points. Thus, in 1254 the four horses were again transported to Italy, this time to Venice, where they were placed above the peristyle grand portico of the central gate of St. Mark’s Basilica. Centuries passed again… Until in 1797, Napoleon the Great captured Venice and, after transporting the horses to Paris, placed them on the Arc de Triomphe. As every proud and arrogant glory has its downfall… so did Napoleon (1769-1821). After his fall (1814), the horses returned in 1818 to Venice, on the central gate of St. Marco. Today, faithful copies of them were placed there in their place (1st comment). Because due to their deterioration from the humidity, which is typical in Venice, in 1980 they were moved inside the Basilica of Saint Mark, where there is a Museum. But no one hears them called “The horses of Greek art” anymore… They are “the horses of Saint Mark of Venice” or the “Triumphal Quadriga”… Ah, those Venetians! They have not only stolen the horses and so many other things from Istanbul, but even the word that characterizes their city: The “gondola”! This long, narrow, shallow, shiny, black boat that, with its gondolier standing with a long oar, traverses the many canals of Venice. (With some reservation, of course, maybe my Greek-centricity is exaggerating…)
Because in Constantinople, during the Byzantine Empire, they had a very common type of boat, which they called after the medieval Greek word “kondura”, the feminine of the word “konturos” (kondura, a boat with a short tail) used on the eastern shores of the Adriatic . And by corruption came kondura >”gondola”. And according to another version, from the publication of Vice-General e.a. Eudoxiou Gourmou, in O.D.E.G. (Organization for the Propagation of the Greek Language), the Byzantines called their ordinary boat “kundelada” (gondola. However, as the publication states, the word “gondola” exists in 36 languages without being translated into another. The authentic ancient bronze horses in the Museum of the Basilica of Saint Mark. (Photo from wikipedia).
A compass on a white background, c. 465–460 BC. with a height including the cover of 17.2 cm. Compasses were a kind of “toilet” and “jewellery box, clay and later ivory or metal vessels, usually round with a separate lid. They were used more by women to store cosmetics or jewelry. They got their name from the wooden Corinthian boxes that were made from the hard and durable wood of the boxwood, a durable evergreen shrub (box), which can reach up to 6 m. From this Greek word came the Latin buxus: box-box and the English box.
This compass is said to have been excavated circa 1906 at Kymi (Cumae, the first ancient Greek colony of Magna Graecia on mainland Italy founded by settlers from the Euboean city of the same name in the 8th century BC). It passed through several buyers until it was acquired by the MET, The Metropolitan Museum of Art NY, 07.286.36a .
In her performances, she has scenes from the crisis of Paris, on a white background.
By the middle of the 5th century BC, the white ground technique was commonly used for the beautiful white lekyths, (bottles for scented oil, perfumes, wine for funerary rites and then placed as offerings in tombs) and for fine vessels of other shapes . As classical painters sought to achieve increasingly complex dramatic depictions with the limited capabilities of the red-figure technique, the white background gave new emphasis to glaze lines and polychrome, making the representations resemble frescoes. Their white color is due to a thin layer of white clay (kaolin) which after firing gave this effect and on top of which they were decorated with additional colors.
The decoration of this compass, which has three elegant short legs as a base, reflects the ease with which an accomplished artist like the “Painter of Penthesilea” to whom it is attributed, depicted a traditional subject: the judgment of Paris. I know you all know the legend, but if you want to “refresh” it, it’s in the 1st comment.
The moment of crisis is represented in successive scenes: One scene shows Pari, a young virgin, sitting on a rock wearing a petasos, a hiker’s and shepherd’s hat. He converses with Hermes, easily recognizable by his caduceus and winged sandals. Behind him a grown man is perhaps Zeus or Priam. Turning the compass clockwise, Athena is depicted, holding a spear in one hand and her helmet in the other, talking to Hera. The latter holds a royal scepter, as the mother and breath of the gods. Then Aphrodite converses with her son, the winged love with the beautiful ethereal rendering of wings. Below EROS the inscription: “O PAIS KALOS” (The young man is handsome).
[The well-known charming myth of the crisis of Paris, which gave rise to your famous Trojan War, is well known. But you can “refresh” its occasions, as well as the faces that appear on the compass]: Zeus, the king of the gods, gave a banquet for the marriage of the sea nymph Thetis with the mortal Peleus (by whom she gave birth to Achilles). Eris, goddess of discord, was uninvited. Angered by this “blockage”, she caused trouble at the feast when she threw a golden apple (the Apple of Strife), on which was the inscription “the beauty” (for the most beautiful). Three goddesses claimed the apple: Hera, Athena and Aphrodite. They asked Zeus to judge which of them was more beautiful. Zeus, unwilling to favor any claim himself, decided that the mortal Paris, son of Priam, king of Troy, would judge. Led by Hermes, the three candidate goddesses appeared before Paris (by teleportation) on Mount Ida of the Troas. Each of them tried with their powers to bribe the handsome but carefree king, who had been removed from the city to graze flocks, because they had bad omens. Hera proposed to him to make him king of Europe and Asia, Athena would offer him wisdom and skill in war and Aphrodite offered the love of the most beautiful woman in the world, Helen of Sparta, wife of the Greek king Menelaus. Paris accepted Aphrodite’s gift and awarded her the apple, taking with Helen the enmity of the Achaeans. The mission of the Achaeans to Troy, to recapture Helen from Paris, is the mythological basis of the Trojan War. Later in the war, Paris will fatally wound Achilles in the heel with an arrow, as Achilles’ mother Thetis, who tried unsuccessfully to prevent him from going to war, had fearfully predicted…
Unique Masterpiece Greek Gold Artemis Stater from Abydos, Troas, c. 330 BC
This coin, struck two years before Alexander the Great arrived in Abydos on his conquest of Persia, is a unique and very fine representation of Artemis, maybe the finest known.
Abydos was founded by the Milesians circa 670 BC but Thracians may have lived there long before that. Whatever the case, the country was settled ages ago and derived its importance from its strategic position at the crossover between Europe and Asia.
There was an important cult center of Artemis at Abydos and the model for this coin may have been a local statue of the goddess. The die cutter responsible for this piece was a master of his craft. ARTEMIS
“I carry Greece inside me. Her spirit is a comfort and beacon to my soul. I am from Sicily, that is Greater Greece and there is still a lot of Greece in Sicily. Measure, harmony and rhythm are still alive… Besides, I myself am of Greek origin. Yes, yes don’t be surprised. My family name is Pyrangelos. Pirandello is nothing but a phonetic corruption of it, Pirangello-Pirandello…” LUIGI PIRANDELLO to KOSTA URANI, 1934.
On this day, June 10, 323, Alexander the Great – the Greatest of the Greeks – died in Babylon at the age of 33. Alexander III was born in 356 BC in Pella, the then capital of the Macedonian kingdom. He was the son of Philip II of Macedonia and Olympias, Princess of the Molossians in Epirus. The Macedonian royal house was called “Argeades” or “Timenides”. According to tradition, the founder of the Royal House – which differs significantly depending on the historical source – came to Macedonia, from Argos in the Peloponnese and was a descendant of Herakles.
He was, in short, Heraklides from Argos. From the time of Alexander I, who went down in history with the nickname “Fillelin”, the Macedonian Kings took part in the Olympic games, in which, as is known, only Greeks could take part. More or less we have all heard the story of Alexander I and the protest of his fellow athletes that he was a barbarian and should not take part. When asked for an explanation, Alexander proved his Greek origin, referring to the history of the Temenids, and since then it has never been questioned again.
Alexander’s father, Philip II, was the son of the Macedonian king Amyntas III and Eurydice, princess of the neighboring Lygistes. The Lygists were formerly subject to the Molossians, which is why we find them in historical sources either as Molossian nations, or as Lygist Macedonians. In fact they had mixed to a small extent with the Illyrians. Their royal house claimed to be Bacchiadian descendants from Corinth and often intermarried with members of neighboring kingdoms. Eurydice, for example, was the daughter of Sirra or Irra – some consider him Lygist and others say he is Illyrian – and a Lygist princess.
The genealogy of Alexander from his mother’s side, Olympias of Epirus, is now in order. Her name as we learn from the reputable historian W. Heckel “Polyxenes when she was a child, Myrtali when she married, and later renamed Olympias and Stratonikis”. The name Olympiada was given, according to tradition, after Philip’s victory in the Olympic games.
The members of the Molossian royal house, the so-called ‘Aiakids’ claimed to be descendants of Achilles’ son, Neoptolemus and Andromache who fled to the area after the fall of Troy. In the classical era, descent from famous Homeric heroes, such as Achilles, conferred enormous prestige on their descendants. Olympias was the daughter of Neoptolemus, king of Epirus and Anasatia, other details unknown but probably from Epirotissa.
At the beginning of the 6th century the tyrant of Sikyon Cleisthenes wanted to find a husband for his daughter Agaristes. He called the best of the Greeks to decide to whom he would marry the daughter and among the suitors was the King of the Molossians, Alkon. So far we have looked at the genealogy of Alexander. Next, we move on to an equally important question. How did Alexander himself feel? From all historical sources, we get the same message.
Alexander did not miss an opportunity to certify how proud he was to be Greek. The sum of all these is: His parents were of Greek origin. Alexander considered himself a Greek. He spoke Greek. He grew up and was educated by famous Greek teachers and had as his favorite book, the Iliad. He believed in the same gods as the Greeks. He undertook to carry out, and succeeded, a campaign, based on the long-standing enmity between the Greeks and the Persians, as “Commander-in-Chief of the Greeks”.
He and his army spread the Greek language and culture to all the nations they passed through and consequently Alexander has rightly remained throughout the centuries as a symbol of Greek history and culture.
Byzantium replaced the joy and light of Ancient Greece with the darkness of horror, death, destruction.
The foundation of Byzantium was the Dogma and the sayings of the Fathers of the Church.
The author Joseph McCabe admitted: “Byzantium for ten whole centuries failed to produce a single book that is read today by an educated man.”
CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE REACHED ITS PEAK WITH THE CONSTRUCTION OF AGIA SOFIA IN CONSTANTINOPLE, OF WHICH THE NEW ORIENTED GREEKS FEEL PROUD, WHO CONSIDER IT THE HIGHEST CAPITAL OF ITS CULTURE IN HERITAGE. HOWEVER, THIS IS NOT TRUE AT ALL. ACCORDING TO RECENT EXCAVATIONS AT THE SITE WHERE HAIA SOFIA WAS ERECTED AND NEXT TO THE TEMPLE OF SAINT PEACE, THERE WERE THREE ANCIENT GREEK TEMPLES OF THE PRE-CLASSICAL AND CLASSICAL PERIOD.
THESE TEMPLES ARE OF ARTEMIS APOLLO AND APHRODITE
IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM OF CONSTANTINOPLE THERE ARE MANY RELEVANT ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDINGS. THESE EXCAVATIONS REVEALED ANOTHER “BREAK” – ANCESTORS OF 1453 – THAT OF GREEK CULTURE FROM THE THEOCRATIC AND DARKNESS ROMEOSYNA OF CONSTANTINOPLE. JUSTINIAN BELIEVED THAT CONSTANTINOPLE SHOULD TAKE BOTH THE PLACE OF ROME AND JERUSALEM, FOR THAT THE MOST MAGNIFICENT BUILDING, A “TEMPLE” SHOULD BE BUILT. SAINT SOFIA. THIS TEMPLE WAS NOT DEDICATED TO ANY SAINT, BUT WAS NAMED SOPHIA, BECAUSE OF INFLUENCE FROM THE OLD TESTAMENT (SOLOMON’S WISDOM, SIRACH’S WISDOM). FOR THE BUILDING OF SAINT SOPHIA, HE GAVE AN ORDER TO REMOVE FROM ALL THE ANCIENT GREEK TEMPLES OF THE GREEK TERRITORY, THE PRECIOUS MATERIALS THEY CONTAINED (GOLD, IVORY, ETC.), AS WELL AS THE GOOD MARBLE AS A WHOLE I COLUMNS AND TO BE OFFERED IN CONSTANTINOPLE. THIS IS HOW A WILD CROWD OF TEMPLES NAMED, SUCH AS PERGAMOS, MILITUS, DELPHI, ETC. JUSTINIAN IS THE FIRST “ELGIN” IN HISTORY. THE MODERN GREEK WOMEN ONLY ASK THE BRITISH FOR THE RETURN OF THE PARTHENON MARBLE, BUT THEY NEVER DID ASK THE TURKS TO RETURN THE PARTHENON MARBLE TO THE ACROPOLIS, WITH WHICH THEY WERE IN THE MISCELLANEOUS FANATIC JUSTINIAN DESTROYED HAIA SOFIA. THE SPACE COVERED BY THE DOME OF SAINT SOPHIA CONSTITUTES THE MAIN TEMPLE. AT ITS BASE THERE ARE FOUR GRANITE COLUMNS FROM EPHESUS. THE ROUND PIECES (RESCES) AT THE CORNERS HAVE PURPLE COLUMNS FROM THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO AT HELIOPOLIS (BAALBEK) EACH OF THE PORTIONS OF THE CENTRAL DOME HAS REPRESENTATIONS WITH CHERUBIM, WHILE IN FRONT OF THE TEMPLE A BASIN OF WATER HAS BEEN PLACED, AS FORECASTED IN THE TABERNACLE AND SOLOMON’S TEMPLE. THE AMOUNT SPENT ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF HAIA SOFIA WAS HUGE, SO IT IS ONE OF THE MOST EXPENSIVE BUILDINGS IN HUMAN HISTORY. IN THE CHRISTIAN TRADITION IT IS REFERRED TO, THAT DURING THE INAUGURATION CEREMONY (DECEMBER 27, 537) OF PRIDE, JUSTINIAN EXCLAIMED: “NENIKIKAS SE SOLOMON” (AND NOT SURELY “NENIKIKAS SE IKTINE AND KALLIKRATES” WHICH WOULD BE COMPLAINED IF HE HAD BUILT SOMETHING GREEK). THE BUILDING IS VERY LARGE AND SOME SPEAK OF AN ARCHITECTURAL WONDER, PROBABLY BECAUSE OF THE AWESOME IT CAUSES IN THE VISITORS AND NOT BECAUSE OF ITS ARCHITECTURE, WHICH SHOULD BE TAUGHT IN ARCHITECTURE SCHOOLS AS AN EXAMPLE TO AVOID.
“JOCKEY OF ARTEMISIUM” “We worked so many days for this monster?” The captain’s reaction to Artemisia when he retrieved the bronze head
ΝΕΑΠΟΛΙΣ
-Contemporary Greece is a barbaric dump that has nothing to do with Classical Greece or Magna Graecia. The flag of contemporary Greece bears a Christian cross. Christianity was the most ruthless enemy of Hellenism, an ideology completely incompatible with the Hellenic one. The most Hellenic place I found was Southern Italy. In their majority, the inhabitants of contemporary Greece are now ignorant, rude, barbaric and consumerist people. You can see it in the governments they elect, in how they have shrunk culturally in just a few decades. From a Greek by birth and Neapolitan by adoption…
The city of Magna Graecia: NEAPOLIS (ancient Parthenope) Naples never forgets its Greek past because Naples is the land of Magna Graecia. Homage to the Greek flag on the Greek walls of Naples. Long live Greece, Naples is with you! The great Greek past of Magna Graecia is also its future. Η πόλη της Μεγάλης Ελλάδας: Η ΝΕΑΠΟΛΙΣ (Η αρχαία Παρθενόπη)
A GREEK SAID:-Contemporary Greece is a barbaric dump that has nothing to do with Classical Greece or Magna Graecia. The flag of contemporary Greece bears a Christian cross. Christianity was the most ruthless enemy of Hellenism, an ideology completely incompatible with the Hellenic one. The most Hellenic place I found was Southern Italy. In their majority, the inhabitants of contemporary Greece are now ignorant, rude, barbaric and consumerist people. You can see it in the governments they elect, in how they have shrunk culturally in just a few decades. From a Greek by birth and Neapolitan by adoption…
HE GOT THE RIGHTANSWER BY: Maurizzio Laogiacino: -Come on, I wouldn’t be so blunt. I have visited Greece several times (in a real way, not as a “tourist”) and I did not have this impression. Maybe it also depends on the area.
PERIANDER enhanced Corinth’s natural advantages by constructing an artificial harbor and a passageway across the ISTHMUS (the DIOLKOS) that allowed ships to be DRAGGED over land from one gulf to the other. He also LEVIED taxes on the USE of CORINTHIAN harbors, markets, and the DIOLKOS. PERIANDER, (died c. 587 BCE), SECOND tyrant of CORINTH (c. 627–587 BCE), a firm and effective ruler who exploited his city’s commercial and cultural potential. Much of the ANCIENT GREEK representation of PERIANDER as a cruel despot probably derives from the CORINTHIAN NOBILITY with whom he dealt harshly. PERIANDER was the son of CYPSELUS, the FOUNDER of the CYPSELID DYNASTY of CORINTH. To promote and protect CORINTHIAN trade, PERIANDER established colonies at POTIDAEA in CHALCIDICE and at APOLLONIA in ILLYRIA. He conquered Epidaurus and annexed CORCYRA. The DIOLKOS (=“portage way”) across the ISTHMUS of CORINTH was perhaps built during his reign. It appears that the commercial prosperity of PERIANDER’SCorinth became so great that the tolls on goods entering its ports accounted for almost all government revenues. PERIANDER cultivated friendly relations with THRASYBULUS, tyrant of MILETUS, and maintained ties with the kings of LYDIA and EGYPT. In the cultural sphere he was a patron of art and of literature; by his invitation the poet ARION came to the city from LESBOS. Sometimes reckoned as one of the Seven Wise Men of Greece, Periander was the supposed author of a collection of maxims in 2,000 verses. CORINTH, Greek KÓRINTHOS, an ancient and a modern city of the PELOPONNESE, in SOUTH-CENTRAL GREECE. The remains of the ancient city lie about 50 miles (80 km) west of ATHENS, at the EASTERN end of the Gulf of CORINTH, on a terrace some 300 feet (90 metres) above sea level. The ancient city grew up at the base of the citadel of the ACROCORINTHUS—a GIBRALTAR-like eminence rising 1,886 feet (575 metres) above sea level. The ACROCORINTHUS lies about 1.5 miles (2.5 km) south of the ISTHMUS of CORINTH, which connects the PELOPONNESE with CENTRAL GREECE and which also separates the SARONIC and CORINTHIAN gulfs from each other. The citadel of the ACROCORINTHUS rises precipitously above the old city and commands the land route into the PELOPONNESE, a circumstance that gave CORINTH great strategic and commercial importance in ancient times. The site was occupied from before 3000 BCE, but its HISTORY is obscure until the early 8th century BCE, when the city-state of CORINTH began to develop as a commercial centre. CORINTH’s political influence was increased through territorial expansion in the vicinity, and by the late 8th century it had secured control of the ISTHMUS. The CORINTHIANS established colonies at CORCYRA and SYRACUSE , which would later assure them a dominant position in trade with the #1western Mediterranean. Britannica Quiz History Buff Quiz During the 8th and 7th centuries CORINTH was ruled by the BACCHIANS family of nobles, but they were eventually overthrown by CYPSELUS, who, followed by his son PERIANDER , ruled the city as tyrants from about 657 to 550. These tyrants founded further colonies, but the chief source of CORINTH’s wealth remained its possession of the isthmus, which controlled not only the land traffic between Attica and the PELOPONNESE but also the traffic between the Aegean and Ionian seas by way of the CORINTHIAN and SARONIC gulfs. PERIANDER facilitated the transit of ships and cargoes, which were hauled overland from gulf to gulf, by building a stone roadway between them, thus sparing SEAFARERS the ARDUOUS voyage around the southern tip of the Peloponnese. By this time Corinth had harbours on both gulfs that flanked it, LECHAEUM on the Gulf of CORINTH and Cenchreae on the Saronic Gulf. Under the tyrants, CORINTH’S COLONIAL expansion was extended along the ADRIATIC and into MACEDONIA. The tyranny of the CYPSELIDS was followed in about 550 BCE by an OLIGARCHICAL government that embarked on a major building program for the city. In the second half of the 6th century, however, CORINTH was OUTSTRIPPED by ATHENS in both seamanship and commerce, and it was often the bitter commercial rivalry between CORINTH and ATHENS that was to generate crises in GREEK politics over the next 200 years. After the GRECO-PERSIAN Wars (c. 546–c. 448 BCE), CORINTH joined SPARTA against ATHENS during the PELOPONNESIAN War (431–404 BCE), but, though that conflict brought about the military defeat of ATHENS, it did little to revive the power of CORINTH, which joined with some of its former allies to defeat SPARTA in the CORINTHIAN War (395–387 BCE). CORINTH was subsequently involved in most of the political conflicts of GREECE, but chiefly as a pawn in the struggles of more powerful city-states because of the strategic value of its citadel. CORINTH’S independence finally ended in 338 BCE when PHILIP of MACEDONIA GARRISONED the ACROCORINTHUS and made the city the centre of the LEAGUE of CORINTH. The city remained the puppet of MACEDONIA and SUBSEQUENTLY of the ACHAEAN LEAGUE until the LATTER involved it in a FATAL conflict with ROME, and in 146 BCE CORINTH was destroyed by the ROMAN general LUCIUS Mummius . In 44 BCE JULIUS Caesar reestablished CORINTH as a ROMAN colony. The new6 Corinth flourished and became the administrative capital of the ROMAN province of ACHAEA. The city is known to readers of the New Testament for the letters addressed to its Christian community by the apostle PAUL. It enjoyed some prosperity under BYZANTINE rule but declined in the later European Middle Ages. After the Turkish conquest in 1458, it was reduced to a country town. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now The remains of the ancient city of CORINTH lie just north of the ACROCORINTHUS, with which it was joined by a circuit wall about 6 miles (10 km) in circumference. The city was connected with its principal port, LECHAEUM, by two parallel walls and a paved highway that led to the PROPYLAEA, the entrance to the agora (the city’s main marketplace). Most of the substantial remains in the agora are works from the ROMAN period, but it acquired its present extent much earlier, in the 4th century BCE, with the construction of an enormous stoa (portico), 525 feet (160 metres) in length, that enclosed its southern side. IMMEDIATELY behind the SOUTH stoa began the road leading to the city’s other port of CENCHREAE, on the SARONIC Gulf. On a small rise northwest of the agora stand seven DORIC columns, which are the remains of the TEMPLE of APOLLO (c. 550 BCE). The remains of other temples, villas, a theatre, shops, public baths, pottery factories, a gymnasium, a large TRIUMPHAN arch, and other buildings dot the site, which since 1896 has been extensively excavated. MODERN CORINTH , three miles northeast of the site of ancient Corinth, was founded in 1858 after an earthquake leveled the latter. It is primarily a hub of communications between NORTHERN and SOUTHERN GREECE and is the PRIMARY point of export for local fruit, raisins, 0 (municipality) of CORINTH in the PELOPONNESE (MODERN GREEK : PELOPÓNNISOS) PERIFÉREIA (region), as well as the seat of an archbishop. Pop. (2001) 30,434; (2011) 30,176.
Temple of Apollo, in Ancient Corinth, was built about 540 B.C. in the Doric style on the ruins of much earlier temple. It is one of the earliest Doric temples in the Peloponnese constructed of local limestone on top of an imposing, rocky hill.
The mosaics of the Hall of Arion based around the Greek myth of the poet Arion. In the UNESCO listed Ancient Roman mosaics in the Villa Romana del Cas
IDENTICAL-CLASSICAL MOTIVES, FROM the HELLENIC MYTHAGOGY-COSMOLOGY: ARION/ΑΡΙΩΝ ο ΚΙΘΑΡΩΔΟΣ(=ARION the CITHAR PLAYER) rides his DOLPHIN to safety in a third-century mosaic from baths in Henchir Thyna, Tunisia (DEA Picture Library)
ANCIENT CORINTH
Corinthian columns in Jerash, Jordan
Corinthian capital from the Colosseum with gorgoneia, made by Syraciusian sculptors
CORINTHIAN columns of the ARCH of SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS in LEPTIS MAGNA
Corinthinan peripteros of the Temple of Bacchus in Baalbek, Lebanon
CORINTHIA, CORINTH. Circa 350/45-285 BC. AR Stater (21.5mm, 8.53 g, 10h). PEGASOS flying left; koppa below / Head of Athena right, wearing Corinthian helmet with neck guard and laurel wreath on the bowl; I before neck, star to right. Pegasi 425; BCD Corinth.
CORINTHIA, Corinth. Circa 400-350/45 BC. AR Stater (21.5mm, 8.60 g, 1h). PEGASOS, wings raised and trailing rein, alighting left; koppa below / Head of ATHENA right, wearing Corinthian Store helmet with neck guard.
PEGASOS STATUE IN MODERN CORINTH
Bellerophon, Pegasus and Chimera, Laconian black-figure kylix C6th B.C., The J. Paul Getty Museum
BELLEROPHONTES: ETYM: ΒΕΛΟΣ+ΦΟΡΩΝ = ARROW CARRIER was one of the MOST celebrated heroes of myth. He was a son of the god Poseidon and Eurynome, wife of King Glaukos (Glaucus) of Korinthos (Corinth). In his youth Bellerophontes captured the winged horse Pegasos as it came to drink from the town’s fountain.
He was later exiled for the murder of a family member and journeyed to the court of King Proitos (Proetus) in Argos for purification. The queen, however, developed a lust for the hero and when he spurned her, she told her husband he had tried to violate her.
Proitos then sent him off to King Iobates in Lykia (Lycia) with a closed letter requesting the youth be put to death. Iobates was reluctant to do this himself and so commanded Bellerophontes to slay the fire-breathing Khimaira (Chimera) which was ravaging the land. He rode into battle against the beast on the back of Pegasos and slew it by driving a lead-tipped spear into its fiery gullet.
The king then ordered him to subdue the barbarous Solymoi tribe, and later the Amazones, but again he proved victorious. Finally, Iobates commanded his guards to ambush and kill the youth, but he slew them all. The king was forced to acknowledge that Bellerophontes must be the son of a god and welcomed him into his house as his son-in-law and heir.
Despite all of his successes, Bellerophontes was still not satisfied and sought to ascend to heaven on the back of Pegasos. Zeus was angered by his presumption and sent a gadfly to sting the horse, causing it to buck and cast the hero back down to earth. After this he wandered the world alone, despised by both gods and men.
The mythological etymology of Bellerophontes name was “Slayer of Belleros” from the Greek Belleros and phonos. However, it is likely that the name originally meant “Wielder of Missiles” from the Greek words belos and phoreô.
Bellerophon, Pegasus and Chimera, Laconian black-figure kylix C6th B.C., The J. Paul Getty Museum
An exquisite bronze CORINTHIAN helmet of c.510BC. Found at PUGLIA in Italy, it was acquired(!!) by… the British Museum in 1865, in whose collection it remains.
ISTHMUS
Humans Have A Funny Habit Of “Creating” Their Own Route
The STATUE of LIBERTY, whose OFFICIAL NAME IS: (ENGLISH: “LIBERTY ENLIGHTENING THE WORLD” GALLIC: “LA LIBERTE ECLAIRANT LE MONDE”),IS A COLOSSAL statue on the islet of the same name and in the upper part of New York Bay. This statue was erected to commemorate the friendship between the peoples of the USA and FRANCE. Its total height is 93 meters (302 ft) including the plinth, and in the Encyclopaedia Britannica version it shows a woman preaching freedom. This woman holds a torch in her raised right hand and an inscribed tablet in her left bearing the date July 4, 1776. An elevator goes up to the height of the balcony and a spiral staircase leads to an observation deck on the crown worn by LIBERTY. The torch she holds is 93 meters above the surface of the sea. At the base of the statue is the American Museum of Immigration. The proposal for the construction of the statue was formulated by a FRENCH HISTORIAN, ÉDUATD DE LABOULAIS, AFTER the AMERICAN CIVIL WAR . A sufficient amount of money was collected by contributions from the FRENCH PEOPLE and the work BEGAN inFRANCE in 1875, under the direction of the SCULPTOR FREDERIC-AUGUSTE BARTHOLDI. APOLLO’s ΦΩΤΟΦΟΡΟΣ/PHOTOPHOROS=LIGHT BEARER is depicted in exactly this form. And fortunately for us, the IMMORTAL GREEK LAND of CORINTH, saved us this image, so that today we can know the truth. The figure of APOLLO ΦΩΤΟΦΟΡΟΣ/PHOTOPHOROS=LIGHT BEARER is today in the MUSEUM of CORINTH, but it goes unnoticed by the unsuspecting visitor. It is on a three-fold plate together with two other representations. The one in the left part depicts an angel, a figure similar to that of the Christian faith and according to archaeologists is the figure of the goddess HECATE. In the right part, a rosette is depicted. And in the midst of the miracle! The form of the Light-bearer APOLLO, the same as that of the Statue of LIBERTY! Intellectual property is not clear to whom it belongs. It is said by people of CORINTH who know that the director of the American Archaeological Mission, a sober and honest man, has declared that AMERICANS should come and worship in the Museum area where the image of the light-bearer APOLLO is located, because it is the source of their national symbol . (In the photo, we see the sculpture with the representation of ZOODOTIS ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝ ΗΛΙΟΣ=APOLLO HELIOS with his fiery chariot).
Το Άγαλμα της Ελευθερίας , του οποίου η επίσημη ονομασία είναι “Η Ελευθερία φωτίζοντας τον κόσμο” (αγγλιστί “Liberty enlightening the World” γαλλιστί “la Liberte eclairant le monde”) , είναι ένα κολοσσιαίο άγαλμα πάνω στην ομώνυμη νησίδα και μέσα στο άνω τμήμα του Κόλπου της Νέας Υόρκης. Το άγαλμα αυτό στήθηκε σε ανάμνηση της φιλίας των λαών των ΗΠΑ και της Γαλλίας.
Το συνολικό του ύψος είναι 93 μέτρα (302 πόδια) μαζί με το βάθρο , και κατά την εκδοχή της εγκυκλοπαίδειας Μπριτάννικα παρουσιάζει μια γυναίκα να κηρύττει την ελευθερία. Η γυναίκα αυτή κρατάει έναν πυρσό στο υψωμένο δεξί της χέρι και μια ενεπίγραφη πλάκα στο αριστερό όπου αναγράφεται η ημερομηνία 4 Ιουλίου 1776.
Ένας ανελκυστήρας ανεβάζει έως το ύψος του εξώστη και μια ελικοειδής σκάλα οδηγεί σε μιαν εξέδρα παρατηρήσεως πάνω στο στέμμα που φοράει η Ελευθερία.Ο πυρσός που κρατάει βρίσκεται σε 93 μέτρα ύψος πάνω από την επιφάνεια της θαλάσσης. Στην βάση του αγάλματος βρίσκεται το Αμερικανικό Μουσείο της Μεταναστεύσεως (American Museum of Immigration).
Την πρόταση για την κατασκευή του αγάλματος διατύπωσε ένας Γάλλος ιστορικός, ο Εντουάρ ντε Λαμπουλάϊγ , μετά τον Αμερικανικό Εμφύλιο πόλεμο. Συγκεντρώθηκε ένας ικανός αριθμός χρημάτων με εισφορές του γαλλικού λαού και το έργο άρχισε στη Γαλλία το 1875, υπό την διεύθυνση του γλύπτη Φρεντερίκ-Ωγκύστ Μπαρτολντί.
Ο Φωτοφόρος Απόλλων , απεικονίζεται με αυτήν ακριβώς την μορφή. Και ευτυχώς για μας , η αθάνατη Ελληνική Γη της Κορινθίας , μας διέσωσε αυτή την εικόνα , για να μπορούμε σήμερα να γνωρίζουμε την αλήθεια.
Η μορφή του Φωτοφόρου Απόλλωνος βρίσκεται σήμερα στο Μουσείο της Κορίνθου , περνά όμως απαρατήρητη για τον επισκέπτη που δεν είναι υποψιασμένος. Βρίσκεται σε μία τρίπτυχη πλάκα μαζί με άλλες δύο παραστάσεις. Η μια στο αριστερό τμήμα, απεικονίζει έναν άγγελο , μορφή όμοια και ίδια με αυτήν της χριστιανικής πίστεως και είναι κατά τους αρχαιολόγους η μορφή της θεάς Εκάτης. Στο δεξιό τμήμα, απεικονίζεται ρόδακας. Και στην μέση ω του θαύματος! Η μορφή του Φωτοφόρου Απόλλωνος , ίδια με αυτήν του αγάλματος της Ελευθερίας! Η πνευματική ιδιοκτησία είναι πασιφανές σε ποιόν ανήκει.
Λέγεται από ανθρώπους της Κορίνθου που γνωρίζουν ότι ο διευθυντής της Αμερικανικής Αρχαιολογικής αποστολής , σώφρων και έντιμος άνθρωπος , έχει δηλώσει ότι οι Αμερικανοί πρέπει να έρχονται να προσκυνούν στον χώρο του Μουσείου όπου βρίσκεται η μορφή του φωτοφόρου Απόλλωνος , διότι είναι η πηγή του εθνικού τους συμβόλου. (Στην φωτογραφία, βλέπουμε το γλυπτό με την παράσταση του Ζωοδώτη Απόλλωνα – Ηλίου με το πύρινο άρμα του).
The supposed Phoenician origin of the Greek alphabet is over! https://euphoriatric.com/the-mathematical-structure-of-the-ancient-greek-language-vs-phoenician-deception/
A sensational speech about the Greek language and its authentic Greek writing (alphabet) which does not come from the Phoenicians and the non-existent “Indo-Europeans” , a theory that calls for it to be removed from school books , was given at the Academy of Athens by its outgoing President, Akadimaikos Antonios Kounadis on January 14, 2019 AD , closing his annual term there.
The following text of his speech was first published on the website of the ” Estia” newspaper.
THE ORIGIN OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE: SPOKEN AND WRITTEN https://euphoriatric.com/the-mathematical-structure-of-the-ancient-greek-language-vs-phoenician-deception/
Speech by the former president of the Academy of Athens, Antonio Kounadis
delivered at the Academy of Athens on January 14, 2019.
THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS THE HIGHEST CULTURAL GOOD
“The opinion put forward in the 18th century, that the Greek language belongs to the Indo-European family of languages , as well as the opinion that the Greek alphabet is of Phoenician-Semitic origin, have been the subject of intense debates and disputes that continue to this day. Two issues, which should not leave any Greek indifferent, since the most important asset of our cultural heritage, the Greek language , spoken and written, inextricably linked to the identity, continuity, survival and perspective of Hellenism , is a matter all of us.
Of course also the speaker, due to my long-term involvement with Education and my related article, with which I formalized the harmful legislative interventions in our language, with the pseudo-labeled characterization as Educational Reforms .
Given that these two topics are interdisciplinary in nature and in fact the subject of many different sciences, my attempt in this case isto present authentic opinions of linguists, archaeologists, historians, anthropologists, paleontologists, so that more light can be shed on these two complicated and even dark topics, based on the latest findings and developments in human archaeogenetics (aDNA) and population genetics . Developments, which overturned or even confirmed previous assumptions.
ARISTOTLE: HELLENICIZES IT IS THE RIGHT NAME OF IT
In Plato’s Cratylus , which is a dialogue about the correctness of names with interlocutors Hermogenes, the philosopher-mathematician Cratylus (founder of a philosophical school in the 5th century BC) and Socrates, the beginnings of Comparative Linguistics can be found in what it concerns names of barbarians (i.e. foreigners) and the comparative method (as it concerns the dialects of Greek, e.g. Aeolian, Doric, Ionic, Attic, etc.), as well as the beginnings of Etymology for how the correct nomenclature is determined (naming) of words (names), nature or law . According to natural definition (according to Cratylos), there is an agreement between a name (word) and its etymological conceptual content (i.e. between signifier and signified), while according to the legal definition of names (words) naming is conventional Greek language is preeminently conceptual or semantic, i.e. there is a causal relationship between nouns-words and their etymological meaning .
According to Plato (Kratylus, 435-436) ” he who believes in names, believes in things” . First, Dionysius of Halicarnassus (1st century BC) in his work “On the Composition of Names” considers Plato to be the founder of Etymology, writing: “The super-etymology discourse was first introduced by Plato in multiple men and allothi, indeed in the Cratylus.” . Regarding the value of the semantic property of names, Aristotle points out: “Reason, if it does not state, will not do its own work.” (The Art of Rhetoric C. 2149), then he does not exclude the Greek with the phrase: ” To Hellenizes is the right name .” (Art of rhetoric C. 4.1407).
HEISENBERG, NOBEL LAUREATE FOR ANCIENT GREEK But even in recent times, the German philosopher-physicist Wenner Heisenberg (Nobel Prize 1932) had declared: ”
The term in the ancient Greek language was my most important intellectual exercise. In this language there is the most complete correspondence between the word and the conceptual content . If the first alphabet (more precisely, a writing system) is Semitic-Phoenician and if the Phoenicians (a branch of the Semitic race that distinguished itself in shipping and trade) took it from the Hebrews and transmitted it to the Greeks, it has become the subject of many discussions and disputes. Related topics for investigation are when the Phoenician immigrants settled in Phoenicia and which are the oldest inscriptions or written texts of the Phoenician culture.
HERODOTUS: “it seems to me…” Regarding the existing opinion about the origin of the Greek alphabet from the “Phoenician letters”, that is, from the Phoenician essentially “Syllabary”, it is worth noting that the “Phoenicians based this opinion mainly on the well-known
saying of Herodotus: “The Phoenicians … brought in teachers Greeks and words and letters did not exist before Greeks, as I believe…” . That is, Herodotus formulates this with reservation (as I do), referring vaguely to letters and not to the letters of a specific scripture.
DIODORUS SIKELIOTIS: “the Phoenicians took it from others”
However, the historianDiodorus the Sicilian (E 74) does not agree with Herodotus’ opinion (E 74), who clarifies thatthe so-called “Phoenician letters” are not an invention of the Phoenicians but an adaptation of other letters, that is, of the Hellenic-Cretan ones, stating : They are not found from the beginning, but the types of the letters are only shifted ,…”.
NO PHOENICIAN INSCRIPTIONS WERE NEVER FOUND
Let it be noted that the Phoenicians, as seen from various historical sources, settled in Phoenicia (today’s Lebanon and partly Syria) mixed with the native Canaanites between 1,200 and 1,100 BC. Written texts or inscriptions about the Phoenician culture have not been found until today.
THERE WAS GREEK SCRIPTURE DURING THE TRONIC WAR (1,200 BC)Based on historical data, inscriptions and many references to (known) texts of ancient Greek authors, it has been accepted by the international scientific community that
the Greek (alphabetic) writing probably existed before the time of the Trojan War. (We do not mean Linear A or B or certainly the most ancient Cretan hieroglyphic writing through ideograms.) However, the Greek (alphabetic) writing seems to have existed before the times of Homer, based on historical sources. E.g. in the Iliad (describing the Trojan War),
Homer , referring to Bellerephon, writes ”
signs that you have written on a canvas with a tymophothora many “. (Letter of Proitus to his father-in-law, Iovatis. G 169.) Also, according to the philosopher and
historian Porphyry (3rd AD century), Homer wrote the Iliad “not at all, not continuously, because they are contiguous, but” he
wrote me every rhapsody and being shown in the midst of the cities of food, he disappeared…” (Dictionary of Souda or Suida). Mistriotis mentions that
Apollodorus(180-110 BC) tells us that Ajax, during the Trojan War, wrote the news of the death of his brother, Palamedes, on a rudder , which the sea waves carried to his father Nafplion. Of interest is the Scientific Communication of the Greek researchers Tavros
Papamarinopoulosand his collaborators, which I presented at the Public Session of the Academy (19/10/2017) entitled “Astronomical Dates of the End of the Trojan War and the Return of Odysseus” (Prak tics of the Academy , vol. 92 A, 2017). The Announcement concludes that
the end of the Trojan War dates back to 1200 BC. This date indicates the existence of a writing during the time of the Trojan War, in view of what was extrapolated by Homer about Bellerephon and by Mistriotis – Apollodorus for what they mention about Oiacas.
If there really was writing before 1200 BC, the claims that the Greeks allegedly took the writing system (Syllabary) from the Phoenicians are shaken, lacking in credibility . Of course, this question remains open in the absence of evidence, because the existing evidence is not enough.
EVANS: THE PHOENICIANS TOOK THE LETTERS FROM THE GREEKS
LINE 1left from a vase at Akrotiri Thiras – right from Zakros Palace, Arch. Museum of Sitia
According to Sir Arthur Evans “the writing of Crete is the mother of the Phoenician” , while according to René Dussault “the Phoenicians had received the alphabet from the Greeks, who had formed it from the Cretan-Mycenaean script “. (See also Georgiev, Problems of the Minoan Language, Sofia 1953.)
PHOENICIAN WITHOUT VOWELS…
The Phoenician is not an alphabet, but a “Syllabary”, without vowels, with 22 consonants and without the consonants X, F, P of the Greek alphabet . But also according to the Irvain University Center TLG (Thesaurus Linguae Graecae), the Cretan historian Dosiades (who wrote the local history of Crete) mentions that the alphabet was found by the Cretans .
WHERE DOES THE LETTER ALPHA COME FROM
Plutarch (Problems 737) considers naive the opinion that the letter “alpha” is Phoenician from “Aleph” which was called the boon (considered the first of the necessary). According to the Great Etymological Dictionary, the letter “alpha” comes from the verb alfo (= to find), because “it was found first of all the other elements.”
IONIC THE PRESENT ALPHABET
Each city-state or region in the archaic Greek world had its own alphabet, (with slight variations from those of other cities.) The current Greek alphabet is the Ionic, with 24 letters, which prevailed from 403 BC. on Lord Euclid . The Corinthian also has 24 letters, the Cretan 21, the Miletus 24, the Chalcidic 25, from which the current Latin came, after adaptation by the inhabitants of Latin Italy, (who, it seems, received it from Greeks of Kimi.)
From the Greek alphabet also came the Etruscan, the Cyrillic, the ancient Phrygian, the Lycian alphabet, the Lydian, the Armenian, the Coptic, the Gothic, etc.
ANCIENT GREEK SCRIPTURES
There are many sources for the beginnings of Greek writing , among which:
1) The sign of the Dispelion of Kastoria brought to light in 1993 by professor G. Hourmouziadis, which archaeologists both from the “Democritos” Research Center and the external ones dated to 5250 BC.
Sign plate signature of Dispilio Kastoria, Macedonia 5,250 BC.(left a copy of the sign – right some of its letters and symbols)
2) “The Ostrakos in the Hermitage of Iura of the Sporades”, which was found by the archaeologist Adam Samson with a Greek inscription of 5500 BC, in which the letters A Y D are clearly visible without any inscriptions, their phonetic value being known.
Writing on a shell of 5,500 BC, Cave of Cyclops, Iura SporadesGreek letters A, Y, D are visible
3) “The Ὄstrakos in the Pilikata area of Ithaca” ,
dating to 2700 BC. , on which there are engraved symbolic figures similar to those of Linear Scriptures A and B.
Writing on a shell of 2,700 BC. in Pelikata, Ithaca – Cross Museum of Ithaca
THE EPICS OF HOMER WERE TRANSFERRED IN WRITING
In this case, it is reasonable to ask how it is possible for thousands of Homeric verses to be preserved and transmitted over many centuries unchanged with amazing precision . This is why Mistriotis in his work “History of the Homeric Epics” (Sakellariu Prints, Athens 1903, edition 2) mentions: ” The polymorphism and instability in the expansion and contraction of vowels cannot be attributed to the lack of writing .” ».
Professor Gilbert Heigt states that a poem like the Iliad could not have been handed down without writing (The Classical Tradition, MIET ed.), while the famous writer Horst Blank (Papadima ed., p. 148) affirms that: ” Today a great part of philologists close to the hypothesis that the compilation of the Homeric Epics had already made the written consolidation of the text necessary… the rhapsodists carried with them their written manuscript copy . Also, the French Hellenist Jacqueline De Romiguy categorically states: ” Homer and writing coexist .”. (Why Greece, Ed. To “Asty”, p. 28.) The dactylic hexameter in the Homeric Epics is based on prosody (long and short vowels, double consonants, diphthongs, etc.). The opinion that the Phoenicians borrowed some consonants and immediately the Greeks wrote the Epis spelled, has no strong arguments , as the Dictionary Souda or Suida states (see Phoenician city).
WILLIAM DURANT: THE PHOENICIANS TOOK IT FROM THE GREEKS
The reference of the American historian/philosopher, editor of the world history of culture , William Durant, is also characteristic: ” The Phoenicians were not the inventors of the alphabet, they only circulated it from place to place. They took it from the Cretans and transported it to Tyre, Sidon, Byblos and other cities of the Mediterranean. There were the “gyrologists” and not the inventors of the alphabet .”
The archaeologist-epigraphist Apostolos Arvanitopoulos had declared: ” The alphabet was invented and implemented by the Ancient Greeks … and they gifted it to the lost humanity as its common property.” There are several testimonies with texts of ancient historians and writers (after the time of Homer), which support that there was a written Greek language (a variety of Grammika B’) around 1200 BC, i.e. before the Phoenician-Semitic Syllabary . However, evidence (eg inscriptions) for the existence of Greek writing dating back to this period does not exist.
GILBERT MURRAY: GREEK IS THE BEST LANGUAGE
For this language of incomparable perfection that we ourselves have abused, while for foreign Greekists and linguists it is an object of admiration and study , the statement of the distinguished Greek professor at the University of Oxford, Gilbert Murray, is characteristic : “[…] a thought can be expressed with ease and grace in Greek, while it becomes difficult and heavy in Latin, English, French, German. Greek is the most perfect language, because it expresses the thoughts of the most perfect people .”
The distinguished Hellenist and linguist Spanish professor FR Adrados , a foreign partner of the Academy of Athens, has repeatedly stated that Western European languages are Semi-Hellenic or Crypto-Hellenic .
THE INVENTOR OF TONES AND SPIRITS
It is also worth noting that Aristophanes of Byzantium (2nd century BC) is considered the first to refine and apply tones and spirits .
THE FAISTUS DISC
“On the “disc of Phaistos” dating before 1200 BC. (which was found in Crete and has not been deciphered until today) the letters B G L Y are clearly “printed” .
CLAY DOCUMENTS 2,000 BC
Michael Ventris and John Chadwick argued for the first time that the “baked clay tablets, from the second millennium BC, found at Pylos, Knossos, Mycenae and other places, contained Greek writings that came from the ancient Mycenaean Kingdoms”” .
The Mycenaeans , as FR Adrados recently pointed out (following others), were Greek, written with the help of an ancient syllabic script that was subsequently forgotten .
OSWALD PANAGL: THE LINEAR VARIATION OF ANCIENT GREEK
Also, in his speech at the Academy of Athens (March 8-10, 2013), the distinguished Austrian linguist and Mycenologist Osvald Panagl mentioned that: The above tablets (of Knossos, Pylos, Mycenae) were written in a primitive variant of ancient Greek, 500 years earlier of the linguistic idiom of the Homeric Epics. Consequently, their date goes back to around 1300 BC.
ICLAIN OF MESSINIA: LINEAR II OF 1450 BC.
The Archaeologist M. Kosmopoulos in Iklaina Messinia with Linear B of 1450 BC.
Recently in Iklaina of Messinia (14 km from Pylos) the archaeologist Michael Kosmopoulos , a professor at the University of Missouri in the USA (responsible for excavations since 1998 in this area), found “among rubble and garbage” the oldest clay tablet to date Linear B dated between 1450 and 1400 BC. , as he informed me in his relevant letter.
OINOCHOES OF DIPYLOS
Winemaker Dipylos Kerameikos of 740 BC. with the letters:”THE CURRENT ORCHESTRA ALWAYS PLAYS TODE KAN MIN…”which according to Babiniotis means “1. Which of the musicians dances more lightly than all 2a. this (the vessel, the wine-cup) belongs to him and if you [see him, wish him every happiness] 2b. let him take it (the vessel)”National Archaeological Museum
However, the oldest alphabetic inscription , engraved on a clay vessel, in ” Oinochoi of Dipylus ” is from the 8th BC. aἰ.: ” THE CURRENT ORCHESTRA ALWAYS PLAYS THIS FOR TEN MINUTES “. However, in view of the above, this inscription should not be the oldest. Taking into account that to date less than 5% of the Greek Secretariat has been known, it is reasonable to expect that in the future new findings will be brought to light by the archaeological hoe.
INDIVIDUAL LANGUAGE
According to the linguist professor at Charles Sturt University in Australia George Kanarakis (and other researchers), based on historical comparative linguistics, “the Greek language does not belong to any of the language groups of the Indo-European family and is therefore classified as an isolated language within the context of its homolingualism.” The term Indo-Europeans was introduced in 1813 by the British linguist, physician and physicist Thomas Young (1779-1829).
The top international linguist – Hellenist FR Adrados in his announcement at the Academy of Athens said that the Minoans “whom we do not know how to define with precision, but they were not Indo-Europeans – the people who wrote the “Phaeisto disc” were not Europeans ”, neither they where they wrote the Mycenaean script.”
aDNA
The prevailing opinion, contrary to that of Sir Arthur Evans (according to which Libyans and Egyptians immigrated to Crete developing the Minoan civilization), is that the Minoans do not belong to the linguistically Indo-European populations that settled Europe in the Neolithic era . However, the research team of Georgios Stamatogiannopoulos , Professor of Genetics and Genetic Medicine at G. Washington University , in collaboration with Greek and foreign scientists of various specialties, isolated αDNA (ancient DNA) from Minoan remains 4,300 years old and determined the polymorphisms of the mitochondrion, the who they have the characteristics of European culture . Extremely interesting is a recent publication by him and his collaborators entitled ” Population Genetics and the Theory of the Alleged Extinction of the Greeks of the Peloponnese during the Middle Ages ” that I announced at the Academy of Athens (27/4/2017), which proves that the Population Genetics can clarify important issues of origin and history of the Human population.
SANSKRIT IS BASED ON GREEK
The distinguished German linguist Franz Bopp (editor of the Comparative Grammar in 1857) has argued that Sanskrit is based on Greek, and not the other way around .
CONCLUSIONS Based on the above, we can reach the following conclusions:1.
Plato laid the foundations of the Etymology of the Greek language , which is
preeminently semantic (conceptual), that is, there is a causal relationship between words and their etymological meaning.2. Research through
aDNA showed that there were expansions of population groups from the Russian steppes both to the West (toward Central and Western Europe) and to the East of Europe, through the Asian steppes.
A genetic signature of migrations to Greece has not been confirmed until today , however, if such exists, according to the top linguist J. Mallory, it will be very small in relation to the
indigenous population settled in Greece at the time.3.
The term Indo-Europeans is purely linguistic and does not imply any racial type of person. The existence of an Indo-European race is strongly disputed by leading specialist scientists, based on recent genetic data.
It is time for the old Indo-European case to be removed from the textbooks .4. The inclusion of Proto-Greek in the Indo-European common language is not disputed, however,
the mother-language of this common language remains unknown . However, as previously discussed,
Proto-Greek seems to be superior to the other languages (including Sanskrit), however the question of the time of its appearance in the Greek space remains open (according to Dr. I. Lazaridis).5. In the Greek area, and specifically
in Crete, the first writing system with ideograms (hieroglyphs) appears 5,000 years ago,
followed approximately 4,000 years ago by Linear A’ (which has not yet been deciphered),
which is succeeded before 3,500 years (15th BC) the Linear B script (including vowels), which was deciphered as Greek by the British architect M. Ventris. According to the famous linguist – Mycenologist
Osvald Panagl, the tablets of Knossos and Mycenae date from around 1300 BC, of Pylos around 1200 BC, while the distinguished archaeologist
M. Kosmopoulos discovered in Iklaina (14 km from Pylos) the oldest to date clay tablet of Linear B, dated around 1450-1400 BC .6. In the Middle East and specifically
in the former Phenicia it appears around 1150 BC. the so-called Phoenician-Semitic writing system, which is not an alphabet but a syllabary without vowels, with 22 consonants, (which do not include the Greek consonants
X, F, Ψ .)
If there was writing during the time of the Trojan War (i.e. before 1200 BC), the hypothesis that the Greeks took the writing system (Syllabary) from the Phoenicians is shaky, lacking credibility .7.
The first alphabet in the world is the Greek, from the 8th BC. aἰ Originally it had 27 letters, from 403 BC. 24 letters, after removing the digamma, Kopa and sabi . However, there are serious indications based on historical sources (Homeric Epistles, Mistriotis, etc.) and archaeological findings, that the Greek alphabet is much more ancient, OLDER dating back to the years of the Trojan War (Mistriotis, Apollodorus, etc.), it is much more
THE MATHEMATICAL STRUCTURE OF THE ANCIENT GREEK LANGUAGE VS “PHOENICIAN” DECEPTION.
H E R E: AN EXAMPLE OF AN I D E N T I C A L- C L A S S I C A L VARIATION OF A STANZA …, …………….
********************** J U S T………………V O W E L S!!!! ********************
( A N C I E N T G R E E K // ATTICA DIALECT)
A YOUNG MOTHERS WISH TO HER BABY SON :
“ΟΙΑ ΗΩ Ω ΥΙΕ ΑΕΙ ΕΙ” = AS THE DAWN MY SON, BE ALWAYSTHE FLAME OF LIFE = ΟΠΩΣ Η ΑΥΓΉ ΝΑ ΕΙΣΑΙ ΠΑΝΤΑ ΥΙΕ ΜΟΥΗ ΦΛΟΓΑ ΤΗΣ ΖΩΗΣ (TRANSLATED INTO “NEW” GREEK).
ANALYTICTRASLATIONIN ORDERFROM; ANCIENT GREEK – NEW GREEK – ENGLISH
ΟΙΑ = ΟΠΩΣ= AS
ΗΩ = Η ΑΥΓΉ = THE DAWN
Ω ΥΙΕ = ΥΙΕ ΜΟΥ = OH MY SON
ΑΕΙ ΕΙ = ΝΑ ΕΙΣΑΙ ΠΑΝΤΑ = BE ALWAYS
(TRANSLATED INTO “NEW” GREEK) :
ΟΠΩΣ Η ΑΥΓΉ ΝΑ ΕΙΣΑΙ ΠΑΝΤΑ ΥΙΕ ΜΟΥ =
= AS THE DAWN MY SON, BE ALWAYS!!
Η ΦΛΟΓΑ ΤΗΣ ΖΩΗΣ=THE FLAME OF LIFE=2135
ΟΙΑ ΗΩ Ω ΥΙΕ ΑΕΙ ΕΙ = 2135
ATTENTION: – GO AFTER THE ANCIENT ALPHABET INDEX
The earliest numerical notation used by the Greeks was the Attic system. It employed the vertical stroke for a one, and symbols for“5”, “10”, “100”, “1000”, and “10,000”. Though there was some steam lining of its use. The (IONIAN)) Greek system of enumeration was a VERY SOPHISTICATED one, Like the ATTICA SYSTEM it was also DECIMAL Its distinguishing feature is that it was alphabetical and required the use of more than 27 different symbols for numbers plus a couple of other symbols for meaning. This made the system somewhat cumbersome to use. However, calculation lends itself to a great deal of skill within almost any system, the Greek system being no exception. ” Greek Enumeration and Basic Number Formation First, we note that the number symbols were the same as the letters of the Greek alphabet. symbol value symbol value symbol value ! 1 ” 10 # 100 $ 2 % 20 & 200 ‘ 3 ( 30 ) 300 * 4 + 40 , 400 – 5 . 50 / 500 6 0 60 1 600 2 7 3 70 4 700 5 8 6 80 7 800 8 9 90 900 where three additional characters, the (digamma), the (koppa), 1°c 2000, G. Donald Allen Greek Numbers and Arithmetic 2 and the (sampi) are used. Hence, &62 = 287 Larger Numbers Larger numbers were also available. The thousands, 1000 to 9000, were represented by placing adiacritical mark ! before a unit. Thus ! ‘&62 = 3287 In other sources we see the diacritical mark placed as a subscript before the unit. Thus ! ‘&62 = 3287 The uses of a M was used to represent numbers from 10,000 on up. Thus 9! = 50: 000 9″#&62 = 120: 287 Alternatively, depending on the history one reads 9 – = 50: 000 9!% ¢ &62 = 120: 287 Archimedes, in his book The Sand Reckoner, calculated the number of grains of sand to fill the universe”. This required him to develop an extention the power of Greek enumeration to include very large numbers. Fractions In the area of fractions, context was crucial for correctly reading a fraction. A diacritical mark was placed after the denominator of the (unit) fraction. So, $ ! = 1 2 ;<= +$ ! = 1 42 but this latter example could also mean 40 ! ” . More complex fractions could be written as well, with context again being important. The numerator was written with an overbar. Thus, .! 6* = 51 84 Numerous, similar, representations also have been used, with increasing sophistication over time. Indeed, Diophantus uses a fractional form identical to ours but with the numerator and denominator in reversed positions. 2The reader may ask, ”What universe?” It was the universe of Aristarchos the so called ‘ancient Copernicus’ because he proposed a sun centered universe with the earth and other planet orbiting it. More on this later. Greek Numbers and Arithmetic 3 # Calculation The arithmetic operations are complex in that so many symbols are used. However, as you can imagine, addition amounts to grouping and then carrying. For example 5+7= – + 2 = %$ = 12, not terribly unlike what we do. Multiplication was carried out using the distributive law. For example: &62 ¢ $ = (& + 6 + 2) £ $ = (200 + 80 + 7) £ 2 = 400 + 160 + 14 = 574 = /3*
A vast knowledge locked-coded into words because of mathematical values they have. One of the pioneers on the matter was maximum Pythagoras.
The numbers, shapes, harmony and the stars have something in common, so respectively mathematics (numbers) geometry (shape), harmony (music) and astro-nomy (one star = a-choris- bracket + natural nomoipou govern ) were sisters sciences by Pythagoras, which in this series we discussed was the ladder to development (= ex -tou- helix, DNA) of mind-soul to the Creator.
A Creator who created based on these four disciplines. 27 symbols-figures in numerical value make up the Greek Alphabet, 3 groups of 9 numbers-symbols each group, totaling each group 45, 450, 4,500. ALPHA = 1 + 30 + 500 + 1 = 532 => 5 + 3 + 2 = 10 => 1 + 0 = 1 EN = 5 + 50 = 55 => 5 + 5 = 10 => 1 + 0 = 1 OMIKRON = 70 + 40 + 10 + 20 + 100 + 70 + 50 = 360, as there are degrees of the circle
To be able to understand the meanings of the concepts of words of ancient Greek tongue should first know a little about the actual Greek language.
The ancient Greek language is the only one that is not based on the fact that some people just sit and agreed to call an object “x” or “y” as all other sterile world languages. The ancient Greek language is a MATHEMATICAL MASTERPIECE that wè`ll try to approach.
The beginning of everything is the same as the Ancient Greek alphabet (which of course we did not get it from someone else as we shall see, because factually not possible). The letters of the Greek alphabet as a whole was 33 and as many vertebrae, the last five vertebrae (playing the role of the antenna) directly related to the brain and corresponding to the last 5 ineffable letters which only the priests knew * one of them It was the right (or Gammadion) which in Latin became swstika and the Nazis stole and name Swastika. This symbol is the life-giving Sun (Apollo), the Nazis reversed it to symbolize the opposite of life-giving Sun, ie dark death.
There were also some letters which over time abolished as Digamma (F, Qoppa (Q), stigma (S ‘), Saba (ϡ) Pythagoras inform us about the 3 levels of Greek language which are:
1. Talking 2. Signifier (a. Signal b. Signified) 3. caches (a. Time b. Vibration c. Lexarithmos d. Tonarithmos) -The First is the speech -The Second is the relationship between the mark and the signified that we will analyze below. -The Third is the interval (distance & time), vibration (which awakens the brain through resonance frequencies of the created pulses – Pallas Athena) the lexarithmos (relation of letters and words with numbers) and tonarithmos (relation of letters and words of tunes )
Each letter corresponding to a number, and a musical tone so letter = number = tone (musician), which shows that in our language behind letters-words are numbers (lexarithmoi) and musical sounds (tonarithmoi).
The four sisters sciences by Pythagoras were: 1. Numbers (mathematics) 2. Shapes (Geometry – γεωμετρια); from: geo+metria=earth measure, meter. 3. Music (Harmony)(nine muses..) 4. Astronomy (Astro+nomia from nomos=law)
The above sciences are interrelated with the Ancient Hellenic Language and are into each another like Russian bampouskes. Combine alphabet enclosing numbers and musical tones with these 4 disciplines.
1.Astronomia = + astir law, a-Justice = is not supported, so astronomy = the universal laws that govern what is not based somewhere, who have to do with music (harmony),shapes (geometry) numbers (mathematics ) and all the ether that surrounds the heavenly realms.
2. Pythagoras heard the harmony (music) of the celestial Spheres thus speak a language that has to do with the flow of the universe.
PHOENICIAN “ALPHABET”: AN HISTORICAL DECEPTION
This theory:
1. Completely rejects the theorem that the Greek language came from another language (the so-called “Indo-European”!!!), since it is PROVEN to be the only NON-conventional language of the world. In other words, the only language where a relationship betweenthe “word” (as a form) and the “meaning of the word” is established.
2. Consequently, it is proven that Greek is the first and only created language of the human species which provided the basis for all “conventional” languages, as are all the other languages of the world (where there is no causative relationship between the form and the meaning). These other languages are a corrupt form of Greek.
3. This theory proves, without a doubt, that the alphabet was created by the Greeks so that the 24 or 27 code letters would aid in attributing the meanings of the Greek words (and only of these).
4. Comparatively, this theory shows that the symbols of the Phoenician writings and their nouns, e.g., “alef” = ox, “beth” = hut, “gimel = camel, etc., not only do not contain coded meaning, but are also associated or refer to [the] primitive animal conditions – [one would expect in a culturally backward society].
”Τό πού, πόθ’ όπερ κρίνεται τού χρόνου” !!!(ancient Greek=” Where, what is it that is judged by time ”)
(Χρυσό ενεπίγραφο φύλλο μυρτιάς ή δάφνης, τέλος 4ου αι. π.Χ./ Από το ανατολικό νεκροταφείο της Πέλλας/Φέρει στικτή επιγραφή σε τρεις στίχους: ΦΕΡΣΕΦΟΝΗΙ ΠΟΣΕΙΔΙΠΠΟΣ ΜΥΣΤΗΣ ΕΥΣΕΒΗΣ/Εφορεία Αρχαιοτήτων Πέλλας)
(Gold engraved leaf of myrtle or laurel, end of the 4th century BC / From the east cemetery of Pella / It has a dotted inscription on three lines: FERSEFONHI POSEIDIPPOS MYTIS EYSEVIS / Ephorate of Antiquities of Pella the capital of ancient Macedonia)
Overwhelming evidence that one of the most important discoveries in the history of civilization is Greek ,a deception that usurps and distorts Greek History and Civilization. It is of utmost importance that the truth be restored not only for modern Greece, but also for thewhole of humanity.The deception that alphabetical script was discovered by the Phoenicians is a long-lived one.For the past 14 years [the Greek scholarly magazine] Davlos has published numerous articleson this problem. This prompted K. Katis to ask that we submit a relevant article for hismainstream daily so that this important issue would become known to a wider audience.
This article summarizes the strong evidence against the “Phoenician Deception,” and proves that the greatest discovery in the history of civilization is Greek. We believe it necessary to republish this article in [this issue of] Davlos exactly as it appeared in the daily.
A SCIENTIFIC MONSTROSITY.
According to linguistic theory, an “alphabet” is defined as “the sum of symbols following a specific sequence and order used to ascribe the essential utterances of a language, under thecondition that each utterance represents only one symbol and vice-versa”. Consequently, in alphabetical script (as an example, in the writings of the people of Europe, America,Australian, as well as the other parts of the world) each letter represents one essential sound.This is not true for the imperfect alphabets expressed through syllables where each symbolrepresents a syllable (with two or more voiced sounds). For example, in Greek Linear A and B, there is a symbol that represents the syllable ko (k + o), a symbol that represents the syllable po (p + o), etc. In Phoenician writing (which has only consonants and no vowels), this situation is even worse, as far as we can tell from the small amount of existing samples.
IN PHOENICIAN, EACH SYMBOL IS NOT EQUIVALENT TO ONE SPECIFIC SYLLABLE, BUT TO A VARIETY OF SYLLABLES, AND THUS THE READER CAN USE HIS IMAGINATION WHEN ATTEMPTING TO DECIPHER THE SOUNDS. FOR EXAMPLE, THERE ARE CONSONANTS WHICH CAN BE READ AS EITHER BA, BOU, BE, BI, BO, ETC. OTHERS IS NOT AN ALPHABET, IT IS A LESS ADVANCED FORM OF WRITING THAT CAN BE READ AS GOU, GA, GE, GO, AND SO ON. CONSEQUENTLY, PHOENICIAN SCRIPT DOES NOT CONSTITUTE AN ALPHABET, AND IS NOT EVEN AN ADVANCED FORM OF SYLLABIC SCRIPT NEARING THE PERFECTION OF THE EQUIVALENT GREEK SYLLABIC WRITINGS. IT IS TRULY AMAZING TO THINK THAT, IN THE ACADEMIC WORLD OF THE PAST 150 YEARS, THE ALMOST CONTRADICTORY TERM OF “PHOENICIAN ALPHABET” HAS BEEN ESTABLISHED, WHICH, IN REALITY REFERS TO A TYPE OF WRITING THAT HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH AN ALPHABET. IT IS EVEN MORE UNBELIEVABLE TO THINK THAT THE SCIENTIFIC DOGMA THAT GREEK CAME FROM PHOENICIAN HAS BEEN ENFORCED. NOT ONLY THE PHOENICIAN IS NOT AN ALPHABET, IT IS A LESS ADVANCED FORM OF WRITING THAN GREEK LINEAR A AND B.
HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=DKCPURQQS2Y
GREEKNESS OF THE ALPHABET
A) ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE THE THEORY THAT THE ALPHABET IS A PHOENICIAN DISCOVERY HAS BEEN MAINTAINED THROUGH THE ARGUMENT, AMONG OTHER THINGS, THAT CERTAIN SYMBOLS OF PHOENICIAN WRITING ARE SIMILAR TO THE LETTERS OF THE ALPHABET. FOR EXAMPLE, THE PHOENICIAN ALEF IS THE REVERSE OR SIDEWAYS GREEK “A.” THIS ARGUMENT WAS A STRONG ONE UNTIL ABOUT 100 YEARS AGO, WHEN LINGUISTS AND HISTORIANS STILL MAINTAINED THAT THE GREEKS DID NOT KNOW HOW TO WRITE BEFORE 800 B. C.! AROUND 1900 A.D., HOWEVER, ARTHUR EVANS EXCAVATED THE GREEK MINOAN CRETE AND DISCOVERED THE GREEK LINEAR WRITINGS, WHOSE SYMBOLS CORRESPONDED TO 17 OF THE 24 LETTERS OF THE GREEK ALPHABET. GIVEN THAT (A), THE MOST ANCIENT EVIDENCE OF THE GREEK SCRIPTS (LINEAR A AND LINEAR B) THAT WERE LATER DISCOVERED IN PYLOS, MYCENAE, MENIDI AND THEBES — BUT ALSO IN MORE NORTHERN AREAS UP TO THE DANUBE RIVER AS WELL — WERE DATED TO BEFORE 1500 B.C. AND (B), THAT THE PHOENICIANS AND THEIR WRITINGS APPEAR IN HISTORY NO EARLIER THAN 1300 BC, EVANS WAS THE FIRST PERSON TO EXPRESS DOUBTS ABOUT THE THEORY THAT THE GREEKS RECEIVED THEIR SCRIPT FROM THE PHOENICIANS. HE PUT FORWARD THE SCIENTIFIC SUSPICION THAT IT WAS PROBABLY THE OTHER WAY ROUND. THE DOUBTS PERTAINING AS TO WHO WAS FIRST — THE PHOENICIANS OR THE GREEKS — IN DISCOVERING WRITING, BECAME A CERTAINTY WHEN FRENCH PROFESSOR, PAUL FORE, AN INTERNATIONALLY ACCLAIMED SPECIALIST ON PREHISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGY, PUBLISHED A REPORT IN NESTOR (AN AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF INDIANA — 16TH YEAR, 1989, PAGE 2288). IN THIS REPORT, HE SUBMITS AND DECIPHERS PLATES WITH GREEK LINEAR WRITING FOUND AT THE CYCLOPEAN WALL OF PILIKATES, IN ITHACA, DATED, THROUGH THE USE OF MODERN SCIENTIFIC METHODS, BACK TO 2700 B.C., THE LANGUAGE OF THESE PLATES WAS GREEK, AND THE DECODING BY PROFESSOR FORE RESULTED IN THE FOLLOWING SYLLABIC TEXT, EXPRESSED PHONETICALLY: A]RE-DA-TI. DA-MI-U-A-.A-TE-NA-KA-NA-RE (IJA)-TE. THE PHONETIC EQUIVALENT OF THIS IS TRANSLATED, ALWAYS ACCORDING TO THE PROFESSOR, AS: “ΙΔΟΎ ΤΙ ΕΓΏ Η ΑΡΕΔΆΤΙΣ ΔΊΔΩ ΕΙΣ ΤΗΝ ΑΝΑΣΣΑΝ, ΤΗΝ ΘΕΆΝ ΡΈΑΝ: 100 ΑΊΓΑΣ, 10 ΠΡΌΒΑΤΑ, 3 ΧΟΊΡΟΥΣ” [HERE IS WHAT I, AREDATIS, GIVES TO THE QUEEN- GODDESS REA, 100 GOATS, 10 SHEEP, 3 PIGS]. (SEE, “DAVLOS” MAGAZINE, ISSUE 107, NOVEMBER 1990, PAGE 6103). THUS, FORE PROVED THAT THE GREEKS WERE WRITING AND SPEAKING GREEK AT LEAST 1400 YEARS BEFORE THE APPEARANCE OF THE PHOENICIANS AND THEIR SCRIPT IN HISTORY. BUT, THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS IN GREECE DURING THE LAST 15 YEARS HAVE GIVEN US MANY MORE GREAT SURPRISES: THE GREEKS WERE WRITING USING NOT ONLY LINEAR A AND B, BUT ALSO A TYPE OF WRITING IDENTICAL TO THAT OF THE ALPHABET SINCE AT LEAST 6000 B.C. IN FACT, AT DISPILIO, IN THE LAKE OF KASTORIA, IN NORTHERN GREECE, PROFESSOR G. HOUMOUZIADIS DISCOVERED A PLATE WITH WRITING VERY SIMILAR TO THAT OF THE ALPHABET, WHICH WAS DATED, USING RADIOACTIVE CARBON- 14 AND VISUAL PHOTOTHERMAL METHODOLOGY, BACK TO 5250 B.C. (SEE DAVLOS, ISSUE 147). THREE YEARS LATER, N. SAMSON, A CURATOR OF THE PREHISTORIC AND CLASSICAL ANTIQUITIES DEPARTMENT, DISCOVERED SHARDS OF VASES (“OSTRAKA”) WITH LETTERS IDENTICAL TO THE PRESENT GREEK ALPHABET WHILE EXCAVATING AT THE “CYCLOP’S CAVE,” ON THE DESERTED ISLAND OF YIOURA, NEAR THE INHABITED ISLAND OF ALONNISSOS, IN THE NORTHERN SPORADES ISLAND COMPLEX. THESE VASES WERE DATED TO5,500 TO 6,000 B.C. WITH THE SAME METHODS (SEE “DAVLOS,” ISSUE 185, MAY 1997). THE SAME ARCHAEOLOGIST, WHILE PERFORMING EXCAVATIONS ON THE ISLAND OF MILOS, DISCOVERED VESSELS OF THE PROTO-CYCLADIC PERIOD (MID-3RD MILLENNIUM B.C.) WITH LETTERS IDENTICAL TO THE GREEK LETTERS:
“X,” “N,” “M,” “K,” “Ξ” [KSI],”Π” [P], “Ο,” & “Ε.” (SEE N. SAMSON’S INTERVIEW IN DAVLOS,ISSUE 204, DECEMBER 1998, PAGE 12749.)
IT IS APPARENT THAT THESE ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES HAVE GIVEN A “COMICAL’ CHARACTER TO THE SO-CALLED “PHOENICIAN THEORY” ON THE DISCOVERY OF WRITING. IN ADDITION, THESE ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES HAVE REVOLUTIONIZED CHRONOLOGICAL DATING OF GREEK HISTORY AS IT IS TAUGHT TODAY, AS WELL AS THE WORLD HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION ITSELF. (SEE ALSO THE BOOK BY CON. KOUTROUVELLI, “RE- ESTABLISHING THE CHRONOLOGY OF PREHISTORIC TIMES BASED PRIMARILY ON ASTRONOMICAL INFORMATION FROM ANCIENT WRITERS,” DAVLOS PUBLISHING, 1999.)
b) The somewhat mathematical proof
While the house-of-cards which provided “proof”‘ of the so-called “Phoenician alphabet” was being torn down by archaeological discoveries, another overwhelming piece of evidence surfaced. This evidence was offered to us by the 20-year long discreet and timid research of the Greek Language and Writing by a great researcher, Elias Tsatsomoiros. Unfortunately E.Tsatsomoiros passed away on December 19th 1991, after having, however, completed his revolutionary work, History of the Genesis of the Greek Language-from the hunter-gatherer to the time of Zeus-the Deciphering of the Greek Alphabet. The undersigned [writer of this article] had the honor of publishing and editing this work (Davlos Publishing, 1991), but also the honor of having worked closely with the researcher for more than a decade. We had long discussions on the numerous problems arising from the research, and we had published a series of articles in Davlos magazine. This memorable researcher proved in a remarkable way that every letter of the Greek alphabet contained a consistent code meaning, which is literally introduced either exactly or metaphorically within the general meaning of the Greek word it belongs to, as a partial meaning. Consequently, every (ancient) Greek word is basically an acronym (similar to D(imosia) E (picheirisi) H(lektrismou) [=ΔΕΗ in Greek, or as U(nited) N(ations), in English], where every letter provides a significant or less significant notional element, and then, they all together provide the logical definition of the meaning expressed bythe word. The “significant difference” of each word’s meaning is usually provided by the firstletter. Obviously, there is not enough space in this article to present the code meaning of the letters of the Greek alphabet as a whole, as they are analyzed in this revolutionary volume of research in the field of human speech. As an example, I will choose only one of the now days 24 letters (orinaly 27) of the Hellenic alphabet, “Ypsilon” = “Y” or, small case, “u” (pronounced, long-e “eepsilon,” the 20th letter of the Greek alphabet, and familiar to us as “Y” in the so-called “Latin” alphabet– which is nothing more than a variationof the Greek “Chalcidean” alphabet). Ypsilon, therefore, as its shape indicates, has the code meaning of “a cavity” οr, if reversed, of a “convexity.” This meaning is introduced into the words containing this letter, and sometimes, by extension into the meaning of liquids (which, through their natural flow end up filling the “cavity”). I will quickly mention some of the names of vessels and liquids (such as the amphiconical κ-Υ-πελλο which is dated back to 2700 B.C. and is displayed at the Heraklion Museum). One may add to the words mentioned there, many others, such as kot-Y-li, go-Y-ttos, tr-Y-blion, p-Y-xis, amphore-Y-s, b-Y-tion, l-Y-chnos, procho-Y-s, ske-Y-os, etc, all having the meaning of a curvedobject. Also, some other words such as k-Y-hsis (rounding of the stomach ofan eng-Y-os [pregnant] woman); k-Y-ma (curving on the surface of the ocean); cr-Y-pti (curving of the ground); the preposition [h-Y-po] Y-po (meaning under a certain level); h-Y-per (preposition meaning above acertain level); Y-psos =height; and all of the hundreds of words that have h-Y-po or h-Y-per as a prefix, as well as thousands of others. This discovery, which unfortunately has been officially ignored, is a continuation of the forgotten Platonic approach to the problem of language (see Plato’s Cratylus ).
THE HERODOTUS EXTRACT
ALL THE GREEK WRITERS WHO MENTION THE ALPHABET (THEY CALLED IT “GRAMMATA”) CONSIDER IT A VERY ANCIENT GREEK INVENTION (BY PROMETHEUS, PALAMEDES, LINUS, ETC). THE THEORY OF THE PHOENICIAN ALPHABET WAS ALWAYS, AND IS STILL, BASED ON AN EXCEPTION TO THIS GENERAL RULE. THISEXCEPTION IS AN EXCERPT FROM HERODOTUS, THAT HE HIMSELF PRESENTS AS HIS ‘PERSONAL OPINION’ (“ΩΣ ΕΜΟΙ ΔΟΚΕΕΙ” = “AS IT SEEMS TO ME”). THIS OPINION WAS FORMED BASED ON THE SAYINGS OF OTHERS, AS HE HIMSELF MENTIONS IN THE PREVIOUS PARAGRAPHS (“ΑΝΑΠΥΝΘΑΝΟΜΕΝΟΣ” = TAKING INFORMATION FROM OTHERS). LET US HAVE A LOOK AT THE HERODOTUS’ EXCERPT (HISTORY, E 58): [58. AS FAR AS THE PHOENICIANS, THEY, WHO ARRIVED WITH CADMUS, INCLUDING THE GEFIRAIOI, HAD LIVED IN MANY OTHER PLACES AND INTRODUCED ALSO ARTS (NEW AND UNKNOWN) TO THE GREEKS; IN FACT, AND ALSO (SOME) WRITING, WHICHHAD NOT BEEN KNOWN TO THE GREEKS BEFORE THAT, AS I THINK, FIRST THIS WRITING WHICH WAS USED BY ALL THE PHOENICIANS. WITH THE PASSING OF TIME, HOWEVER, THE PHOENICIANS CHANGED THIS TYPE OF WRITING ALONG WITH THEIR LANGUAGE.]
THE MOST IMPORTANT THING ABOUT THIS EXCERPT IS THAT IN THE CRITICAL PHRASE “… AMA TIN FONI METEVALLON KAI TON RHITHMON TON GRAMMATON,” IT IS DISCLOSED THAT THE PHOENICIANS-GEFIRAIOI THAT WENT TO VIOTIA WITH CADMUS BROUGHT SOME FORM OF WRITING WITH THEM. BUT, AS THE PHOENICIANS “CHANGED THEIR LANGUAGE” (THEY LEARNED GREEK, IN OTHER WORDS), THEY ALSO CHANGED THEIR WRITING (THEY STARTED WRITING, THEREFORE, WITH THE EXISTING ANCIENT GREEK WRITING THAT ALREADY EXISTED IN VIOTIA). ALTHOUGH THIS STATEMENT WAS MADE BY HERODOTUS, THE TRANSLATORS, SUBSEQUENTLY, PROVIDED THE TRANSLATION [MEANING] THAT THE LOCAL GREEK VIOTES AND NOT THE PHOENICIAN EMIGRANTS CHANGED THEIR LANGUAGE AND WRITING AND ADOPTED THE PHOENICIAN! THIS GENERALLY INCOHERENT REFERENCE TO THE ALPHABET, AS IT HAS BEEN SAVED, HAS BEEN OBVIOUSLY ALTERED AND MEDDLED WITH, WHO KNOWS BY WHOM AND WHEN. LET US LOOK AT THE SUSPICIOUS CONTINUATION OF THE TEXT, AS IT HAS ARRIVED TO US:
AROUND THEM (THE PHOENICIANS) LIVED AT THAT PLACE DURING THAT YEAR (YEAR OF CADMUS) IONIAN GREEKS, WHO RECEIVED THROUGH CONTACT OR THROUGH TEACHINGS BY THE PHOENICIANS THEIR WRITINGS, CHANGING THEIR OWN WRITING WHICH THEY USED LITTLE. WHEN USING THIS WRITING AND SINCE THIS WRITING HAD BEEN INTRODUCED TO GREECE BY PHOENICIANS, THEY CALLED IT PHOENICIAN.
IONIAN GREEKS LIVING AROUND THE PHOENICIANS RECEIVED THE PHOENICIAN WRITING AND, USING A FEW OF ITS LETTERS, SINCE THEY HAD ALTERED THEM AND SINCE IT WAS JUST, THEY CALLED IT PHOENICIAN-TO PAY TRIBUTE TO THE PEOPLE WHO BROUGHT IT TO GREECE, IS A STRIKING CONTRADICTION. CONSEQUENTLY, ONE CAN ASSUME THAT THIS IS A FORGED PARAGRAPH, HYPOTHETICALLY EXPLANATORY, WHICH AIMS TO REDUCE THE PREVIOUS STATEMENT “…AS THEY CHANGED THEIR LANGUAGE, THEY CHANGED THEIR WRITING,” TO AN UNIMPORTANT STATEMENT. THIS IS HOW THE “PHOENICIAN THEORY” WAS SUBSTANTIATED AND IS MAINTAINED AS AN OBVIOUS FORGERY.
IN ADDITION
THE “PHOENICIAN THEORY” WAS ESTABLISHED IN EUROPE DURING A TIME, WHEN, AS THE RENOWNED BRITISH CLASSICAL SCHOLAR, S. G. REMBROKE (THE LEGACY OF GREECE, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1984) WROTE, “THE PHOENICIANS WERE GIVEN AN INTERMEDIARY ROLE “THAT IS NOT BASED ON ANY HISTORICAL INFORMATION”. A ROLE, IN OTHER WORDS, OF THE TRANSPORTER OF WISDOM AND CIVILIZATION FROM THE “CHOSEN” PEOPLE OF ISRAEL TO THE “UNCIVILIZED” NATIONS, AND SPECIFICALLY THE GREEKS. THIS, OF COURSE, COULD BE FORGIVEN, SINCE THIS WAS ESTABLISHED AROUND THE END OF THE MEDIEVAL AGES, WHEN RELIGIOUS FANATICISM AND BACKWARDNESS HAD REACHED SUCH A POINT THAT THE DAUGHTER OF AGAMEMNON, IPHIGENIA, IS PRESENTED AS THE DAUGHTER OF IEPHTHA; DEUKALION IS PRESENTED (CENTURIES LATER & COPIED & TWISTED,..AS…”NOAH”(!!)???!!!. APPIS IS A CONSUL OF JOSEPH? APOLLO, PRIAMOS, TIRESIAS, AND ORPHEUS: OF MOSES?… THE STORY OF THE OF THE ISRAELITES FROM EGYPT TO PALESTINE, AND OTHER SIMILAR DISTORTIONS IS A VERY BAD & TWISTED COPPY OF THE ARGONAUTS IS THE CROSSING. THE ABOVE ARE NOTED BY REMBROKE.
AND WE CONCLUDE: AT THE TIME, HELLENISM WAS IN COMATOSE SPIRITUAL CONDITION REGARDING NATIONAL AND HISTORICAL AWARENESS, AND THEREFORE TOTALLY UNABLE TO DEFEND ITS HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION, AND FOR THIS REASON COULD NOT REACT AND DID NOT REACT. TODAY, IT IS WITH OURTOLERANCE THAT OUR LANGUAGE IS DEEMED “INDO-EUROPEAN,” AND OUR WRITING “PHOENICIAN,” OUR ATHENA AND OUR SOCRATES ARE PRESENTED AS “BLACKS,” AND OUR CIVILIZATION AS “AFRICAN.” WHAT SPIRITUAL SITUATION ARE WE IN NOW? [I.E., WHAT’S OUR EXCUSE THIS TIME?]
NOTES: ON PAGE 13745 OF THIS ARTICLE, IS A PICTURE OF A PIECE OF SHARD [POTTERY] DATED TO 6,000 B.C., FOUND ON THE ISLET OF YOURA OF THE NORTH SPORADES ISLAND COMPLEX WITH GREEK ALPHABETICAL WRITINGS. ONE CAN SEE THE LETTERS “A,” “Y,” & “D” [ALPHA, EEPSILON, AND DELTA ], ALMOST IDENTICAL TO THE GREEK LETTERS OF THE CLASSICAL ALPHABETS. THIS FINDING PROVES THAT THE GREEK ALPHABET IS OLDER THAN THE GREEK LINEAR WRITINGS. THIS FINDING ALSO COMPLETELY AND DEFINITELY DISPROVES THE FALSE THEORY THAT THE GREEKS GOT THEIR ALPHABET FROM THE PHOENICIANS, WHO MADE THEIR HISTORICAL APPEARANCE AROUND 1300 B.C., IN OTHER WORDS ABOUT 4,500 TO 5,000 YEARS AFTER THE CREATION OF THIS PLAQUE AT YOURA. ON PAGE 13747 ARE SHOWN LETTER-SYMBOLS FROM THE PROTO-CYCLADIC VESSELS OF MILOS (MID-THIRD MILLENNIUM B.C.). ONE CAN DISTINGUISH THE [LETTER] “X” [CHI] TO THE LEFT AND THE [LETTER] “N” TO THE RIGHT. THESE LETTERS ARE WRITTEN JUST AS THE LETTERS OF THE GREEK ALPHABET ARE WRITTEN TODAY.
THE SPEECH AND CLEAR CONFESSION OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT(ALEXANDROS O MEGAS) TO BOTH ATHENIANS AND PERSIANS.
-Had I not greatly at heart the Common welfare of Greece I should not have come to tell you; but I am myself Greek by descent, (“te gar Hellên genos eimi tôrchaion“) and I would not willingly see Greece exchange freedom for slavery. …If you prosper in this war, forget not to do something for my freedom; consider the risk I have run, out of zeal for the Greek Cause,….I am Alexander of Macedon‘
Another cited excerpt makes it even more clear that Alexander the First was proud of his Hellenic identity. While speaking to Persians: Tell your king who sent you how a Greek man, viceroy of the Macedonians (“anêr Hellên – Makedonôn hyparchos”)has received you hospitably
FIRSTLY WE INTEND TO EXAMINE THE ANCIENT EVIDENCE ON THE WAY THE ANCIENT MACEDONIANS WERE DEFINING THEMSELVES IN REFERENCE TO THEIR OWN IDENTITY. CONCERNING THEIR OWN BELIEFS ABOUT THEMSELVES WE SHALL REVIEW THE AVAILABLE EVIDENCE COMING FROM THE ANCIENT SOURCES, BOTH LITERARY AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL. A. THE LITERARY EVIDENCE THE FIRST AVAILABLE EVIDENCE COMES FROM THE MACEDONIAN KING ALEXANDER DURING HIS SPEECH TO ATHENEANS. ESSENTIALLY WE HAVE A CLEAR CONFESSION THAT ALEXANDER CONSIDERS HIMSELF A GREEK. -HAD I NOT GREATLY AT HEART THE COMMON WELFARE OF GREECE I SHOULD NOT HAVE COME TO TELL YOU; BUT I AM MYSELF GREEK BY DESCENT, (“TE GAR HELLÊN GENOS EIMI TÔRCHAION“) AND I WOULD NOT WILLINGLY SEE GREECE EXCHANGE FREEDOM FOR SLAVERY. …IF YOU PROSPER IN THIS WAR, FORGET NOT TO DO SOMETHING FOR MY FREEDOM; CONSIDER THE RISK I HAVE RUN, OUT OF ZEAL FOR THE GREEK CAUSE,….I AM ALEXANDER OF MACEDON‘1
Another cited excerpt makes it even more clear that Alexander I was proud of his Hellenic identity. While speaking to Persians: Tell your king who sent you how a Greek man, viceroy of the Macedonians (“anêr Hellên – Makedonôn hyparchos”)has received you hospitably… “
What the word EUROPE means?
..THEN one knows..What the word ΕΥΡΩΠΗ (EUROPE) means!!! ..Here: Europa being abducted by Zeus disguised as a bull, detail from an Attic (Attica was – & still is the county of Athens) krater(, 5th century; in the Tarquinia National MuseumFrom the (ΛΕΞΙΣ)-LEΞΙΣ(=Word) ops(ωψ)……comes the unknown maybe complex ευρωπός (Europe = WIDE+ViIEW), but also well-known to us bottleneck (στενωπός – steno+opos = the narrow passage), and: πρόσωπον–prosopon(= person), ενώπιον – enopion= before etc.
After all this opens the way to and from … Europe, as an element of beauty, which etymologically is only the female of “euryopa” we saw in the beginning.
THE ISOLATED WORD IS “ΕΥΡΎΟΠΑ” – “EVRYOPA” MEANING ONE WHO HAS WIDE EYES, WITH WHOM SUPERVISE EVERYTHING, THAT PERFORM AS THE “PANTEPOPTES”(=TOTAL CONTROLERS)..
In our mind now comes the Kyklop(s)-Κύκλωψ (κύκλος+ωψ) – kyclos=circle + ops) = one who has a round eye.Ex: Optic etc.
And that in turn reminds us of the Modern Hellenic the Word: presviops – From: πρέσβυς =(=γέρον=geron=elder, as geriatric ) + ωψ-ops [=sight, up vision)] = one who suffers from (πρεσβυωπία)-presbyopia, ie. By inability to clearly distinguish near objects, which is common in the elderly, and the SA (Ancient) myopic (who constricts eyelids to public).The surprises continue as it is clear from the myo (= close lips) produced another series of words, such as the little-known myzo (= drink with closed lips, suck, suck), which we find among others, Xenophon (Snooze . 4,5,27):
THE ABOVE SCIENCES ARE INTERRELATED WITH THE ANCIENT HELLENIC LANGUAGE AND ARE INTO EACH ANOTHER LIKE RUSSIAN BAMPOUSKES. COMBINE ALPHABET ENCLOSING NUMBERS AND MUSICAL TONES WITH THESE 4 DISCIPLINES.
1.Astronomia = + astir law, a-Justice = is not supported, so astronomy = the universal laws that govern what is not based somewhere, who have to do with music (harmony),shapes (geometry) numbers (mathematics ) and all the ether that surrounds the heavenly realms.
2.THE PYTHAGORAS HEARD THE HARMONY (MUSIC) OF THE CELESTIAL SPHERES THUS SPEAK A LANGUAGE THAT HAS TO DO WITH THE FLOW OF THE UNIVERSE.
THE ENORMOUS IMPORTANCE OF MUSIC FOR THE PYTHAGOREANS
<<<<<<<<PYTHAGORAS AND MUSIC>>>>>>>
So it said that Pythagoras, and practice once, with the help spondiakou State played a piper, extinguished the rage of an intoxicated young Tafromenitou, who during the night attacked with loud voices against his mistress at the door of his rival by drawing to set fire to the house. And so, being in a tizzy and he is steady due to the Phrygian melody lumen. This passion has rapidly healed Pythagoras, who happened at that moment, at an inappropriate time, to deal with the laws governing the stars. Then said the piper to turn the Phrygian melody spondaic, with which the young man, having calmed down, returned immediately and decency in his house, and just now not only tolerated by Pythagoras or admonition, but with fury and insults He had refused to meet him.
Ancient Greek Language is the only one that is not based on the fact that some people just sit and agreed to call an object “x” or “y” as all other sterile world languages. The Ancient Greek language is a mathematical masterpiece that will try to approach
Written text 7270 YEARS THAT FOUND IN KASTORIA overturns ALL!
GREEKS discover ALPHABET
Once again is the Phoenician Deception Revealed!
The MYTH about the … “Phoenician … Alphabet” !!! The first written text in Europe – In 1998 Professor. G.. Hourmouziadis said the publication of the text is impossible!
It is evident that any official publication would upset the entire history of discovery on scene of writing, imprinting the articulate voice of man with letters (and not ideograms) and even in the territory of Greece, in the territory of Europe.
It overturned ie the theory that the Greeks were they, light from the east (from Babylonian, Sumerian, palm trees, etc. !!) And we had to fill the big gap of four thousand years, ie when the Eastern peoples expressed by ideograms The Greeks wrote with syllables as today. It is obvious that indicates early stage thought and culture.
According to today’s theory – taught in Greek schools – the Greeks learned writing around 800 BC “by the …..Phoenicians”(!!).
What they can NOT explain to us how the Ancient Greek language may have 800,000 entries, first language on the planet, when the next has 250,000 entries.
How can the Homeric epics were written around 800 BC ie when they learned to write Greek?
Suddenly encountered the ancient Greeks on the historical scene in the 8th century BC, with the language of hundreds of thousands of entries, which is required to create linguistic prehistory least 10,000 years (according to official American linguistic exposure).
The English language is 1,600 years old and has 48% Greek words with a total of 240,000 entries. The German is 1,700 years old and has 250,000 entries with Greek words 46%.
What troubles the historians, or because they were not lost in the dust of history and the Greeks as the Canaanites, the Sumerians, the Babylonians, the Phoenicians, etc .;
The oldest organized written text found in the land of Europe and dates from before 7254 years (!) Today revealed the lake of Kastoria.
It is a wooden plaque engraved with an unknown message from a Neolithic fisherman or dealer limniaiou prehistoric settlement in dispilio, written two thousand years before the written findings of the Sumerians and four thousand years before cretomycenean clay tablets of linear writing. The shocking announcement made yesterday during the archaeological conference for this year’s excavation work in Northern Greece Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Mr. George Hourmouziadis, the document revealed during excavation last summer.
The wooden sign with the inscription dated accurately by the method of carbon-14 in the “Democritus” in 5260 (!) BC, at the end of the Middle Neolithic period.
Mr. Hourmouziadis scientific arguments concluded that the engravings of the inscription, which is organized into verses should not be decorative, but “letters” that can be integrated into the palaioeuropean system. Linear B tablets from Pylos. Used by Ventris to decipher language as Greek. 13th century BC
Tip: Astronomy = astir + Law, a-Justice = is not supported, so astronomy = the universal laws that govern weometry) numbers (mathematics ) and all the ether that surrounds the heavenly realms. Tip 2: Pythagoras heard the harmony (music) of the celestial Spheres So to speak the Ancient Greek language that has to do with the flow of the universe. It`s is the only language, that can be used for H / Y due mathimatica and musicality not only the alphabet-word, but the mathematical concepts generated eg The word becomes THESIS(=Position: Synthesis, assault, filing, hypothesis, Exposition, Addition, prothesis, anaThesis, available Antithesis etc if now these words to translate in English are totally unrelated.
That is not the Alphabet to be copied from somewhere else seen from that in the year 900 before the beginning of the Christian dating, Homer already available to the 6.5 million primary words (present tense and first person singular) that if the multiply CH72 which calls will draw a huge number which is not the final, because do not forget that the Greek language is not sterile, born. IF we compare now eg the English language has 80,000 words, of which 80% are Greek as we inform the University of Wales, and measure that this sterile language evolves 1000 years, we effortlessly draw the conclusion that Homer receives a language which has a depth in time 100,000 years ago, 500,000 years ago? Who knows… But the ultimate proof is mathimatikotita itself of which does not exist in any other language of the world. Do not even forget that Creation uses mathematics, so our language is necessarily related to the source (root-0/1). Also the same mathematics have not been anywhere else as you read the following article by clicking HERE But before the “crypt” is the “means”, ie the connection of words with meanings. We said earlier that foreign dialects defined by agreement, ie some agreed that the subject of so and so will call it “X”, which makes the languages sterile, so they can give birth to new words, so there mathimatikotita therefore can not describe new concepts that exist in nature, resulting in the brain where it can not describe through new words new meanings remain in the dark, so the neurons of the brain does not generate new as opposed to those who use the Greek. How could eg the English or the French or the X, Y with a word that has 10 concepts to describe accurately and therefore clearly a deeper meaning? Especially the multiple aspects of this? Can not. Here’s why it all started here. It means then is the connection between the mark and the signified, that the word itself is created in a way that describes the meaning esokleinei inside. Example: the naming of the word curry (Walnut) comes from an observation of nature (as all words), ie when two horned animals (Rams, goats etc.) tra.kar.oun with their ker.ata hear the “crack” or “fem”, the sound he gave the name “horn” (horn) the horn gave the name hold or skull (head) and the nicknames of this curry (small head). Curry (nut) looks amazing to the human head and the interior of the brain. Y is the root of the verb YO (rain) where Y is concavity (or convexity) that mates something, rain (water element) enters (nest) into the earth. The musical – numeric alphabet creates musical – mathematical words that describe relevant concepts, which are derived from observation of nature ie of Creation, but the question is how many millennia may be needed to create this perfect mathematical complex letters are numbers and yet musical tones and words that all the numbers and music tones hide inside Except for complex musical harmonies, concepts which are not random at all but after extensive observation of nature? Let’s analyze grammatically the word ΕΡΩΣ (“EROS”=”LOVE”) Ε= Εκπορευόμενη Δύναμις (του φωτός) = emanating Force (light) Ρ= Ροή πρωτίστως Φωτοενεργειών, = flow primarity Photoenergy Ω= Ο πλανήτης – γήινο πεδίο The planet = The Earth Field Σ= Το εσωτερικόν θεώμενον = The inner being viewed
The word ΕΡΩΣ – EROS O + S is the flow of the power of light (life-knowledge) from the universe to the earthly plane and into the depths of ourselves. In Hesiod’s Theogony the update is one of the three authorities (Chaos, Gaia, Eros). Light encloses the knowledge, life, beauty, beauty, serenity, happiness, goodness, love, harmony, etc ..
Eros is not only that which exists between a man and a woman if CHAOS EROS GAIA preexisting human. EROS between the universe to the earth, harmony of nature eg rain and vegetation, even in combination with the human element, eg a man and a beautiful evening sunset or generally anything that offers harmony and therefore bliss. One aspect of Eros is also the harmony between man and woman which yields the holy genesis. The harmony stems from the duality of 0/1, Masculine (1) and the Feminine (c). The 0/0 or 1/1 not create because it is cosmic disharmony. The word then “Eros” means nothing aphrodisiac (sexual) but a higher spiritual state, do not forget that the word priest comes from there. Arguably, therefore our Antisthenes recalls “PRINCIPLE OF WISDOM The NAMES EPISKEPSIS”.
The Greek alphabet became the basis for the creation of the Latin alphabet. Indeed, the Latin alphabet comes from the Etruscan alphabet which in turn, and in line with the prevailing view today, based on the Greek.
The development of the alphabet The Alexandrian grammar classifying sixteen letters in the first Greek alphabet: A, B, C, D, E, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, R the S, T and Y. Later followed the I, P and X. By adding the letters G, O, D, H and Z was born the Ionic alphabet. In ancient Greek inscriptions found three variants of the alphabet: the Aeolian or Dorian, the Attic and Ionic.
The wind and the Doric alphabet is found in inscriptions of Thera, Milos, Peloponnese, Boeotia and Great Greece, in Sicily and Southern Italy. The Attic alphabet (the Attic letters) we find the inscriptions in Attica before the era of Euclid (402 BC). The Ionic alphabet is found in inscriptions in Ionian Sea and in Asia Minor.
Other uses The letters of the Greek alphabet used in Greek numerals. The Greek alphabet is widely used as a symbol tank for use in science or as internationally agreed symbols (eg: π=3,14) or for any suitable use. Like the Latin alphabet, the Greek used for the count (especially when you are interested in our series), eg All 24 rhapsodies of Odyssey numbered with small letters of the alphabet, while the Iliad to uppercase. Particularly in Astronomy the Greek alphabet used to count the stars, ie alpha Centauri is the brightest star of the constellation Centaurus, while Omega is the 24th in brightness. After the end of Greek letters follow Latin and then followed by Arabic numerals.
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Xenophon Zolotas
Prof. Xenophon Zolotas is a well-known Greek economist. The speeches that follows were given to a foreign audience, at the closing session of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, on September 26, 1957 and on October 2, 1959. Prof. Zolotas held the positions of the Governor of the bank of Greece and the Governor of the Funds for Greece, at that time.
“I always wished to address this Assembly in Greek, but I realized that it would have been indeed Greek to all present in this room. I found out, however, that I could make my address in Greek which would still be English to everybody. With your permission, Mr. Chairman, I shall do it now, using with the exception of articles and prepositions only Greek words.”
First speech
“Kyrie(=Lord),
I eulogize the archons of the Panethnic Numismatic Thesaurus and the Ecumenical Trapeza for the orthodoxy of their axioms, methods and policies, although there is an episode of cacophony of the Trapeza with Hellas.
With enthusiasm we dialogue and synagonize at the synods of our didymous Organizations in which polymorphous economic ideas and dogmas are analyzed and synthesized.
Our critical problems such as the numismatic plethora generate some agony and melancholy. This phenomenon is characteristic of our epoch. But, to my thesis, we have the dynamism to program therapeutic practices as a prophylaxis from chaos and catastrophe.
In parallel, a panethnic unhypocritical economic synergy and harmonization in a democratic climate is basic.
I apologize for my eccentric monologue. I emphasize my eucharistia to you Kyrie, to the eugenic and generous American Ethnos and to the organizers and protagonists of this Amphictyony and the gastronomic symposia.”
Second speech
“Kyrie,
It is Zeus’ anathema on our epoch for the dynamism of our economies and the heresy of our economic methods and policies that we should agonise between the Scylla of numismatic plethora and the Charybdis of economic anaemia.
It is not my idiosyncrasy to be ironic or sarcastic but my diagnosis would be that politicians are rather cryptoplethorists. Although they emphatically stigmatize numismatic plethora, energize it through their tactics and practices.
Our policies have to be based more on economic and less on political criteria.
Our gnomon has to be a metron between political, strategic and philanthropic scopes. Political magic has always been antieconomic.
In an epoch characterised by monopolies, oligopolies, menopsonies, monopolistic antagonism and polymorphous inelasticities, our policies have to be more orthological. But this should not be metamorphosed into plethorophobia which is endemic among academic economists.
Numismatic symmetry should not antagonize economic acme.
A greater harmonization between the practices of the economic and numismatic archons is basic.
Parallel to this, we have to synchronize and harmonize more and more our economic and numismatic policies panethnically.
These scopes are more practical now, when the prognostics of the political and economic barometer are halcyonic.
The history of our didymous organisations in this sphere has been didactic and their gnostic practices will always be a tonic to the polyonymous and idiomorphous ethnical economics. The genesis of the programmed organisations will dynamize these policies. I sympathise, therefore, with the aposties and the hierarchy of our organisations in their zeal to programme orthodox economic and numismatic policies, although I have some logomachy with them.
I apologize for having tyrannized you with my hellenic phraseology.
In my epilogue, I emphasize my eulogy to the philoxenous autochthons of this cosmopolitan metropolis and my encomium to you, Kyrie, and the stenographers.”
Mr Xenophon Zolotas
ETYMOLOGY OF SOME ANCIENT GREEK NAMES.
The word “Macedonia” is of Greek origin. The etymology is: The resident of the ancient area “Makednon” in ancient Greek called “Makednos” (eg, see. Herodotus’ Histories, Book 1, §56: «Makednon kaleomenon”). The root “Mak-” comes from “makos”, the Doric type Atticus “length” (which is the modern Greek word). In short, the “Makednos” meant “tall man”. In the new Greek the word “long”. The same root is the source of the English prefix “macro-“, which identifies several words to mean long (macro; biotic, macro instruction;) or large (macro; cosm, macro; molecule).
The name Alexander (“the Great”) is also of Greek origin. The “Alexander”, consists of two parts in Greek: the “alex-” is a prefix meaning “protector” so we have modern Greek words “bulletproof (protects from bullets),” lightning rod “(protects from lightning), and” parachute “(protect from falling) . and “Andreas” is the general word “man.” Homer Odyssey begins as follows: “Man ennepe muse Polytropon me …” etc. In English the root “andro-” passed in words like “androgynous”, “android”, “Andrew”, and a few more.
Briefly, the “Alexander” means “protector of men”
But any other known ancient Macedonian name is also Greek origin! For example, take the name of Philip, Alexander’s father, started the expansion of the ancient Macedonian nation. And this is Greek. In Greek consists of two parts: The prefix “pro” meaning “one who likes” or “having a friendly relationship with.” This root passed into English words such as “philosophy”, “philanthropy”, and even in “Philadelphia” and “Philippines”.
And the suffix “-ippos” ie. “Horse”. This root passed into Latin as “hippo-” (the initial h is the performance of the pronunciation of the Greek CSCE), and from there into English words such as “hippopotamus” (hippopotamus; literally “river horse”) and “hippocampus” (hippocampus).
Briefly, “Philip” means “friend of horses” PHILIP From the Greek name Philip (Philippos) which means “friend of horses”, composed of the elements friend (philos) “friend” and horse (hippos) “horse”(Ex. Hipppodrome, Hippocrate etc.). This was the name of five kings of Macedon, including Philip II the father of Alexander the Great. The name appears in the New Testament belonging to two people who are regarded as saints. First, one of the twelve apostles, and second, an early figure in the Christian church known as Philip the Deacon.
ALEXANDER Latinized form of the Greek name Alexander (Alexandros), which meant “defending men” from Greek Alexis (alexo+andros=of the man:genetivus of aner) “to defend, help” and man (aner-(ἀνήρ`= man)) “andros” (-“ander” in Latin much later). In Greek mythology this was another name of the hero Paris, and it also belongs to several characters in the New Testament. However, the most famous bearer was Alexander the Great, King of Macedon. In the 4th century BC he built a huge empire out of Greece, Egypt, Persia, and parts of India. There he spred with the MOST civilized manners the Greek Civilization & Culture.
He was Highily educated in Philosophy, Astronomy, Music & Martial strategic tactics(the latest from his father). Due to his fame, and later medieval tales involving him, use of his name spread throughout Europe. AMYNTAS Derived from Greek amyntor (amyntor) meaning “defender”. This was the name of several kings of Macedon.
Agathosthenis <good courage + = good (on actions and intellect) + power = the person holding power to think and to do good. Agoraklis <purchase + market + = glory = glory he has fame in the market Agorakritos <= purchase about judgment: he judged from the market Athanasios <a (withdrawal) + at death – death = immortal (gilts. Immortality, Euthanasia etc;) Athena Atheonoa = <a (superlative) + + God = mind that from the supreme mind (the goddess Athena, xepidise from the head of Zeus). The original name was Athena and is Pelasgic origin Catherine <del + = always clean cleared Alexander <Alexia + man (b. The man) = defender, protector men (gilts. Alexandra)
Its complicated by p. Alexis’ spurn – protect “; + a man, so Alexandros originally meant” one who protects the people. ” Somehow many associate some verb Alexis to remove, giving Alexandros the importance of “he who repels men ‘. The importance of this verb is “protect” and we find eg in ancient anthroponymia Aleximvrotos (from vrotos) and Alexinor (ἀνήρ`=the man) which mean “the protector of mortals.” Note that as they have shown great linguists, the name Alexandros is ancient, as already answered in Mycenaean Greek.
Amaryllis = The Shining(from: Amarysso-αμαρυσσω=shine, radiate Amphiaraos <amfo + ara + st (suffix) = one who mitigates the curse – misfortune
Amphibios(Amphi+Bios=life) Anargyros <a (withdrawal) + silver (money) = a nonprofit (gilts. ANARGYRON) Anastasios <at + stasis = the reborn, the eternal (gilts. Anastasia) Andreas <man (b. Man) = the brave, real man, brave warrior Andromache <man (b. The man) + fight = the fighting men (ie. The great and fearless warrior) (gilts. Andromache) Andronikos <man (b. The man) win + = one who conquers men (gilts. Andro+niki) Antigonus <+ instead gignomai (born) = the worthy with generator father (gilts. Antigone) Apollo <a (superlative) + + pole las (light bulbs – they lampsis) = one who shines everywhere. According to others: a (withdrawal) many + = one who does not belong to the many Virtue <a (withdrawal) + = risis unparalleled, perfect, unique Aristarchus <archo excellent + = one who initiates (heads) of optimum Aristides <+ excellent OPD (vague: I saw) = the best on the face, the very good looking Aristomachos <excellent + = the battle honors fighting (gilts. Aristomachos) Aristonicus <+ excellent victory = one who manages the perfect victory (gilts. Aristonicus) Aristotle <+ excellent end (purpose) = the perfectionist, one who intends to excellent Aristophanes <+ excellent Fimios (say, trumpets, spread word) = one who speaks excellent Artemis <air + = intersect that cuts – crosses the air Archimedes <start + midomai (meditate) = the ruler of thought Aspasia <= female kissing the arch. adjective aspasios = happy, happy (male. Aspasios) Venus <foam + dito (= emerge) = emerging from the foam (sea) Basil <vasielefs = one who belongs to the king (gilts. Basel) Speedwell (Veronica) <from the ancient Macedonian name Fereniki> fetch = + victory that brings victory George <Ca + work = the cultivator of the land, he produced work in the land, the farmer (gilts. Georgia) Glafkonomi <Owl (or glaucous) + Act = brilliant – wise law Gregory <= quickly awake, sleepless revved Damocles <township glory + = the doxazomenos by the municipality (people), the popular Damofili <township friend + = girlfriend municipality (people), that he loves his people Despina <= overtop dominant, lady Demaratus <township + weigh (= heave) = one who elevates (morally) the municipality (population) Dimaretis <+ municipality virtue (> a + risis) = one who (with his deeds) benefit the municipality (people) (gilts. Dimareti) Dimitra <da (Doric formula of “land” is a variant of “ca”) + mother = mother earth Dimitrios = the dedicated to the goddess Demeter Democritus <township judgment: + = one who is from the municipality (population) Dimoniki <township + win = win municipality (population) Demosthenes <township vigor + = one who gives strength to the municipality (population) Dimostratos <+ troop municipality = one who is called the municipality (population) Popular (see. Damofili) Diagoras <Zeus (b. Zeus) + plead one running a speech by the power of Zeus Dikaiarchou <archo righteous + = one who is righteous ruler Dikaioklis <righteous glory + = one who glorifies the law Dikaiopolis <righteous + polis = the righteous citizen Diogenes <Zeus (b. Zeus) + = the maiden originating from Jupiter Diocles <Zeus (b. Zeus) + = the glory glorifies Jupiter Diomedes <Zeus (b. Zeus) + midomai (think =) = the thinking to the will of Zeus Dionysus <Zeus (born of Zeus) + = the mind come from the mind of Zeus Peace = eiro (hook) Helen <elon (B vague weigh = destroy) + nafs (ISO. The NDI = ship) = one for which ships destroyed Eleftherios <El (name of the Olympians) + ef + summer = one who with his coming will mean better and offered to the gods, in another interpretation:> Elefsis (> el + fair + quake – move) + courage = he who with courage and strength of the gods move everything in a good way Hermes <EPDM (= ratio) = one who takes the floor Hermogenes <Hermes (b. Hermes) + = the maiden originating from Mercury genus Home <through + God = one rushes in (home) Evangelia <ef + ad = good news, good news Evangelos <ef = + angel messenger who brings good news Eyboulos <+ ef parliament (House) = having the benevolent desire Eunomia <ef Law + = one who defines good laws (gilts. Eunomia) Eupolis <+ fair city = good citizen Evridiki <= range + righteous one possessed of great justice (male. Eurydice) Eurycleia <width + = glory that has great glory (male. Evryklis) Eurynome <= range + Law that knows many laws (male. Eurynome) Happiness <+ fair chance that has good luck (male. Eftychios) Zafirios <sapphire (sapphire) = precious (gilts. Zafiria) Zeus <Zeo (= life-giving) + ef = the provider good life Zenobia <Jean (Dorian type of Zeus = Jupiter) + life = that lives thanks to Jupiter Hegesistratos <lead + = army that led the army (male. Igistratos) Ira <day (idiom of the word “earth – earth”). In others, an anagram of the word “air” Herophilus <Ira + = girlfriend that loves Hera Heron <Ira + s = he who belongs to Hera Hephaestus <the (increase thanks euphony) + F (Achaean type “to” = light) + istimi (= possess good) = one who is well aware of the fire Theodore <god + gift = one who is a gift from God Thersites <Tarshish = one who is impudent Thrasivoulos <Tarshish + desire = the one who has tharreti (up supercilious) desire Jason <= Iasis therapist Hipparchus <= horse + archo he led the horses Hippodameia <horse + SAMe-oh = one tames horses Hippocrates <horse + territory-oh = those who control horses Hippolyte <= horse + unfasten that releases the horses (male. Hippolytus) Isocrates <= equal + I hold he kept equidistant – equality Calliope <beauty + hole (= hole mouth in a sense) = the sweet-voiced Kleovoulos <glory + House = he who wants glory Kleogenis <glory + = genus-derived glorified genus Kosmas <comely = he who is kind and kalotropos Laodice <people + trial = trial people Laomideia <+ people = midomai the thought of people Leonidas <lion + = he himself like the lion Lysistrata <unfasten (future. Solve) + = army that dissolves the army Maria <glitter (= lighten) = one sparkles [-> Mary (S48 Iliad, Odyssey l326) -> Maria (exevraismos the Greek name)] (male. Marios) Mede <= midomai the thinking (gilts. Midia) Nikareti <= victory + virtue that beats with virtue (male. Nikaretos) Nikiforos <victory fetch = + he made wins Nikolaos <win + people = one who gives victory to the people (female does not exist in ancient Greek. The new Greek is Nicoletta, epanellinismos the Frankish Nikolette) Xenokratis <stranger hold + = one who keeps (away) foreign Xenophanes <stranger fainymi + = one who resembles foreign Odefssefs <betake + = essomai those found in the street, the Wandering Homer <OMMA + APD = he who loses his eye, the blind Orestes <term stand + = one who is on the mountain, the man of the mountain, the Hillbilly Periandros <+ on man (b. The man) = one who is above the other men Pericles <+ on = the glory yperdoxos, the amply Peter <= the stone stable, the steadfast Penelope <pini (thread) + lepo (unfold) = the weaver Plato <width + s (= existing) = one who is broad (The philosopher Plato took this name because she had broad chest and forehead. Originally his name was Aristocles. Pleistonikis <pleistos (superlative of “long”) + win = one who has many victories, the POLYNIKI Poliarchos <city archo + = one who initiates the town Poseidon <potos (= river) + yielding one running gives rivers Prodikos <pre trial + = the chief justice Protagoras <first market + = one who is first in the market (ie. In common) Pythagoras <Pytho (= update -> Pytheas) market + = one who informs the market Sophia <= wisdom, erudition, profound knowledge Sophocles <wise glory + = glorious for its wisdom Spyridon <spyris (b. Spyridon = psarokofino) = one who makes baskets for fish Stratoklis <military glory + = the glorious soldier Stylianos <column = constant as the column, that one can rely on it (gilts. Styliani) Socrates <wise + keep one running observes wisely Sotirios <= savior savior Telemachus <tele battle + = one who gives battles from afar Phaedra <= blithe cheerful Filareti <friend + = virtue that loves virtue (male. Filaret) Philip <horse friend + = one who loves horses Philodemus <township friend + = one who loves the municipality (population) Philostratus <army friend + = one who loves the army Chariklia <thanks + = the famous glory for the sake of ANTIGONUS From the Greek Antigonus (Antigonos) which meant “against the ancestor”, from anti (anti) “against” and parent (goneus) “ancestor”. This was the name of one of Alexander the Great’s generals. After Alexander died, he took control of most of Asia Minor. ARCHELAUS Latinized form of the Greek name Archelaos (Archelaos), which meant “master of the people” from Aarhus (archos) “master” and Laos (laos) “people”. This was the name of a son of Herod the Great. He ruled over Judea, Samaria and Idumea. ARISTOTLE From the Greek name Aristotle (Aristoteles) which meant “the best purpose”, derived from excellent (aristos) “best” and the end (telos) “purpose, aim”. This was the name of a Greek philosopher of the 4th century BC who made lasting contributions to Western thought, including the fields of logic, metaphysics, ethics and biology. KLEITOS Means “splendid, famous” in Greek. This was the name of one of Alexander the Great’s generals.
CLEOPATRA FROM THE GREEK NAME CLEOPATRA (KLEOPATRA) WHICH MEANT “GLORY OF THE FATHER”, DERIVED FROM GLORY (KLEOS) “GLORY” COMBINED WITH FATHER (PATROS) “OF THE FATHER”. THIS WAS THE NAME OF QUEENS OF EGYPT FROM THE PTOLEMAIC ROYAL FAMILY, INCLUDING CLEOPATRA VII, THE MISTRESS OF BOTH JULIUS CAESAR AND MARK ANTONY. AFTER BEING DEFEATED BY AUGUSTUS SHE COMMITTED SUICIDE BY ALLOWING HERSELF TO BE BITTEN BY AN ASP. SHAKESPEARE’S TRAGEDY ‘ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA’ (1606) IS BASED ON HER.
THE MACEDONIAN NAME PERDIKKAS OBVIUSLY MEANS “FAMOUSLY JUST” [CA (T) – + RIGHTEOUS], BUT TO ACCEPT IT WE MUST “PROVE” SOMEHOW THE DOUBLING OF THE LETTER “K” IN THE THEME “TRIAL”, MEANING “JUSTICE”.
HELLENIC QUEST CALLED AN E-LEARNING PROGRAM THAT GREEK AS CNN BEGAN DISTRIBUTING WORLDWIDE AND INTENDED INITIALLY FOR ENGLISH SPEAKERS AND SPANISH SPEAKERS. THE TEACHING METHOD IS TO VIEW INFORMATION ON THE SCREEN OF THE / Y WHILE SOUND AND MOVING IMAGE TRANSMISSION.
CNN, IN COLLABORATION WITH THE APPLE COMPUTER COMPANY PREPARED A GREEK EASY TUTORIAL AND ENGLISH-SPEAKING US HISPANICS. THE RATIONALE BEHIND THIS INITIATIVE WAS THAT THE GREEK INTENSIFIES RATIONAL SPIRIT, SCRAPES ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ENCOURAGES CITIZENS TO CREATIVITY. THE PROGRAM IS PRODUCED BY THE LARGE CORPORATION THE H / Y APPLE, O CHAIRMAN OF WHICH JOHN SCULLY SAID: WE DECIDED TO PUSH THE GREEK TUTORIAL, BECAUSE OUR SOCIETY NEEDS A TOOL THAT WILL ALLOW TODISCOVER SO FAR. IN OTHER WORDS, THIS IS A MANIFESTATION OF THE TENDENCY TO RETURN TO THE SPIRIT WORLD CULTURE AND LANGUAGE OF THE ANCENT GREEKS. ANOTHER RELATED EVENT: THE ENGLISH BUSINESSMEN MOTIVATE SENIOR EXECUTIVES TO LEARN ANCIENT GREEK BECAUSE THEY CONTAIN A SPECIAL MEANING FOR THE AREAS OF ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT COMPANIES. IN THIS CONCLUSION ALREADY LED AFTER BRITISH SPECIAL FINDINGS THAT THE GREEK LANGUAGE REINFORCES THE LOGIC AND STIMULATES LEADERSHIP ABILITIES. SO IT HAS GREAT VALUE, NOT ONLY IN COMPUTER SCIENCE AND HIGH TECHNOLOGY, BUT ALSO IN ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION ..
THESE PROPERTIES OF GREEK LED THE CALIFORNIA UNIVERSITY IRMAIN TAKE THE HOARDING OF WEALTH … HEAD OF PROGRAM PLACED THE LINGUIST –ELLINISTRIA- MAC NTONALI AND TEACHERS E BRUNNER AND PAKARI. IN THE H/ Y IMYKO WERE EVALUATED 6 MILLION VERBAL FORMULAS OF THE ANCIENT GREEK O LANGUAGE WHEN ENGLISH HAS A TOTAL OF 490,000 WORDS AND 300 … 000 TECHNICAL TERMS, IE AS A LANGUAGE IS ONLY 1/100 OF OUR OWN. IN IMYKO CATEGORIZED 8,000 4,000 ANCIENT GREEK WRITINGS AND THE WORK CONTINUES. TALKING ABOUT IT PROFESSOR BRUNNER SAID: ANYONE WHO WONDER WHY SO MANY MILLIONS OF DOLLARS FOR THE HOARDING OF WORDS OF GREEK RESPOND: BUT THIS IS THE LANGUAGE OF OUR ANCESTORS. AND OUR CONTACT WITH THEM WILL IMPROVE THE HELLENIQUE=GREEK) CULTURE. THE PROMOTERS OF THE PROGRAM ESTIMATE THAT THE GREEK VERBAL TYPES WILL REACH THE 90 MILLION, COMPARED WITH NINE MILLION LATIN. INTEREST IN THE GREEK RESULTED FROM THE RECORDING OF INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SCIENTISTS THAT THE H / PC ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY ACCEPT AS SIGN LANGUAGE ONLY THE GREEK.
ALL OTHER LANGUAGES FEATURED SEMANTIC. SIGN LANGUAGE IS CONSIDERED THE LANGUAGE IN WHICH THE SIGNIFIER, THAT IS THE WORD, AND THE SIGNIFIED, THAT IS, THE WORD EXPRESSES (THING, IDEA, STATE), HAVE AMONG THEIR PRIMARY RELATIONSHIP. WHILE SEMANTIC IS THE LANGUAGE IN WHICH ARBITRARILY DEFINED THAT AMERICAN THING (SIGNIFIED) MEANT BY AM (SIGNIFIER). IN OTHER WORDS, THE ANCIENT GREEK LANGUAGE IS THE ONLY LANGUAGE WHOSE WORDS HAVE PRIMOGENITURE, WHILE IN ALL OTHER, WORDS ARE SYMMATIKES MEAN, THAT IS SOMETHING, JUST BECAUSE IT ‘AGREED’ AMONG THOSE WHO USE IT. ALL OF THE WORDS IN GREEK MEANS EG THE WORD ENTHUSIASM = EN+THEO – ΕΝ-ΘΕΏ (=IN-GOD) GEOMETRY = EARTH + COUNT – ΓAIA +ΜΕΤΡΏ – GAI+METRO
ANTHROPOS(=MAN = THE INARTICULATE (THE ARTICULATED REASON)(ΆΝΘΡΩΠΟΣ = Ο ΆΝΑΡΘΡΩΝ (Ο ΑΡΘΡΏΝΩΝ ΛΌΓΟ).. WE SAY CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORD-THING, WHICH IS NONEXISTENT IN OTHER LANGUAGES.
THE MOST PERFECT IMYKOS PROGRAMS KNOWLEDGE AND NEWTON REPRESENT THE VERBAL FORMULAS OF INTEGRALS IN GREEK AND IN PERFECT REPRESENTATIONAL SHAPES, WHICH CAN NOT DO IN OTHER LANGUAGES. THIS IS BECAUSE THE GREEK HAS A MATHEMATICAL STRUCTURE THAT ALLOWS THE HARMONIOUS GEOMETRICAL DISPLAY. <> PARTICULARLY USEFUL ARE THE GREEK SUFFIXES AS: TELE, LANDI = … LAND, GEO … NANO, MICRO, MEGA, PURPOSE … .ISMOS, ELECTRO …., CYCLO …., TUNER …., MACRO …., SMALL …., TRAY …., WRITES … LETTER … PLUS … … SYM, ETC .. EXAMPLE: THE KNOWN TO ALL CD = COMPACT DISK = DISK SYMPAKTOMENOS COMPUTERS CONSIDER THE GREEK LANGUAGE “NOT MARGINAL ‘, IE THAT ONLY IN THAT THERE ARE NO LIMITS AND SO IT IS NECESSARY TO NEW DISCIPLINES SUCH AS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, ELECTRONICS, THE GOVERNMENT AND OTHERS. THESE SCIENCES ONLY IN THE GREEK LANGUAGE FIND MENTAL EXPRESSIONS THEY NEED, WITHOUT WHICH SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT IS UNABLE TO PROCEED. FOR THESE REASONS THE SPANISH MEPS SOUGHT TO INTRODUCE GREEK AS THE OFFICIAL EUROPEAN UNION BECAUSE TO SPEAK OF A UNITED EUROPE WITHOUT THE GREEK IS LIKE TALKING TO A BLIND MAN ABOUT COLORS.
OF COURSE, IT CAN`T THAT ALL SUDDENLY IT BECOMES ‘OUT OF NOWHERE’ TO DISPLAY A HOMER AND WRITTEN TWO LITERARY MASTERPIECES, IT IS OBVIOUS THAT LONG AGO SHOULD HAVE BEEN A LANGUAGE (AND WRITING) HIGH LEVEL. INDEED, FROM THE ANCIENT GREEK SECRETARIAT KNOW THAT HOMER WAS NOT THE FIRST BUT THE LAST AND MOST FAMOUS OF A LONG LINE OF EPIC POETS, WHOSE NAMES HAVE SURVIVED (KREOFYLOS, PRODIKOS, ARKTINOS, ANTIMACHUS, KINAITHON, CALLIMACHUS) AND THE NAMES OF THEIR WORKS (FORONIS, FOKAIS, DANAIS, NEGRESS, PROGENY, OEDIPAL, THEBES …) HAVE NOT YET BEEN RESCUED THEMSELVES THEIR PROJECTS. POSSIBLE CREATION OF NEW WORDS THE POWER OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS ITS ABILITY TO BE MOLDED NOT ONLY PREFIX OR CONCLUSIVE BUT VARYING IN SOME CASES UP TO THE ROOT OF THE WORD (EG, “RUN” AND “WHEEL” EVEN THOUGH THEY ARE FROM THE SAME FAMILY DIFFER SLIGHTLY THE ROOT). THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS QUALIFIED TO CREATE COMPOUND WORDS WITH INCREDIBLE POTENTIAL USES, MULTIPLYING THE VOCABULARY. THE INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY WEBSTER’S (WEBSTER’S NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY) SAYS: “THE LATIN AND GREEK, ESPECIALLY THE GREEK, AN INEXHAUSTIBLE SOURCE OF MATERIAL FOR CREATING SCIENTIFIC TERMS,” WHILE THE FRENCH LEXICOGRAPHERS JEAN BOUFFARTIGUE AND ANNE-MARIE DELRIEU EMPHASIZED: “SCIENCE FINDS CONSTANTLY NEW OBJECTS OR CONCEPTS. HE NAMED THEM. THE TREASURE OF THE GREEK ROOTS IN FRONT OF HER AS LONG AS YOU DRAW FROM THERE. IT WOULD BE VERY SURPRISING NOT TO FIND THOSE IN NEED. “ THE FRENCH WRITER JACQUES LAKARRIER, STUNNED IN FRONT OF THE GRANDEUR OF GREEK, HAD DECLARED RELATIVELY: “THE GREEK LANGUAGE HAS THE CHARACTERISTIC TO OFFER ON THE WONDERFUL EXPRESSION OF ALL HIERARCHIES WITH A SIMPLE ROTATION OF THE FIRST COMPONENT. ONE HAS ONLY TO PUT A PAN – FIRST – INITIAL OVER- OR ANY OTHER INTENTION IN FRONT OF A SUBJECT. AND IF YOU COMBINE TOGETHER THESE PREFIXES, IT TAKES AN ENDLESS VARIETY OF GRADATIONS. THE PREFIXES ENCLOSED IN THE HAND, NOT AS A SEMANTIC SCALE, WHICH RISES TOWARDS THE SKY OF WORDS. “ IN HOMER’S ILIAD THETIS MOURNING THAT WILL GET THE SON OF KILLING HECTOR “DIONE AND DYSARISTOTOKEIAN IT CALLS”. THE WORD ITSELF IS A DIRGE, DYS + EXCELLENT + WHELP (= CALVE) AND MEANS SUCH ANALYZES ETYMOLOGICUM MEGA “, WHICH GAVE BIRTH TO EVIL EXCELLENT.” A FEW YEARS AGO WAS RELEASED IN SWITZERLAND IN DICTIONARY NONEXISTENT WORDS (DICTIONNAIRE DES MOTS INEXISTANTS) PROPOSING TO REPLACE FRENCH WITH CIRCUMLOCUTIONS MONOLECTIC TERMS FROM THE GREEK. EG ANDROPREIE(=MANACTING), BIOPALESTE, DYSPAREGORETE, ECOGENIARCHE, ELPIDOPHORE(=HOPE+CARRY), GLOSSOCTONIE, PHILOMATHEEM(=LEARNLOVING) TACHYMATHIE(=QUICK LEARNING), THEOPEMPTE ETC. ABOUT 2,000 ENTRIES WITH SCOPE FOR FURTHER ENRICHMENT. NOT FOR CHAUVINISTIC REASONS, BUT TO LEARN SLOWLY ARE UNAWARE OF THE TRUTH!
That is not the Alphabet is copied from elsewhere seen in that in the year 2300 BC by Homer already at the disposal of 6,500,000 primary words (first person singular present tense &) which if you multiply CH72 which calls will draw a huge number which is not the final, because do not forget that the Greek language is not sterile, born.The Greek language is the only one that can be used for H / Y due mathematical and musicality not only the alphabet-word, but the mathematical concepts generated eg The word becomes THESIS(=position): Synthesis, assault, filing, hypothesis, Exposition, Addition, prothesis, anaThesis, available Antithesis etc etc if now these words the English translation is completely unrelated.
IF WE COMPARE NOW EG THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE HAS 80,000 WORDS, OF WHICH 80% ARE GREEK AS WE INFORM THE UNIVERSITY OF WALES, AND MEASURE THAT THIS STERILE LANGUAGE EVOLVES 1000 YEARS, WE EFFORTLESSLY DRAW THE CONCLUSION THAT HOMER RECEIVES A LANGUAGE WHICH HAS A DEPTH THE YEAR 100,000 BC; 500,000 BC; WHO KNOWS …
But the ultimate proof is the same of the mathematic structure, which does not exist in any other language of the world. Do not even forget that the Creator uses math to create, so our language is necessarily related to the source (root-0/1).
BUT BEFORE THE “CRYPT” IS THE “SIGNIFIER”, IE THE CONNECTION OF WORDS WITH MEANINGS. HE SAID EARLIER THAT FOREIGN DIALECTS DEFINED BY AGREEMENT, IE SOME AGREED THAT SUCH AND SUCH A SUBJECT WOULD CALL IT “X”, WHICH MAKES THE LANGUAGES STERILE, SO THEY CAN GIVE BIRTH TO NEW WORDS, SO THERE MATHIMATIKOTITA THEREFORE CAN NOT DESCRIBE NEW CONCEPTS THAT EXIST IN NATURE, RESULTING IN THE BRAIN WHERE IT CAN NOT DESCRIBE THROUGH NEW WORDS NEW MEANINGS REMAIN IN THE DARK, SO THE NEURONS OF THE BRAIN DOES NOT GENERATE NEW AS OPPOSED TO THOSE WHO USE THE GREEK.
HOW COULD EG THE ENGLISH OR THE FRENCH OR THE X, Y WITH A WORD THAT HAS 10 CONCEPTS TO DESCRIBE ACCURATELY AND THEREFORE CLEARLY A DEEPER MEANING? LET ALONE THE MULTIPLE ASPECTS OF THIS? IT CAN NOT BE SO WHY ALL STARTED HERE. IT MEANS THEREFORE IS CONNECTING THE SIGNAL TO THE SIGNIFIED, THAT THE WORD ITSELF IS GENERATED IN SUCH A MANNER THAT DESCRIBES THE MEANING ESOKLEINEI INSTRUMENTS.
EXAMPLE: THE NAMING OF THE WORD CURRY (WALNUT), AS WE READ IN THESECRETREALTRUTH, FROM AN OBSERVATION OF NATURE (AS ALL WORDS), IE WHEN TWO HORNED ANIMALS (RAMS, GOATS ETC.) TRA.KAR.OUN WITH KER.ATA THEIR SOUNDS “CRACK” OR “FEM”, THE SOUND HE GAVE THE NAME “HORN” (HORN) THE HORN GAVE THE NAME OF THE STATE OR SKULL (HEAD) AND THE NICKNAMES OF THIS CURRY (SMALL HEAD). CURRY (NUT) LOOKS AMAZING TO THE HUMAN HEAD AND THE INTERIOR OF THE BRAIN. Y IS THE ROOT OF THE VERB YO (RAIN) WHERE Y IS CONCAVITY (OR CONVEXITY) THAT MATES SOMETHING, RAIN (WATER ELEMENT) ENTERS (NEST) INTO THE EARTH.
THE MUSICAL – NUMERIC ALPHABET CREATES MUSICAL – MATHEMATICAL WORDS THAT DESCRIBE RESPECTIVE CONCEPTS WHICH COME FROM THE OBSERVATION OF NATURE IE OF CREATION SO BY EXTENSION OF THE SAME CREATOR, BUT THE QUESTION IS HOW MANY MILLENNIA MAY BE NEEDED TO CREATE THIS PERFECT MATHEMATICAL COMPLEX LETTERS ARE NUMBERS, YET MUSICAL TONES AND WORDS THAT ALL THE NUMBERS AND MUSIC TONES INTO THEIR HIDE EXCEPT FOR COMPLEX MUSICAL HARMONIES, CONCEPTS WHICH ARE NOT RANDOM AT ALL BUT AFTER EXTENSIVE OBSERVATION OF NATURE?
ARGUABLY, THEREFORE OUR ANTISTHENES RECALLS “WISDOM AUTHORITY NAMES VISITATION”DE GROOT (NETHERLANDS HOMERIC TEXTS PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MONTREAL)
“THE GREEK LANGUAGE HAS CONTINUITY AND TEACHES TO BE OWNERLESS AND GOT A GLORY, THAT AN OPINION. IN THIS LANGUAGE THERE IS NO ORTHODOXY. SO EVEN IF THE EDUCATION SYSTEM WANTS PEOPLE LAW-ABIDING – A MOLD – THE SPIRIT OF ANCIENT TEXTS AND LANGUAGE IN LEARNING TO BE A BOSS. “ JAMES JOYCE (FAMOUS IRISH AUTHOR, 1882-1941)
“ALMOST AFRAID TO TOUCH THE ODYSSEY, THE OPPRESSIVE BEAUTY IS UNBEARABLE.” THE GREAT FRENCH WRITER JACQUES LAKARRIER SAID:
“IN GREEK THERE IS A VERTIGO OF WORDS, BECAUSE ONLY SHE EXPLORED, RECORDED AND ANALYZED THE INNERMOST PROCESSES OF SPEECH AND LANGUAGE, MORE THAN ANY OTHER LANGUAGE.” THE GREAT FRENCH ENLIGHTENER VOLTAIRE HAD SAID
“MAY THE GREEK LANGUAGE TO BECOME COMMON ALL PEOPLES.” THE FRENCH PROFESSOR AT THE SORBONNE SAID CHARLES FORIEL
“THE GREEK HAS HOMOGENEITY AS THE GERMAN, BUT RICHER THAN THAT. HE HAS THE CLARITY OF THE FRENCH, BUT IT HAS GREATER PRECISION. IT IS MORE FLEXIBLE THAN THE ITALIAN AND MUCH MORE HARMONIOUS THAN THE SPANISH. IS THAT WHAT IT TAKES TO BE CONSIDERED THE MOST BEAUTIFUL LANGUAGE OF EUROPE. “ MARIANNA MCDONALD, PROFESSOR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AND HEAD OF TLG SAID
“KNOWLEDGE OF GREEK IS ESSENTIAL FOUNDATION OF HIGH CULTURAL CULTIVATION.” THE BLIND AMERICAN WRITER HELEN KELLER HAD TOLD
“IF THE VIOLIN IS THE MOST PERFECT MUSICAL INSTRUMENT, THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS THE VIOLIN OF HUMAN THOUGHT.“ JOHN GOETHE (THE GREATEST POET OF GERMANY, 1749-1832)
“I LISTENED TO ST. PETER’S IN ROME THE GOSPEL IN ALL LANGUAGES. THE GREEK RESONATED STAR GLOWING IN THE NIGHT. “ DIALOGUE OF GOETHE WITH HIS DISCIPLES:
-DASKALE WHAT TO READ TO BECOME WISE AS YOU?
-THE GREEK CLASSICS.
-AND WHEN WE FINISH THE GREEK CLASSICS WHAT TO READ?
-OLD GREEK CLASSICS. GEORGE BERNARD SHAW (GREAT IRISH PLAYWRIGHT, 1856-1950)
“IF THE LIBRARY OF YOUR HOME YOU DO NOT HAVE THE WORKS OF ANCIENT GREEK AUTHORS, THEN YOU LIVE IN A HOUSE WITHOUT LIGHT.” MARK TILLIOS CICERO (THE FOREMOST MAN OF ANCIENT ROME, 106-43 BC)
“IF THE GODS SPEAK, THEN CERTAINLY USE THE LANGUAGE OF THE GREEKS.” HUMPHREY KITTY (ENGLISH PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL, 1968)
“IT’S THE NATURE OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS CLEAN, PRECISE AND COMPLEX. THE AMBIGUITY AND LACK OF DIRECT ENORASEOS FEATURING SOMETIMES ENGLISH AND GERMAN, IS COMPLETELY FOREIGN TO THE GREEK LANGUAGE. “ IRINA KOVALEVA (MODERN RUSSIAN PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY LOMONOSOV, 1995)
“THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS BEAUTIFUL LIKE HEAVEN TO THE STARS.” RH ROBINS (CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH LINGUIST, PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON)
“OF COURSE NOT ONLY IN LINGUISTICS WHERE GREEKS WERE PIONEERS IN EUROPE. OVERALL EUROPE’S SPIRITUAL LIFE GOES BACK TO THE WORK OF GREEK THINKERS.
EVEN TODAY WE RETURN UNCEASINGLY IN GREEK HERITAGE TO FIND STIMULATION AND ENCOURAGEMENT. “ FREDERICK SAGKREDO (BASQUE LINGUISTICS PROFESSOR – CHAIRMAN OF THE GREEK ACADEMY OF VASKONIAS)
“THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS THE BEST LEGACY THAT HAS BEEN AVAILABLE TO THE MAN ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE BRAIN. AGAINST ALL GREEK AND INSIST ALL LANGUAGES ARE INADEQUATE. “
“THE ANCIENT GREEK LANGUAGE SHOULD BECOME THE SECOND LANGUAGE OF ALL EUROPEANS, ESPECIALLY THE CULTURED PEOPLE.”
“THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS OF DIVINE ESSENCE.” HEINRICH SCHLIEMANN (RENOWNED AMATEUR ARCHAEOLOGIST, 1822-1890)
“EVERYTHING I WANTED PASSIONATELY TO LEARN GREEK. I DID NOT DO IT BECAUSE I WAS AFRAID THAT THE DEEP CHARM OF THIS MAGNIFICENT LANGUAGE WOULD ABSORB SO MUCH THAT WOULD HAVE REMOVED MY OTHER ACTIVITIES. “(THE SCHLIEMANN SPOKE 18 LANGUAGES SEAMLESSLY. FOR TWO YEARS DID NOTHING OTHER THAN THE STUDYING 2 POEMS OF HOMER). IBN KHALDOUN (LARGEST ARAB HISTORIAN)
“WHERE IS THE SECRETARIAT OF THE ASSYRIANS, THE CHALDEANS, THE EGYPTIANS? ALL MANKIND HAS INHERITED THE SECRETARIAT OF THE GREEKS ALONE. “ WILL DURANT (AMERICAN HISTORIAN AND PHILOSOPHER, PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF COLUMBIA)
“OUR ALPHABET CAME FROM GREECE BY KIMI AND ROME. OUR LANGUAGE IS LITTERED GREEK WORDS. OUR SCIENCE ESFYRILATISE MIAN INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE BY THE GREEK TERMS. OUR GRAMMAR AND OUR RHETORIC, EVEN THE PUNCTUATION AND THE DIVISION AREAS PARAGRAPHS … IS GREEK INVENTIONS. OUR GENRES ARE GREEKS – THE LYRIC, THE ODE, THE ROMANCE, THE NOVEL, THE ESSAY, THE PROSFONISIS, BIOGRAPHY, HISTORY AND ABOVE ALL THE VISION. AND ALMOST ALL OF THESE WORDS ARE GREEK. “ JACQUELINE DE ROMIGY (MODERN FRENCH ACADEMICIAN AND AUTHOR)
“ANCIENT GREECE OFFERS US A LANGUAGE, WHICH WILL SAY THAT IT IS UNIVERSAL.”
“EVERYONE NEEDS TO LEARN GREEK, BECAUSE THE GREEK LANGUAGE HELPS US FIRST OF ALL TO UNDERSTAND OUR OWN LANGUAGE.” BRUNO SNELL (DISTINGUISHED PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG)
“THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS THE PAST OF THE EUROPEANS.” FRANGKISKOS LIGKORA (MODERN ITALIAN UNIVERSITY PROFESSOR AND PRESIDENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY FOR THE DISSEMINATION OF CULTURE)
“GREEKS CAN BE PROUD TO SPEAK THE GREEK LANGUAGE ALIVE AND THE MOTHER OF ALL OTHER LANGUAGES. DO NOT NEGLECT, SINCE THIS IS ONE OF THE FEW GOODS WE HAVE LEFT AND ALSO YOUR PASSPORT TO THE WORLD CIVILIZATION. “ THE. VANTROUSKA (PROFESSOR OF LINGUISTICS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA)
“FOR A JAPANESE OR TURKISH, ALL EUROPEAN LANGUAGES ARE NOT SEEN AS SEPARATE BUT AS DIALECTS OF ONE AND THE SAME LANGUAGE, GREEK.” PETER JONES (PHD – PROFESSOR AT OXFORD UNIVERSITY WHO DRAFTED LESSONS OF ANCIENT GREEK WITH READERSHIP, FOR PUBLICATION IN THE NEWSPAPER «DAILYTELEGRAPH»)
THE GREEKS OF ATHENS IN THE 5TH AND 4TH CENTURY HAD REACHED THE LANGUAGE TO THE POINT THAT WITH HER TO EXPLORE IDEAS SUCH AS DEMOCRACY AND THE ORIGINS OF THE UNIVERSE, CONCEPTS SUCH AS SULFUR AND LAW. IT IS A WONDERFUL AND GREAT LANGUAGE. “ GILBERT MURRAY (PROFESSOR, UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD)
“THE GREEK IS THE PERFECT LANGUAGE. OFTEN ONE FINDS THAT A THOUGHT CAN BE EXPRESSED WITH EASE AND GRACE IN GREEK, AND BECOMES DIFFICULT AND SEVERE IN LATIN, ENGLISH, FRENCH OR GERMAN. IT IS THE PERFECT LANGUAGE, BECAUSE IT EXPRESSES THE THOUGHTS MOST PERFECT PEOPLE. “ MAX VON LAYE (NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS)
“I GRACES IN DIVINE PROVIDENCE, BECAUSE IT PLEASED TO TEACH ANCIENT GREEK, WHO HELPED ME TO PENETRATE DEEPER INTO THE MEANING OF SCIENCE.” E, NORDEN (THE GREAT GERMAN PHILOLOGIST)
“IN ADDITION TO CHINESE AND JAPANESE, ALL OTHER LANGUAGES WERE FORMED UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF GREEK, FROM WHICH THEY TOOK, BESIDES MANY WORDS, RULES AND GRAMMAR.” MARTIN HEIDEGGER (GERMAN PHILOSOPHER, OF THE MAIN REPRESENTATIVES OF EXISTENTIALISM IN THE 20TH CENTURY)
“THE ANCIENT GREEK LANGUAGE BELONGS TO THE STANDARDS THROUGH WHICH SHOWCASE THE SPIRITUAL FORCES OF CREATIVE GENIUS, BECAUSE WITH RESPECT TO THE POSSIBILITIES PROVIDED IN THOUGHT, IS THE MOST POWERFUL AND YET THE MOST WITTY OF ALL LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD.” DAVID CRYSTAL (AKA ENGLISH PROFESSOR, AUTHOR OF THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CAMBRIDGE FOR THE ENGLISH)
“IT’S AMAZING TO SEE HOW MUCH MORE WE RELY ON THE GREEK, TO TALK ABOUT ENTITIES AND EVENTS AT THE HEART OF MODERN LIFE.” MICHAEL VENTRIS (THE MAN WHO DECIPHERED THE LINEAR B)
“THE ANCIENT GREEK LANGUAGE WAS AND IS HIGHER ALL THE OLD AND NEW LANGUAGES.” R.H. ROBINS (LINGUIST AND AUTHOR)
“THE GREEK TRIUMPH IN THE SPIRITUAL CULTURE IS THAT GAVE SO MUCH TO SO MANY SECTORS […]. THEIR ACHIEVEMENTS IN THE FIELD OF LINGUISTICS WHICH WAS EXTREMELY STRONG, IE THE THEORY OF GRAMMAR AND GRAMMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE LANGUAGE IS STRONG ENOUGH TO MERIT AND TO WITHSTAND CRITICISM. ALSO BE SUCH AS TO INSPIRE GRATITUDE AND OUR ADMIRATION. “ LUIS JOSÉ NAVARRO (DEPUTY TO THE EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM “EVROKLASSIKA” OF THE EU)
“THE GREEK LANGUAGE FOR ME IS LIKE COSMOGONY. IT IS NOT JUST A LANGUAGE … “ JUAN JOSE PUHANA ARZA (BASQUE HELLENIST AND POLITICIAN)
“WE MUST PROCLAIM THAT THERE HAS BEEN IN THE WORLD A LANGUAGE WHICH CAN BE COMPARED TO THE CLASSICAL GREEK.” D’EICHTAL (FRENCH AUTHOR)
“THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS A LANGUAGE WHICH HAS ALL THE FEATURES, ALL THE CONDITIONS OF AN INTERNATIONAL TONGUE … TOUCHES THESE SAME BEGINNINGS OF CIVILIZATION … WHICH NOT ONLY THERE WAS NO STRANGER TO NONE OF THE MAJOR EVENTS OF THE HUMAN SPIRIT, RELIGION, IN POLITICS, IN LITERATURE, THE ARTS, THE SCIENCES, BUT WAS ALSO THE FIRST TOOL – TO SCAN ALL THESE – SO TO SPEAK, THE WOMB … LANGUAGE LOGIC WHILE EUPHONIC, AMONG ALL THE OTHER … “ THEODORE F. BRUNNER (TLG FOUNDER AND DIRECTOR UNTIL 1997)
“ANYONE WHO WONDER WHY SO MANY MILLIONS OF DOLLARS SPENT ON THE HOARDING OF GREEK WORDS, WE REPLY: BUT THIS IS THE LANGUAGE OF OUR ANCESTORS AND CONTACT WITH THEM WILL IMPROVE OUR CULTURE.” JACQUES LANG (FRENCH MINISTRY OF EDUCATION)
“I WOULD LIKE TO SEE TO LEARN ANCIENT GREEK, WITH THE SAME ZEAL THAT WE DEMONSTRATE, AND GREEK SCHOOLS.” IN HIS WORK “A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE” BY THE FAMOUS LINGUIST A.. MEILLET, SUPPORTED STRONGLY THE SUPERIORITY OF GREEK OVER OTHER LANGUAGES.
The name of Apollo itself—though not Paean, a possible name of a precursor god to or epithet of him—is generally considered to be absent from the Linear B (Mycenean Greek) texts although it is possible that the name is in fact attested in the lacunose form ]pe-rjo-[ (Linear B: ]-[) on the KN E 842 tablet.The spelling Ἀπόλλων (pronounced [a.pól.lɔːn] in Classical Attic) had almost superseded all other forms by the beginning of the common era, but the Doric form Apellon (Ἀπέλλων), is more archaic, derived from an earlier *Ἀπέλjων. It probably is a cognate to the Doric month Apellaios (Ἀπελλαῖος), and the offerings apellaia (ἀπελλαῖα) at the initiation of the young men during the family-festival apellai (ἀπέλλαι).According to some scholars the words are derived from the Doric word apella (ἀπέλλα), which originally meant “wall,” “fence for animals” and later “assembly within the limits of the square.”[Apella (Ἀπέλλα) is the name of the popular assembly in Sparta,[9] corresponding to the ecclesia (ἐκκλησία). R. S. P. Beekes rejected the connection of the theonym with the noun apellai and suggested a Pre-Greek proto-form *Apalyun.Several instances of popular etymology are attested from ancient authors. Thus, the Greeks most often associated Apollo’s name with the Greek verb ἀπόλλυμι (apollymi), “to destroy”. Plato in Cratylus connects the name withἀπόλυσις (apolysis), “redeem”, with ἀπόλουσις (apolousis), “purification”, and with ἁπλοῦν ([h]aploun), “simple”, in particular in reference to the Thessalian form of the name, Ἄπλουν, and finally with Ἀειβάλλων (aeiballon), “ever-shooting”. Hesychius connects the name Apollo with the Doric ἀπέλλα (apella), which means “assembly”, so that Apollo would be the god of political life, and he also gives the explanation σηκός (sekos), “fold”, in which case Apollo would be the god of flocks and herds. In the Ancient Macedonian language πέλλα (pella) means “stone,” and some toponyms may be derived from this word: Πέλλα (Pella,[14] the capital of Ancient Macedonia) and Πελλήνη(Pellēnē/Pallene)
Language
7270-year-old Tablet Found in Kastoria Calls into Question History of Writing
Back in 1993, in a Neolithic lakeshore settlement that occupied an artificial island near the modern village of Dispilio on Lake Kastoria in the Kastoria Prefecture, professor George Hourmouziadis and his team unearthed the Dispilio Tablet (also known as the Dispilio Scripture or the Dispilio Disk), a wooden tablet bearing inscribed markings (charagmata) that has been carbon 14-dated to about 7300 BP (5260 BC).
In February 2004, during the announcement of the Tablet’s discovery to the world, Hourmouziadis claimed that the text with the markings could not be easily publicized because it would ultimately change the current historical background concerning the origins of writing and articulate speech depicted with letters instead of ideograms within the borders of the ancient Greek world and by extension, the broader European one.
According to the Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, the markings suggested that the current theory proposing that the ancient Greeks received their alphabet from the ancient civilizations of the Middle East (Babylonians, Sumerians and Phoenicians etc) fails to close the historic gap of some 4,000 years. This gap translates into the following facts: while ancient eastern civilizations would use ideograms to express themselves, the ancient Greeks were using syllables in a similar manner like we use today.
The currently accepted historic theory taught around the world suggests that the ancient Greeks learned to write around 800 BC from the Phoenicians. However, a question emerges among scholars: how is it possible for the Greek language to have 800,000 word entries, ranking first among all known languages in the world, while the second next has only 250,000 word entries? How is it possible for the Homeric Poems to have been produced at about 800 BC, which is just when the ancient Greeks learned to write? It would be impossible for the ancient Greeks to write these poetic works without having had a history of writing of at least 10,000 years back, according to a US linguistic research.
The tablet is 2,000 years older than the written findings from the Sumerian era and 4,000 years older than the Cretan-Mycenean linear types of writing.
The markings on the tablet did not resemble the human figures, the sun and moon or other figures ideograms usually depict. They actually showed signs of advanced apheresis, which indicates they are the result of cognitive processes.
The tablet was partially damaged when it was exposed to the oxygen-rich environment outside of the mud and water in which it was immersed for a long period of time, and it is now under conservation. The full academic publication of the tablet apparently awaits the completion of the work of conservation
– See more at: http://greece.greekreporter.com/2012/07/16/7270-year-old-tablet-found-in-kastoria-calls-into-question-history-of-writing/#sthash.o0yDtSd4.dpuf
ALEXANDER THE GREAT – ”Medallion” East of the Empire, Beroia (provincial capital of Macedonia, the Heart of Greece), 3rd century A.D., Gold, Diam. 54 mm; 96.3 g Museu Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisboa
The obverse shows the diademed head of Alexander the Great (r. 336-323 BC). This posthumous and idealized portrait includes symbols of Alexander’s deification, one of which is the ram’s horn, characteristic of the Egyptian god Amon. This iconography derives from the type of coin introduced by one of Alexander’s immediate successors, King Lysimachos of Thrace (297-281 BC).
The reverse shows a hunting scene, with the hunter’s spear piercing a wild boar that is being attacked by two dogs. The legend “King Alexander”, which appears to the left and above, identifies the hunter.
The “medallion” is part of a treasure including twenty similar pieces found in Aboukir, Egypt, in 1902. The designation “medallion” is purely a matter of convention based on the piece’s morphology and size, as the use given to such pieces cannot be definitively established.
THE MATHEMATICAL STRUCTURE OF THE ANCIENT GREEK LANGUAGE VS “PHOENICIAN” DECEPTION.
H E R E: AN EXAMPLE OF AN I D E N T I C A L- C L A S S I C A L VARIATION OF A STANZA …, …………….
********************** J U S T………………V O W E L S!!!! ********************
( A N C I E N T G R E E K // ATTICA DIALECT)
A YOUNG MOTHERS WISH TO HER BABY SON :
“ΟΙΑ ΗΩ Ω ΥΙΕ ΑΕΙ ΕΙ” = AS THE DAWN MY SON, BE ALWAYSTHE FLAME OF LIFE = ΟΠΩΣ Η ΑΥΓΉ ΝΑ ΕΙΣΑΙ ΠΑΝΤΑ ΥΙΕ ΜΟΥΗ ΦΛΟΓΑ ΤΗΣ ΖΩΗΣ (TRANSLATED INTO “NEW” GREEK).
ANALYTICTRASLATIONIN ORDERFROM; ANCIENT GREEK – NEW GREEK – ENGLISH
ΟΙΑ = ΟΠΩΣ= AS
ΗΩ = Η ΑΥΓΉ = THE DAWN
Ω ΥΙΕ = ΥΙΕ ΜΟΥ = OH MY SON
ΑΕΙ ΕΙ = ΝΑ ΕΙΣΑΙ ΠΑΝΤΑ = BE ALWAYS
(TRANSLATED INTO “NEW” GREEK) :
ΟΠΩΣ Η ΑΥΓΉ ΝΑ ΕΙΣΑΙ ΠΑΝΤΑ ΥΙΕ ΜΟΥ =
= AS THE DAWN MY SON, BE ALWAYS!!
Η ΦΛΟΓΑ ΤΗΣ ΖΩΗΣ=THE FLAME OF LIFE=2135
ΟΙΑ ΗΩ Ω ΥΙΕ ΑΕΙ ΕΙ = 2135
ATTENTION: – GO AFTER THE ANCIENT ALPHABET INDEX
The earliest numerical notation used by the Greeks was the Attic system. It employed the vertical stroke for a one, and symbols for“5”, “10”, “100”, “1000”, and “10,000”. Though there was some steam lining of its use. The (IONIAN)) Greek system of enumeration was a VERY SOPHISTICATED one, Like the ATTICA SYSTEM it was also DECIMAL Its distinguishing feature is that it was alphabetical and required the use of more than 27 different symbols for numbers plus a couple of other symbols for meaning. This made the system somewhat cumbersome to use. However, calculation lends itself to a great deal of skill within almost any system, the Greek system being no exception. ” Greek Enumeration and Basic Number Formation First, we note that the number symbols were the same as the letters of the Greek alphabet. symbol value symbol value symbol value ! 1 ” 10 # 100 $ 2 % 20 & 200 ‘ 3 ( 30 ) 300 * 4 + 40 , 400 – 5 . 50 / 500 6 0 60 1 600 2 7 3 70 4 700 5 8 6 80 7 800 8 9 90 900 where three additional characters, the (digamma), the (koppa), 1°c 2000, G. Donald Allen Greek Numbers and Arithmetic 2 and the (sampi) are used. Hence, &62 = 287 Larger Numbers Larger numbers were also available. The thousands, 1000 to 9000, were represented by placing adiacritical mark ! before a unit. Thus ! ‘&62 = 3287 In other sources we see the diacritical mark placed as a subscript before the unit. Thus ! ‘&62 = 3287 The uses of a M was used to represent numbers from 10,000 on up. Thus 9! = 50: 000 9″#&62 = 120: 287 Alternatively, depending on the history one reads 9 – = 50: 000 9!% ¢ &62 = 120: 287 Archimedes, in his book The Sand Reckoner, calculated the number of grains of sand to fill the universe”. This required him to develop an extention the power of Greek enumeration to include very large numbers. Fractions In the area of fractions, context was crucial for correctly reading a fraction. A diacritical mark was placed after the denominator of the (unit) fraction. So, $ ! = 1 2 ;<= +$ ! = 1 42 but this latter example could also mean 40 ! ” . More complex fractions could be written as well, with context again being important. The numerator was written with an overbar. Thus, .! 6* = 51 84 Numerous, similar, representations also have been used, with increasing sophistication over time. Indeed, Diophantus uses a fractional form identical to ours but with the numerator and denominator in reversed positions. 2The reader may ask, ”What universe?” It was the universe of Aristarchos the so called ‘ancient Copernicus’ because he proposed a sun centered universe with the earth and other planet orbiting it. More on this later. Greek Numbers and Arithmetic 3 # Calculation The arithmetic operations are complex in that so many symbols are used. However, as you can imagine, addition amounts to grouping and then carrying. For example 5+7= – + 2 = %$ = 12, not terribly unlike what we do. Multiplication was carried out using the distributive law. For example: &62 ¢ $ = (& + 6 + 2) £ $ = (200 + 80 + 7) £ 2 = 400 + 160 + 14 = 574 = /3*
A vast knowledge locked-coded into words because of mathematical values they have. One of the pioneers on the matter was maximum Pythagoras.
The numbers, shapes, harmony and the stars have something in common, so respectively mathematics (numbers) geometry (shape), harmony (music) and astro-nomy (one star = a-choris- bracket + natural nomoipou govern ) were sisters sciences by Pythagoras, which in this series we discussed was the ladder to development (= ex -tou- helix, DNA) of mind-soul to the Creator.
A Creator who created based on these four disciplines. 27 symbols-figures in numerical value make up the Greek Alphabet, 3 groups of 9 numbers-symbols each group, totaling each group 45, 450, 4,500. ALPHA = 1 + 30 + 500 + 1 = 532 => 5 + 3 + 2 = 10 => 1 + 0 = 1 EN = 5 + 50 = 55 => 5 + 5 = 10 => 1 + 0 = 1 OMIKRON = 70 + 40 + 10 + 20 + 100 + 70 + 50 = 360, as there are degrees of the circle
To be able to understand the meanings of the concepts of words of ancient Greek tongue should first know a little about the actual Greek language.
The ancient Greek language is the only one that is not based on the fact that some people just sit and agreed to call an object “x” or “y” as all other sterile world languages. The ancient Greek language is a MATHEMATICAL MASTERPIECE that wè`ll try to approach.
The beginning of everything is the same as the Ancient Greek alphabet (which of course we did not get it from someone else as we shall see, because factually not possible). The letters of the Greek alphabet as a whole was 33 and as many vertebrae, the last five vertebrae (playing the role of the antenna) directly related to the brain and corresponding to the last 5 ineffable letters which only the priests knew * one of them It was the right (or Gammadion) which in Latin became swstika and the Nazis stole and name Swastika. This symbol is the life-giving Sun (Apollo), the Nazis reversed it to symbolize the opposite of life-giving Sun, ie dark death.
There were also some letters which over time abolished as Digamma (F, Qoppa (Q), stigma (S ‘), Saba (ϡ) Pythagoras inform us about the 3 levels of Greek language which are:
1. Talking 2. Signifier (a. Signal b. Signified) 3. caches (a. Time b. Vibration c. Lexarithmos d. Tonarithmos) -The First is the speech -The Second is the relationship between the mark and the signified that we will analyze below. -The Third is the interval (distance & time), vibration (which awakens the brain through resonance frequencies of the created pulses – Pallas Athena) the lexarithmos (relation of letters and words with numbers) and tonarithmos (relation of letters and words of tunes )
Each letter corresponding to a number, and a musical tone so letter = number = tone (musician), which shows that in our language behind letters-words are numbers (lexarithmoi) and musical sounds (tonarithmoi).
The four sisters sciences by Pythagoras were: 1. Numbers (mathematics) 2. Shapes (Geometry – γεωμετρια); from: geo+metria=earth measure, meter. 3. Music (Harmony)(nine muses..) 4. Astronomy (Astro+nomia from nomos=law)
The above sciences are interrelated with the Ancient Hellenic Language and are into each another like Russian bampouskes. Combine alphabet enclosing numbers and musical tones with these 4 disciplines.
1.Astronomia = + astir law, a-Justice = is not supported, so astronomy = the universal laws that govern what is not based somewhere, who have to do with music (harmony),shapes (geometry) numbers (mathematics ) and all the ether that surrounds the heavenly realms.
2. Pythagoras heard the harmony (music) of the celestial Spheres thus speak a language that has to do with the flow of the universe.
PHOENICIAN “ALPHABET”: AN HISTORICAL DECEPTION
This theory:
1. Completely rejects the theorem that the Greek language came from another language (the so-called “Indo-European”!!!), since it is PROVEN to be the only NON-conventional language of the world. In other words, the only language where a relationship betweenthe “word” (as a form) and the “meaning of the word” is established.
2. Consequently, it is proven that Greek is the first and only created language of the human species which provided the basis for all “conventional” languages, as are all the other languages of the world (where there is no causative relationship between the form and the meaning). These other languages are a corrupt form of Greek.
3. This theory proves, without a doubt, that the alphabet was created by the Greeks so that the 24 or 27 code letters would aid in attributing the meanings of the Greek words (and only of these).
4. Comparatively, this theory shows that the symbols of the Phoenician writings and their nouns, e.g., “alef” = ox, “beth” = hut, “gimel = camel, etc., not only do not contain coded meaning, but are also associated or refer to [the] primitive animal conditions – [one would expect in a culturally backward society].
”Τό πού, πόθ’ όπερ κρίνεται τού χρόνου” !!!(ancient Greek=” Where, what is it that is judged by time ”)
(Χρυσό ενεπίγραφο φύλλο μυρτιάς ή δάφνης, τέλος 4ου αι. π.Χ./ Από το ανατολικό νεκροταφείο της Πέλλας/Φέρει στικτή επιγραφή σε τρεις στίχους: ΦΕΡΣΕΦΟΝΗΙ ΠΟΣΕΙΔΙΠΠΟΣ ΜΥΣΤΗΣ ΕΥΣΕΒΗΣ/Εφορεία Αρχαιοτήτων Πέλλας)
(Gold engraved leaf of myrtle or laurel, end of the 4th century BC / From the east cemetery of Pella / It has a dotted inscription on three lines: FERSEFONHI POSEIDIPPOS MYTIS EYSEVIS / Ephorate of Antiquities of Pella the capital of ancient Macedonia)
Overwhelming evidence that one of the most important discoveries in the history of civilization is Greek ,a deception that usurps and distorts Greek History and Civilization. It is of utmost importance that the truth be restored not only for modern Greece, but also for thewhole of humanity.The deception that alphabetical script was discovered by the Phoenicians is a long-lived one.For the past 14 years [the Greek scholarly magazine] Davlos has published numerous articleson this problem. This prompted K. Katis to ask that we submit a relevant article for hismainstream daily so that this important issue would become known to a wider audience.
This article summarizes the strong evidence against the “Phoenician Deception,” and proves that the greatest discovery in the history of civilization is Greek. We believe it necessary to republish this article in [this issue of] Davlos exactly as it appeared in the daily.
A SCIENTIFIC MONSTROSITY.
According to linguistic theory, an “alphabet” is defined as “the sum of symbols following a specific sequence and order used to ascribe the essential utterances of a language, under thecondition that each utterance represents only one symbol and vice-versa”. Consequently, in alphabetical script (as an example, in the writings of the people of Europe, America,Australian, as well as the other parts of the world) each letter represents one essential sound.This is not true for the imperfect alphabets expressed through syllables where each symbolrepresents a syllable (with two or more voiced sounds). For example, in Greek Linear A and B, there is a symbol that represents the syllable ko (k + o), a symbol that represents the syllable po (p + o), etc. In Phoenician writing (which has only consonants and no vowels), this situation is even worse, as far as we can tell from the small amount of existing samples.
IN PHOENICIAN, EACH SYMBOL IS NOT EQUIVALENT TO ONE SPECIFIC SYLLABLE, BUT TO A VARIETY OF SYLLABLES, AND THUS THE READER CAN USE HIS IMAGINATION WHEN ATTEMPTING TO DECIPHER THE SOUNDS. FOR EXAMPLE, THERE ARE CONSONANTS WHICH CAN BE READ AS EITHER BA, BOU, BE, BI, BO, ETC. OTHERS IS NOT AN ALPHABET, IT IS A LESS ADVANCED FORM OF WRITING THAT CAN BE READ AS GOU, GA, GE, GO, AND SO ON. CONSEQUENTLY, PHOENICIAN SCRIPT DOES NOT CONSTITUTE AN ALPHABET, AND IS NOT EVEN AN ADVANCED FORM OF SYLLABIC SCRIPT NEARING THE PERFECTION OF THE EQUIVALENT GREEK SYLLABIC WRITINGS. IT IS TRULY AMAZING TO THINK THAT, IN THE ACADEMIC WORLD OF THE PAST 150 YEARS, THE ALMOST CONTRADICTORY TERM OF “PHOENICIAN ALPHABET” HAS BEEN ESTABLISHED, WHICH, IN REALITY REFERS TO A TYPE OF WRITING THAT HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH AN ALPHABET. IT IS EVEN MORE UNBELIEVABLE TO THINK THAT THE SCIENTIFIC DOGMA THAT GREEK CAME FROM PHOENICIAN HAS BEEN ENFORCED. NOT ONLY THE PHOENICIAN IS NOT AN ALPHABET, IT IS A LESS ADVANCED FORM OF WRITING THAN GREEK LINEAR A AND B.
HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=DKCPURQQS2Y
GREEKNESS OF THE ALPHABET
A) ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE THE THEORY THAT THE ALPHABET IS A PHOENICIAN DISCOVERY HAS BEEN MAINTAINED THROUGH THE ARGUMENT, AMONG OTHER THINGS, THAT CERTAIN SYMBOLS OF PHOENICIAN WRITING ARE SIMILAR TO THE LETTERS OF THE ALPHABET. FOR EXAMPLE, THE PHOENICIAN ALEF IS THE REVERSE OR SIDEWAYS GREEK “A.” THIS ARGUMENT WAS A STRONG ONE UNTIL ABOUT 100 YEARS AGO, WHEN LINGUISTS AND HISTORIANS STILL MAINTAINED THAT THE GREEKS DID NOT KNOW HOW TO WRITE BEFORE 800 B. C.! AROUND 1900 A.D., HOWEVER, ARTHUR EVANS EXCAVATED THE GREEK MINOAN CRETE AND DISCOVERED THE GREEK LINEAR WRITINGS, WHOSE SYMBOLS CORRESPONDED TO 17 OF THE 24 LETTERS OF THE GREEK ALPHABET. GIVEN THAT (A), THE MOST ANCIENT EVIDENCE OF THE GREEK SCRIPTS (LINEAR A AND LINEAR B) THAT WERE LATER DISCOVERED IN PYLOS, MYCENAE, MENIDI AND THEBES — BUT ALSO IN MORE NORTHERN AREAS UP TO THE DANUBE RIVER AS WELL — WERE DATED TO BEFORE 1500 B.C. AND (B), THAT THE PHOENICIANS AND THEIR WRITINGS APPEAR IN HISTORY NO EARLIER THAN 1300 BC, EVANS WAS THE FIRST PERSON TO EXPRESS DOUBTS ABOUT THE THEORY THAT THE GREEKS RECEIVED THEIR SCRIPT FROM THE PHOENICIANS. HE PUT FORWARD THE SCIENTIFIC SUSPICION THAT IT WAS PROBABLY THE OTHER WAY ROUND. THE DOUBTS PERTAINING AS TO WHO WAS FIRST — THE PHOENICIANS OR THE GREEKS — IN DISCOVERING WRITING, BECAME A CERTAINTY WHEN FRENCH PROFESSOR, PAUL FORE, AN INTERNATIONALLY ACCLAIMED SPECIALIST ON PREHISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGY, PUBLISHED A REPORT IN NESTOR (AN AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF INDIANA — 16TH YEAR, 1989, PAGE 2288). IN THIS REPORT, HE SUBMITS AND DECIPHERS PLATES WITH GREEK LINEAR WRITING FOUND AT THE CYCLOPEAN WALL OF PILIKATES, IN ITHACA, DATED, THROUGH THE USE OF MODERN SCIENTIFIC METHODS, BACK TO 2700 B.C., THE LANGUAGE OF THESE PLATES WAS GREEK, AND THE DECODING BY PROFESSOR FORE RESULTED IN THE FOLLOWING SYLLABIC TEXT, EXPRESSED PHONETICALLY: A]RE-DA-TI. DA-MI-U-A-.A-TE-NA-KA-NA-RE (IJA)-TE. THE PHONETIC EQUIVALENT OF THIS IS TRANSLATED, ALWAYS ACCORDING TO THE PROFESSOR, AS: “ΙΔΟΎ ΤΙ ΕΓΏ Η ΑΡΕΔΆΤΙΣ ΔΊΔΩ ΕΙΣ ΤΗΝ ΑΝΑΣΣΑΝ, ΤΗΝ ΘΕΆΝ ΡΈΑΝ: 100 ΑΊΓΑΣ, 10 ΠΡΌΒΑΤΑ, 3 ΧΟΊΡΟΥΣ” [HERE IS WHAT I, AREDATIS, GIVES TO THE QUEEN- GODDESS REA, 100 GOATS, 10 SHEEP, 3 PIGS]. (SEE, “DAVLOS” MAGAZINE, ISSUE 107, NOVEMBER 1990, PAGE 6103). THUS, FORE PROVED THAT THE GREEKS WERE WRITING AND SPEAKING GREEK AT LEAST 1400 YEARS BEFORE THE APPEARANCE OF THE PHOENICIANS AND THEIR SCRIPT IN HISTORY. BUT, THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS IN GREECE DURING THE LAST 15 YEARS HAVE GIVEN US MANY MORE GREAT SURPRISES: THE GREEKS WERE WRITING USING NOT ONLY LINEAR A AND B, BUT ALSO A TYPE OF WRITING IDENTICAL TO THAT OF THE ALPHABET SINCE AT LEAST 6000 B.C. IN FACT, AT DISPILIO, IN THE LAKE OF KASTORIA, IN NORTHERN GREECE, PROFESSOR G. HOUMOUZIADIS DISCOVERED A PLATE WITH WRITING VERY SIMILAR TO THAT OF THE ALPHABET, WHICH WAS DATED, USING RADIOACTIVE CARBON- 14 AND VISUAL PHOTOTHERMAL METHODOLOGY, BACK TO 5250 B.C. (SEE DAVLOS, ISSUE 147). THREE YEARS LATER, N. SAMSON, A CURATOR OF THE PREHISTORIC AND CLASSICAL ANTIQUITIES DEPARTMENT, DISCOVERED SHARDS OF VASES (“OSTRAKA”) WITH LETTERS IDENTICAL TO THE PRESENT GREEK ALPHABET WHILE EXCAVATING AT THE “CYCLOP’S CAVE,” ON THE DESERTED ISLAND OF YIOURA, NEAR THE INHABITED ISLAND OF ALONNISSOS, IN THE NORTHERN SPORADES ISLAND COMPLEX. THESE VASES WERE DATED TO5,500 TO 6,000 B.C. WITH THE SAME METHODS (SEE “DAVLOS,” ISSUE 185, MAY 1997). THE SAME ARCHAEOLOGIST, WHILE PERFORMING EXCAVATIONS ON THE ISLAND OF MILOS, DISCOVERED VESSELS OF THE PROTO-CYCLADIC PERIOD (MID-3RD MILLENNIUM B.C.) WITH LETTERS IDENTICAL TO THE GREEK LETTERS:
“X,” “N,” “M,” “K,” “Ξ” [KSI],”Π” [P], “Ο,” & “Ε.” (SEE N. SAMSON’S INTERVIEW IN DAVLOS,ISSUE 204, DECEMBER 1998, PAGE 12749.)
IT IS APPARENT THAT THESE ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES HAVE GIVEN A “COMICAL’ CHARACTER TO THE SO-CALLED “PHOENICIAN THEORY” ON THE DISCOVERY OF WRITING. IN ADDITION, THESE ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES HAVE REVOLUTIONIZED CHRONOLOGICAL DATING OF GREEK HISTORY AS IT IS TAUGHT TODAY, AS WELL AS THE WORLD HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION ITSELF. (SEE ALSO THE BOOK BY CON. KOUTROUVELLI, “RE- ESTABLISHING THE CHRONOLOGY OF PREHISTORIC TIMES BASED PRIMARILY ON ASTRONOMICAL INFORMATION FROM ANCIENT WRITERS,” DAVLOS PUBLISHING, 1999.)
b) The somewhat mathematical proof
While the house-of-cards which provided “proof”‘ of the so-called “Phoenician alphabet” was being torn down by archaeological discoveries, another overwhelming piece of evidence surfaced. This evidence was offered to us by the 20-year long discreet and timid research of the Greek Language and Writing by a great researcher, Elias Tsatsomoiros. Unfortunately E.Tsatsomoiros passed away on December 19th 1991, after having, however, completed his revolutionary work, History of the Genesis of the Greek Language-from the hunter-gatherer to the time of Zeus-the Deciphering of the Greek Alphabet. The undersigned [writer of this article] had the honor of publishing and editing this work (Davlos Publishing, 1991), but also the honor of having worked closely with the researcher for more than a decade. We had long discussions on the numerous problems arising from the research, and we had published a series of articles in Davlos magazine. This memorable researcher proved in a remarkable way that every letter of the Greek alphabet contained a consistent code meaning, which is literally introduced either exactly or metaphorically within the general meaning of the Greek word it belongs to, as a partial meaning. Consequently, every (ancient) Greek word is basically an acronym (similar to D(imosia) E (picheirisi) H(lektrismou) [=ΔΕΗ in Greek, or as U(nited) N(ations), in English], where every letter provides a significant or less significant notional element, and then, they all together provide the logical definition of the meaning expressed bythe word. The “significant difference” of each word’s meaning is usually provided by the firstletter. Obviously, there is not enough space in this article to present the code meaning of the letters of the Greek alphabet as a whole, as they are analyzed in this revolutionary volume of research in the field of human speech. As an example, I will choose only one of the now days 24 letters (orinaly 27) of the Hellenic alphabet, “Ypsilon” = “Y” or, small case, “u” (pronounced, long-e “eepsilon,” the 20th letter of the Greek alphabet, and familiar to us as “Y” in the so-called “Latin” alphabet– which is nothing more than a variationof the Greek “Chalcidean” alphabet). Ypsilon, therefore, as its shape indicates, has the code meaning of “a cavity” οr, if reversed, of a “convexity.” This meaning is introduced into the words containing this letter, and sometimes, by extension into the meaning of liquids (which, through their natural flow end up filling the “cavity”). I will quickly mention some of the names of vessels and liquids (such as the amphiconical κ-Υ-πελλο which is dated back to 2700 B.C. and is displayed at the Heraklion Museum). One may add to the words mentioned there, many others, such as kot-Y-li, go-Y-ttos, tr-Y-blion, p-Y-xis, amphore-Y-s, b-Y-tion, l-Y-chnos, procho-Y-s, ske-Y-os, etc, all having the meaning of a curvedobject. Also, some other words such as k-Y-hsis (rounding of the stomach ofan eng-Y-os [pregnant] woman); k-Y-ma (curving on the surface of the ocean); cr-Y-pti (curving of the ground); the preposition [h-Y-po] Y-po (meaning under a certain level); h-Y-per (preposition meaning above acertain level); Y-psos =height; and all of the hundreds of words that have h-Y-po or h-Y-per as a prefix, as well as thousands of others. This discovery, which unfortunately has been officially ignored, is a continuation of the forgotten Platonic approach to the problem of language (see Plato’s Cratylus ).
THE HERODOTUS EXTRACT
ALL THE GREEK WRITERS WHO MENTION THE ALPHABET (THEY CALLED IT “GRAMMATA”) CONSIDER IT A VERY ANCIENT GREEK INVENTION (BY PROMETHEUS, PALAMEDES, LINUS, ETC). THE THEORY OF THE PHOENICIAN ALPHABET WAS ALWAYS, AND IS STILL, BASED ON AN EXCEPTION TO THIS GENERAL RULE. THISEXCEPTION IS AN EXCERPT FROM HERODOTUS, THAT HE HIMSELF PRESENTS AS HIS ‘PERSONAL OPINION’ (“ΩΣ ΕΜΟΙ ΔΟΚΕΕΙ” = “AS IT SEEMS TO ME”). THIS OPINION WAS FORMED BASED ON THE SAYINGS OF OTHERS, AS HE HIMSELF MENTIONS IN THE PREVIOUS PARAGRAPHS (“ΑΝΑΠΥΝΘΑΝΟΜΕΝΟΣ” = TAKING INFORMATION FROM OTHERS). LET US HAVE A LOOK AT THE HERODOTUS’ EXCERPT (HISTORY, E 58): [58. AS FAR AS THE PHOENICIANS, THEY, WHO ARRIVED WITH CADMUS, INCLUDING THE GEFIRAIOI, HAD LIVED IN MANY OTHER PLACES AND INTRODUCED ALSO ARTS (NEW AND UNKNOWN) TO THE GREEKS; IN FACT, AND ALSO (SOME) WRITING, WHICHHAD NOT BEEN KNOWN TO THE GREEKS BEFORE THAT, AS I THINK, FIRST THIS WRITING WHICH WAS USED BY ALL THE PHOENICIANS. WITH THE PASSING OF TIME, HOWEVER, THE PHOENICIANS CHANGED THIS TYPE OF WRITING ALONG WITH THEIR LANGUAGE.]
THE MOST IMPORTANT THING ABOUT THIS EXCERPT IS THAT IN THE CRITICAL PHRASE “… AMA TIN FONI METEVALLON KAI TON RHITHMON TON GRAMMATON,” IT IS DISCLOSED THAT THE PHOENICIANS-GEFIRAIOI THAT WENT TO VIOTIA WITH CADMUS BROUGHT SOME FORM OF WRITING WITH THEM. BUT, AS THE PHOENICIANS “CHANGED THEIR LANGUAGE” (THEY LEARNED GREEK, IN OTHER WORDS), THEY ALSO CHANGED THEIR WRITING (THEY STARTED WRITING, THEREFORE, WITH THE EXISTING ANCIENT GREEK WRITING THAT ALREADY EXISTED IN VIOTIA). ALTHOUGH THIS STATEMENT WAS MADE BY HERODOTUS, THE TRANSLATORS, SUBSEQUENTLY, PROVIDED THE TRANSLATION [MEANING] THAT THE LOCAL GREEK VIOTES AND NOT THE PHOENICIAN EMIGRANTS CHANGED THEIR LANGUAGE AND WRITING AND ADOPTED THE PHOENICIAN! THIS GENERALLY INCOHERENT REFERENCE TO THE ALPHABET, AS IT HAS BEEN SAVED, HAS BEEN OBVIOUSLY ALTERED AND MEDDLED WITH, WHO KNOWS BY WHOM AND WHEN. LET US LOOK AT THE SUSPICIOUS CONTINUATION OF THE TEXT, AS IT HAS ARRIVED TO US:
AROUND THEM (THE PHOENICIANS) LIVED AT THAT PLACE DURING THAT YEAR (YEAR OF CADMUS) IONIAN GREEKS, WHO RECEIVED THROUGH CONTACT OR THROUGH TEACHINGS BY THE PHOENICIANS THEIR WRITINGS, CHANGING THEIR OWN WRITING WHICH THEY USED LITTLE. WHEN USING THIS WRITING AND SINCE THIS WRITING HAD BEEN INTRODUCED TO GREECE BY PHOENICIANS, THEY CALLED IT PHOENICIAN.
IONIAN GREEKS LIVING AROUND THE PHOENICIANS RECEIVED THE PHOENICIAN WRITING AND, USING A FEW OF ITS LETTERS, SINCE THEY HAD ALTERED THEM AND SINCE IT WAS JUST, THEY CALLED IT PHOENICIAN-TO PAY TRIBUTE TO THE PEOPLE WHO BROUGHT IT TO GREECE, IS A STRIKING CONTRADICTION. CONSEQUENTLY, ONE CAN ASSUME THAT THIS IS A FORGED PARAGRAPH, HYPOTHETICALLY EXPLANATORY, WHICH AIMS TO REDUCE THE PREVIOUS STATEMENT “…AS THEY CHANGED THEIR LANGUAGE, THEY CHANGED THEIR WRITING,” TO AN UNIMPORTANT STATEMENT. THIS IS HOW THE “PHOENICIAN THEORY” WAS SUBSTANTIATED AND IS MAINTAINED AS AN OBVIOUS FORGERY.
IN ADDITION
THE “PHOENICIAN THEORY” WAS ESTABLISHED IN EUROPE DURING A TIME, WHEN, AS THE RENOWNED BRITISH CLASSICAL SCHOLAR, S. G. REMBROKE (THE LEGACY OF GREECE, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1984) WROTE, “THE PHOENICIANS WERE GIVEN AN INTERMEDIARY ROLE “THAT IS NOT BASED ON ANY HISTORICAL INFORMATION”. A ROLE, IN OTHER WORDS, OF THE TRANSPORTER OF WISDOM AND CIVILIZATION FROM THE “CHOSEN” PEOPLE OF ISRAEL TO THE “UNCIVILIZED” NATIONS, AND SPECIFICALLY THE GREEKS. THIS, OF COURSE, COULD BE FORGIVEN, SINCE THIS WAS ESTABLISHED AROUND THE END OF THE MEDIEVAL AGES, WHEN RELIGIOUS FANATICISM AND BACKWARDNESS HAD REACHED SUCH A POINT THAT THE DAUGHTER OF AGAMEMNON, IPHIGENIA, IS PRESENTED AS THE DAUGHTER OF IEPHTHA; DEUKALION IS PRESENTED (CENTURIES LATER & COPIED & TWISTED,..AS…”NOAH”(!!)???!!!. APPIS IS A CONSUL OF JOSEPH? APOLLO, PRIAMOS, TIRESIAS, AND ORPHEUS: OF MOSES?… THE STORY OF THE OF THE ISRAELITES FROM EGYPT TO PALESTINE, AND OTHER SIMILAR DISTORTIONS IS A VERY BAD & TWISTED COPPY OF THE ARGONAUTS IS THE CROSSING. THE ABOVE ARE NOTED BY REMBROKE.
AND WE CONCLUDE: AT THE TIME, HELLENISM WAS IN COMATOSE SPIRITUAL CONDITION REGARDING NATIONAL AND HISTORICAL AWARENESS, AND THEREFORE TOTALLY UNABLE TO DEFEND ITS HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION, AND FOR THIS REASON COULD NOT REACT AND DID NOT REACT. TODAY, IT IS WITH OURTOLERANCE THAT OUR LANGUAGE IS DEEMED “INDO-EUROPEAN,” AND OUR WRITING “PHOENICIAN,” OUR ATHENA AND OUR SOCRATES ARE PRESENTED AS “BLACKS,” AND OUR CIVILIZATION AS “AFRICAN.” WHAT SPIRITUAL SITUATION ARE WE IN NOW? [I.E., WHAT’S OUR EXCUSE THIS TIME?]
NOTES: ON PAGE 13745 OF THIS ARTICLE, IS A PICTURE OF A PIECE OF SHARD [POTTERY] DATED TO 6,000 B.C., FOUND ON THE ISLET OF YOURA OF THE NORTH SPORADES ISLAND COMPLEX WITH GREEK ALPHABETICAL WRITINGS. ONE CAN SEE THE LETTERS “A,” “Y,” & “D” [ALPHA, EEPSILON, AND DELTA ], ALMOST IDENTICAL TO THE GREEK LETTERS OF THE CLASSICAL ALPHABETS. THIS FINDING PROVES THAT THE GREEK ALPHABET IS OLDER THAN THE GREEK LINEAR WRITINGS. THIS FINDING ALSO COMPLETELY AND DEFINITELY DISPROVES THE FALSE THEORY THAT THE GREEKS GOT THEIR ALPHABET FROM THE PHOENICIANS, WHO MADE THEIR HISTORICAL APPEARANCE AROUND 1300 B.C., IN OTHER WORDS ABOUT 4,500 TO 5,000 YEARS AFTER THE CREATION OF THIS PLAQUE AT YOURA. ON PAGE 13747 ARE SHOWN LETTER-SYMBOLS FROM THE PROTO-CYCLADIC VESSELS OF MILOS (MID-THIRD MILLENNIUM B.C.). ONE CAN DISTINGUISH THE [LETTER] “X” [CHI] TO THE LEFT AND THE [LETTER] “N” TO THE RIGHT. THESE LETTERS ARE WRITTEN JUST AS THE LETTERS OF THE GREEK ALPHABET ARE WRITTEN TODAY.
THE SPEECH AND CLEAR CONFESSION OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT(ALEXANDROS O MEGAS) TO BOTH ATHENIANS AND PERSIANS.
-Had I not greatly at heart the Common welfare of Greece I should not have come to tell you; but I am myself Greek by descent, (“te gar Hellên genos eimi tôrchaion“) and I would not willingly see Greece exchange freedom for slavery. …If you prosper in this war, forget not to do something for my freedom; consider the risk I have run, out of zeal for the Greek Cause,….I am Alexander of Macedon‘
Another cited excerpt makes it even more clear that Alexander the First was proud of his Hellenic identity. While speaking to Persians: Tell your king who sent you how a Greek man, viceroy of the Macedonians (“anêr Hellên – Makedonôn hyparchos”)has received you hospitably
FIRSTLY WE INTEND TO EXAMINE THE ANCIENT EVIDENCE ON THE WAY THE ANCIENT MACEDONIANS WERE DEFINING THEMSELVES IN REFERENCE TO THEIR OWN IDENTITY. CONCERNING THEIR OWN BELIEFS ABOUT THEMSELVES WE SHALL REVIEW THE AVAILABLE EVIDENCE COMING FROM THE ANCIENT SOURCES, BOTH LITERARY AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL. A. THE LITERARY EVIDENCE THE FIRST AVAILABLE EVIDENCE COMES FROM THE MACEDONIAN KING ALEXANDER DURING HIS SPEECH TO ATHENEANS. ESSENTIALLY WE HAVE A CLEAR CONFESSION THAT ALEXANDER CONSIDERS HIMSELF A GREEK. -HAD I NOT GREATLY AT HEART THE COMMON WELFARE OF GREECE I SHOULD NOT HAVE COME TO TELL YOU; BUT I AM MYSELF GREEK BY DESCENT, (“TE GAR HELLÊN GENOS EIMI TÔRCHAION“) AND I WOULD NOT WILLINGLY SEE GREECE EXCHANGE FREEDOM FOR SLAVERY. …IF YOU PROSPER IN THIS WAR, FORGET NOT TO DO SOMETHING FOR MY FREEDOM; CONSIDER THE RISK I HAVE RUN, OUT OF ZEAL FOR THE GREEK CAUSE,….I AM ALEXANDER OF MACEDON‘1
Another cited excerpt makes it even more clear that Alexander I was proud of his Hellenic identity. While speaking to Persians: Tell your king who sent you how a Greek man, viceroy of the Macedonians (“anêr Hellên – Makedonôn hyparchos”)has received you hospitably… “
What the word EUROPE means?
..THEN one knows..What the word ΕΥΡΩΠΗ (EUROPE) means!!! ..Here: Europa being abducted by Zeus disguised as a bull, detail from an Attic (Attica was – & still is the county of Athens) krater(, 5th century; in the Tarquinia National MuseumFrom the (ΛΕΞΙΣ)-LEΞΙΣ(=Word) ops(ωψ)……comes the unknown maybe complex ευρωπός (Europe = WIDE+ViIEW), but also well-known to us bottleneck (στενωπός – steno+opos = the narrow passage), and: πρόσωπον–prosopon(= person), ενώπιον – enopion= before etc.
After all this opens the way to and from … Europe, as an element of beauty, which etymologically is only the female of “euryopa” we saw in the beginning.
THE ISOLATED WORD IS “ΕΥΡΎΟΠΑ” – “EVRYOPA” MEANING ONE WHO HAS WIDE EYES, WITH WHOM SUPERVISE EVERYTHING, THAT PERFORM AS THE “PANTEPOPTES”(=TOTAL CONTROLERS)..
In our mind now comes the Kyklop(s)-Κύκλωψ (κύκλος+ωψ) – kyclos=circle + ops) = one who has a round eye.Ex: Optic etc.
And that in turn reminds us of the Modern Hellenic the Word: presviops – From: πρέσβυς =(=γέρον=geron=elder, as geriatric ) + ωψ-ops [=sight, up vision)] = one who suffers from (πρεσβυωπία)-presbyopia, ie. By inability to clearly distinguish near objects, which is common in the elderly, and the SA (Ancient) myopic (who constricts eyelids to public).The surprises continue as it is clear from the myo (= close lips) produced another series of words, such as the little-known myzo (= drink with closed lips, suck, suck), which we find among others, Xenophon (Snooze . 4,5,27):
THE ABOVE SCIENCES ARE INTERRELATED WITH THE ANCIENT HELLENIC LANGUAGE AND ARE INTO EACH ANOTHER LIKE RUSSIAN BAMPOUSKES. COMBINE ALPHABET ENCLOSING NUMBERS AND MUSICAL TONES WITH THESE 4 DISCIPLINES.
1.Astronomia = + astir law, a-Justice = is not supported, so astronomy = the universal laws that govern what is not based somewhere, who have to do with music (harmony),shapes (geometry) numbers (mathematics ) and all the ether that surrounds the heavenly realms.
2.THE PYTHAGORAS HEARD THE HARMONY (MUSIC) OF THE CELESTIAL SPHERES THUS SPEAK A LANGUAGE THAT HAS TO DO WITH THE FLOW OF THE UNIVERSE.
THE ENORMOUS IMPORTANCE OF MUSIC FOR THE PYTHAGOREANS
<<<<<<<<PYTHAGORAS AND MUSIC>>>>>>>
So it said that Pythagoras, and practice once, with the help spondiakou State played a piper, extinguished the rage of an intoxicated young Tafromenitou, who during the night attacked with loud voices against his mistress at the door of his rival by drawing to set fire to the house. And so, being in a tizzy and he is steady due to the Phrygian melody lumen. This passion has rapidly healed Pythagoras, who happened at that moment, at an inappropriate time, to deal with the laws governing the stars. Then said the piper to turn the Phrygian melody spondaic, with which the young man, having calmed down, returned immediately and decency in his house, and just now not only tolerated by Pythagoras or admonition, but with fury and insults He had refused to meet him.
Ancient Greek Language is the only one that is not based on the fact that some people just sit and agreed to call an object “x” or “y” as all other sterile world languages. The Ancient Greek language is a mathematical masterpiece that will try to approach
Written text 7270 YEARS THAT FOUND IN KASTORIA overturns ALL!
GREEKS discover ALPHABET
Once again is the Phoenician Deception Revealed!
The MYTH about the … “Phoenician … Alphabet” !!! The first written text in Europe – In 1998 Professor. G.. Hourmouziadis said the publication of the text is impossible!
It is evident that any official publication would upset the entire history of discovery on scene of writing, imprinting the articulate voice of man with letters (and not ideograms) and even in the territory of Greece, in the territory of Europe.
It overturned ie the theory that the Greeks were they, light from the east (from Babylonian, Sumerian, palm trees, etc. !!) And we had to fill the big gap of four thousand years, ie when the Eastern peoples expressed by ideograms The Greeks wrote with syllables as today. It is obvious that indicates early stage thought and culture.
According to today’s theory – taught in Greek schools – the Greeks learned writing around 800 BC “by the …..Phoenicians”(!!).
What they can NOT explain to us how the Ancient Greek language may have 800,000 entries, first language on the planet, when the next has 250,000 entries.
How can the Homeric epics were written around 800 BC ie when they learned to write Greek?
Suddenly encountered the ancient Greeks on the historical scene in the 8th century BC, with the language of hundreds of thousands of entries, which is required to create linguistic prehistory least 10,000 years (according to official American linguistic exposure).
The English language is 1,600 years old and has 48% Greek words with a total of 240,000 entries. The German is 1,700 years old and has 250,000 entries with Greek words 46%.
What troubles the historians, or because they were not lost in the dust of history and the Greeks as the Canaanites, the Sumerians, the Babylonians, the Phoenicians, etc .;
The oldest organized written text found in the land of Europe and dates from before 7254 years (!) Today revealed the lake of Kastoria.
It is a wooden plaque engraved with an unknown message from a Neolithic fisherman or dealer limniaiou prehistoric settlement in dispilio, written two thousand years before the written findings of the Sumerians and four thousand years before cretomycenean clay tablets of linear writing. The shocking announcement made yesterday during the archaeological conference for this year’s excavation work in Northern Greece Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Mr. George Hourmouziadis, the document revealed during excavation last summer.
The wooden sign with the inscription dated accurately by the method of carbon-14 in the “Democritus” in 5260 (!) BC, at the end of the Middle Neolithic period.
Mr. Hourmouziadis scientific arguments concluded that the engravings of the inscription, which is organized into verses should not be decorative, but “letters” that can be integrated into the palaioeuropean system. Linear B tablets from Pylos. Used by Ventris to decipher language as Greek. 13th century BC
Tip: Astronomy = astir + Law, a-Justice = is not supported, so astronomy = the universal laws that govern weometry) numbers (mathematics ) and all the ether that surrounds the heavenly realms. Tip 2: Pythagoras heard the harmony (music) of the celestial Spheres So to speak the Ancient Greek language that has to do with the flow of the universe. It`s is the only language, that can be used for H / Y due mathimatica and musicality not only the alphabet-word, but the mathematical concepts generated eg The word becomes THESIS(=Position: Synthesis, assault, filing, hypothesis, Exposition, Addition, prothesis, anaThesis, available Antithesis etc if now these words to translate in English are totally unrelated.
That is not the Alphabet to be copied from somewhere else seen from that in the year 900 before the beginning of the Christian dating, Homer already available to the 6.5 million primary words (present tense and first person singular) that if the multiply CH72 which calls will draw a huge number which is not the final, because do not forget that the Greek language is not sterile, born. IF we compare now eg the English language has 80,000 words, of which 80% are Greek as we inform the University of Wales, and measure that this sterile language evolves 1000 years, we effortlessly draw the conclusion that Homer receives a language which has a depth in time 100,000 years ago, 500,000 years ago? Who knows… But the ultimate proof is mathimatikotita itself of which does not exist in any other language of the world. Do not even forget that Creation uses mathematics, so our language is necessarily related to the source (root-0/1). Also the same mathematics have not been anywhere else as you read the following article by clicking HERE But before the “crypt” is the “means”, ie the connection of words with meanings. We said earlier that foreign dialects defined by agreement, ie some agreed that the subject of so and so will call it “X”, which makes the languages sterile, so they can give birth to new words, so there mathimatikotita therefore can not describe new concepts that exist in nature, resulting in the brain where it can not describe through new words new meanings remain in the dark, so the neurons of the brain does not generate new as opposed to those who use the Greek. How could eg the English or the French or the X, Y with a word that has 10 concepts to describe accurately and therefore clearly a deeper meaning? Especially the multiple aspects of this? Can not. Here’s why it all started here. It means then is the connection between the mark and the signified, that the word itself is created in a way that describes the meaning esokleinei inside. Example: the naming of the word curry (Walnut) comes from an observation of nature (as all words), ie when two horned animals (Rams, goats etc.) tra.kar.oun with their ker.ata hear the “crack” or “fem”, the sound he gave the name “horn” (horn) the horn gave the name hold or skull (head) and the nicknames of this curry (small head). Curry (nut) looks amazing to the human head and the interior of the brain. Y is the root of the verb YO (rain) where Y is concavity (or convexity) that mates something, rain (water element) enters (nest) into the earth. The musical – numeric alphabet creates musical – mathematical words that describe relevant concepts, which are derived from observation of nature ie of Creation, but the question is how many millennia may be needed to create this perfect mathematical complex letters are numbers and yet musical tones and words that all the numbers and music tones hide inside Except for complex musical harmonies, concepts which are not random at all but after extensive observation of nature? Let’s analyze grammatically the word ΕΡΩΣ (“EROS”=”LOVE”) Ε= Εκπορευόμενη Δύναμις (του φωτός) = emanating Force (light) Ρ= Ροή πρωτίστως Φωτοενεργειών, = flow primarity Photoenergy Ω= Ο πλανήτης – γήινο πεδίο The planet = The Earth Field Σ= Το εσωτερικόν θεώμενον = The inner being viewed
The word ΕΡΩΣ – EROS O + S is the flow of the power of light (life-knowledge) from the universe to the earthly plane and into the depths of ourselves. In Hesiod’s Theogony the update is one of the three authorities (Chaos, Gaia, Eros). Light encloses the knowledge, life, beauty, beauty, serenity, happiness, goodness, love, harmony, etc ..
Eros is not only that which exists between a man and a woman if CHAOS EROS GAIA preexisting human. EROS between the universe to the earth, harmony of nature eg rain and vegetation, even in combination with the human element, eg a man and a beautiful evening sunset or generally anything that offers harmony and therefore bliss. One aspect of Eros is also the harmony between man and woman which yields the holy genesis. The harmony stems from the duality of 0/1, Masculine (1) and the Feminine (c). The 0/0 or 1/1 not create because it is cosmic disharmony. The word then “Eros” means nothing aphrodisiac (sexual) but a higher spiritual state, do not forget that the word priest comes from there. Arguably, therefore our Antisthenes recalls “PRINCIPLE OF WISDOM The NAMES EPISKEPSIS”.
The Greek alphabet became the basis for the creation of the Latin alphabet. Indeed, the Latin alphabet comes from the Etruscan alphabet which in turn, and in line with the prevailing view today, based on the Greek.
The development of the alphabet The Alexandrian grammar classifying sixteen letters in the first Greek alphabet: A, B, C, D, E, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, R the S, T and Y. Later followed the I, P and X. By adding the letters G, O, D, H and Z was born the Ionic alphabet. In ancient Greek inscriptions found three variants of the alphabet: the Aeolian or Dorian, the Attic and Ionic.
The wind and the Doric alphabet is found in inscriptions of Thera, Milos, Peloponnese, Boeotia and Great Greece, in Sicily and Southern Italy. The Attic alphabet (the Attic letters) we find the inscriptions in Attica before the era of Euclid (402 BC). The Ionic alphabet is found in inscriptions in Ionian Sea and in Asia Minor.
Other uses The letters of the Greek alphabet used in Greek numerals. The Greek alphabet is widely used as a symbol tank for use in science or as internationally agreed symbols (eg: π=3,14) or for any suitable use. Like the Latin alphabet, the Greek used for the count (especially when you are interested in our series), eg All 24 rhapsodies of Odyssey numbered with small letters of the alphabet, while the Iliad to uppercase. Particularly in Astronomy the Greek alphabet used to count the stars, ie alpha Centauri is the brightest star of the constellation Centaurus, while Omega is the 24th in brightness. After the end of Greek letters follow Latin and then followed by Arabic numerals.
Visit the: www.the phoenician deception
Xenophon Zolotas
Prof. Xenophon Zolotas is a well-known Greek economist. The speeches that follows were given to a foreign audience, at the closing session of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, on September 26, 1957 and on October 2, 1959. Prof. Zolotas held the positions of the Governor of the bank of Greece and the Governor of the Funds for Greece, at that time.
“I always wished to address this Assembly in Greek, but I realized that it would have been indeed Greek to all present in this room. I found out, however, that I could make my address in Greek which would still be English to everybody. With your permission, Mr. Chairman, I shall do it now, using with the exception of articles and prepositions only Greek words.”
First speech
“Kyrie(=Lord),
I eulogize the archons of the Panethnic Numismatic Thesaurus and the Ecumenical Trapeza for the orthodoxy of their axioms, methods and policies, although there is an episode of cacophony of the Trapeza with Hellas.
With enthusiasm we dialogue and synagonize at the synods of our didymous Organizations in which polymorphous economic ideas and dogmas are analyzed and synthesized.
Our critical problems such as the numismatic plethora generate some agony and melancholy. This phenomenon is characteristic of our epoch. But, to my thesis, we have the dynamism to program therapeutic practices as a prophylaxis from chaos and catastrophe.
In parallel, a panethnic unhypocritical economic synergy and harmonization in a democratic climate is basic.
I apologize for my eccentric monologue. I emphasize my eucharistia to you Kyrie, to the eugenic and generous American Ethnos and to the organizers and protagonists of this Amphictyony and the gastronomic symposia.”
Second speech
“Kyrie,
It is Zeus’ anathema on our epoch for the dynamism of our economies and the heresy of our economic methods and policies that we should agonise between the Scylla of numismatic plethora and the Charybdis of economic anaemia.
It is not my idiosyncrasy to be ironic or sarcastic but my diagnosis would be that politicians are rather cryptoplethorists. Although they emphatically stigmatize numismatic plethora, energize it through their tactics and practices.
Our policies have to be based more on economic and less on political criteria.
Our gnomon has to be a metron between political, strategic and philanthropic scopes. Political magic has always been antieconomic.
In an epoch characterised by monopolies, oligopolies, menopsonies, monopolistic antagonism and polymorphous inelasticities, our policies have to be more orthological. But this should not be metamorphosed into plethorophobia which is endemic among academic economists.
Numismatic symmetry should not antagonize economic acme.
A greater harmonization between the practices of the economic and numismatic archons is basic.
Parallel to this, we have to synchronize and harmonize more and more our economic and numismatic policies panethnically.
These scopes are more practical now, when the prognostics of the political and economic barometer are halcyonic.
The history of our didymous organisations in this sphere has been didactic and their gnostic practices will always be a tonic to the polyonymous and idiomorphous ethnical economics. The genesis of the programmed organisations will dynamize these policies. I sympathise, therefore, with the aposties and the hierarchy of our organisations in their zeal to programme orthodox economic and numismatic policies, although I have some logomachy with them.
I apologize for having tyrannized you with my hellenic phraseology.
In my epilogue, I emphasize my eulogy to the philoxenous autochthons of this cosmopolitan metropolis and my encomium to you, Kyrie, and the stenographers.”
Mr Xenophon Zolotas
ETYMOLOGY OF SOME ANCIENT GREEK NAMES.
The word “Macedonia” is of Greek origin. The etymology is: The resident of the ancient area “Makednon” in ancient Greek called “Makednos” (eg, see. Herodotus’ Histories, Book 1, §56: «Makednon kaleomenon”). The root “Mak-” comes from “makos”, the Doric type Atticus “length” (which is the modern Greek word). In short, the “Makednos” meant “tall man”. In the new Greek the word “long”. The same root is the source of the English prefix “macro-“, which identifies several words to mean long (macro; biotic, macro instruction;) or large (macro; cosm, macro; molecule).
The name Alexander (“the Great”) is also of Greek origin. The “Alexander”, consists of two parts in Greek: the “alex-” is a prefix meaning “protector” so we have modern Greek words “bulletproof (protects from bullets),” lightning rod “(protects from lightning), and” parachute “(protect from falling) . and “Andreas” is the general word “man.” Homer Odyssey begins as follows: “Man ennepe muse Polytropon me …” etc. In English the root “andro-” passed in words like “androgynous”, “android”, “Andrew”, and a few more.
Briefly, the “Alexander” means “protector of men”
But any other known ancient Macedonian name is also Greek origin! For example, take the name of Philip, Alexander’s father, started the expansion of the ancient Macedonian nation. And this is Greek. In Greek consists of two parts: The prefix “pro” meaning “one who likes” or “having a friendly relationship with.” This root passed into English words such as “philosophy”, “philanthropy”, and even in “Philadelphia” and “Philippines”.
And the suffix “-ippos” ie. “Horse”. This root passed into Latin as “hippo-” (the initial h is the performance of the pronunciation of the Greek CSCE), and from there into English words such as “hippopotamus” (hippopotamus; literally “river horse”) and “hippocampus” (hippocampus).
Briefly, “Philip” means “friend of horses” PHILIP From the Greek name Philip (Philippos) which means “friend of horses”, composed of the elements friend (philos) “friend” and horse (hippos) “horse”(Ex. Hipppodrome, Hippocrate etc.). This was the name of five kings of Macedon, including Philip II the father of Alexander the Great. The name appears in the New Testament belonging to two people who are regarded as saints. First, one of the twelve apostles, and second, an early figure in the Christian church known as Philip the Deacon.
ALEXANDER Latinized form of the Greek name Alexander (Alexandros), which meant “defending men” from Greek Alexis (alexo+andros=of the man:genetivus of aner) “to defend, help” and man (aner-(ἀνήρ`= man)) “andros” (-“ander” in Latin much later). In Greek mythology this was another name of the hero Paris, and it also belongs to several characters in the New Testament. However, the most famous bearer was Alexander the Great, King of Macedon. In the 4th century BC he built a huge empire out of Greece, Egypt, Persia, and parts of India. There he spred with the MOST civilized manners the Greek Civilization & Culture.
He was Highily educated in Philosophy, Astronomy, Music & Martial strategic tactics(the latest from his father). Due to his fame, and later medieval tales involving him, use of his name spread throughout Europe. AMYNTAS Derived from Greek amyntor (amyntor) meaning “defender”. This was the name of several kings of Macedon.
Agathosthenis <good courage + = good (on actions and intellect) + power = the person holding power to think and to do good. Agoraklis <purchase + market + = glory = glory he has fame in the market Agorakritos <= purchase about judgment: he judged from the market Athanasios <a (withdrawal) + at death – death = immortal (gilts. Immortality, Euthanasia etc;) Athena Atheonoa = <a (superlative) + + God = mind that from the supreme mind (the goddess Athena, xepidise from the head of Zeus). The original name was Athena and is Pelasgic origin Catherine <del + = always clean cleared Alexander <Alexia + man (b. The man) = defender, protector men (gilts. Alexandra)
Its complicated by p. Alexis’ spurn – protect “; + a man, so Alexandros originally meant” one who protects the people. ” Somehow many associate some verb Alexis to remove, giving Alexandros the importance of “he who repels men ‘. The importance of this verb is “protect” and we find eg in ancient anthroponymia Aleximvrotos (from vrotos) and Alexinor (ἀνήρ`=the man) which mean “the protector of mortals.” Note that as they have shown great linguists, the name Alexandros is ancient, as already answered in Mycenaean Greek.
Amaryllis = The Shining(from: Amarysso-αμαρυσσω=shine, radiate Amphiaraos <amfo + ara + st (suffix) = one who mitigates the curse – misfortune
Amphibios(Amphi+Bios=life) Anargyros <a (withdrawal) + silver (money) = a nonprofit (gilts. ANARGYRON) Anastasios <at + stasis = the reborn, the eternal (gilts. Anastasia) Andreas <man (b. Man) = the brave, real man, brave warrior Andromache <man (b. The man) + fight = the fighting men (ie. The great and fearless warrior) (gilts. Andromache) Andronikos <man (b. The man) win + = one who conquers men (gilts. Andro+niki) Antigonus <+ instead gignomai (born) = the worthy with generator father (gilts. Antigone) Apollo <a (superlative) + + pole las (light bulbs – they lampsis) = one who shines everywhere. According to others: a (withdrawal) many + = one who does not belong to the many Virtue <a (withdrawal) + = risis unparalleled, perfect, unique Aristarchus <archo excellent + = one who initiates (heads) of optimum Aristides <+ excellent OPD (vague: I saw) = the best on the face, the very good looking Aristomachos <excellent + = the battle honors fighting (gilts. Aristomachos) Aristonicus <+ excellent victory = one who manages the perfect victory (gilts. Aristonicus) Aristotle <+ excellent end (purpose) = the perfectionist, one who intends to excellent Aristophanes <+ excellent Fimios (say, trumpets, spread word) = one who speaks excellent Artemis <air + = intersect that cuts – crosses the air Archimedes <start + midomai (meditate) = the ruler of thought Aspasia <= female kissing the arch. adjective aspasios = happy, happy (male. Aspasios) Venus <foam + dito (= emerge) = emerging from the foam (sea) Basil <vasielefs = one who belongs to the king (gilts. Basel) Speedwell (Veronica) <from the ancient Macedonian name Fereniki> fetch = + victory that brings victory George <Ca + work = the cultivator of the land, he produced work in the land, the farmer (gilts. Georgia) Glafkonomi <Owl (or glaucous) + Act = brilliant – wise law Gregory <= quickly awake, sleepless revved Damocles <township glory + = the doxazomenos by the municipality (people), the popular Damofili <township friend + = girlfriend municipality (people), that he loves his people Despina <= overtop dominant, lady Demaratus <township + weigh (= heave) = one who elevates (morally) the municipality (population) Dimaretis <+ municipality virtue (> a + risis) = one who (with his deeds) benefit the municipality (people) (gilts. Dimareti) Dimitra <da (Doric formula of “land” is a variant of “ca”) + mother = mother earth Dimitrios = the dedicated to the goddess Demeter Democritus <township judgment: + = one who is from the municipality (population) Dimoniki <township + win = win municipality (population) Demosthenes <township vigor + = one who gives strength to the municipality (population) Dimostratos <+ troop municipality = one who is called the municipality (population) Popular (see. Damofili) Diagoras <Zeus (b. Zeus) + plead one running a speech by the power of Zeus Dikaiarchou <archo righteous + = one who is righteous ruler Dikaioklis <righteous glory + = one who glorifies the law Dikaiopolis <righteous + polis = the righteous citizen Diogenes <Zeus (b. Zeus) + = the maiden originating from Jupiter Diocles <Zeus (b. Zeus) + = the glory glorifies Jupiter Diomedes <Zeus (b. Zeus) + midomai (think =) = the thinking to the will of Zeus Dionysus <Zeus (born of Zeus) + = the mind come from the mind of Zeus Peace = eiro (hook) Helen <elon (B vague weigh = destroy) + nafs (ISO. The NDI = ship) = one for which ships destroyed Eleftherios <El (name of the Olympians) + ef + summer = one who with his coming will mean better and offered to the gods, in another interpretation:> Elefsis (> el + fair + quake – move) + courage = he who with courage and strength of the gods move everything in a good way Hermes <EPDM (= ratio) = one who takes the floor Hermogenes <Hermes (b. Hermes) + = the maiden originating from Mercury genus Home <through + God = one rushes in (home) Evangelia <ef + ad = good news, good news Evangelos <ef = + angel messenger who brings good news Eyboulos <+ ef parliament (House) = having the benevolent desire Eunomia <ef Law + = one who defines good laws (gilts. Eunomia) Eupolis <+ fair city = good citizen Evridiki <= range + righteous one possessed of great justice (male. Eurydice) Eurycleia <width + = glory that has great glory (male. Evryklis) Eurynome <= range + Law that knows many laws (male. Eurynome) Happiness <+ fair chance that has good luck (male. Eftychios) Zafirios <sapphire (sapphire) = precious (gilts. Zafiria) Zeus <Zeo (= life-giving) + ef = the provider good life Zenobia <Jean (Dorian type of Zeus = Jupiter) + life = that lives thanks to Jupiter Hegesistratos <lead + = army that led the army (male. Igistratos) Ira <day (idiom of the word “earth – earth”). In others, an anagram of the word “air” Herophilus <Ira + = girlfriend that loves Hera Heron <Ira + s = he who belongs to Hera Hephaestus <the (increase thanks euphony) + F (Achaean type “to” = light) + istimi (= possess good) = one who is well aware of the fire Theodore <god + gift = one who is a gift from God Thersites <Tarshish = one who is impudent Thrasivoulos <Tarshish + desire = the one who has tharreti (up supercilious) desire Jason <= Iasis therapist Hipparchus <= horse + archo he led the horses Hippodameia <horse + SAMe-oh = one tames horses Hippocrates <horse + territory-oh = those who control horses Hippolyte <= horse + unfasten that releases the horses (male. Hippolytus) Isocrates <= equal + I hold he kept equidistant – equality Calliope <beauty + hole (= hole mouth in a sense) = the sweet-voiced Kleovoulos <glory + House = he who wants glory Kleogenis <glory + = genus-derived glorified genus Kosmas <comely = he who is kind and kalotropos Laodice <people + trial = trial people Laomideia <+ people = midomai the thought of people Leonidas <lion + = he himself like the lion Lysistrata <unfasten (future. Solve) + = army that dissolves the army Maria <glitter (= lighten) = one sparkles [-> Mary (S48 Iliad, Odyssey l326) -> Maria (exevraismos the Greek name)] (male. Marios) Mede <= midomai the thinking (gilts. Midia) Nikareti <= victory + virtue that beats with virtue (male. Nikaretos) Nikiforos <victory fetch = + he made wins Nikolaos <win + people = one who gives victory to the people (female does not exist in ancient Greek. The new Greek is Nicoletta, epanellinismos the Frankish Nikolette) Xenokratis <stranger hold + = one who keeps (away) foreign Xenophanes <stranger fainymi + = one who resembles foreign Odefssefs <betake + = essomai those found in the street, the Wandering Homer <OMMA + APD = he who loses his eye, the blind Orestes <term stand + = one who is on the mountain, the man of the mountain, the Hillbilly Periandros <+ on man (b. The man) = one who is above the other men Pericles <+ on = the glory yperdoxos, the amply Peter <= the stone stable, the steadfast Penelope <pini (thread) + lepo (unfold) = the weaver Plato <width + s (= existing) = one who is broad (The philosopher Plato took this name because she had broad chest and forehead. Originally his name was Aristocles. Pleistonikis <pleistos (superlative of “long”) + win = one who has many victories, the POLYNIKI Poliarchos <city archo + = one who initiates the town Poseidon <potos (= river) + yielding one running gives rivers Prodikos <pre trial + = the chief justice Protagoras <first market + = one who is first in the market (ie. In common) Pythagoras <Pytho (= update -> Pytheas) market + = one who informs the market Sophia <= wisdom, erudition, profound knowledge Sophocles <wise glory + = glorious for its wisdom Spyridon <spyris (b. Spyridon = psarokofino) = one who makes baskets for fish Stratoklis <military glory + = the glorious soldier Stylianos <column = constant as the column, that one can rely on it (gilts. Styliani) Socrates <wise + keep one running observes wisely Sotirios <= savior savior Telemachus <tele battle + = one who gives battles from afar Phaedra <= blithe cheerful Filareti <friend + = virtue that loves virtue (male. Filaret) Philip <horse friend + = one who loves horses Philodemus <township friend + = one who loves the municipality (population) Philostratus <army friend + = one who loves the army Chariklia <thanks + = the famous glory for the sake of ANTIGONUS From the Greek Antigonus (Antigonos) which meant “against the ancestor”, from anti (anti) “against” and parent (goneus) “ancestor”. This was the name of one of Alexander the Great’s generals. After Alexander died, he took control of most of Asia Minor. ARCHELAUS Latinized form of the Greek name Archelaos (Archelaos), which meant “master of the people” from Aarhus (archos) “master” and Laos (laos) “people”. This was the name of a son of Herod the Great. He ruled over Judea, Samaria and Idumea. ARISTOTLE From the Greek name Aristotle (Aristoteles) which meant “the best purpose”, derived from excellent (aristos) “best” and the end (telos) “purpose, aim”. This was the name of a Greek philosopher of the 4th century BC who made lasting contributions to Western thought, including the fields of logic, metaphysics, ethics and biology. KLEITOS Means “splendid, famous” in Greek. This was the name of one of Alexander the Great’s generals.
CLEOPATRA FROM THE GREEK NAME CLEOPATRA (KLEOPATRA) WHICH MEANT “GLORY OF THE FATHER”, DERIVED FROM GLORY (KLEOS) “GLORY” COMBINED WITH FATHER (PATROS) “OF THE FATHER”. THIS WAS THE NAME OF QUEENS OF EGYPT FROM THE PTOLEMAIC ROYAL FAMILY, INCLUDING CLEOPATRA VII, THE MISTRESS OF BOTH JULIUS CAESAR AND MARK ANTONY. AFTER BEING DEFEATED BY AUGUSTUS SHE COMMITTED SUICIDE BY ALLOWING HERSELF TO BE BITTEN BY AN ASP. SHAKESPEARE’S TRAGEDY ‘ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA’ (1606) IS BASED ON HER.
THE MACEDONIAN NAME PERDIKKAS OBVIUSLY MEANS “FAMOUSLY JUST” [CA (T) – + RIGHTEOUS], BUT TO ACCEPT IT WE MUST “PROVE” SOMEHOW THE DOUBLING OF THE LETTER “K” IN THE THEME “TRIAL”, MEANING “JUSTICE”.
HELLENIC QUEST CALLED AN E-LEARNING PROGRAM THAT GREEK AS CNN BEGAN DISTRIBUTING WORLDWIDE AND INTENDED INITIALLY FOR ENGLISH SPEAKERS AND SPANISH SPEAKERS. THE TEACHING METHOD IS TO VIEW INFORMATION ON THE SCREEN OF THE / Y WHILE SOUND AND MOVING IMAGE TRANSMISSION.
CNN, IN COLLABORATION WITH THE APPLE COMPUTER COMPANY PREPARED A GREEK EASY TUTORIAL AND ENGLISH-SPEAKING US HISPANICS. THE RATIONALE BEHIND THIS INITIATIVE WAS THAT THE GREEK INTENSIFIES RATIONAL SPIRIT, SCRAPES ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ENCOURAGES CITIZENS TO CREATIVITY. THE PROGRAM IS PRODUCED BY THE LARGE CORPORATION THE H / Y APPLE, O CHAIRMAN OF WHICH JOHN SCULLY SAID: WE DECIDED TO PUSH THE GREEK TUTORIAL, BECAUSE OUR SOCIETY NEEDS A TOOL THAT WILL ALLOW TODISCOVER SO FAR. IN OTHER WORDS, THIS IS A MANIFESTATION OF THE TENDENCY TO RETURN TO THE SPIRIT WORLD CULTURE AND LANGUAGE OF THE ANCENT GREEKS. ANOTHER RELATED EVENT: THE ENGLISH BUSINESSMEN MOTIVATE SENIOR EXECUTIVES TO LEARN ANCIENT GREEK BECAUSE THEY CONTAIN A SPECIAL MEANING FOR THE AREAS OF ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT COMPANIES. IN THIS CONCLUSION ALREADY LED AFTER BRITISH SPECIAL FINDINGS THAT THE GREEK LANGUAGE REINFORCES THE LOGIC AND STIMULATES LEADERSHIP ABILITIES. SO IT HAS GREAT VALUE, NOT ONLY IN COMPUTER SCIENCE AND HIGH TECHNOLOGY, BUT ALSO IN ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION ..
THESE PROPERTIES OF GREEK LED THE CALIFORNIA UNIVERSITY IRMAIN TAKE THE HOARDING OF WEALTH … HEAD OF PROGRAM PLACED THE LINGUIST –ELLINISTRIA- MAC NTONALI AND TEACHERS E BRUNNER AND PAKARI. IN THE H/ Y IMYKO WERE EVALUATED 6 MILLION VERBAL FORMULAS OF THE ANCIENT GREEK O LANGUAGE WHEN ENGLISH HAS A TOTAL OF 490,000 WORDS AND 300 … 000 TECHNICAL TERMS, IE AS A LANGUAGE IS ONLY 1/100 OF OUR OWN. IN IMYKO CATEGORIZED 8,000 4,000 ANCIENT GREEK WRITINGS AND THE WORK CONTINUES. TALKING ABOUT IT PROFESSOR BRUNNER SAID: ANYONE WHO WONDER WHY SO MANY MILLIONS OF DOLLARS FOR THE HOARDING OF WORDS OF GREEK RESPOND: BUT THIS IS THE LANGUAGE OF OUR ANCESTORS. AND OUR CONTACT WITH THEM WILL IMPROVE THE HELLENIQUE=GREEK) CULTURE. THE PROMOTERS OF THE PROGRAM ESTIMATE THAT THE GREEK VERBAL TYPES WILL REACH THE 90 MILLION, COMPARED WITH NINE MILLION LATIN. INTEREST IN THE GREEK RESULTED FROM THE RECORDING OF INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SCIENTISTS THAT THE H / PC ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY ACCEPT AS SIGN LANGUAGE ONLY THE GREEK.
ALL OTHER LANGUAGES FEATURED SEMANTIC. SIGN LANGUAGE IS CONSIDERED THE LANGUAGE IN WHICH THE SIGNIFIER, THAT IS THE WORD, AND THE SIGNIFIED, THAT IS, THE WORD EXPRESSES (THING, IDEA, STATE), HAVE AMONG THEIR PRIMARY RELATIONSHIP. WHILE SEMANTIC IS THE LANGUAGE IN WHICH ARBITRARILY DEFINED THAT AMERICAN THING (SIGNIFIED) MEANT BY AM (SIGNIFIER). IN OTHER WORDS, THE ANCIENT GREEK LANGUAGE IS THE ONLY LANGUAGE WHOSE WORDS HAVE PRIMOGENITURE, WHILE IN ALL OTHER, WORDS ARE SYMMATIKES MEAN, THAT IS SOMETHING, JUST BECAUSE IT ‘AGREED’ AMONG THOSE WHO USE IT. ALL OF THE WORDS IN GREEK MEANS EG THE WORD ENTHUSIASM = EN+THEO – ΕΝ-ΘΕΏ (=IN-GOD) GEOMETRY = EARTH + COUNT – ΓAIA +ΜΕΤΡΏ – GAI+METRO
ANTHROPOS(=MAN = THE INARTICULATE (THE ARTICULATED REASON)(ΆΝΘΡΩΠΟΣ = Ο ΆΝΑΡΘΡΩΝ (Ο ΑΡΘΡΏΝΩΝ ΛΌΓΟ).. WE SAY CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORD-THING, WHICH IS NONEXISTENT IN OTHER LANGUAGES.
THE MOST PERFECT IMYKOS PROGRAMS KNOWLEDGE AND NEWTON REPRESENT THE VERBAL FORMULAS OF INTEGRALS IN GREEK AND IN PERFECT REPRESENTATIONAL SHAPES, WHICH CAN NOT DO IN OTHER LANGUAGES. THIS IS BECAUSE THE GREEK HAS A MATHEMATICAL STRUCTURE THAT ALLOWS THE HARMONIOUS GEOMETRICAL DISPLAY. <> PARTICULARLY USEFUL ARE THE GREEK SUFFIXES AS: TELE, LANDI = … LAND, GEO … NANO, MICRO, MEGA, PURPOSE … .ISMOS, ELECTRO …., CYCLO …., TUNER …., MACRO …., SMALL …., TRAY …., WRITES … LETTER … PLUS … … SYM, ETC .. EXAMPLE: THE KNOWN TO ALL CD = COMPACT DISK = DISK SYMPAKTOMENOS COMPUTERS CONSIDER THE GREEK LANGUAGE “NOT MARGINAL ‘, IE THAT ONLY IN THAT THERE ARE NO LIMITS AND SO IT IS NECESSARY TO NEW DISCIPLINES SUCH AS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, ELECTRONICS, THE GOVERNMENT AND OTHERS. THESE SCIENCES ONLY IN THE GREEK LANGUAGE FIND MENTAL EXPRESSIONS THEY NEED, WITHOUT WHICH SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT IS UNABLE TO PROCEED. FOR THESE REASONS THE SPANISH MEPS SOUGHT TO INTRODUCE GREEK AS THE OFFICIAL EUROPEAN UNION BECAUSE TO SPEAK OF A UNITED EUROPE WITHOUT THE GREEK IS LIKE TALKING TO A BLIND MAN ABOUT COLORS.
OF COURSE, IT CAN`T THAT ALL SUDDENLY IT BECOMES ‘OUT OF NOWHERE’ TO DISPLAY A HOMER AND WRITTEN TWO LITERARY MASTERPIECES, IT IS OBVIOUS THAT LONG AGO SHOULD HAVE BEEN A LANGUAGE (AND WRITING) HIGH LEVEL. INDEED, FROM THE ANCIENT GREEK SECRETARIAT KNOW THAT HOMER WAS NOT THE FIRST BUT THE LAST AND MOST FAMOUS OF A LONG LINE OF EPIC POETS, WHOSE NAMES HAVE SURVIVED (KREOFYLOS, PRODIKOS, ARKTINOS, ANTIMACHUS, KINAITHON, CALLIMACHUS) AND THE NAMES OF THEIR WORKS (FORONIS, FOKAIS, DANAIS, NEGRESS, PROGENY, OEDIPAL, THEBES …) HAVE NOT YET BEEN RESCUED THEMSELVES THEIR PROJECTS. POSSIBLE CREATION OF NEW WORDS THE POWER OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS ITS ABILITY TO BE MOLDED NOT ONLY PREFIX OR CONCLUSIVE BUT VARYING IN SOME CASES UP TO THE ROOT OF THE WORD (EG, “RUN” AND “WHEEL” EVEN THOUGH THEY ARE FROM THE SAME FAMILY DIFFER SLIGHTLY THE ROOT). THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS QUALIFIED TO CREATE COMPOUND WORDS WITH INCREDIBLE POTENTIAL USES, MULTIPLYING THE VOCABULARY. THE INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY WEBSTER’S (WEBSTER’S NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY) SAYS: “THE LATIN AND GREEK, ESPECIALLY THE GREEK, AN INEXHAUSTIBLE SOURCE OF MATERIAL FOR CREATING SCIENTIFIC TERMS,” WHILE THE FRENCH LEXICOGRAPHERS JEAN BOUFFARTIGUE AND ANNE-MARIE DELRIEU EMPHASIZED: “SCIENCE FINDS CONSTANTLY NEW OBJECTS OR CONCEPTS. HE NAMED THEM. THE TREASURE OF THE GREEK ROOTS IN FRONT OF HER AS LONG AS YOU DRAW FROM THERE. IT WOULD BE VERY SURPRISING NOT TO FIND THOSE IN NEED. “ THE FRENCH WRITER JACQUES LAKARRIER, STUNNED IN FRONT OF THE GRANDEUR OF GREEK, HAD DECLARED RELATIVELY: “THE GREEK LANGUAGE HAS THE CHARACTERISTIC TO OFFER ON THE WONDERFUL EXPRESSION OF ALL HIERARCHIES WITH A SIMPLE ROTATION OF THE FIRST COMPONENT. ONE HAS ONLY TO PUT A PAN – FIRST – INITIAL OVER- OR ANY OTHER INTENTION IN FRONT OF A SUBJECT. AND IF YOU COMBINE TOGETHER THESE PREFIXES, IT TAKES AN ENDLESS VARIETY OF GRADATIONS. THE PREFIXES ENCLOSED IN THE HAND, NOT AS A SEMANTIC SCALE, WHICH RISES TOWARDS THE SKY OF WORDS. “ IN HOMER’S ILIAD THETIS MOURNING THAT WILL GET THE SON OF KILLING HECTOR “DIONE AND DYSARISTOTOKEIAN IT CALLS”. THE WORD ITSELF IS A DIRGE, DYS + EXCELLENT + WHELP (= CALVE) AND MEANS SUCH ANALYZES ETYMOLOGICUM MEGA “, WHICH GAVE BIRTH TO EVIL EXCELLENT.” A FEW YEARS AGO WAS RELEASED IN SWITZERLAND IN DICTIONARY NONEXISTENT WORDS (DICTIONNAIRE DES MOTS INEXISTANTS) PROPOSING TO REPLACE FRENCH WITH CIRCUMLOCUTIONS MONOLECTIC TERMS FROM THE GREEK. EG ANDROPREIE(=MANACTING), BIOPALESTE, DYSPAREGORETE, ECOGENIARCHE, ELPIDOPHORE(=HOPE+CARRY), GLOSSOCTONIE, PHILOMATHEEM(=LEARNLOVING) TACHYMATHIE(=QUICK LEARNING), THEOPEMPTE ETC. ABOUT 2,000 ENTRIES WITH SCOPE FOR FURTHER ENRICHMENT. NOT FOR CHAUVINISTIC REASONS, BUT TO LEARN SLOWLY ARE UNAWARE OF THE TRUTH!
That is not the Alphabet is copied from elsewhere seen in that in the year 2300 BC by Homer already at the disposal of 6,500,000 primary words (first person singular present tense &) which if you multiply CH72 which calls will draw a huge number which is not the final, because do not forget that the Greek language is not sterile, born.The Greek language is the only one that can be used for H / Y due mathematical and musicality not only the alphabet-word, but the mathematical concepts generated eg The word becomes THESIS(=position): Synthesis, assault, filing, hypothesis, Exposition, Addition, prothesis, anaThesis, available Antithesis etc etc if now these words the English translation is completely unrelated.
IF WE COMPARE NOW EG THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE HAS 80,000 WORDS, OF WHICH 80% ARE GREEK AS WE INFORM THE UNIVERSITY OF WALES, AND MEASURE THAT THIS STERILE LANGUAGE EVOLVES 1000 YEARS, WE EFFORTLESSLY DRAW THE CONCLUSION THAT HOMER RECEIVES A LANGUAGE WHICH HAS A DEPTH THE YEAR 100,000 BC; 500,000 BC; WHO KNOWS …
But the ultimate proof is the same of the mathematic structure, which does not exist in any other language of the world. Do not even forget that the Creator uses math to create, so our language is necessarily related to the source (root-0/1).
BUT BEFORE THE “CRYPT” IS THE “SIGNIFIER”, IE THE CONNECTION OF WORDS WITH MEANINGS. HE SAID EARLIER THAT FOREIGN DIALECTS DEFINED BY AGREEMENT, IE SOME AGREED THAT SUCH AND SUCH A SUBJECT WOULD CALL IT “X”, WHICH MAKES THE LANGUAGES STERILE, SO THEY CAN GIVE BIRTH TO NEW WORDS, SO THERE MATHIMATIKOTITA THEREFORE CAN NOT DESCRIBE NEW CONCEPTS THAT EXIST IN NATURE, RESULTING IN THE BRAIN WHERE IT CAN NOT DESCRIBE THROUGH NEW WORDS NEW MEANINGS REMAIN IN THE DARK, SO THE NEURONS OF THE BRAIN DOES NOT GENERATE NEW AS OPPOSED TO THOSE WHO USE THE GREEK.
HOW COULD EG THE ENGLISH OR THE FRENCH OR THE X, Y WITH A WORD THAT HAS 10 CONCEPTS TO DESCRIBE ACCURATELY AND THEREFORE CLEARLY A DEEPER MEANING? LET ALONE THE MULTIPLE ASPECTS OF THIS? IT CAN NOT BE SO WHY ALL STARTED HERE. IT MEANS THEREFORE IS CONNECTING THE SIGNAL TO THE SIGNIFIED, THAT THE WORD ITSELF IS GENERATED IN SUCH A MANNER THAT DESCRIBES THE MEANING ESOKLEINEI INSTRUMENTS.
EXAMPLE: THE NAMING OF THE WORD CURRY (WALNUT), AS WE READ IN THESECRETREALTRUTH, FROM AN OBSERVATION OF NATURE (AS ALL WORDS), IE WHEN TWO HORNED ANIMALS (RAMS, GOATS ETC.) TRA.KAR.OUN WITH KER.ATA THEIR SOUNDS “CRACK” OR “FEM”, THE SOUND HE GAVE THE NAME “HORN” (HORN) THE HORN GAVE THE NAME OF THE STATE OR SKULL (HEAD) AND THE NICKNAMES OF THIS CURRY (SMALL HEAD). CURRY (NUT) LOOKS AMAZING TO THE HUMAN HEAD AND THE INTERIOR OF THE BRAIN. Y IS THE ROOT OF THE VERB YO (RAIN) WHERE Y IS CONCAVITY (OR CONVEXITY) THAT MATES SOMETHING, RAIN (WATER ELEMENT) ENTERS (NEST) INTO THE EARTH.
THE MUSICAL – NUMERIC ALPHABET CREATES MUSICAL – MATHEMATICAL WORDS THAT DESCRIBE RESPECTIVE CONCEPTS WHICH COME FROM THE OBSERVATION OF NATURE IE OF CREATION SO BY EXTENSION OF THE SAME CREATOR, BUT THE QUESTION IS HOW MANY MILLENNIA MAY BE NEEDED TO CREATE THIS PERFECT MATHEMATICAL COMPLEX LETTERS ARE NUMBERS, YET MUSICAL TONES AND WORDS THAT ALL THE NUMBERS AND MUSIC TONES INTO THEIR HIDE EXCEPT FOR COMPLEX MUSICAL HARMONIES, CONCEPTS WHICH ARE NOT RANDOM AT ALL BUT AFTER EXTENSIVE OBSERVATION OF NATURE?
ARGUABLY, THEREFORE OUR ANTISTHENES RECALLS “WISDOM AUTHORITY NAMES VISITATION”DE GROOT (NETHERLANDS HOMERIC TEXTS PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MONTREAL)
“THE GREEK LANGUAGE HAS CONTINUITY AND TEACHES TO BE OWNERLESS AND GOT A GLORY, THAT AN OPINION. IN THIS LANGUAGE THERE IS NO ORTHODOXY. SO EVEN IF THE EDUCATION SYSTEM WANTS PEOPLE LAW-ABIDING – A MOLD – THE SPIRIT OF ANCIENT TEXTS AND LANGUAGE IN LEARNING TO BE A BOSS. “ JAMES JOYCE (FAMOUS IRISH AUTHOR, 1882-1941)
“ALMOST AFRAID TO TOUCH THE ODYSSEY, THE OPPRESSIVE BEAUTY IS UNBEARABLE.” THE GREAT FRENCH WRITER JACQUES LAKARRIER SAID:
“IN GREEK THERE IS A VERTIGO OF WORDS, BECAUSE ONLY SHE EXPLORED, RECORDED AND ANALYZED THE INNERMOST PROCESSES OF SPEECH AND LANGUAGE, MORE THAN ANY OTHER LANGUAGE.” THE GREAT FRENCH ENLIGHTENER VOLTAIRE HAD SAID
“MAY THE GREEK LANGUAGE TO BECOME COMMON ALL PEOPLES.” THE FRENCH PROFESSOR AT THE SORBONNE SAID CHARLES FORIEL
“THE GREEK HAS HOMOGENEITY AS THE GERMAN, BUT RICHER THAN THAT. HE HAS THE CLARITY OF THE FRENCH, BUT IT HAS GREATER PRECISION. IT IS MORE FLEXIBLE THAN THE ITALIAN AND MUCH MORE HARMONIOUS THAN THE SPANISH. IS THAT WHAT IT TAKES TO BE CONSIDERED THE MOST BEAUTIFUL LANGUAGE OF EUROPE. “ MARIANNA MCDONALD, PROFESSOR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AND HEAD OF TLG SAID
“KNOWLEDGE OF GREEK IS ESSENTIAL FOUNDATION OF HIGH CULTURAL CULTIVATION.” THE BLIND AMERICAN WRITER HELEN KELLER HAD TOLD
“IF THE VIOLIN IS THE MOST PERFECT MUSICAL INSTRUMENT, THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS THE VIOLIN OF HUMAN THOUGHT.“ JOHN GOETHE (THE GREATEST POET OF GERMANY, 1749-1832)
“I LISTENED TO ST. PETER’S IN ROME THE GOSPEL IN ALL LANGUAGES. THE GREEK RESONATED STAR GLOWING IN THE NIGHT. “ DIALOGUE OF GOETHE WITH HIS DISCIPLES:
-DASKALE WHAT TO READ TO BECOME WISE AS YOU?
-THE GREEK CLASSICS.
-AND WHEN WE FINISH THE GREEK CLASSICS WHAT TO READ?
-OLD GREEK CLASSICS. GEORGE BERNARD SHAW (GREAT IRISH PLAYWRIGHT, 1856-1950)
“IF THE LIBRARY OF YOUR HOME YOU DO NOT HAVE THE WORKS OF ANCIENT GREEK AUTHORS, THEN YOU LIVE IN A HOUSE WITHOUT LIGHT.” MARK TILLIOS CICERO (THE FOREMOST MAN OF ANCIENT ROME, 106-43 BC)
“IF THE GODS SPEAK, THEN CERTAINLY USE THE LANGUAGE OF THE GREEKS.” HUMPHREY KITTY (ENGLISH PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL, 1968)
“IT’S THE NATURE OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS CLEAN, PRECISE AND COMPLEX. THE AMBIGUITY AND LACK OF DIRECT ENORASEOS FEATURING SOMETIMES ENGLISH AND GERMAN, IS COMPLETELY FOREIGN TO THE GREEK LANGUAGE. “ IRINA KOVALEVA (MODERN RUSSIAN PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY LOMONOSOV, 1995)
“THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS BEAUTIFUL LIKE HEAVEN TO THE STARS.” RH ROBINS (CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH LINGUIST, PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON)
“OF COURSE NOT ONLY IN LINGUISTICS WHERE GREEKS WERE PIONEERS IN EUROPE. OVERALL EUROPE’S SPIRITUAL LIFE GOES BACK TO THE WORK OF GREEK THINKERS.
EVEN TODAY WE RETURN UNCEASINGLY IN GREEK HERITAGE TO FIND STIMULATION AND ENCOURAGEMENT. “ FREDERICK SAGKREDO (BASQUE LINGUISTICS PROFESSOR – CHAIRMAN OF THE GREEK ACADEMY OF VASKONIAS)
“THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS THE BEST LEGACY THAT HAS BEEN AVAILABLE TO THE MAN ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE BRAIN. AGAINST ALL GREEK AND INSIST ALL LANGUAGES ARE INADEQUATE. “
“THE ANCIENT GREEK LANGUAGE SHOULD BECOME THE SECOND LANGUAGE OF ALL EUROPEANS, ESPECIALLY THE CULTURED PEOPLE.”
“THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS OF DIVINE ESSENCE.” HEINRICH SCHLIEMANN (RENOWNED AMATEUR ARCHAEOLOGIST, 1822-1890)
“EVERYTHING I WANTED PASSIONATELY TO LEARN GREEK. I DID NOT DO IT BECAUSE I WAS AFRAID THAT THE DEEP CHARM OF THIS MAGNIFICENT LANGUAGE WOULD ABSORB SO MUCH THAT WOULD HAVE REMOVED MY OTHER ACTIVITIES. “(THE SCHLIEMANN SPOKE 18 LANGUAGES SEAMLESSLY. FOR TWO YEARS DID NOTHING OTHER THAN THE STUDYING 2 POEMS OF HOMER). IBN KHALDOUN (LARGEST ARAB HISTORIAN)
“WHERE IS THE SECRETARIAT OF THE ASSYRIANS, THE CHALDEANS, THE EGYPTIANS? ALL MANKIND HAS INHERITED THE SECRETARIAT OF THE GREEKS ALONE. “ WILL DURANT (AMERICAN HISTORIAN AND PHILOSOPHER, PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF COLUMBIA)
“OUR ALPHABET CAME FROM GREECE BY KIMI AND ROME. OUR LANGUAGE IS LITTERED GREEK WORDS. OUR SCIENCE ESFYRILATISE MIAN INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE BY THE GREEK TERMS. OUR GRAMMAR AND OUR RHETORIC, EVEN THE PUNCTUATION AND THE DIVISION AREAS PARAGRAPHS … IS GREEK INVENTIONS. OUR GENRES ARE GREEKS – THE LYRIC, THE ODE, THE ROMANCE, THE NOVEL, THE ESSAY, THE PROSFONISIS, BIOGRAPHY, HISTORY AND ABOVE ALL THE VISION. AND ALMOST ALL OF THESE WORDS ARE GREEK. “ JACQUELINE DE ROMIGY (MODERN FRENCH ACADEMICIAN AND AUTHOR)
“ANCIENT GREECE OFFERS US A LANGUAGE, WHICH WILL SAY THAT IT IS UNIVERSAL.”
“EVERYONE NEEDS TO LEARN GREEK, BECAUSE THE GREEK LANGUAGE HELPS US FIRST OF ALL TO UNDERSTAND OUR OWN LANGUAGE.” BRUNO SNELL (DISTINGUISHED PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG)
“THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS THE PAST OF THE EUROPEANS.” FRANGKISKOS LIGKORA (MODERN ITALIAN UNIVERSITY PROFESSOR AND PRESIDENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY FOR THE DISSEMINATION OF CULTURE)
“GREEKS CAN BE PROUD TO SPEAK THE GREEK LANGUAGE ALIVE AND THE MOTHER OF ALL OTHER LANGUAGES. DO NOT NEGLECT, SINCE THIS IS ONE OF THE FEW GOODS WE HAVE LEFT AND ALSO YOUR PASSPORT TO THE WORLD CIVILIZATION. “ THE. VANTROUSKA (PROFESSOR OF LINGUISTICS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA)
“FOR A JAPANESE OR TURKISH, ALL EUROPEAN LANGUAGES ARE NOT SEEN AS SEPARATE BUT AS DIALECTS OF ONE AND THE SAME LANGUAGE, GREEK.” PETER JONES (PHD – PROFESSOR AT OXFORD UNIVERSITY WHO DRAFTED LESSONS OF ANCIENT GREEK WITH READERSHIP, FOR PUBLICATION IN THE NEWSPAPER «DAILYTELEGRAPH»)
THE GREEKS OF ATHENS IN THE 5TH AND 4TH CENTURY HAD REACHED THE LANGUAGE TO THE POINT THAT WITH HER TO EXPLORE IDEAS SUCH AS DEMOCRACY AND THE ORIGINS OF THE UNIVERSE, CONCEPTS SUCH AS SULFUR AND LAW. IT IS A WONDERFUL AND GREAT LANGUAGE. “ GILBERT MURRAY (PROFESSOR, UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD)
“THE GREEK IS THE PERFECT LANGUAGE. OFTEN ONE FINDS THAT A THOUGHT CAN BE EXPRESSED WITH EASE AND GRACE IN GREEK, AND BECOMES DIFFICULT AND SEVERE IN LATIN, ENGLISH, FRENCH OR GERMAN. IT IS THE PERFECT LANGUAGE, BECAUSE IT EXPRESSES THE THOUGHTS MOST PERFECT PEOPLE. “ MAX VON LAYE (NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS)
“I GRACES IN DIVINE PROVIDENCE, BECAUSE IT PLEASED TO TEACH ANCIENT GREEK, WHO HELPED ME TO PENETRATE DEEPER INTO THE MEANING OF SCIENCE.” E, NORDEN (THE GREAT GERMAN PHILOLOGIST)
“IN ADDITION TO CHINESE AND JAPANESE, ALL OTHER LANGUAGES WERE FORMED UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF GREEK, FROM WHICH THEY TOOK, BESIDES MANY WORDS, RULES AND GRAMMAR.” MARTIN HEIDEGGER (GERMAN PHILOSOPHER, OF THE MAIN REPRESENTATIVES OF EXISTENTIALISM IN THE 20TH CENTURY)
“THE ANCIENT GREEK LANGUAGE BELONGS TO THE STANDARDS THROUGH WHICH SHOWCASE THE SPIRITUAL FORCES OF CREATIVE GENIUS, BECAUSE WITH RESPECT TO THE POSSIBILITIES PROVIDED IN THOUGHT, IS THE MOST POWERFUL AND YET THE MOST WITTY OF ALL LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD.” DAVID CRYSTAL (AKA ENGLISH PROFESSOR, AUTHOR OF THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CAMBRIDGE FOR THE ENGLISH)
“IT’S AMAZING TO SEE HOW MUCH MORE WE RELY ON THE GREEK, TO TALK ABOUT ENTITIES AND EVENTS AT THE HEART OF MODERN LIFE.” MICHAEL VENTRIS (THE MAN WHO DECIPHERED THE LINEAR B)
“THE ANCIENT GREEK LANGUAGE WAS AND IS HIGHER ALL THE OLD AND NEW LANGUAGES.” R.H. ROBINS (LINGUIST AND AUTHOR)
“THE GREEK TRIUMPH IN THE SPIRITUAL CULTURE IS THAT GAVE SO MUCH TO SO MANY SECTORS […]. THEIR ACHIEVEMENTS IN THE FIELD OF LINGUISTICS WHICH WAS EXTREMELY STRONG, IE THE THEORY OF GRAMMAR AND GRAMMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE LANGUAGE IS STRONG ENOUGH TO MERIT AND TO WITHSTAND CRITICISM. ALSO BE SUCH AS TO INSPIRE GRATITUDE AND OUR ADMIRATION. “ LUIS JOSÉ NAVARRO (DEPUTY TO THE EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM “EVROKLASSIKA” OF THE EU)
“THE GREEK LANGUAGE FOR ME IS LIKE COSMOGONY. IT IS NOT JUST A LANGUAGE … “ JUAN JOSE PUHANA ARZA (BASQUE HELLENIST AND POLITICIAN)
“WE MUST PROCLAIM THAT THERE HAS BEEN IN THE WORLD A LANGUAGE WHICH CAN BE COMPARED TO THE CLASSICAL GREEK.” D’EICHTAL (FRENCH AUTHOR)
“THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS A LANGUAGE WHICH HAS ALL THE FEATURES, ALL THE CONDITIONS OF AN INTERNATIONAL TONGUE … TOUCHES THESE SAME BEGINNINGS OF CIVILIZATION … WHICH NOT ONLY THERE WAS NO STRANGER TO NONE OF THE MAJOR EVENTS OF THE HUMAN SPIRIT, RELIGION, IN POLITICS, IN LITERATURE, THE ARTS, THE SCIENCES, BUT WAS ALSO THE FIRST TOOL – TO SCAN ALL THESE – SO TO SPEAK, THE WOMB … LANGUAGE LOGIC WHILE EUPHONIC, AMONG ALL THE OTHER … “ THEODORE F. BRUNNER (TLG FOUNDER AND DIRECTOR UNTIL 1997)
“ANYONE WHO WONDER WHY SO MANY MILLIONS OF DOLLARS SPENT ON THE HOARDING OF GREEK WORDS, WE REPLY: BUT THIS IS THE LANGUAGE OF OUR ANCESTORS AND CONTACT WITH THEM WILL IMPROVE OUR CULTURE.” JACQUES LANG (FRENCH MINISTRY OF EDUCATION)
“I WOULD LIKE TO SEE TO LEARN ANCIENT GREEK, WITH THE SAME ZEAL THAT WE DEMONSTRATE, AND GREEK SCHOOLS.” IN HIS WORK “A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE” BY THE FAMOUS LINGUIST A.. MEILLET, SUPPORTED STRONGLY THE SUPERIORITY OF GREEK OVER OTHER LANGUAGES.
The name of Apollo itself—though not Paean, a possible name of a precursor god to or epithet of him—is generally considered to be absent from the Linear B (Mycenean Greek) texts although it is possible that the name is in fact attested in the lacunose form ]pe-rjo-[ (Linear B: ]-[) on the KN E 842 tablet.The spelling Ἀπόλλων (pronounced [a.pól.lɔːn] in Classical Attic) had almost superseded all other forms by the beginning of the common era, but the Doric form Apellon (Ἀπέλλων), is more archaic, derived from an earlier *Ἀπέλjων. It probably is a cognate to the Doric month Apellaios (Ἀπελλαῖος), and the offerings apellaia (ἀπελλαῖα) at the initiation of the young men during the family-festival apellai (ἀπέλλαι).According to some scholars the words are derived from the Doric word apella (ἀπέλλα), which originally meant “wall,” “fence for animals” and later “assembly within the limits of the square.”[Apella (Ἀπέλλα) is the name of the popular assembly in Sparta,[9] corresponding to the ecclesia (ἐκκλησία). R. S. P. Beekes rejected the connection of the theonym with the noun apellai and suggested a Pre-Greek proto-form *Apalyun.Several instances of popular etymology are attested from ancient authors. Thus, the Greeks most often associated Apollo’s name with the Greek verb ἀπόλλυμι (apollymi), “to destroy”. Plato in Cratylus connects the name withἀπόλυσις (apolysis), “redeem”, with ἀπόλουσις (apolousis), “purification”, and with ἁπλοῦν ([h]aploun), “simple”, in particular in reference to the Thessalian form of the name, Ἄπλουν, and finally with Ἀειβάλλων (aeiballon), “ever-shooting”. Hesychius connects the name Apollo with the Doric ἀπέλλα (apella), which means “assembly”, so that Apollo would be the god of political life, and he also gives the explanation σηκός (sekos), “fold”, in which case Apollo would be the god of flocks and herds. In the Ancient Macedonian language πέλλα (pella) means “stone,” and some toponyms may be derived from this word: Πέλλα (Pella,[14] the capital of Ancient Macedonia) and Πελλήνη(Pellēnē/Pallene)
Language
7270-year-old Tablet Found in Kastoria Calls into Question History of Writing
Back in 1993, in a Neolithic lakeshore settlement that occupied an artificial island near the modern village of Dispilio on Lake Kastoria in the Kastoria Prefecture, professor George Hourmouziadis and his team unearthed the Dispilio Tablet (also known as the Dispilio Scripture or the Dispilio Disk), a wooden tablet bearing inscribed markings (charagmata) that has been carbon 14-dated to about 7300 BP (5260 BC).
In February 2004, during the announcement of the Tablet’s discovery to the world, Hourmouziadis claimed that the text with the markings could not be easily publicized because it would ultimately change the current historical background concerning the origins of writing and articulate speech depicted with letters instead of ideograms within the borders of the ancient Greek world and by extension, the broader European one.
According to the Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, the markings suggested that the current theory proposing that the ancient Greeks received their alphabet from the ancient civilizations of the Middle East (Babylonians, Sumerians and Phoenicians etc) fails to close the historic gap of some 4,000 years. This gap translates into the following facts: while ancient eastern civilizations would use ideograms to express themselves, the ancient Greeks were using syllables in a similar manner like we use today.
The currently accepted historic theory taught around the world suggests that the ancient Greeks learned to write around 800 BC from the Phoenicians. However, a question emerges among scholars: how is it possible for the Greek language to have 800,000 word entries, ranking first among all known languages in the world, while the second next has only 250,000 word entries? How is it possible for the Homeric Poems to have been produced at about 800 BC, which is just when the ancient Greeks learned to write? It would be impossible for the ancient Greeks to write these poetic works without having had a history of writing of at least 10,000 years back, according to a US linguistic research.
The tablet is 2,000 years older than the written findings from the Sumerian era and 4,000 years older than the Cretan-Mycenean linear types of writing.
The markings on the tablet did not resemble the human figures, the sun and moon or other figures ideograms usually depict. They actually showed signs of advanced apheresis, which indicates they are the result of cognitive processes.
The tablet was partially damaged when it was exposed to the oxygen-rich environment outside of the mud and water in which it was immersed for a long period of time, and it is now under conservation. The full academic publication of the tablet apparently awaits the completion of the work of conservation
– See more at: http://greece.greekreporter.com/2012/07/16/7270-year-old-tablet-found-in-kastoria-calls-into-question-history-of-writing/#sthash.o0yDtSd4.dpuf
ALEXANDER THE GREAT – ”Medallion” East of the Empire, Beroia (provincial capital of Macedonia, the Heart of Greece), 3rd century A.D., Gold, Diam. 54 mm; 96.3 g Museu Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisboa
The obverse shows the diademed head of Alexander the Great (r. 336-323 BC). This posthumous and idealized portrait includes symbols of Alexander’s deification, one of which is the ram’s horn, characteristic of the Egyptian god Amon. This iconography derives from the type of coin introduced by one of Alexander’s immediate successors, King Lysimachos of Thrace (297-281 BC).
The reverse shows a hunting scene, with the hunter’s spear piercing a wild boar that is being attacked by two dogs. The legend “King Alexander”, which appears to the left and above, identifies the hunter.
The “medallion” is part of a treasure including twenty similar pieces found in Aboukir, Egypt, in 1902. The designation “medallion” is purely a matter of convention based on the piece’s morphology and size, as the use given to such pieces cannot be definitively established.
likely that Homeric Epics to have been handed down in writing (Mistriotis, J. Highget, H. Blanc, Jacqueline De Romiguy).
In view of the above, it is necessary to continue the interdisciplinary research, whose conclusions of the different sciences should converge, especially towards those of Archaeogenetics and Population Genetics , due to their rapid evolutions. The Greek language, a phenomenon of continuity and radiation, continues to be an object of admiration and study by leading linguists, Hellenists and intellectuals. According to the world-renowned Hellenist and professor of linguistics FR Adrados, Greek has left its indelible stamp on all the Western European languages that are considered semi-Hellenic or crypto-Hellenic , and according to the famous Hellenist professor at the University of Oxford Gilbert Murray, Greek is the most perfect language of the world . Indeed, the Greek language, written and spoken, is an achievement of the human spirit of unsurpassed perfection . Posted by
For devotees of “Indo-European” reeds. Indian relief “Heracles the protector of the Buddha”.
The Indo-Europeans allegedly and without evidence, in 2300, the Greeks and Herakles before 7,000.
BUDDAH with DIONYSOS as patron next to him, in 7000. The Greeks lived in Asia (Greek name) since prehistoric times and had excellent relations with the Asians.
Some LOW LEVEL individuals are promoting this tree as… linguistic history(!!), how FUNNY it is when one of the two central trunks starts with the word European which ALL Greeks know that the word EUROPE is from GREEK MYTHOLOGY-COSMOLOGY and the word Hellenic should have been placed there instead, it comes later in a branch with Greek, that is, they again separate the ancient from the modern Greek… how complex now when they know that if they remove our language from their vocabularies, the whole trunk will collapse!
And the pacifier Indo India another Greek word is the basis….POOR “scientists” tells you!
The University professors who, INSTEAD OF SERVING the TRUTH keep a FISHY SILENCE in the FACE of the DESTRUCTION of HISTORY AND LANGUAGE, and EVEN MORE so those who appoint them to their positions, are considered guilty.
Just as unfortunately today everything on our planet IS SICK, so in our country there is a morbid lack of meritocracy, so that positions and positions are held by unfit people with only the virtue of acquaintances and their submission to what the globalization agenda naturally imposes.
However, be aware of this: just as the PHYSICAL TAXIS cannot be changed either by laws or by force, so it is NEVER allowed to be practiced for a long time to the detriment of the humanizing Greek Speech and our humanizing Language.
It is only a matter of time for the repentant human race, after being soiled in the spiritual mud, to take REFUSE ONCE AGAIN in the THREADS of the LIGHT-GIVING GREEK CULTURE ORDER to BE REBORN.
“…the Greek alphabet existed at the time of ATLANTIS, 9,500 BC, since PLATO speaks of inscriptions with oaths as well as names of kings carved into vows, and therefore carried history at least from 15,000 BC. But according to the “PHILHELLENIC” pile researchers, it comes from…. the Phoenician alphabet of the 14th century BC. That is, the wretches have deliberately
….They “FORGOTTEN” to multiply the history of Greece and its language x 10!!!
The RIGHT of the STRONGER:
BARBARIC lies persist about the origins of ancient Greek cities such as Persepolis, Petra and Baalbek, among others, falsely attributed to having been built by the Persians, Phoenicians, Carthagenians, Nabateans and Romans respectively. The Persians found the abandoned city of Persepolis (built by descendants of Perseus), and theNabateans who were nomadic herders found and made the abandoned Petra their home. The Romans would invade and falsely put their tag on everything they conquered.
One such work was the KYBALION which he and others translated from existing archaic works. History, origin, art and high technology have all been stolen, looted and claimed by others. Newton also stole claim to the laws of motion and physics, gaining this knowledge from ancient texts which he secretly held.
THE GREEKS SHOULD NEVER LEARN that: DEMOCRITUS , PYTHAGORAS, HERACLEITOS completely formulated the theory of NUCLEAR PHYSICS and SPECIAL RELATIVITY, unifying into formulas, as ELECTRICITY, GRAVITY, MAGNETISM, ASTRONOMY, and the Weak Currents of NUCLEAR ATOMS.
EVERY CIVILIZATION is judged by WHAT it left behind…BUT….
THE GREEKS MUST NEVER LEARN, that: the ASTRONOMERS MATHEMATICIANS: EUDOXUS, CALLIPOS
, ARISTARCHOS, ANAXIMANDROS, EUKLIDES, ARCHIMEDES, CONON, HIPPARCHUS, CLEOMEDES, APOLLONIOS, PTOLEMY, THEON, HYPATIA, PAPPUS, had EXHAUSTED the LIMITS of human INTELLIGENCE by solving MENTALY WITHOUT GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION equations of 12 unknowns (twelve equations twelve unknowns) while the limit of today’s computers is “7 equations 7 unknowns”. Because the THIEVES of ANCIENT KNOWLEDGE, AS: – KEPLER, GALILEO, COPERNICUS etc. MUST be SHOWN!! …
The GREEKS SHOULD NOT KNOW that: the ENGINEERS – TECHNICIANS: EUPALINOS, SOSTRATOS, HERON, ZOSIMOS, KALLINIKOS, manufactured TOPOGRAPHIC instruments for TRIGONOMETRIC SURVEYING, AUTOMATIC mechanisms and instruments for ELECTRICAL applications, because the SWINDLER EDISON MUST be SHOWN as the INVENTOR of … ELECTRICITY, ALTHOUGH the above GREEKENGINEERS used the ELECTRON (AMBER) as a NATURAL ACCUMULATOR of STATIC ELECTRICITY in technical applications…
The Greeks MUST NOT KNOW that: the GEOGRAPHERS – EXPLORERS SKYLAX, PYTHEAS, EUDOXUS, STRABON, PAUSANIAS, COSMAS the INDIKOPLEISTIS, HECATAEUS, had mapped the ENTIRE surface of the planet, because there is a danger that the Greeks will learn that ATLANTIS and the AMERICAN CONTINENT belonged administratively in DELPHI, while Asia belonged administratively to SARDIS, with the central coordinator being the APOLLONIAN Center of DELOS, to which the Transborean Greeks (Northern Siberia) sent as a token of recognition “every year, choice grain”, through the Greek ARIMASPAS and ISSIDONES and MASSAGESTAE of CENTRAL and SOUTHERN SIBERIA.
The GREEKS should NOT KNOW THAT THE GREEK DOCTORS, GALENOS, CELSIUS, HERACLIDES, HEROPHILUS, PRAXAGORAS, AGNODIKIS, KTIRIAS, HIPPOCRATES, ERIVIOTIS, CARRIED OUT “balancing electromagnetic fluids of the body” treatments by regulating the alkalinity and acidity of the organs. That they were making cures using “left-handed amino acids” (antibiotics) obtained from plants, fully knowing that only recently did molecular biology discover the action-reaction of left-handed amino acids (antibiotics) with right-handed amino acids (organism proteins).
The Greeks must not learn that the symbols “LEFT-CROWNED SWASTIKA” and “RIGHT-CROWNED SWASTIKA” were SYMBOLS of PHYSICS and MATHEMATICS, by which the Greeks PYTHAGORAS and DEMOCRITUS and ARISTARCHOS expressed right-handed and left-handed nuclei of atoms, planets, solar systems, galaxies and cosmic domains clusters of galaxies.
2500 years ago HIPPOCRATES performed brain and heart surgery...
Despite the almost non-existent means of his time, HIPPOCRATES performed DIFFICULT surgeries. He and his students successfully treated orthopedic, cardiac and basic surgery cases. HIPPOCRATES even performed operations on the human skull, as we read in SEVERAL of his works… In addition to the operation itself, HIPPOCRATES attached great importance to the preparation of the patient and the operating room.
In the work Kat’iatreion, he describes in detail how the patient should be prepared before the operation, how the tools are sterilized, how the space is shaped, but also how artificial and natural light is used during the operation...
American archaeobotanists were ABLE for the FIRST time to study and analyze the contents of pills made by doctors in ANCIENT Greece and which were discovered 20 years ago, in a Greek shipwreck off the coast of TUSCANY…
DNA analyzes showed that each pill was a mixture of at least ten different plant extracts, including hibiscus and celery. “For the first time, we now have physical EVIDENCE of what is contained in the writings of the ANCIENT Greek physicians DIOSCORIDIS and GALENOS,” said ALLEN TWO WAY of the SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION’s NATIONAL Museum of NATURAL HISTORY in WASHINGTON , according to New Scientist..
A sensational speech about the Greek language and its authentic Greek writing (alphabet) which does not come from the Phoenicians and the non-existent “Indo-Europeans” , a theory that calls for it to be removed from school books , was given at the Academy of Athens by its outgoing President, Akadimaikos Antonios Kounadis on January 14, 2019 AD , closing his annual term there.
The following text of his speech was first published on the website of the ” Estia” newspaper.
THE ORIGIN OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE: SPOKEN AND WRITTEN
Speech by the former president of the Academy of Athens, Antonio Kounadis
delivered at the Academy of Athens on January 14, 2019.
THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS THE HIGHEST CULTURAL GOOD
“The opinion put forward in the 18th century, that the Greek language belongs to the Indo-European family of languages , as well as the opinion that the Greek alphabet is of Phoenician-Semitic origin, have been the subject of intense debates and disputes that continue to this day. Two issues, which should not leave any Greek indifferent, since the most important asset of our cultural heritage, the Greek language , spoken and written, inextricably linked to the identity, continuity, survival and perspective of Hellenism , is a matter all of us.
Of course also the speaker, due to my long-term involvement with Education and my related article, with which I formalized the harmful legislative interventions in our language, with the pseudo-labeled characterization as Educational Reforms .
Given that these two topics are interdisciplinary in nature and in fact the subject of many different sciences, my attempt in this case is to present authentic opinions of linguists, archaeologists, historians, anthropologists, paleontologists , so that more light can be shed on these two complicated and even dark topics, based on the latest findings and developments in human archaeogenetics (aDNA) and population genetics . Developments, which overturned or even confirmed previous assumptions
ARISTOTLE: HELLENICIZES IT IS THE RIGHT NAME OF IT
In Plato’s Cratylus , which is a dialogue about the correctness of names with interlocutors Hermogenes, the philosopher-mathematician Cratylus (founder of a philosophical school in the 5th century BC) and Socrates, the beginnings of Comparative Linguistics can be found in what it concerns names of barbarians (i.e. foreigners) and the comparative method (as it concerns the dialects of Greek, e.g. Aeolian, Doric, Ionic, Attic, etc.), as well as the beginnings of Etymology for how the correct nomenclature is determined (naming) of words (names), nature or law . According to natural definition (according to Cratylos), there is an agreement between a name (word) and its etymological conceptual content (i.e. between signifier and signified), while according to the legal definition of names (words) naming is conventional Greek language is preeminently conceptual or semantic, i.e. there is a causal relationship between nouns-words and their etymological meaning .
According to Plato (Kratylus, 435-436) ” he who believes in names, believes in things” . First, Dionysius of Halicarnassus (1st century BC) in his work “On the Composition of Names” considers Plato to be the founder of Etymology, writing: “The super-etymology discourse was first introduced by Plato in multiple men and allothi, indeed in the Cratylus.” . Regarding the value of the semantic property of names, Aristotle points out: “Reason, if it does not state, will not do its own work.” (The Art of Rhetoric C. 2149), then he does not exclude the Greek with the phrase: ” To Hellenizes is the right name .” (Art of rhetoric C. 4.1407).
HEISENBERG, NOBEL LAUREATE FOR ANCIENT GREEK But even in recent times, the
German philosopher-physicist Wenner Heisenberg (Nobel Prize 1932) had declared: ”
The term in the ancient Greek language was my most important intellectual exercise. In this language there is the most complete correspondence between the word and the conceptual content . If the first alphabet (more precisely, a writing system) is Semitic-Phoenician and if the Phoenicians (a branch of the Semitic race that distinguished itself in shipping and trade) took it from the Hebrews and transmitted it to the Greeks, it has become the subject of many discussions and disputes. Related topics for investigation are when the Phoenician immigrants settled in Phoenicia and which are the oldest inscriptions or written texts of the Phoenician culture.
HERODOTUS: “it seems to me…” Regarding the existing opinion about the origin of the Greek alphabet from the “Phoenician letters”, that is, from the Phoenician essentially “Syllabary”, it is worth noting that the “Phoenicians based this opinion mainly on the well-known
saying of Herodotus: “The Phoenicians … brought in teachers Greeks and words and letters did not exist before Greeks, as I believe…” . That is, Herodotus formulates this with reservation (as I do), referring vaguely to letters and not to the letters of a specific scripture.
DIODORUS SIKELIOTIS: “the Phoenicians took it from others”
However, the historian Diodorus the Sicilian (E 74) does not agree with Herodotus’ opinion (E 74), who clarifies that the so-called “Phoenician letters” are not an invention of the Phoenicians but an adaptation of other letters, that is, of the Hellenic-Cretan ones, stating : They are not found from the beginning, but the types of the letters are only shifted ,…”.
NO PHOENICIAN INSCRIPTIONS WERE NEVER FOUND
Let it be noted that the Phoenicians, as seen from various historical sources, settled in Phoenicia (today’s Lebanon and partly Syria) mixed with the native Canaanites between 1,200 and 1,100 BC. Written texts or inscriptions about the Phoenician culture have not been found until today.
THERE WAS GREEK SCRIPTURE DURING THE TRONIC WAR (1,200 BC) Based on historical data, inscriptions and many references to (known) texts of ancient Greek authors, it has been accepted by the international scientific community that
the Greek (alphabetic) writing probably existed before the time of the Trojan War . (We do not mean Linear A or B or certainly the most ancient Cretan hieroglyphic writing through ideograms.) However, the Greek (alphabetic) writing seems to have existed before the times of Homer, based on historical sources. E.g. in the Iliad (describing the Trojan War),
Homer , referring to Bellerephon, writes ”
signs that you have written on a canvas with a tymophothora many “. (Letter of Proitus to his father-in-law, Iovatis. G 169.) Also, according to the philosopher and
historian Porphyry (3rd AD century), Homer wrote the Iliad “not at all, not continuously, because they are contiguous, but” he
wrote me every rhapsody , and being shown in the midst of the cities of food, he disappeared…” (Dictionary of Souda or Suida). Mistriotis mentions that
Apollodorus(180-110 BC) tells us that
Oiax, during the Trojan War, wrote the news of the death of his brother, Palamedes, on a rudder, which the sea waves carried to his father Nafplion. Of interest is the Scientific Communication of the Greek researchers Tavros
Papamarinopoulos and his collaborators, which I presented at the Public Session of the Academy (19/10/2017) entitled “Astronomical Dates of the End of the Trojan War and the Return of Odysseus” (Prak tics of the Academy , vol. 92 A, 2017). The Announcement concludes that
the end of the Trojan War dates back to 1200 BC. This date indicates the existence of a writing during the time of the Trojan War, in view of what was extrapolated by Homer about Bellerephon and by Mistriotis – Apollodorus for what they mention about Oiacas.
If there really was writing before 1200 BC, the claims that the Greeks allegedly took the writing system (Syllabary) from the Phoenicians are shaken, lacking in credibility . Of course, this question remains open in the absence of evidence, because the existing evidence is not enough.
EVANS: THE PHOENICIANS TOOK THE LETTERS FROM THE GREEKS
LINE 1left from a vase at Akrotiri Thiras – right from Zakros Palace, Arch. Museum of Sitia
According to Sir Arthur Evans “the writing of Crete is the mother of the Phoenician” , while according to René Dussault “the Phoenicians had received the alphabet from the Greeks, who had formed it from the Cretan-Mycenaean script “. (See also Georgiev, Problems of the Minoan Language, Sofia 1953.)
PHOENICIAN WITHOUT VOWELS…
The Phoenician is not an alphabet, but a “Syllabary”, without vowels, with 22 consonants and without the consonants X, F, P of the Greek alphabet . But also according to the Irvain University Center TLG (Thesaurus Linguae Graecae), the Cretan historian Dosiades (who wrote the local history of Crete) mentions that the alphabet was found by the Cretans .
WHERE DOES THE LETTER ALPHA COME FROM
Plutarch (Problems 737) considers naive the opinion that the letter “alpha” is Phoenician from “Aleph” which was called the boon (considered the first of the necessary). According to the Great Etymological Dictionary, the letter “alpha” comes from the verb alfo (= to find), because “it was found first of all the other elements.”
IONIC THE PRESENT ALPHABET
Each city-state or region in the archaic Greek world had its own alphabet, (with slight variations from those of other cities.) The current Greek alphabet is the Ionic, with 24 letters, which prevailed from 403 BC. on Lord Euclid . The Corinthian also has 24 letters, the Cretan 21, the Miletus 24, the Chalcidic 25, from which the current Latin came, after adaptation by the inhabitants of Latin Italy, (who, it seems, received it from Greeks of Kimi.)
From the Greek alphabet also came the Etruscan, the Cyrillic, the ancient Phrygian, the Lycian alphabet, the Lydian, the Armenian, the Coptic, the Gothic, etc.
ANCIENT GREEK SCRIPTURES
There are many sources for the beginnings of Greek writing , among which:
1) The sign of the Dispelion of Kastoria brought to light in 1993 by professor G. Hourmouziadis, which archaeologists both from the “Democritos” Research Center and the external ones dated to 5250 BC.
Sign plate signature of Dispilio Kastoria, Macedonia 5,250 BC.(left a copy of the sign – right some of its letters and symbols)
2) “The Ostrakos in the Hermitage of Iura of the Sporades”, which was found by the archaeologist Adam Samson with a Greek inscription of 5500 BC, in which the letters A Y D are clearly visible without any inscriptions, their phonetic value being known.
Writing on a shell of 5,500 BC, Cave of Cyclops, Iura SporadesGreek letters A, Y, D are visible
3) “The Ὄstrakos in the Pilikata area of Ithaca” ,
dating to 2700 BC. , on which there are engraved symbolic figures similar to those of Linear Scriptures A and B.
Writing on a shell of 2,700 BC. in Pelikata, Ithaca – Cross Museum of Ithaca
THE EPICS OF HOMER WERE TRANSFERRED IN WRITING
In this case, it is reasonable to ask how it is possible for thousands of Homeric verses to be preserved and transmitted over many centuries unchanged with amazing precision . This is why Mistriotis in his work “History of the Homeric Epics” (Sakellariu Prints, Athens 1903, edition 2) mentions: ” The polymorphism and instability in the expansion and contraction of vowels cannot be attributed to the lack of writing .” ».
Professor Gilbert Heigt states that a poem like the Iliad could not have been handed down without writing (The Classical Tradition, MIET ed.), while the famous writer Horst Blank (Papadima ed., p. 148) affirms that: ” Today a great part of philologists close to the hypothesis that the compilation of the Homeric Epics had already made the written consolidation of the text necessary… the rhapsodists carried with them their written manuscript copy . Also, the French Hellenist Jacqueline De Romiguy categorically states: ” Homer and writing coexist .”. (Why Greece, Ed. To “Asty”, p. 28.) The dactylic hexameter in the Homeric Epics is based on prosody (long and short vowels, double consonants, diphthongs, etc.). The opinion that the Phoenicians borrowed some consonants and immediately the Greeks wrote the Epis spelled, has no strong arguments , as the Dictionary Souda or Suida states (see Phoenician city).
WILLIAM DURANT: THE PHOENICIANS TOOK IT FROM THE GREEKS
The reference of the American historian/philosopher, editor of the world history of culture , William Durant, is also characteristic: ” The Phoenicians were not the inventors of the alphabet, they only circulated it from place to place. They took it from the Cretans and transported it to Tyre, Sidon, Byblos and other cities of the Mediterranean. There were the “gyrologists” and not the inventors of the alphabet .”
The archaeologist-epigraphist Apostolos Arvanitopoulos had declared: ” The alphabet was invented and implemented by the Ancient Greeks … and they gifted it to the lost humanity as its common property.” There are several testimonies with texts of ancient historians and writers (after the time of Homer), which support that there was a written Greek language (a variety of Grammika B’) around 1200 BC, i.e. before the Phoenician-Semitic Syllabary . However, evidence (eg inscriptions) for the existence of Greek writing dating back to this period does not exist.
GILBERT MURRAY: GREEK IS THE BEST LANGUAGE
For this language of incomparable perfection that we ourselves have abused, while for foreign Greekists and linguists it is an object of admiration and study , the statement of the distinguished Greek professor at the University of Oxford, Gilbert Murray, is characteristic : “[…] a thought can be expressed with ease and grace in Greek, while it becomes difficult and heavy in Latin, English, French, German. Greek is the most perfect language, because it expresses the thoughts of the most perfect people .”
The distinguished Hellenist and linguist Spanish professor FR Adrados , a foreign partner of the Academy of Athens, has repeatedly stated that Western European languages are Semi-Hellenic or Crypto-Hellenic .
THE INVENTOR OF TONES AND SPIRITS
It is also worth noting that Aristophanes of Byzantium (2nd century BC) is considered the first to refine and apply tones and spirits .
THE FAISTUS DISC
“On the “disc of Phaistos” dating before 1200 BC. (which was found in Crete and has not been deciphered until today) the letters B G L Y are clearly “printed” .
CLAY DOCUMENTS 2,000 BC
Michael Ventris and John Chadwick argued for the first time that the “baked clay tablets, from the second millennium BC, found at Pylos, Knossos, Mycenae and other places, contained Greek writings that came from the ancient Mycenaean Kingdoms”” .
The Mycenaeans , as FR Adrados recently pointed out (following others), were Greek, written with the help of an ancient syllabic script that was subsequently forgotten .
OSWALD PANAGL: THE LINEAR VARIATION OF ANCIENT GREEK
Also, in his speech at the Academy of Athens (March 8-10, 2013), the distinguished Austrian linguist and Mycenologist Osvald Panagl mentioned that: The above tablets (of Knossos, Pylos, Mycenae) were written in a primitive variant of ancient Greek, 500 years earlier of the linguistic idiom of the Homeric Epics. Consequently, their date goes back to around 1300 BC.
ICLAIN OF MESSINIA: LINEAR II OF 1450 BC.
The Archaeologist M. Kosmopoulos in Iklaina Messinia with Linear B of 1450 BC.
Recently in Iklaina of Messinia (14 km from Pylos) the archaeologist Michael Kosmopoulos , a professor at the University of Missouri in the USA (responsible for excavations since 1998 in this area), found “among rubble and garbage” the oldest clay tablet to date Linear B dated between 1450 and 1400 BC. , as he informed me in his relevant letter.
OINOCHOES OF DIPYLOS
Winemaker Dipylos Kerameikos of 740 BC. with the letters:”THE CURRENT ORCHESTRA ALWAYS PLAYS TODE KAN MIN…”which according to Babiniotis means “1. Which of the musicians dances more lightly than all 2a. this (the vessel, the wine-cup) belongs to him and if you [see him, wish him every happiness] 2b. let him take it (the vessel)”National Archaeological Museum
However, the oldest alphabetic inscription , engraved on a clay vessel, in ” Oinochoi of Dipylus ” is from the 8th BC. aἰ.: ” THE CURRENT ORCHESTRA ALWAYS PLAYS THIS FOR TEN MINUTES “. However, in view of the above, this inscription should not be the oldest. Taking into account that to date less than 5% of the Greek Secretariat has been known, it is reasonable to expect that in the future new findings will be brought to light by the archaeological hoe.
INDIVIDUAL LANGUAGE
According to the linguist professor at Charles Sturt University in Australia George Kanarakis (and other researchers), based on historical comparative linguistics, “the Greek language does not belong to any of the language groups of the Indo-European family and is therefore classified as an isolated language within the context of its homolingualism.” The term Indo-Europeans was introduced in 1813 by the British linguist, physician and physicist Thomas Young (1779-1829).
The top international linguist – Hellenist FR Adrados in his announcement at the Academy of Athens said that the Minoans “whom we do not know how to define with precision, but they were not Indo-Europeans – the people who wrote the “Phaeisto disc” were not Europeans ”, neither they where they wrote the Mycenaean script.”
aDNA
The prevailing opinion, contrary to that of Sir Arthur Evans (according to which Libyans and Egyptians immigrated to Crete developing the Minoan civilization), is that the Minoans do not belong to the linguistically Indo-European populations that settled Europe in the Neolithic era . However, the research team of Georgios Stamatogiannopoulos , Professor of Genetics and Genetic Medicine at G. Washington University , in collaboration with Greek and foreign scientists of various specialties, isolated αDNA (ancient DNA) from Minoan remains 4,300 years old and determined the polymorphisms of the mitochondrion, the who they have the characteristics of European culture . Extremely interesting is a recent publication by him and his collaborators entitled ” Population Genetics and the Theory of the Alleged Extinction of the Greeks of the Peloponnese during the Middle Ages ” that I announced at the Academy of Athens (27/4/2017), which proves that the Population Genetics can clarify important issues of origin and history of the Human population.
SANSKRIT IS BASED ON GREEK
The distinguished German linguist Franz Bopp (editor of the Comparative Grammar in 1857) has argued that Sanskrit is based on Greek, and not the other way around .
CONCLUSIONS Based on the above, we can reach the following conclusions:1.
Plato laid the foundations of the Etymology of the Greek language , which is
preeminently semantic (conceptual), that is, there is a causal relationship between words and their etymological meaning.2. Research through
aDNA showed that there were expansions of population groups from the Russian steppes both to the West (toward Central and Western Europe) and to the East of Europe, through the Asian steppes.
A genetic signature of migrations to Greece has not been confirmed until today , however, if such exists, according to the top linguist J. Mallory, it will be very small in relation to the
indigenous population settled in Greece at the time.3.
The term Indo-Europeans is purely linguistic and does not imply any racial type of person. The existence of an Indo-European race is strongly disputed by leading specialist scientists, based on recent genetic data.
It is time for the old Indo-European case to be removed from the textbooks .4. The inclusion of ANCIENT-GREEK in the “Indo-European” common language is not disputed, however,
the mother-language of this common language remains unknown . However, as previously discussed,
ANCIENT-Greek seems to be superior to the other languages (including Sanskrit), however the question of the time of its appearance in the Greek space remains open (according to Dr. I. Lazaridis).5. In the Greek area, and specifically
in Crete, the first writing system with ideograms (hieroglyphs) appears 5,000 years ago,
followed approximately 4,000 years ago by Linear A’(which has not yet been deciphered),
which is succeeded before 3,500 years (15th BC) the Linear B script (including vowels), which was deciphered as Greek by the British architect M. Ventris. According to the famous linguist – Mycenologist
Osvald Panagl, the tablets of Knossos and Mycenae date from around 1300 BC, of Pylos around 1200 BC, while the distinguished archaeologist
M. Kosmopoulos discovered in Iklaina (14 km from Pylos) the oldest to date clay tablet of Linear B, dated around 1450-1400 BC .6. In the Middle East and specifically
in the former Phenicia it appears around 1150 BC. the so-called Phoenician-Semitic writing system, which is not an alphabet but a syllabary without vowels, with 22 consonants, (which do not include the Greek consonants
X, F, Ψ .)
If there was writing during the time of the Trojan War (i.e. before 1200 BC), the hypothesis that the Greeks took the writing system (Syllabary) from the Phoenicians is shaky, lacking credibility .7.
The first alphabet in the world is the Greek, from the 8th BC. aἰ Originally it had 27 letters, from 403 BC. 24 letters, after removing the digamma, Kopa and sabi . However, there are serious indications based on historical sources (Homeric Epistles, Mistriotis, etc.) and archaeological findings, that
the Greek alphabet is much more ancient, possibly dating back to the years of the Trojan War (Mistriotis, Apollodorus, etc.), it is much more
likely that Homeric Epics to have been handed down in writing (Mistriotis, J. Highget, H. Blanc, Jacqueline De Romiguy).
In view of the above, it is necessary to continue the interdisciplinary research, whose conclusions of the different sciences should converge, especially towards those of Archaeogenetics and Population Genetics , due to their rapid evolutions. The Greek language, a phenomenon of continuity and radiation, continues to be an object of admiration and study by leading linguists, Hellenists and intellectuals. According to the world-renowned Hellenist and professor of linguistics FR Adrados, Greek has left its indelible stamp on all the Western European languages that are considered semi-Hellenic or crypto-Hellenic , and according to the famous Hellenist professor at the University of Oxford Gilbert Murray, Greek is the most perfect language of the world . Indeed, the Greek language, written and spoken, is an achievement of the human spirit of unsurpassed perfection .
THE MATHEMATICAL STRUCTURE OF THE ANCIENT GREEK LANGUAGE VS “PHOENICIAN” DECEPTION.
H E R E: AN EXAMPLE OF AN I D E N T I C A L- C L A S S I C A L VARIATION OF A STANZA …, …………….
********************** J U S T………………V O W E L S!!!! ********************
( A N C I E N T G R E E K // ATTICA DIALECT)
A YOUNG MOTHERS WISH TO HER BABY SON :
“ΟΙΑ ΗΩ Ω ΥΙΕ ΑΕΙ ΕΙ” = AS THE DAWN MY SON, BE ALWAYSTHE FLAME OF LIFE = ΟΠΩΣ Η ΑΥΓΉ ΝΑ ΕΙΣΑΙ ΠΑΝΤΑ ΥΙΕ ΜΟΥΗ ΦΛΟΓΑ ΤΗΣ ΖΩΗΣ (TRANSLATED INTO “NEW” GREEK).
ANALYTICTRASLATIONIN ORDERFROM; ANCIENT GREEK – NEW GREEK – ENGLISH
ΟΙΑ = ΟΠΩΣ= AS
ΗΩ = Η ΑΥΓΉ = THE DAWN
Ω ΥΙΕ = ΥΙΕ ΜΟΥ = OH MY SON
ΑΕΙ ΕΙ = ΝΑ ΕΙΣΑΙ ΠΑΝΤΑ = BE ALWAYS
(TRANSLATED INTO “NEW” GREEK) :
ΟΠΩΣ Η ΑΥΓΉ ΝΑ ΕΙΣΑΙ ΠΑΝΤΑ ΥΙΕ ΜΟΥ =
= AS THE DAWN MY SON, BE ALWAYS!!
Η ΦΛΟΓΑ ΤΗΣ ΖΩΗΣ=THE FLAME OF LIFE=2135
ΟΙΑ ΗΩ Ω ΥΙΕ ΑΕΙ ΕΙ = 2135
ATTENTION: – GO AFTER THE ANCIENT ALPHABET INDEX
The earliest numerical notation used by the Greeks was the Attic system. It employed the vertical stroke for a one, and symbols for“5”, “10”, “100”, “1000”, and “10,000”. Though there was some steam lining of its use. The (IONIAN)) Greek system of enumeration was a VERY SOPHISTICATED one, Like the ATTICA SYSTEM it was also DECIMAL Its distinguishing feature is that it was alphabetical and required the use of more than 27 different symbols for numbers plus a couple of other symbols for meaning. This made the system somewhat cumbersome to use. However, calculation lends itself to a great deal of skill within almost any system, the Greek system being no exception. ” Greek Enumeration and Basic Number Formation First, we note that the number symbols were the same as the letters of the Greek alphabet. symbol value symbol value symbol value ! 1 ” 10 # 100 $ 2 % 20 & 200 ‘ 3 ( 30 ) 300 * 4 + 40 , 400 – 5 . 50 / 500 6 0 60 1 600 2 7 3 70 4 700 5 8 6 80 7 800 8 9 90 900 where three additional characters, the (digamma), the (koppa), 1°c 2000, G. Donald Allen Greek Numbers and Arithmetic 2 and the (sampi) are used. Hence, &62 = 287 Larger Numbers Larger numbers were also available. The thousands, 1000 to 9000, were represented by placing adiacritical mark ! before a unit. Thus ! ‘&62 = 3287 In other sources we see the diacritical mark placed as a subscript before the unit. Thus ! ‘&62 = 3287 The uses of a M was used to represent numbers from 10,000 on up. Thus 9! = 50: 000 9″#&62 = 120: 287 Alternatively, depending on the history one reads 9 – = 50: 000 9!% ¢ &62 = 120: 287 Archimedes, in his book The Sand Reckoner, calculated the number of grains of sand to fill the universe”. This required him to develop an extention the power of Greek enumeration to include very large numbers. Fractions In the area of fractions, context was crucial for correctly reading a fraction. A diacritical mark was placed after the denominator of the (unit) fraction. So, $ ! = 1 2 ;<= +$ ! = 1 42 but this latter example could also mean 40 ! ” . More complex fractions could be written as well, with context again being important. The numerator was written with an overbar. Thus, .! 6* = 51 84 Numerous, similar, representations also have been used, with increasing sophistication over time. Indeed, Diophantus uses a fractional form identical to ours but with the numerator and denominator in reversed positions. 2The reader may ask, ”What universe?” It was the universe of Aristarchos the so called ‘ancient Copernicus’ because he proposed a sun centered universe with the earth and other planet orbiting it. More on this later. Greek Numbers and Arithmetic 3 # Calculation The arithmetic operations are complex in that so many symbols are used. However, as you can imagine, addition amounts to grouping and then carrying. For example 5+7= – + 2 = %$ = 12, not terribly unlike what we do. Multiplication was carried out using the distributive law. For example: &62 ¢ $ = (& + 6 + 2) £ $ = (200 + 80 + 7) £ 2 = 400 + 160 + 14 = 574 = /3*
A vast knowledge locked-coded into words because of mathematical values they have. One of the pioneers on the matter was maximum Pythagoras.
The numbers, shapes, harmony and the stars have something in common, so respectively mathematics (numbers) geometry (shape), harmony (music) and astro-nomy (one star = a-choris- bracket + natural nomoipou govern ) were sisters sciences by Pythagoras, which in this series we discussed was the ladder to development (= ex -tou- helix, DNA) of mind-soul to the Creator.
A Creator who created based on these four disciplines. 27 symbols-figures in numerical value make up the Greek Alphabet, 3 groups of 9 numbers-symbols each group, totaling each group 45, 450, 4,500. ALPHA = 1 + 30 + 500 + 1 = 532 => 5 + 3 + 2 = 10 => 1 + 0 = 1 EN = 5 + 50 = 55 => 5 + 5 = 10 => 1 + 0 = 1 OMIKRON = 70 + 40 + 10 + 20 + 100 + 70 + 50 = 360, as there are degrees of the circle
To be able to understand the meanings of the concepts of words of ancient Greek tongue should first know a little about the actual Greek language.
The ancient Greek language is the only one that is not based on the fact that some people just sit and agreed to call an object “x” or “y” as all other sterile world languages. The ancient Greek language is a MATHEMATICAL MASTERPIECE that wè`ll try to approach.
The beginning of everything is the same as the Ancient Greek alphabet (which of course we did not get it from someone else as we shall see, because factually not possible). The letters of the Greek alphabet as a whole was 33 and as many vertebrae, the last five vertebrae (playing the role of the antenna) directly related to the brain and corresponding to the last 5 ineffable letters which only the priests knew * one of them It was the right (or Gammadion) which in Latin became swstika and the Nazis stole and name Swastika. This symbol is the life-giving Sun (Apollo), the Nazis reversed it to symbolize the opposite of life-giving Sun, ie dark death.
There were also some letters which over time abolished as Digamma (F, Qoppa (Q), stigma (S ‘), Saba (ϡ) Pythagoras inform us about the 3 levels of Greek language which are:
1. Talking 2. Signifier (a. Signal b. Signified) 3. caches (a. Time b. Vibration c. Lexarithmos d. Tonarithmos) -The First is the speech -The Second is the relationship between the mark and the signified that we will analyze below. -The Third is the interval (distance & time), vibration (which awakens the brain through resonance frequencies of the created pulses – Pallas Athena) the lexarithmos (relation of letters and words with numbers) and tonarithmos (relation of letters and words of tunes )
Each letter corresponding to a number, and a musical tone so letter = number = tone (musician), which shows that in our language behind letters-words are numbers (lexarithmoi) and musical sounds (tonarithmoi).
The four sisters sciences by Pythagoras were: 1. Numbers (mathematics) 2. Shapes (Geometry – γεωμετρια); from: geo+metria=earth measure, meter. 3. Music (Harmony)(nine muses..) 4. Astronomy (Astro+nomia from nomos=law)
The above sciences are interrelated with the Ancient Hellenic Language and are into each another like Russian bampouskes. Combine alphabet enclosing numbers and musical tones with these 4 disciplines.
1.Astronomia = + astir law, a-Justice = is not supported, so astronomy = the universal laws that govern what is not based somewhere, who have to do with music (harmony),shapes (geometry) numbers (mathematics ) and all the ether that surrounds the heavenly realms.
2. Pythagoras heard the harmony (music) of the celestial Spheres thus speak a language that has to do with the flow of the universe.
PHOENICIAN “ALPHABET”: AN HISTORICAL DECEPTION
This theory:
1. Completely rejects the theorem that the Greek language came from another language (the so-called “Indo-European”!!!), since it is PROVEN to be the only NON-conventional language of the world. In other words, the only language where a relationship betweenthe “word” (as a form) and the “meaning of the word” is established.
2. Consequently, it is proven that Greek is the first and only created language of the human species which provided the basis for all “conventional” languages, as are all the other languages of the world (where there is no causative relationship between the form and the meaning). These other languages are a corrupt form of Greek.
3. This theory proves, without a doubt, that the alphabet was created by the Greeks so that the 24 or 27 code letters would aid in attributing the meanings of the Greek words (and only of these).
4. Comparatively, this theory shows that the symbols of the Phoenician writings and their nouns, e.g., “alef” = ox, “beth” = hut, “gimel = camel, etc., not only do not contain coded meaning, but are also associated or refer to [the] primitive animal conditions – [one would expect in a culturally backward society].
”Τό πού, πόθ’ όπερ κρίνεται τού χρόνου” !!!(ancient Greek=” Where, what is it that is judged by time ”)
(Χρυσό ενεπίγραφο φύλλο μυρτιάς ή δάφνης, τέλος 4ου αι. π.Χ./ Από το ανατολικό νεκροταφείο της Πέλλας/Φέρει στικτή επιγραφή σε τρεις στίχους: ΦΕΡΣΕΦΟΝΗΙ ΠΟΣΕΙΔΙΠΠΟΣ ΜΥΣΤΗΣ ΕΥΣΕΒΗΣ/Εφορεία Αρχαιοτήτων Πέλλας)
(Gold engraved leaf of myrtle or laurel, end of the 4th century BC / From the east cemetery of Pella / It has a dotted inscription on three lines: FERSEFONHI POSEIDIPPOS MYTIS EYSEVIS / Ephorate of Antiquities of Pella the capital of ancient Macedonia)
Overwhelming evidence that one of the most important discoveries in the history of civilization is Greek ,a deception that usurps and distorts Greek History and Civilization. It is of utmost importance that the truth be restored not only for modern Greece, but also for thewhole of humanity.The deception that alphabetical script was discovered by the Phoenicians is a long-lived one.For the past 14 years [the Greek scholarly magazine] Davlos has published numerous articleson this problem. This prompted K. Katis to ask that we submit a relevant article for hismainstream daily so that this important issue would become known to a wider audience.
This article summarizes the strong evidence against the “Phoenician Deception,” and proves that the greatest discovery in the history of civilization is Greek. We believe it necessary to republish this article in [this issue of] Davlos exactly as it appeared in the daily.
A SCIENTIFIC MONSTROSITY.
According to linguistic theory, an “alphabet” is defined as “the sum of symbols following a specific sequence and order used to ascribe the essential utterances of a language, under thecondition that each utterance represents only one symbol and vice-versa”. Consequently, in alphabetical script (as an example, in the writings of the people of Europe, America,Australian, as well as the other parts of the world) each letter represents one essential sound.This is not true for the imperfect alphabets expressed through syllables where each symbolrepresents a syllable (with two or more voiced sounds). For example, in Greek Linear A and B, there is a symbol that represents the syllable ko (k + o), a symbol that represents the syllable po (p + o), etc. In Phoenician writing (which has only consonants and no vowels), this situation is even worse, as far as we can tell from the small amount of existing samples.
IN PHOENICIAN, EACH SYMBOL IS NOT EQUIVALENT TO ONE SPECIFIC SYLLABLE, BUT TO A VARIETY OF SYLLABLES, AND THUS THE READER CAN USE HIS IMAGINATION WHEN ATTEMPTING TO DECIPHER THE SOUNDS. FOR EXAMPLE, THERE ARE CONSONANTS WHICH CAN BE READ AS EITHER BA, BOU, BE, BI, BO, ETC. OTHERS IS NOT AN ALPHABET, IT IS A LESS ADVANCED FORM OF WRITING THAT CAN BE READ AS GOU, GA, GE, GO, AND SO ON. CONSEQUENTLY, PHOENICIAN SCRIPT DOES NOT CONSTITUTE AN ALPHABET, AND IS NOT EVEN AN ADVANCED FORM OF SYLLABIC SCRIPT NEARING THE PERFECTION OF THE EQUIVALENT GREEK SYLLABIC WRITINGS. IT IS TRULY AMAZING TO THINK THAT, IN THE ACADEMIC WORLD OF THE PAST 150 YEARS, THE ALMOST CONTRADICTORY TERM OF “PHOENICIAN ALPHABET” HAS BEEN ESTABLISHED, WHICH, IN REALITY REFERS TO A TYPE OF WRITING THAT HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH AN ALPHABET. IT IS EVEN MORE UNBELIEVABLE TO THINK THAT THE SCIENTIFIC DOGMA THAT GREEK CAME FROM PHOENICIAN HAS BEEN ENFORCED. NOT ONLY THE PHOENICIAN IS NOT AN ALPHABET, IT IS A LESS ADVANCED FORM OF WRITING THAN GREEK LINEAR A AND B.
HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=DKCPURQQS2Y
GREEKNESS OF THE ALPHABET
A) ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE THE THEORY THAT THE ALPHABET IS A PHOENICIAN DISCOVERY HAS BEEN MAINTAINED THROUGH THE ARGUMENT, AMONG OTHER THINGS, THAT CERTAIN SYMBOLS OF PHOENICIAN WRITING ARE SIMILAR TO THE LETTERS OF THE ALPHABET. FOR EXAMPLE, THE PHOENICIAN ALEF IS THE REVERSE OR SIDEWAYS GREEK “A.” THIS ARGUMENT WAS A STRONG ONE UNTIL ABOUT 100 YEARS AGO, WHEN LINGUISTS AND HISTORIANS STILL MAINTAINED THAT THE GREEKS DID NOT KNOW HOW TO WRITE BEFORE 800 B. C.! AROUND 1900 A.D., HOWEVER, ARTHUR EVANS EXCAVATED THE GREEK MINOAN CRETE AND DISCOVERED THE GREEK LINEAR WRITINGS, WHOSE SYMBOLS CORRESPONDED TO 17 OF THE 24 LETTERS OF THE GREEK ALPHABET. GIVEN THAT (A), THE MOST ANCIENT EVIDENCE OF THE GREEK SCRIPTS (LINEAR A AND LINEAR B) THAT WERE LATER DISCOVERED IN PYLOS, MYCENAE, MENIDI AND THEBES — BUT ALSO IN MORE NORTHERN AREAS UP TO THE DANUBE RIVER AS WELL — WERE DATED TO BEFORE 1500 B.C. AND (B), THAT THE PHOENICIANS AND THEIR WRITINGS APPEAR IN HISTORY NO EARLIER THAN 1300 BC, EVANS WAS THE FIRST PERSON TO EXPRESS DOUBTS ABOUT THE THEORY THAT THE GREEKS RECEIVED THEIR SCRIPT FROM THE PHOENICIANS. HE PUT FORWARD THE SCIENTIFIC SUSPICION THAT IT WAS PROBABLY THE OTHER WAY ROUND. THE DOUBTS PERTAINING AS TO WHO WAS FIRST — THE PHOENICIANS OR THE GREEKS — IN DISCOVERING WRITING, BECAME A CERTAINTY WHEN FRENCH PROFESSOR, PAUL FORE, AN INTERNATIONALLY ACCLAIMED SPECIALIST ON PREHISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGY, PUBLISHED A REPORT IN NESTOR (AN AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF INDIANA — 16TH YEAR, 1989, PAGE 2288). IN THIS REPORT, HE SUBMITS AND DECIPHERS PLATES WITH GREEK LINEAR WRITING FOUND AT THE CYCLOPEAN WALL OF PILIKATES, IN ITHACA, DATED, THROUGH THE USE OF MODERN SCIENTIFIC METHODS, BACK TO 2700 B.C., THE LANGUAGE OF THESE PLATES WAS GREEK, AND THE DECODING BY PROFESSOR FORE RESULTED IN THE FOLLOWING SYLLABIC TEXT, EXPRESSED PHONETICALLY: A]RE-DA-TI. DA-MI-U-A-.A-TE-NA-KA-NA-RE (IJA)-TE. THE PHONETIC EQUIVALENT OF THIS IS TRANSLATED, ALWAYS ACCORDING TO THE PROFESSOR, AS: “ΙΔΟΎ ΤΙ ΕΓΏ Η ΑΡΕΔΆΤΙΣ ΔΊΔΩ ΕΙΣ ΤΗΝ ΑΝΑΣΣΑΝ, ΤΗΝ ΘΕΆΝ ΡΈΑΝ: 100 ΑΊΓΑΣ, 10 ΠΡΌΒΑΤΑ, 3 ΧΟΊΡΟΥΣ” [HERE IS WHAT I, AREDATIS, GIVES TO THE QUEEN- GODDESS REA, 100 GOATS, 10 SHEEP, 3 PIGS]. (SEE, “DAVLOS” MAGAZINE, ISSUE 107, NOVEMBER 1990, PAGE 6103). THUS, FORE PROVED THAT THE GREEKS WERE WRITING AND SPEAKING GREEK AT LEAST 1400 YEARS BEFORE THE APPEARANCE OF THE PHOENICIANS AND THEIR SCRIPT IN HISTORY. BUT, THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS IN GREECE DURING THE LAST 15 YEARS HAVE GIVEN US MANY MORE GREAT SURPRISES: THE GREEKS WERE WRITING USING NOT ONLY LINEAR A AND B, BUT ALSO A TYPE OF WRITING IDENTICAL TO THAT OF THE ALPHABET SINCE AT LEAST 6000 B.C. IN FACT, AT DISPILIO, IN THE LAKE OF KASTORIA, IN NORTHERN GREECE, PROFESSOR G. HOUMOUZIADIS DISCOVERED A PLATE WITH WRITING VERY SIMILAR TO THAT OF THE ALPHABET, WHICH WAS DATED, USING RADIOACTIVE CARBON- 14 AND VISUAL PHOTOTHERMAL METHODOLOGY, BACK TO 5250 B.C. (SEE DAVLOS, ISSUE 147). THREE YEARS LATER, N. SAMSON, A CURATOR OF THE PREHISTORIC AND CLASSICAL ANTIQUITIES DEPARTMENT, DISCOVERED SHARDS OF VASES (“OSTRAKA”) WITH LETTERS IDENTICAL TO THE PRESENT GREEK ALPHABET WHILE EXCAVATING AT THE “CYCLOP’S CAVE,” ON THE DESERTED ISLAND OF YIOURA, NEAR THE INHABITED ISLAND OF ALONNISSOS, IN THE NORTHERN SPORADES ISLAND COMPLEX. THESE VASES WERE DATED TO5,500 TO 6,000 B.C. WITH THE SAME METHODS (SEE “DAVLOS,” ISSUE 185, MAY 1997). THE SAME ARCHAEOLOGIST, WHILE PERFORMING EXCAVATIONS ON THE ISLAND OF MILOS, DISCOVERED VESSELS OF THE PROTO-CYCLADIC PERIOD (MID-3RD MILLENNIUM B.C.) WITH LETTERS IDENTICAL TO THE GREEK LETTERS:
“X,” “N,” “M,” “K,” “Ξ” [KSI],”Π” [P], “Ο,” & “Ε.” (SEE N. SAMSON’S INTERVIEW IN DAVLOS,ISSUE 204, DECEMBER 1998, PAGE 12749.)
IT IS APPARENT THAT THESE ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES HAVE GIVEN A “COMICAL’ CHARACTER TO THE SO-CALLED “PHOENICIAN THEORY” ON THE DISCOVERY OF WRITING. IN ADDITION, THESE ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES HAVE REVOLUTIONIZED CHRONOLOGICAL DATING OF GREEK HISTORY AS IT IS TAUGHT TODAY, AS WELL AS THE WORLD HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION ITSELF. (SEE ALSO THE BOOK BY CON. KOUTROUVELLI, “RE- ESTABLISHING THE CHRONOLOGY OF PREHISTORIC TIMES BASED PRIMARILY ON ASTRONOMICAL INFORMATION FROM ANCIENT WRITERS,” DAVLOS PUBLISHING, 1999.)
b) The somewhat mathematical proof
While the house-of-cards which provided “proof”‘ of the so-called “Phoenician alphabet” was being torn down by archaeological discoveries, another overwhelming piece of evidence surfaced. This evidence was offered to us by the 20-year long discreet and timid research of the Greek Language and Writing by a great researcher, Elias Tsatsomoiros. Unfortunately E.Tsatsomoiros passed away on December 19th 1991, after having, however, completed his revolutionary work, History of the Genesis of the Greek Language-from the hunter-gatherer to the time of Zeus-the Deciphering of the Greek Alphabet. The undersigned [writer of this article] had the honor of publishing and editing this work (Davlos Publishing, 1991), but also the honor of having worked closely with the researcher for more than a decade. We had long discussions on the numerous problems arising from the research, and we had published a series of articles in Davlos magazine. This memorable researcher proved in a remarkable way that every letter of the Greek alphabet contained a consistent code meaning, which is literally introduced either exactly or metaphorically within the general meaning of the Greek word it belongs to, as a partial meaning. Consequently, every (ancient) Greek word is basically an acronym (similar to D(imosia) E (picheirisi) H(lektrismou) [=ΔΕΗ in Greek, or as U(nited) N(ations), in English], where every letter provides a significant or less significant notional element, and then, they all together provide the logical definition of the meaning expressed bythe word. The “significant difference” of each word’s meaning is usually provided by the firstletter. Obviously, there is not enough space in this article to present the code meaning of the letters of the Greek alphabet as a whole, as they are analyzed in this revolutionary volume of research in the field of human speech. As an example, I will choose only one of the now days 24 letters (orinaly 27) of the Hellenic alphabet, “Ypsilon” = “Y” or, small case, “u” (pronounced, long-e “eepsilon,” the 20th letter of the Greek alphabet, and familiar to us as “Y” in the so-called “Latin” alphabet– which is nothing more than a variationof the Greek “Chalcidean” alphabet). Ypsilon, therefore, as its shape indicates, has the code meaning of “a cavity” οr, if reversed, of a “convexity.” This meaning is introduced into the words containing this letter, and sometimes, by extension into the meaning of liquids (which, through their natural flow end up filling the “cavity”). I will quickly mention some of the names of vessels and liquids (such as the amphiconical κ-Υ-πελλο which is dated back to 2700 B.C. and is displayed at the Heraklion Museum). One may add to the words mentioned there, many others, such as kot-Y-li, go-Y-ttos, tr-Y-blion, p-Y-xis, amphore-Y-s, b-Y-tion, l-Y-chnos, procho-Y-s, ske-Y-os, etc, all having the meaning of a curvedobject. Also, some other words such as k-Y-hsis (rounding of the stomach ofan eng-Y-os [pregnant] woman); k-Y-ma (curving on the surface of the ocean); cr-Y-pti (curving of the ground); the preposition [h-Y-po] Y-po (meaning under a certain level); h-Y-per (preposition meaning above acertain level); Y-psos =height; and all of the hundreds of words that have h-Y-po or h-Y-per as a prefix, as well as thousands of others. This discovery, which unfortunately has been officially ignored, is a continuation of the forgotten Platonic approach to the problem of language (see Plato’s Cratylus ).
THE HERODOTUS EXTRACT
ALL THE GREEK WRITERS WHO MENTION THE ALPHABET (THEY CALLED IT “GRAMMATA”) CONSIDER IT A VERY ANCIENT GREEK INVENTION (BY PROMETHEUS, PALAMEDES, LINUS, ETC). THE THEORY OF THE PHOENICIAN ALPHABET WAS ALWAYS, AND IS STILL, BASED ON AN EXCEPTION TO THIS GENERAL RULE. THISEXCEPTION IS AN EXCERPT FROM HERODOTUS, THAT HE HIMSELF PRESENTS AS HIS ‘PERSONAL OPINION’ (“ΩΣ ΕΜΟΙ ΔΟΚΕΕΙ” = “AS IT SEEMS TO ME”). THIS OPINION WAS FORMED BASED ON THE SAYINGS OF OTHERS, AS HE HIMSELF MENTIONS IN THE PREVIOUS PARAGRAPHS (“ΑΝΑΠΥΝΘΑΝΟΜΕΝΟΣ” = TAKING INFORMATION FROM OTHERS). LET US HAVE A LOOK AT THE HERODOTUS’ EXCERPT (HISTORY, E 58): [58. AS FAR AS THE PHOENICIANS, THEY, WHO ARRIVED WITH CADMUS, INCLUDING THE GEFIRAIOI, HAD LIVED IN MANY OTHER PLACES AND INTRODUCED ALSO ARTS (NEW AND UNKNOWN) TO THE GREEKS; IN FACT, AND ALSO (SOME) WRITING, WHICHHAD NOT BEEN KNOWN TO THE GREEKS BEFORE THAT, AS I THINK, FIRST THIS WRITING WHICH WAS USED BY ALL THE PHOENICIANS. WITH THE PASSING OF TIME, HOWEVER, THE PHOENICIANS CHANGED THIS TYPE OF WRITING ALONG WITH THEIR LANGUAGE.]
THE MOST IMPORTANT THING ABOUT THIS EXCERPT IS THAT IN THE CRITICAL PHRASE “… AMA TIN FONI METEVALLON KAI TON RHITHMON TON GRAMMATON,” IT IS DISCLOSED THAT THE PHOENICIANS-GEFIRAIOI THAT WENT TO VIOTIA WITH CADMUS BROUGHT SOME FORM OF WRITING WITH THEM. BUT, AS THE PHOENICIANS “CHANGED THEIR LANGUAGE” (THEY LEARNED GREEK, IN OTHER WORDS), THEY ALSO CHANGED THEIR WRITING (THEY STARTED WRITING, THEREFORE, WITH THE EXISTING ANCIENT GREEK WRITING THAT ALREADY EXISTED IN VIOTIA). ALTHOUGH THIS STATEMENT WAS MADE BY HERODOTUS, THE TRANSLATORS, SUBSEQUENTLY, PROVIDED THE TRANSLATION [MEANING] THAT THE LOCAL GREEK VIOTES AND NOT THE PHOENICIAN EMIGRANTS CHANGED THEIR LANGUAGE AND WRITING AND ADOPTED THE PHOENICIAN! THIS GENERALLY INCOHERENT REFERENCE TO THE ALPHABET, AS IT HAS BEEN SAVED, HAS BEEN OBVIOUSLY ALTERED AND MEDDLED WITH, WHO KNOWS BY WHOM AND WHEN. LET US LOOK AT THE SUSPICIOUS CONTINUATION OF THE TEXT, AS IT HAS ARRIVED TO US:
AROUND THEM (THE PHOENICIANS) LIVED AT THAT PLACE DURING THAT YEAR (YEAR OF CADMUS) IONIAN GREEKS, WHO RECEIVED THROUGH CONTACT OR THROUGH TEACHINGS BY THE PHOENICIANS THEIR WRITINGS, CHANGING THEIR OWN WRITING WHICH THEY USED LITTLE. WHEN USING THIS WRITING AND SINCE THIS WRITING HAD BEEN INTRODUCED TO GREECE BY PHOENICIANS, THEY CALLED IT PHOENICIAN.
IONIAN GREEKS LIVING AROUND THE PHOENICIANS RECEIVED THE PHOENICIAN WRITING AND, USING A FEW OF ITS LETTERS, SINCE THEY HAD ALTERED THEM AND SINCE IT WAS JUST, THEY CALLED IT PHOENICIAN-TO PAY TRIBUTE TO THE PEOPLE WHO BROUGHT IT TO GREECE, IS A STRIKING CONTRADICTION. CONSEQUENTLY, ONE CAN ASSUME THAT THIS IS A FORGED PARAGRAPH, HYPOTHETICALLY EXPLANATORY, WHICH AIMS TO REDUCE THE PREVIOUS STATEMENT “…AS THEY CHANGED THEIR LANGUAGE, THEY CHANGED THEIR WRITING,” TO AN UNIMPORTANT STATEMENT. THIS IS HOW THE “PHOENICIAN THEORY” WAS SUBSTANTIATED AND IS MAINTAINED AS AN OBVIOUS FORGERY.
IN ADDITION
THE “PHOENICIAN THEORY” WAS ESTABLISHED IN EUROPE DURING A TIME, WHEN, AS THE RENOWNED BRITISH CLASSICAL SCHOLAR, S. G. REMBROKE (THE LEGACY OF GREECE, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1984) WROTE, “THE PHOENICIANS WERE GIVEN AN INTERMEDIARY ROLE “THAT IS NOT BASED ON ANY HISTORICAL INFORMATION”. A ROLE, IN OTHER WORDS, OF THE TRANSPORTER OF WISDOM AND CIVILIZATION FROM THE “CHOSEN” PEOPLE OF ISRAEL TO THE “UNCIVILIZED” NATIONS, AND SPECIFICALLY THE GREEKS. THIS, OF COURSE, COULD BE FORGIVEN, SINCE THIS WAS ESTABLISHED AROUND THE END OF THE MEDIEVAL AGES, WHEN RELIGIOUS FANATICISM AND BACKWARDNESS HAD REACHED SUCH A POINT THAT THE DAUGHTER OF AGAMEMNON, IPHIGENIA, IS PRESENTED AS THE DAUGHTER OF IEPHTHA; DEUKALION IS PRESENTED (CENTURIES LATER & COPIED & TWISTED,..AS…”NOAH”(!!)???!!!. APPIS IS A CONSUL OF JOSEPH? APOLLO, PRIAMOS, TIRESIAS, AND ORPHEUS: OF MOSES?… THE STORY OF THE OF THE ISRAELITES FROM EGYPT TO PALESTINE, AND OTHER SIMILAR DISTORTIONS IS A VERY BAD & TWISTED COPPY OF THE ARGONAUTS IS THE CROSSING. THE ABOVE ARE NOTED BY REMBROKE.
AND WE CONCLUDE: AT THE TIME, HELLENISM WAS IN COMATOSE SPIRITUAL CONDITION REGARDING NATIONAL AND HISTORICAL AWARENESS, AND THEREFORE TOTALLY UNABLE TO DEFEND ITS HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION, AND FOR THIS REASON COULD NOT REACT AND DID NOT REACT. TODAY, IT IS WITH OURTOLERANCE THAT OUR LANGUAGE IS DEEMED “INDO-EUROPEAN,” AND OUR WRITING “PHOENICIAN,” OUR ATHENA AND OUR SOCRATES ARE PRESENTED AS “BLACKS,” AND OUR CIVILIZATION AS “AFRICAN.” WHAT SPIRITUAL SITUATION ARE WE IN NOW? [I.E., WHAT’S OUR EXCUSE THIS TIME?]
NOTES: ON PAGE 13745 OF THIS ARTICLE, IS A PICTURE OF A PIECE OF SHARD [POTTERY] DATED TO 6,000 B.C., FOUND ON THE ISLET OF YOURA OF THE NORTH SPORADES ISLAND COMPLEX WITH GREEK ALPHABETICAL WRITINGS. ONE CAN SEE THE LETTERS “A,” “Y,” & “D” [ALPHA, EEPSILON, AND DELTA ], ALMOST IDENTICAL TO THE GREEK LETTERS OF THE CLASSICAL ALPHABETS. THIS FINDING PROVES THAT THE GREEK ALPHABET IS OLDER THAN THE GREEK LINEAR WRITINGS. THIS FINDING ALSO COMPLETELY AND DEFINITELY DISPROVES THE FALSE THEORY THAT THE GREEKS GOT THEIR ALPHABET FROM THE PHOENICIANS, WHO MADE THEIR HISTORICAL APPEARANCE AROUND 1300 B.C., IN OTHER WORDS ABOUT 4,500 TO 5,000 YEARS AFTER THE CREATION OF THIS PLAQUE AT YOURA. ON PAGE 13747 ARE SHOWN LETTER-SYMBOLS FROM THE PROTO-CYCLADIC VESSELS OF MILOS (MID-THIRD MILLENNIUM B.C.). ONE CAN DISTINGUISH THE [LETTER] “X” [CHI] TO THE LEFT AND THE [LETTER] “N” TO THE RIGHT. THESE LETTERS ARE WRITTEN JUST AS THE LETTERS OF THE GREEK ALPHABET ARE WRITTEN TODAY.
THE SPEECH AND CLEAR CONFESSION OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT(ALEXANDROS O MEGAS) TO BOTH ATHENIANS AND PERSIANS.
-Had I not greatly at heart the Common welfare of Greece I should not have come to tell you; but I am myself Greek by descent, (“te gar Hellên genos eimi tôrchaion“) and I would not willingly see Greece exchange freedom for slavery. …If you prosper in this war, forget not to do something for my freedom; consider the risk I have run, out of zeal for the Greek Cause,….I am Alexander of Macedon‘
Another cited excerpt makes it even more clear that Alexander the First was proud of his Hellenic identity. While speaking to Persians: Tell your king who sent you how a Greek man, viceroy of the Macedonians (“anêr Hellên – Makedonôn hyparchos”)has received you hospitably
FIRSTLY WE INTEND TO EXAMINE THE ANCIENT EVIDENCE ON THE WAY THE ANCIENT MACEDONIANS WERE DEFINING THEMSELVES IN REFERENCE TO THEIR OWN IDENTITY. CONCERNING THEIR OWN BELIEFS ABOUT THEMSELVES WE SHALL REVIEW THE AVAILABLE EVIDENCE COMING FROM THE ANCIENT SOURCES, BOTH LITERARY AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL. A. THE LITERARY EVIDENCE THE FIRST AVAILABLE EVIDENCE COMES FROM THE MACEDONIAN KING ALEXANDER DURING HIS SPEECH TO ATHENEANS. ESSENTIALLY WE HAVE A CLEAR CONFESSION THAT ALEXANDER CONSIDERS HIMSELF A GREEK. -HAD I NOT GREATLY AT HEART THE COMMON WELFARE OF GREECE I SHOULD NOT HAVE COME TO TELL YOU; BUT I AM MYSELF GREEK BY DESCENT, (“TE GAR HELLÊN GENOS EIMI TÔRCHAION“) AND I WOULD NOT WILLINGLY SEE GREECE EXCHANGE FREEDOM FOR SLAVERY. …IF YOU PROSPER IN THIS WAR, FORGET NOT TO DO SOMETHING FOR MY FREEDOM; CONSIDER THE RISK I HAVE RUN, OUT OF ZEAL FOR THE GREEK CAUSE,….I AM ALEXANDER OF MACEDON‘1
Another cited excerpt makes it even more clear that Alexander I was proud of his Hellenic identity. While speaking to Persians: Tell your king who sent you how a Greek man, viceroy of the Macedonians (“anêr Hellên – Makedonôn hyparchos”)has received you hospitably… “
What the word EUROPE means?
..THEN one knows..What the word ΕΥΡΩΠΗ (EUROPE) means!!! ..Here: Europa being abducted by Zeus disguised as a bull, detail from an Attic (Attica was – & still is the county of Athens) krater(, 5th century; in the Tarquinia National MuseumFrom the (ΛΕΞΙΣ)-LEΞΙΣ(=Word) ops(ωψ)……comes the unknown maybe complex ευρωπός (Europe = WIDE+ViIEW), but also well-known to us bottleneck (στενωπός – steno+opos = the narrow passage), and: πρόσωπον–prosopon(= person), ενώπιον – enopion= before etc.
After all this opens the way to and from … Europe, as an element of beauty, which etymologically is only the female of “euryopa” we saw in the beginning.
THE ISOLATED WORD IS “ΕΥΡΎΟΠΑ” – “EVRYOPA” MEANING ONE WHO HAS WIDE EYES, WITH WHOM SUPERVISE EVERYTHING, THAT PERFORM AS THE “PANTEPOPTES”(=TOTAL CONTROLERS)..
In our mind now comes the Kyklop(s)-Κύκλωψ (κύκλος+ωψ) – kyclos=circle + ops) = one who has a round eye.Ex: Optic etc.
And that in turn reminds us of the Modern Hellenic the Word: presviops – From: πρέσβυς =(=γέρον=geron=elder, as geriatric ) + ωψ-ops [=sight, up vision)] = one who suffers from (πρεσβυωπία)-presbyopia, ie. By inability to clearly distinguish near objects, which is common in the elderly, and the SA (Ancient) myopic (who constricts eyelids to public).The surprises continue as it is clear from the myo (= close lips) produced another series of words, such as the little-known myzo (= drink with closed lips, suck, suck), which we find among others, Xenophon (Snooze . 4,5,27):
THE ABOVE SCIENCES ARE INTERRELATED WITH THE ANCIENT HELLENIC LANGUAGE AND ARE INTO EACH ANOTHER LIKE RUSSIAN BAMPOUSKES. COMBINE ALPHABET ENCLOSING NUMBERS AND MUSICAL TONES WITH THESE 4 DISCIPLINES.
1.Astronomia = + astir law, a-Justice = is not supported, so astronomy = the universal laws that govern what is not based somewhere, who have to do with music (harmony),shapes (geometry) numbers (mathematics ) and all the ether that surrounds the heavenly realms.
2.THE PYTHAGORAS HEARD THE HARMONY (MUSIC) OF THE CELESTIAL SPHERES THUS SPEAK A LANGUAGE THAT HAS TO DO WITH THE FLOW OF THE UNIVERSE.
THE ENORMOUS IMPORTANCE OF MUSIC FOR THE PYTHAGOREANS
<<<<<<<<PYTHAGORAS AND MUSIC>>>>>>>
So it said that Pythagoras, and practice once, with the help spondiakou State played a piper, extinguished the rage of an intoxicated young Tafromenitou, who during the night attacked with loud voices against his mistress at the door of his rival by drawing to set fire to the house. And so, being in a tizzy and he is steady due to the Phrygian melody lumen. This passion has rapidly healed Pythagoras, who happened at that moment, at an inappropriate time, to deal with the laws governing the stars. Then said the piper to turn the Phrygian melody spondaic, with which the young man, having calmed down, returned immediately and decency in his house, and just now not only tolerated by Pythagoras or admonition, but with fury and insults He had refused to meet him.
Ancient Greek Language is the only one that is not based on the fact that some people just sit and agreed to call an object “x” or “y” as all other sterile world languages. The Ancient Greek language is a mathematical masterpiece that will try to approach
Written text 7270 YEARS THAT FOUND IN KASTORIA overturns ALL!
GREEKS discover ALPHABET
Once again is the Phoenician Deception Revealed!
The MYTH about the … “Phoenician … Alphabet” !!! The first written text in Europe – In 1998 Professor. G.. Hourmouziadis said the publication of the text is impossible!
It is evident that any official publication would upset the entire history of discovery on scene of writing, imprinting the articulate voice of man with letters (and not ideograms) and even in the territory of Greece, in the territory of Europe.
It overturned ie the theory that the Greeks were they, light from the east (from Babylonian, Sumerian, palm trees, etc. !!) And we had to fill the big gap of four thousand years, ie when the Eastern peoples expressed by ideograms The Greeks wrote with syllables as today. It is obvious that indicates early stage thought and culture.
According to today’s theory – taught in Greek schools – the Greeks learned writing around 800 BC “by the …..Phoenicians”(!!).
What they can NOT explain to us how the Ancient Greek language may have 800,000 entries, first language on the planet, when the next has 250,000 entries.
How can the Homeric epics were written around 800 BC ie when they learned to write Greek?
Suddenly encountered the ancient Greeks on the historical scene in the 8th century BC, with the language of hundreds of thousands of entries, which is required to create linguistic prehistory least 10,000 years (according to official American linguistic exposure).
The English language is 1,600 years old and has 48% Greek words with a total of 240,000 entries. The German is 1,700 years old and has 250,000 entries with Greek words 46%.
What troubles the historians, or because they were not lost in the dust of history and the Greeks as the Canaanites, the Sumerians, the Babylonians, the Phoenicians, etc .;
The oldest organized written text found in the land of Europe and dates from before 7254 years (!) Today revealed the lake of Kastoria.
It is a wooden plaque engraved with an unknown message from a Neolithic fisherman or dealer limniaiou prehistoric settlement in dispilio, written two thousand years before the written findings of the Sumerians and four thousand years before cretomycenean clay tablets of linear writing. The shocking announcement made yesterday during the archaeological conference for this year’s excavation work in Northern Greece Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Mr. George Hourmouziadis, the document revealed during excavation last summer.
The wooden sign with the inscription dated accurately by the method of carbon-14 in the “Democritus” in 5260 (!) BC, at the end of the Middle Neolithic period.
Mr. Hourmouziadis scientific arguments concluded that the engravings of the inscription, which is organized into verses should not be decorative, but “letters” that can be integrated into the palaioeuropean system. Linear B tablets from Pylos. Used by Ventris to decipher language as Greek. 13th century BC
Tip: Astronomy = astir + Law, a-Justice = is not supported, so astronomy = the universal laws that govern weometry) numbers (mathematics ) and all the ether that surrounds the heavenly realms. Tip 2: Pythagoras heard the harmony (music) of the celestial Spheres So to speak the Ancient Greek language that has to do with the flow of the universe. It`s is the only language, that can be used for H / Y due mathimatica and musicality not only the alphabet-word, but the mathematical concepts generated eg The word becomes THESIS(=Position: Synthesis, assault, filing, hypothesis, Exposition, Addition, prothesis, anaThesis, available Antithesis etc if now these words to translate in English are totally unrelated.
That is not the Alphabet to be copied from somewhere else seen from that in the year 900 before the beginning of the Christian dating, Homer already available to the 6.5 million primary words (present tense and first person singular) that if the multiply CH72 which calls will draw a huge number which is not the final, because do not forget that the Greek language is not sterile, born. IF we compare now eg the English language has 80,000 words, of which 80% are Greek as we inform the University of Wales, and measure that this sterile language evolves 1000 years, we effortlessly draw the conclusion that Homer receives a language which has a depth in time 100,000 years ago, 500,000 years ago? Who knows… But the ultimate proof is mathimatikotita itself of which does not exist in any other language of the world. Do not even forget that Creation uses mathematics, so our language is necessarily related to the source (root-0/1). Also the same mathematics have not been anywhere else as you read the following article by clicking HERE But before the “crypt” is the “means”, ie the connection of words with meanings. We said earlier that foreign dialects defined by agreement, ie some agreed that the subject of so and so will call it “X”, which makes the languages sterile, so they can give birth to new words, so there mathimatikotita therefore can not describe new concepts that exist in nature, resulting in the brain where it can not describe through new words new meanings remain in the dark, so the neurons of the brain does not generate new as opposed to those who use the Greek. How could eg the English or the French or the X, Y with a word that has 10 concepts to describe accurately and therefore clearly a deeper meaning? Especially the multiple aspects of this? Can not. Here’s why it all started here. It means then is the connection between the mark and the signified, that the word itself is created in a way that describes the meaning esokleinei inside. Example: the naming of the word curry (Walnut) comes from an observation of nature (as all words), ie when two horned animals (Rams, goats etc.) tra.kar.oun with their ker.ata hear the “crack” or “fem”, the sound he gave the name “horn” (horn) the horn gave the name hold or skull (head) and the nicknames of this curry (small head). Curry (nut) looks amazing to the human head and the interior of the brain. Y is the root of the verb YO (rain) where Y is concavity (or convexity) that mates something, rain (water element) enters (nest) into the earth. The musical – numeric alphabet creates musical – mathematical words that describe relevant concepts, which are derived from observation of nature ie of Creation, but the question is how many millennia may be needed to create this perfect mathematical complex letters are numbers and yet musical tones and words that all the numbers and music tones hide inside Except for complex musical harmonies, concepts which are not random at all but after extensive observation of nature? Let’s analyze grammatically the word ΕΡΩΣ (“EROS”=”LOVE”) Ε= Εκπορευόμενη Δύναμις (του φωτός) = emanating Force (light) Ρ= Ροή πρωτίστως Φωτοενεργειών, = flow primarity Photoenergy Ω= Ο πλανήτης – γήινο πεδίο The planet = The Earth Field Σ= Το εσωτερικόν θεώμενον = The inner being viewed
The word ΕΡΩΣ – EROS O + S is the flow of the power of light (life-knowledge) from the universe to the earthly plane and into the depths of ourselves. In Hesiod’s Theogony the update is one of the three authorities (Chaos, Gaia, Eros). Light encloses the knowledge, life, beauty, beauty, serenity, happiness, goodness, love, harmony, etc ..
Eros is not only that which exists between a man and a woman if CHAOS EROS GAIA preexisting human. EROS between the universe to the earth, harmony of nature eg rain and vegetation, even in combination with the human element, eg a man and a beautiful evening sunset or generally anything that offers harmony and therefore bliss. One aspect of Eros is also the harmony between man and woman which yields the holy genesis. The harmony stems from the duality of 0/1, Masculine (1) and the Feminine (c). The 0/0 or 1/1 not create because it is cosmic disharmony. The word then “Eros” means nothing aphrodisiac (sexual) but a higher spiritual state, do not forget that the word priest comes from there. Arguably, therefore our Antisthenes recalls “PRINCIPLE OF WISDOM The NAMES EPISKEPSIS”.
The Greek alphabet became the basis for the creation of the Latin alphabet. Indeed, the Latin alphabet comes from the Etruscan alphabet which in turn, and in line with the prevailing view today, based on the Greek.
The development of the alphabet The Alexandrian grammar classifying sixteen letters in the first Greek alphabet: A, B, C, D, E, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, R the S, T and Y. Later followed the I, P and X. By adding the letters G, O, D, H and Z was born the Ionic alphabet. In ancient Greek inscriptions found three variants of the alphabet: the Aeolian or Dorian, the Attic and Ionic.
The wind and the Doric alphabet is found in inscriptions of Thera, Milos, Peloponnese, Boeotia and Great Greece, in Sicily and Southern Italy. The Attic alphabet (the Attic letters) we find the inscriptions in Attica before the era of Euclid (402 BC). The Ionic alphabet is found in inscriptions in Ionian Sea and in Asia Minor.
Other uses The letters of the Greek alphabet used in Greek numerals. The Greek alphabet is widely used as a symbol tank for use in science or as internationally agreed symbols (eg: π=3,14) or for any suitable use. Like the Latin alphabet, the Greek used for the count (especially when you are interested in our series), eg All 24 rhapsodies of Odyssey numbered with small letters of the alphabet, while the Iliad to uppercase. Particularly in Astronomy the Greek alphabet used to count the stars, ie alpha Centauri is the brightest star of the constellation Centaurus, while Omega is the 24th in brightness. After the end of Greek letters follow Latin and then followed by Arabic numerals.
Visit the: www.the phoenician deception
Xenophon Zolotas
Prof. Xenophon Zolotas is a well-known Greek economist. The speeches that follows were given to a foreign audience, at the closing session of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, on September 26, 1957 and on October 2, 1959. Prof. Zolotas held the positions of the Governor of the bank of Greece and the Governor of the Funds for Greece, at that time.
“I always wished to address this Assembly in Greek, but I realized that it would have been indeed Greek to all present in this room. I found out, however, that I could make my address in Greek which would still be English to everybody. With your permission, Mr. Chairman, I shall do it now, using with the exception of articles and prepositions only Greek words.”
First speech
“Kyrie(=Lord),
I eulogize the archons of the Panethnic Numismatic Thesaurus and the Ecumenical Trapeza for the orthodoxy of their axioms, methods and policies, although there is an episode of cacophony of the Trapeza with Hellas.
With enthusiasm we dialogue and synagonize at the synods of our didymous Organizations in which polymorphous economic ideas and dogmas are analyzed and synthesized.
Our critical problems such as the numismatic plethora generate some agony and melancholy. This phenomenon is characteristic of our epoch. But, to my thesis, we have the dynamism to program therapeutic practices as a prophylaxis from chaos and catastrophe.
In parallel, a panethnic unhypocritical economic synergy and harmonization in a democratic climate is basic.
I apologize for my eccentric monologue. I emphasize my eucharistia to you Kyrie, to the eugenic and generous American Ethnos and to the organizers and protagonists of this Amphictyony and the gastronomic symposia.”
Second speech
“Kyrie,
It is Zeus’ anathema on our epoch for the dynamism of our economies and the heresy of our economic methods and policies that we should agonise between the Scylla of numismatic plethora and the Charybdis of economic anaemia.
It is not my idiosyncrasy to be ironic or sarcastic but my diagnosis would be that politicians are rather cryptoplethorists. Although they emphatically stigmatize numismatic plethora, energize it through their tactics and practices.
Our policies have to be based more on economic and less on political criteria.
Our gnomon has to be a metron between political, strategic and philanthropic scopes. Political magic has always been antieconomic.
In an epoch characterised by monopolies, oligopolies, menopsonies, monopolistic antagonism and polymorphous inelasticities, our policies have to be more orthological. But this should not be metamorphosed into plethorophobia which is endemic among academic economists.
Numismatic symmetry should not antagonize economic acme.
A greater harmonization between the practices of the economic and numismatic archons is basic.
Parallel to this, we have to synchronize and harmonize more and more our economic and numismatic policies panethnically.
These scopes are more practical now, when the prognostics of the political and economic barometer are halcyonic.
The history of our didymous organisations in this sphere has been didactic and their gnostic practices will always be a tonic to the polyonymous and idiomorphous ethnical economics. The genesis of the programmed organisations will dynamize these policies. I sympathise, therefore, with the aposties and the hierarchy of our organisations in their zeal to programme orthodox economic and numismatic policies, although I have some logomachy with them.
I apologize for having tyrannized you with my hellenic phraseology.
In my epilogue, I emphasize my eulogy to the philoxenous autochthons of this cosmopolitan metropolis and my encomium to you, Kyrie, and the stenographers.”
Mr Xenophon Zolotas
ETYMOLOGY OF SOME ANCIENT GREEK NAMES.
The word “Macedonia” is of Greek origin. The etymology is: The resident of the ancient area “Makednon” in ancient Greek called “Makednos” (eg, see. Herodotus’ Histories, Book 1, §56: «Makednon kaleomenon”). The root “Mak-” comes from “makos”, the Doric type Atticus “length” (which is the modern Greek word). In short, the “Makednos” meant “tall man”. In the new Greek the word “long”. The same root is the source of the English prefix “macro-“, which identifies several words to mean long (macro; biotic, macro instruction;) or large (macro; cosm, macro; molecule).
The name Alexander (“the Great”) is also of Greek origin. The “Alexander”, consists of two parts in Greek: the “alex-” is a prefix meaning “protector” so we have modern Greek words “bulletproof (protects from bullets),” lightning rod “(protects from lightning), and” parachute “(protect from falling) . and “Andreas” is the general word “man.” Homer Odyssey begins as follows: “Man ennepe muse Polytropon me …” etc. In English the root “andro-” passed in words like “androgynous”, “android”, “Andrew”, and a few more.
Briefly, the “Alexander” means “protector of men”
But any other known ancient Macedonian name is also Greek origin! For example, take the name of Philip, Alexander’s father, started the expansion of the ancient Macedonian nation. And this is Greek. In Greek consists of two parts: The prefix “pro” meaning “one who likes” or “having a friendly relationship with.” This root passed into English words such as “philosophy”, “philanthropy”, and even in “Philadelphia” and “Philippines”.
And the suffix “-ippos” ie. “Horse”. This root passed into Latin as “hippo-” (the initial h is the performance of the pronunciation of the Greek CSCE), and from there into English words such as “hippopotamus” (hippopotamus; literally “river horse”) and “hippocampus” (hippocampus).
Briefly, “Philip” means “friend of horses” PHILIP From the Greek name Philip (Philippos) which means “friend of horses”, composed of the elements friend (philos) “friend” and horse (hippos) “horse”(Ex. Hipppodrome, Hippocrate etc.). This was the name of five kings of Macedon, including Philip II the father of Alexander the Great. The name appears in the New Testament belonging to two people who are regarded as saints. First, one of the twelve apostles, and second, an early figure in the Christian church known as Philip the Deacon.
ALEXANDER Latinized form of the Greek name Alexander (Alexandros), which meant “defending men” from Greek Alexis (alexo+andros=of the man:genetivus of aner) “to defend, help” and man (aner-(ἀνήρ`= man)) “andros” (-“ander” in Latin much later). In Greek mythology this was another name of the hero Paris, and it also belongs to several characters in the New Testament. However, the most famous bearer was Alexander the Great, King of Macedon. In the 4th century BC he built a huge empire out of Greece, Egypt, Persia, and parts of India. There he spred with the MOST civilized manners the Greek Civilization & Culture.
He was Highily educated in Philosophy, Astronomy, Music & Martial strategic tactics(the latest from his father). Due to his fame, and later medieval tales involving him, use of his name spread throughout Europe. AMYNTAS Derived from Greek amyntor (amyntor) meaning “defender”. This was the name of several kings of Macedon.
Agathosthenis <good courage + = good (on actions and intellect) + power = the person holding power to think and to do good. Agoraklis <purchase + market + = glory = glory he has fame in the market Agorakritos <= purchase about judgment: he judged from the market Athanasios <a (withdrawal) + at death – death = immortal (gilts. Immortality, Euthanasia etc;) Athena Atheonoa = <a (superlative) + + God = mind that from the supreme mind (the goddess Athena, xepidise from the head of Zeus). The original name was Athena and is Pelasgic origin Catherine <del + = always clean cleared Alexander <Alexia + man (b. The man) = defender, protector men (gilts. Alexandra)
Its complicated by p. Alexis’ spurn – protect “; + a man, so Alexandros originally meant” one who protects the people. ” Somehow many associate some verb Alexis to remove, giving Alexandros the importance of “he who repels men ‘. The importance of this verb is “protect” and we find eg in ancient anthroponymia Aleximvrotos (from vrotos) and Alexinor (ἀνήρ`=the man) which mean “the protector of mortals.” Note that as they have shown great linguists, the name Alexandros is ancient, as already answered in Mycenaean Greek.
Amaryllis = The Shining(from: Amarysso-αμαρυσσω=shine, radiate Amphiaraos <amfo + ara + st (suffix) = one who mitigates the curse – misfortune
Amphibios(Amphi+Bios=life) Anargyros <a (withdrawal) + silver (money) = a nonprofit (gilts. ANARGYRON) Anastasios <at + stasis = the reborn, the eternal (gilts. Anastasia) Andreas <man (b. Man) = the brave, real man, brave warrior Andromache <man (b. The man) + fight = the fighting men (ie. The great and fearless warrior) (gilts. Andromache) Andronikos <man (b. The man) win + = one who conquers men (gilts. Andro+niki) Antigonus <+ instead gignomai (born) = the worthy with generator father (gilts. Antigone) Apollo <a (superlative) + + pole las (light bulbs – they lampsis) = one who shines everywhere. According to others: a (withdrawal) many + = one who does not belong to the many Virtue <a (withdrawal) + = risis unparalleled, perfect, unique Aristarchus <archo excellent + = one who initiates (heads) of optimum Aristides <+ excellent OPD (vague: I saw) = the best on the face, the very good looking Aristomachos <excellent + = the battle honors fighting (gilts. Aristomachos) Aristonicus <+ excellent victory = one who manages the perfect victory (gilts. Aristonicus) Aristotle <+ excellent end (purpose) = the perfectionist, one who intends to excellent Aristophanes <+ excellent Fimios (say, trumpets, spread word) = one who speaks excellent Artemis <air + = intersect that cuts – crosses the air Archimedes <start + midomai (meditate) = the ruler of thought Aspasia <= female kissing the arch. adjective aspasios = happy, happy (male. Aspasios) Venus <foam + dito (= emerge) = emerging from the foam (sea) Basil <vasielefs = one who belongs to the king (gilts. Basel) Speedwell (Veronica) <from the ancient Macedonian name Fereniki> fetch = + victory that brings victory George <Ca + work = the cultivator of the land, he produced work in the land, the farmer (gilts. Georgia) Glafkonomi <Owl (or glaucous) + Act = brilliant – wise law Gregory <= quickly awake, sleepless revved Damocles <township glory + = the doxazomenos by the municipality (people), the popular Damofili <township friend + = girlfriend municipality (people), that he loves his people Despina <= overtop dominant, lady Demaratus <township + weigh (= heave) = one who elevates (morally) the municipality (population) Dimaretis <+ municipality virtue (> a + risis) = one who (with his deeds) benefit the municipality (people) (gilts. Dimareti) Dimitra <da (Doric formula of “land” is a variant of “ca”) + mother = mother earth Dimitrios = the dedicated to the goddess Demeter Democritus <township judgment: + = one who is from the municipality (population) Dimoniki <township + win = win municipality (population) Demosthenes <township vigor + = one who gives strength to the municipality (population) Dimostratos <+ troop municipality = one who is called the municipality (population) Popular (see. Damofili) Diagoras <Zeus (b. Zeus) + plead one running a speech by the power of Zeus Dikaiarchou <archo righteous + = one who is righteous ruler Dikaioklis <righteous glory + = one who glorifies the law Dikaiopolis <righteous + polis = the righteous citizen Diogenes <Zeus (b. Zeus) + = the maiden originating from Jupiter Diocles <Zeus (b. Zeus) + = the glory glorifies Jupiter Diomedes <Zeus (b. Zeus) + midomai (think =) = the thinking to the will of Zeus Dionysus <Zeus (born of Zeus) + = the mind come from the mind of Zeus Peace = eiro (hook) Helen <elon (B vague weigh = destroy) + nafs (ISO. The NDI = ship) = one for which ships destroyed Eleftherios <El (name of the Olympians) + ef + summer = one who with his coming will mean better and offered to the gods, in another interpretation:> Elefsis (> el + fair + quake – move) + courage = he who with courage and strength of the gods move everything in a good way Hermes <EPDM (= ratio) = one who takes the floor Hermogenes <Hermes (b. Hermes) + = the maiden originating from Mercury genus Home <through + God = one rushes in (home) Evangelia <ef + ad = good news, good news Evangelos <ef = + angel messenger who brings good news Eyboulos <+ ef parliament (House) = having the benevolent desire Eunomia <ef Law + = one who defines good laws (gilts. Eunomia) Eupolis <+ fair city = good citizen Evridiki <= range + righteous one possessed of great justice (male. Eurydice) Eurycleia <width + = glory that has great glory (male. Evryklis) Eurynome <= range + Law that knows many laws (male. Eurynome) Happiness <+ fair chance that has good luck (male. Eftychios) Zafirios <sapphire (sapphire) = precious (gilts. Zafiria) Zeus <Zeo (= life-giving) + ef = the provider good life Zenobia <Jean (Dorian type of Zeus = Jupiter) + life = that lives thanks to Jupiter Hegesistratos <lead + = army that led the army (male. Igistratos) Ira <day (idiom of the word “earth – earth”). In others, an anagram of the word “air” Herophilus <Ira + = girlfriend that loves Hera Heron <Ira + s = he who belongs to Hera Hephaestus <the (increase thanks euphony) + F (Achaean type “to” = light) + istimi (= possess good) = one who is well aware of the fire Theodore <god + gift = one who is a gift from God Thersites <Tarshish = one who is impudent Thrasivoulos <Tarshish + desire = the one who has tharreti (up supercilious) desire Jason <= Iasis therapist Hipparchus <= horse + archo he led the horses Hippodameia <horse + SAMe-oh = one tames horses Hippocrates <horse + territory-oh = those who control horses Hippolyte <= horse + unfasten that releases the horses (male. Hippolytus) Isocrates <= equal + I hold he kept equidistant – equality Calliope <beauty + hole (= hole mouth in a sense) = the sweet-voiced Kleovoulos <glory + House = he who wants glory Kleogenis <glory + = genus-derived glorified genus Kosmas <comely = he who is kind and kalotropos Laodice <people + trial = trial people Laomideia <+ people = midomai the thought of people Leonidas <lion + = he himself like the lion Lysistrata <unfasten (future. Solve) + = army that dissolves the army Maria <glitter (= lighten) = one sparkles [-> Mary (S48 Iliad, Odyssey l326) -> Maria (exevraismos the Greek name)] (male. Marios) Mede <= midomai the thinking (gilts. Midia) Nikareti <= victory + virtue that beats with virtue (male. Nikaretos) Nikiforos <victory fetch = + he made wins Nikolaos <win + people = one who gives victory to the people (female does not exist in ancient Greek. The new Greek is Nicoletta, epanellinismos the Frankish Nikolette) Xenokratis <stranger hold + = one who keeps (away) foreign Xenophanes <stranger fainymi + = one who resembles foreign Odefssefs <betake + = essomai those found in the street, the Wandering Homer <OMMA + APD = he who loses his eye, the blind Orestes <term stand + = one who is on the mountain, the man of the mountain, the Hillbilly Periandros <+ on man (b. The man) = one who is above the other men Pericles <+ on = the glory yperdoxos, the amply Peter <= the stone stable, the steadfast Penelope <pini (thread) + lepo (unfold) = the weaver Plato <width + s (= existing) = one who is broad (The philosopher Plato took this name because she had broad chest and forehead. Originally his name was Aristocles. Pleistonikis <pleistos (superlative of “long”) + win = one who has many victories, the POLYNIKI Poliarchos <city archo + = one who initiates the town Poseidon <potos (= river) + yielding one running gives rivers Prodikos <pre trial + = the chief justice Protagoras <first market + = one who is first in the market (ie. In common) Pythagoras <Pytho (= update -> Pytheas) market + = one who informs the market Sophia <= wisdom, erudition, profound knowledge Sophocles <wise glory + = glorious for its wisdom Spyridon <spyris (b. Spyridon = psarokofino) = one who makes baskets for fish Stratoklis <military glory + = the glorious soldier Stylianos <column = constant as the column, that one can rely on it (gilts. Styliani) Socrates <wise + keep one running observes wisely Sotirios <= savior savior Telemachus <tele battle + = one who gives battles from afar Phaedra <= blithe cheerful Filareti <friend + = virtue that loves virtue (male. Filaret) Philip <horse friend + = one who loves horses Philodemus <township friend + = one who loves the municipality (population) Philostratus <army friend + = one who loves the army Chariklia <thanks + = the famous glory for the sake of ANTIGONUS From the Greek Antigonus (Antigonos) which meant “against the ancestor”, from anti (anti) “against” and parent (goneus) “ancestor”. This was the name of one of Alexander the Great’s generals. After Alexander died, he took control of most of Asia Minor. ARCHELAUS Latinized form of the Greek name Archelaos (Archelaos), which meant “master of the people” from Aarhus (archos) “master” and Laos (laos) “people”. This was the name of a son of Herod the Great. He ruled over Judea, Samaria and Idumea. ARISTOTLE From the Greek name Aristotle (Aristoteles) which meant “the best purpose”, derived from excellent (aristos) “best” and the end (telos) “purpose, aim”. This was the name of a Greek philosopher of the 4th century BC who made lasting contributions to Western thought, including the fields of logic, metaphysics, ethics and biology. KLEITOS Means “splendid, famous” in Greek. This was the name of one of Alexander the Great’s generals.
CLEOPATRA FROM THE GREEK NAME CLEOPATRA (KLEOPATRA) WHICH MEANT “GLORY OF THE FATHER”, DERIVED FROM GLORY (KLEOS) “GLORY” COMBINED WITH FATHER (PATROS) “OF THE FATHER”. THIS WAS THE NAME OF QUEENS OF EGYPT FROM THE PTOLEMAIC ROYAL FAMILY, INCLUDING CLEOPATRA VII, THE MISTRESS OF BOTH JULIUS CAESAR AND MARK ANTONY. AFTER BEING DEFEATED BY AUGUSTUS SHE COMMITTED SUICIDE BY ALLOWING HERSELF TO BE BITTEN BY AN ASP. SHAKESPEARE’S TRAGEDY ‘ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA’ (1606) IS BASED ON HER.
THE MACEDONIAN NAME PERDIKKAS OBVIUSLY MEANS “FAMOUSLY JUST” [CA (T) – + RIGHTEOUS], BUT TO ACCEPT IT WE MUST “PROVE” SOMEHOW THE DOUBLING OF THE LETTER “K” IN THE THEME “TRIAL”, MEANING “JUSTICE”.
HELLENIC QUEST CALLED AN E-LEARNING PROGRAM THAT GREEK AS CNN BEGAN DISTRIBUTING WORLDWIDE AND INTENDED INITIALLY FOR ENGLISH SPEAKERS AND SPANISH SPEAKERS. THE TEACHING METHOD IS TO VIEW INFORMATION ON THE SCREEN OF THE / Y WHILE SOUND AND MOVING IMAGE TRANSMISSION.
CNN, IN COLLABORATION WITH THE APPLE COMPUTER COMPANY PREPARED A GREEK EASY TUTORIAL AND ENGLISH-SPEAKING US HISPANICS. THE RATIONALE BEHIND THIS INITIATIVE WAS THAT THE GREEK INTENSIFIES RATIONAL SPIRIT, SCRAPES ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ENCOURAGES CITIZENS TO CREATIVITY. THE PROGRAM IS PRODUCED BY THE LARGE CORPORATION THE H / Y APPLE, O CHAIRMAN OF WHICH JOHN SCULLY SAID: WE DECIDED TO PUSH THE GREEK TUTORIAL, BECAUSE OUR SOCIETY NEEDS A TOOL THAT WILL ALLOW TODISCOVER SO FAR. IN OTHER WORDS, THIS IS A MANIFESTATION OF THE TENDENCY TO RETURN TO THE SPIRIT WORLD CULTURE AND LANGUAGE OF THE ANCENT GREEKS. ANOTHER RELATED EVENT: THE ENGLISH BUSINESSMEN MOTIVATE SENIOR EXECUTIVES TO LEARN ANCIENT GREEK BECAUSE THEY CONTAIN A SPECIAL MEANING FOR THE AREAS OF ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT COMPANIES. IN THIS CONCLUSION ALREADY LED AFTER BRITISH SPECIAL FINDINGS THAT THE GREEK LANGUAGE REINFORCES THE LOGIC AND STIMULATES LEADERSHIP ABILITIES. SO IT HAS GREAT VALUE, NOT ONLY IN COMPUTER SCIENCE AND HIGH TECHNOLOGY, BUT ALSO IN ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION ..
THESE PROPERTIES OF GREEK LED THE CALIFORNIA UNIVERSITY IRMAIN TAKE THE HOARDING OF WEALTH … HEAD OF PROGRAM PLACED THE LINGUIST –ELLINISTRIA- MAC NTONALI AND TEACHERS E BRUNNER AND PAKARI. IN THE H/ Y IMYKO WERE EVALUATED 6 MILLION VERBAL FORMULAS OF THE ANCIENT GREEK O LANGUAGE WHEN ENGLISH HAS A TOTAL OF 490,000 WORDS AND 300 … 000 TECHNICAL TERMS, IE AS A LANGUAGE IS ONLY 1/100 OF OUR OWN. IN IMYKO CATEGORIZED 8,000 4,000 ANCIENT GREEK WRITINGS AND THE WORK CONTINUES. TALKING ABOUT IT PROFESSOR BRUNNER SAID: ANYONE WHO WONDER WHY SO MANY MILLIONS OF DOLLARS FOR THE HOARDING OF WORDS OF GREEK RESPOND: BUT THIS IS THE LANGUAGE OF OUR ANCESTORS. AND OUR CONTACT WITH THEM WILL IMPROVE THE HELLENIQUE=GREEK) CULTURE. THE PROMOTERS OF THE PROGRAM ESTIMATE THAT THE GREEK VERBAL TYPES WILL REACH THE 90 MILLION, COMPARED WITH NINE MILLION LATIN. INTEREST IN THE GREEK RESULTED FROM THE RECORDING OF INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SCIENTISTS THAT THE H / PC ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY ACCEPT AS SIGN LANGUAGE ONLY THE GREEK.
ALL OTHER LANGUAGES FEATURED SEMANTIC. SIGN LANGUAGE IS CONSIDERED THE LANGUAGE IN WHICH THE SIGNIFIER, THAT IS THE WORD, AND THE SIGNIFIED, THAT IS, THE WORD EXPRESSES (THING, IDEA, STATE), HAVE AMONG THEIR PRIMARY RELATIONSHIP. WHILE SEMANTIC IS THE LANGUAGE IN WHICH ARBITRARILY DEFINED THAT AMERICAN THING (SIGNIFIED) MEANT BY AM (SIGNIFIER). IN OTHER WORDS, THE ANCIENT GREEK LANGUAGE IS THE ONLY LANGUAGE WHOSE WORDS HAVE PRIMOGENITURE, WHILE IN ALL OTHER, WORDS ARE SYMMATIKES MEAN, THAT IS SOMETHING, JUST BECAUSE IT ‘AGREED’ AMONG THOSE WHO USE IT. ALL OF THE WORDS IN GREEK MEANS EG THE WORD ENTHUSIASM = EN+THEO – ΕΝ-ΘΕΏ (=IN-GOD) GEOMETRY = EARTH + COUNT – ΓAIA +ΜΕΤΡΏ – GAI+METRO
ANTHROPOS(=MAN = THE INARTICULATE (THE ARTICULATED REASON)(ΆΝΘΡΩΠΟΣ = Ο ΆΝΑΡΘΡΩΝ (Ο ΑΡΘΡΏΝΩΝ ΛΌΓΟ).. WE SAY CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORD-THING, WHICH IS NONEXISTENT IN OTHER LANGUAGES.
THE MOST PERFECT IMYKOS PROGRAMS KNOWLEDGE AND NEWTON REPRESENT THE VERBAL FORMULAS OF INTEGRALS IN GREEK AND IN PERFECT REPRESENTATIONAL SHAPES, WHICH CAN NOT DO IN OTHER LANGUAGES. THIS IS BECAUSE THE GREEK HAS A MATHEMATICAL STRUCTURE THAT ALLOWS THE HARMONIOUS GEOMETRICAL DISPLAY. <> PARTICULARLY USEFUL ARE THE GREEK SUFFIXES AS: TELE, LANDI = … LAND, GEO … NANO, MICRO, MEGA, PURPOSE … .ISMOS, ELECTRO …., CYCLO …., TUNER …., MACRO …., SMALL …., TRAY …., WRITES … LETTER … PLUS … … SYM, ETC .. EXAMPLE: THE KNOWN TO ALL CD = COMPACT DISK = DISK SYMPAKTOMENOS COMPUTERS CONSIDER THE GREEK LANGUAGE “NOT MARGINAL ‘, IE THAT ONLY IN THAT THERE ARE NO LIMITS AND SO IT IS NECESSARY TO NEW DISCIPLINES SUCH AS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, ELECTRONICS, THE GOVERNMENT AND OTHERS. THESE SCIENCES ONLY IN THE GREEK LANGUAGE FIND MENTAL EXPRESSIONS THEY NEED, WITHOUT WHICH SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT IS UNABLE TO PROCEED. FOR THESE REASONS THE SPANISH MEPS SOUGHT TO INTRODUCE GREEK AS THE OFFICIAL EUROPEAN UNION BECAUSE TO SPEAK OF A UNITED EUROPE WITHOUT THE GREEK IS LIKE TALKING TO A BLIND MAN ABOUT COLORS.
OF COURSE, IT CAN`T THAT ALL SUDDENLY IT BECOMES ‘OUT OF NOWHERE’ TO DISPLAY A HOMER AND WRITTEN TWO LITERARY MASTERPIECES, IT IS OBVIOUS THAT LONG AGO SHOULD HAVE BEEN A LANGUAGE (AND WRITING) HIGH LEVEL. INDEED, FROM THE ANCIENT GREEK SECRETARIAT KNOW THAT HOMER WAS NOT THE FIRST BUT THE LAST AND MOST FAMOUS OF A LONG LINE OF EPIC POETS, WHOSE NAMES HAVE SURVIVED (KREOFYLOS, PRODIKOS, ARKTINOS, ANTIMACHUS, KINAITHON, CALLIMACHUS) AND THE NAMES OF THEIR WORKS (FORONIS, FOKAIS, DANAIS, NEGRESS, PROGENY, OEDIPAL, THEBES …) HAVE NOT YET BEEN RESCUED THEMSELVES THEIR PROJECTS. POSSIBLE CREATION OF NEW WORDS THE POWER OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS ITS ABILITY TO BE MOLDED NOT ONLY PREFIX OR CONCLUSIVE BUT VARYING IN SOME CASES UP TO THE ROOT OF THE WORD (EG, “RUN” AND “WHEEL” EVEN THOUGH THEY ARE FROM THE SAME FAMILY DIFFER SLIGHTLY THE ROOT). THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS QUALIFIED TO CREATE COMPOUND WORDS WITH INCREDIBLE POTENTIAL USES, MULTIPLYING THE VOCABULARY. THE INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY WEBSTER’S (WEBSTER’S NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY) SAYS: “THE LATIN AND GREEK, ESPECIALLY THE GREEK, AN INEXHAUSTIBLE SOURCE OF MATERIAL FOR CREATING SCIENTIFIC TERMS,” WHILE THE FRENCH LEXICOGRAPHERS JEAN BOUFFARTIGUE AND ANNE-MARIE DELRIEU EMPHASIZED: “SCIENCE FINDS CONSTANTLY NEW OBJECTS OR CONCEPTS. HE NAMED THEM. THE TREASURE OF THE GREEK ROOTS IN FRONT OF HER AS LONG AS YOU DRAW FROM THERE. IT WOULD BE VERY SURPRISING NOT TO FIND THOSE IN NEED. “ THE FRENCH WRITER JACQUES LAKARRIER, STUNNED IN FRONT OF THE GRANDEUR OF GREEK, HAD DECLARED RELATIVELY: “THE GREEK LANGUAGE HAS THE CHARACTERISTIC TO OFFER ON THE WONDERFUL EXPRESSION OF ALL HIERARCHIES WITH A SIMPLE ROTATION OF THE FIRST COMPONENT. ONE HAS ONLY TO PUT A PAN – FIRST – INITIAL OVER- OR ANY OTHER INTENTION IN FRONT OF A SUBJECT. AND IF YOU COMBINE TOGETHER THESE PREFIXES, IT TAKES AN ENDLESS VARIETY OF GRADATIONS. THE PREFIXES ENCLOSED IN THE HAND, NOT AS A SEMANTIC SCALE, WHICH RISES TOWARDS THE SKY OF WORDS. “ IN HOMER’S ILIAD THETIS MOURNING THAT WILL GET THE SON OF KILLING HECTOR “DIONE AND DYSARISTOTOKEIAN IT CALLS”. THE WORD ITSELF IS A DIRGE, DYS + EXCELLENT + WHELP (= CALVE) AND MEANS SUCH ANALYZES ETYMOLOGICUM MEGA “, WHICH GAVE BIRTH TO EVIL EXCELLENT.” A FEW YEARS AGO WAS RELEASED IN SWITZERLAND IN DICTIONARY NONEXISTENT WORDS (DICTIONNAIRE DES MOTS INEXISTANTS) PROPOSING TO REPLACE FRENCH WITH CIRCUMLOCUTIONS MONOLECTIC TERMS FROM THE GREEK. EG ANDROPREIE(=MANACTING), BIOPALESTE, DYSPAREGORETE, ECOGENIARCHE, ELPIDOPHORE(=HOPE+CARRY), GLOSSOCTONIE, PHILOMATHEEM(=LEARNLOVING) TACHYMATHIE(=QUICK LEARNING), THEOPEMPTE ETC. ABOUT 2,000 ENTRIES WITH SCOPE FOR FURTHER ENRICHMENT. NOT FOR CHAUVINISTIC REASONS, BUT TO LEARN SLOWLY ARE UNAWARE OF THE TRUTH!
That is not the Alphabet is copied from elsewhere seen in that in the year 2300 BC by Homer already at the disposal of 6,500,000 primary words (first person singular present tense &) which if you multiply CH72 which calls will draw a huge number which is not the final, because do not forget that the Greek language is not sterile, born.The Greek language is the only one that can be used for H / Y due mathematical and musicality not only the alphabet-word, but the mathematical concepts generated eg The word becomes THESIS(=position): Synthesis, assault, filing, hypothesis, Exposition, Addition, prothesis, anaThesis, available Antithesis etc etc if now these words the English translation is completely unrelated.
IF WE COMPARE NOW EG THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE HAS 80,000 WORDS, OF WHICH 80% ARE GREEK AS WE INFORM THE UNIVERSITY OF WALES, AND MEASURE THAT THIS STERILE LANGUAGE EVOLVES 1000 YEARS, WE EFFORTLESSLY DRAW THE CONCLUSION THAT HOMER RECEIVES A LANGUAGE WHICH HAS A DEPTH THE YEAR 100,000 BC; 500,000 BC; WHO KNOWS …
But the ultimate proof is the same of the mathematic structure, which does not exist in any other language of the world. Do not even forget that the Creator uses math to create, so our language is necessarily related to the source (root-0/1).
BUT BEFORE THE “CRYPT” IS THE “SIGNIFIER”, IE THE CONNECTION OF WORDS WITH MEANINGS. HE SAID EARLIER THAT FOREIGN DIALECTS DEFINED BY AGREEMENT, IE SOME AGREED THAT SUCH AND SUCH A SUBJECT WOULD CALL IT “X”, WHICH MAKES THE LANGUAGES STERILE, SO THEY CAN GIVE BIRTH TO NEW WORDS, SO THERE MATHIMATIKOTITA THEREFORE CAN NOT DESCRIBE NEW CONCEPTS THAT EXIST IN NATURE, RESULTING IN THE BRAIN WHERE IT CAN NOT DESCRIBE THROUGH NEW WORDS NEW MEANINGS REMAIN IN THE DARK, SO THE NEURONS OF THE BRAIN DOES NOT GENERATE NEW AS OPPOSED TO THOSE WHO USE THE GREEK.
HOW COULD EG THE ENGLISH OR THE FRENCH OR THE X, Y WITH A WORD THAT HAS 10 CONCEPTS TO DESCRIBE ACCURATELY AND THEREFORE CLEARLY A DEEPER MEANING? LET ALONE THE MULTIPLE ASPECTS OF THIS? IT CAN NOT BE SO WHY ALL STARTED HERE. IT MEANS THEREFORE IS CONNECTING THE SIGNAL TO THE SIGNIFIED, THAT THE WORD ITSELF IS GENERATED IN SUCH A MANNER THAT DESCRIBES THE MEANING ESOKLEINEI INSTRUMENTS.
EXAMPLE: THE NAMING OF THE WORD CURRY (WALNUT), AS WE READ IN THESECRETREALTRUTH, FROM AN OBSERVATION OF NATURE (AS ALL WORDS), IE WHEN TWO HORNED ANIMALS (RAMS, GOATS ETC.) TRA.KAR.OUN WITH KER.ATA THEIR SOUNDS “CRACK” OR “FEM”, THE SOUND HE GAVE THE NAME “HORN” (HORN) THE HORN GAVE THE NAME OF THE STATE OR SKULL (HEAD) AND THE NICKNAMES OF THIS CURRY (SMALL HEAD). CURRY (NUT) LOOKS AMAZING TO THE HUMAN HEAD AND THE INTERIOR OF THE BRAIN. Y IS THE ROOT OF THE VERB YO (RAIN) WHERE Y IS CONCAVITY (OR CONVEXITY) THAT MATES SOMETHING, RAIN (WATER ELEMENT) ENTERS (NEST) INTO THE EARTH.
THE MUSICAL – NUMERIC ALPHABET CREATES MUSICAL – MATHEMATICAL WORDS THAT DESCRIBE RESPECTIVE CONCEPTS WHICH COME FROM THE OBSERVATION OF NATURE IE OF CREATION SO BY EXTENSION OF THE SAME CREATOR, BUT THE QUESTION IS HOW MANY MILLENNIA MAY BE NEEDED TO CREATE THIS PERFECT MATHEMATICAL COMPLEX LETTERS ARE NUMBERS, YET MUSICAL TONES AND WORDS THAT ALL THE NUMBERS AND MUSIC TONES INTO THEIR HIDE EXCEPT FOR COMPLEX MUSICAL HARMONIES, CONCEPTS WHICH ARE NOT RANDOM AT ALL BUT AFTER EXTENSIVE OBSERVATION OF NATURE?
ARGUABLY, THEREFORE OUR ANTISTHENES RECALLS “WISDOM AUTHORITY NAMES VISITATION”DE GROOT (NETHERLANDS HOMERIC TEXTS PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MONTREAL)
“THE GREEK LANGUAGE HAS CONTINUITY AND TEACHES TO BE OWNERLESS AND GOT A GLORY, THAT AN OPINION. IN THIS LANGUAGE THERE IS NO ORTHODOXY. SO EVEN IF THE EDUCATION SYSTEM WANTS PEOPLE LAW-ABIDING – A MOLD – THE SPIRIT OF ANCIENT TEXTS AND LANGUAGE IN LEARNING TO BE A BOSS. “ JAMES JOYCE (FAMOUS IRISH AUTHOR, 1882-1941)
“ALMOST AFRAID TO TOUCH THE ODYSSEY, THE OPPRESSIVE BEAUTY IS UNBEARABLE.” THE GREAT FRENCH WRITER JACQUES LAKARRIER SAID:
“IN GREEK THERE IS A VERTIGO OF WORDS, BECAUSE ONLY SHE EXPLORED, RECORDED AND ANALYZED THE INNERMOST PROCESSES OF SPEECH AND LANGUAGE, MORE THAN ANY OTHER LANGUAGE.” THE GREAT FRENCH ENLIGHTENER VOLTAIRE HAD SAID
“MAY THE GREEK LANGUAGE TO BECOME COMMON ALL PEOPLES.” THE FRENCH PROFESSOR AT THE SORBONNE SAID CHARLES FORIEL
“THE GREEK HAS HOMOGENEITY AS THE GERMAN, BUT RICHER THAN THAT. HE HAS THE CLARITY OF THE FRENCH, BUT IT HAS GREATER PRECISION. IT IS MORE FLEXIBLE THAN THE ITALIAN AND MUCH MORE HARMONIOUS THAN THE SPANISH. IS THAT WHAT IT TAKES TO BE CONSIDERED THE MOST BEAUTIFUL LANGUAGE OF EUROPE. “ MARIANNA MCDONALD, PROFESSOR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AND HEAD OF TLG SAID
“KNOWLEDGE OF GREEK IS ESSENTIAL FOUNDATION OF HIGH CULTURAL CULTIVATION.” THE BLIND AMERICAN WRITER HELEN KELLER HAD TOLD
“IF THE VIOLIN IS THE MOST PERFECT MUSICAL INSTRUMENT, THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS THE VIOLIN OF HUMAN THOUGHT.“ JOHN GOETHE (THE GREATEST POET OF GERMANY, 1749-1832)
“I LISTENED TO ST. PETER’S IN ROME THE GOSPEL IN ALL LANGUAGES. THE GREEK RESONATED STAR GLOWING IN THE NIGHT. “ DIALOGUE OF GOETHE WITH HIS DISCIPLES:
-DASKALE WHAT TO READ TO BECOME WISE AS YOU?
-THE GREEK CLASSICS.
-AND WHEN WE FINISH THE GREEK CLASSICS WHAT TO READ?
-OLD GREEK CLASSICS. GEORGE BERNARD SHAW (GREAT IRISH PLAYWRIGHT, 1856-1950)
“IF THE LIBRARY OF YOUR HOME YOU DO NOT HAVE THE WORKS OF ANCIENT GREEK AUTHORS, THEN YOU LIVE IN A HOUSE WITHOUT LIGHT.” MARK TILLIOS CICERO (THE FOREMOST MAN OF ANCIENT ROME, 106-43 BC)
“IF THE GODS SPEAK, THEN CERTAINLY USE THE LANGUAGE OF THE GREEKS.” HUMPHREY KITTY (ENGLISH PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL, 1968)
“IT’S THE NATURE OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS CLEAN, PRECISE AND COMPLEX. THE AMBIGUITY AND LACK OF DIRECT ENORASEOS FEATURING SOMETIMES ENGLISH AND GERMAN, IS COMPLETELY FOREIGN TO THE GREEK LANGUAGE. “ IRINA KOVALEVA (MODERN RUSSIAN PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY LOMONOSOV, 1995)
“THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS BEAUTIFUL LIKE HEAVEN TO THE STARS.” RH ROBINS (CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH LINGUIST, PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON)
“OF COURSE NOT ONLY IN LINGUISTICS WHERE GREEKS WERE PIONEERS IN EUROPE. OVERALL EUROPE’S SPIRITUAL LIFE GOES BACK TO THE WORK OF GREEK THINKERS.
EVEN TODAY WE RETURN UNCEASINGLY IN GREEK HERITAGE TO FIND STIMULATION AND ENCOURAGEMENT. “ FREDERICK SAGKREDO (BASQUE LINGUISTICS PROFESSOR – CHAIRMAN OF THE GREEK ACADEMY OF VASKONIAS)
“THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS THE BEST LEGACY THAT HAS BEEN AVAILABLE TO THE MAN ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE BRAIN. AGAINST ALL GREEK AND INSIST ALL LANGUAGES ARE INADEQUATE. “
“THE ANCIENT GREEK LANGUAGE SHOULD BECOME THE SECOND LANGUAGE OF ALL EUROPEANS, ESPECIALLY THE CULTURED PEOPLE.”
“THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS OF DIVINE ESSENCE.” HEINRICH SCHLIEMANN (RENOWNED AMATEUR ARCHAEOLOGIST, 1822-1890)
“EVERYTHING I WANTED PASSIONATELY TO LEARN GREEK. I DID NOT DO IT BECAUSE I WAS AFRAID THAT THE DEEP CHARM OF THIS MAGNIFICENT LANGUAGE WOULD ABSORB SO MUCH THAT WOULD HAVE REMOVED MY OTHER ACTIVITIES. “(THE SCHLIEMANN SPOKE 18 LANGUAGES SEAMLESSLY. FOR TWO YEARS DID NOTHING OTHER THAN THE STUDYING 2 POEMS OF HOMER). IBN KHALDOUN (LARGEST ARAB HISTORIAN)
“WHERE IS THE SECRETARIAT OF THE ASSYRIANS, THE CHALDEANS, THE EGYPTIANS? ALL MANKIND HAS INHERITED THE SECRETARIAT OF THE GREEKS ALONE. “ WILL DURANT (AMERICAN HISTORIAN AND PHILOSOPHER, PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF COLUMBIA)
“OUR ALPHABET CAME FROM GREECE BY KIMI AND ROME. OUR LANGUAGE IS LITTERED GREEK WORDS. OUR SCIENCE ESFYRILATISE MIAN INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE BY THE GREEK TERMS. OUR GRAMMAR AND OUR RHETORIC, EVEN THE PUNCTUATION AND THE DIVISION AREAS PARAGRAPHS … IS GREEK INVENTIONS. OUR GENRES ARE GREEKS – THE LYRIC, THE ODE, THE ROMANCE, THE NOVEL, THE ESSAY, THE PROSFONISIS, BIOGRAPHY, HISTORY AND ABOVE ALL THE VISION. AND ALMOST ALL OF THESE WORDS ARE GREEK. “ JACQUELINE DE ROMIGY (MODERN FRENCH ACADEMICIAN AND AUTHOR)
“ANCIENT GREECE OFFERS US A LANGUAGE, WHICH WILL SAY THAT IT IS UNIVERSAL.”
“EVERYONE NEEDS TO LEARN GREEK, BECAUSE THE GREEK LANGUAGE HELPS US FIRST OF ALL TO UNDERSTAND OUR OWN LANGUAGE.” BRUNO SNELL (DISTINGUISHED PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG)
“THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS THE PAST OF THE EUROPEANS.” FRANGKISKOS LIGKORA (MODERN ITALIAN UNIVERSITY PROFESSOR AND PRESIDENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY FOR THE DISSEMINATION OF CULTURE)
“GREEKS CAN BE PROUD TO SPEAK THE GREEK LANGUAGE ALIVE AND THE MOTHER OF ALL OTHER LANGUAGES. DO NOT NEGLECT, SINCE THIS IS ONE OF THE FEW GOODS WE HAVE LEFT AND ALSO YOUR PASSPORT TO THE WORLD CIVILIZATION. “ THE. VANTROUSKA (PROFESSOR OF LINGUISTICS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA)
“FOR A JAPANESE OR TURKISH, ALL EUROPEAN LANGUAGES ARE NOT SEEN AS SEPARATE BUT AS DIALECTS OF ONE AND THE SAME LANGUAGE, GREEK.” PETER JONES (PHD – PROFESSOR AT OXFORD UNIVERSITY WHO DRAFTED LESSONS OF ANCIENT GREEK WITH READERSHIP, FOR PUBLICATION IN THE NEWSPAPER «DAILYTELEGRAPH»)
THE GREEKS OF ATHENS IN THE 5TH AND 4TH CENTURY HAD REACHED THE LANGUAGE TO THE POINT THAT WITH HER TO EXPLORE IDEAS SUCH AS DEMOCRACY AND THE ORIGINS OF THE UNIVERSE, CONCEPTS SUCH AS SULFUR AND LAW. IT IS A WONDERFUL AND GREAT LANGUAGE. “ GILBERT MURRAY (PROFESSOR, UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD)
“THE GREEK IS THE PERFECT LANGUAGE. OFTEN ONE FINDS THAT A THOUGHT CAN BE EXPRESSED WITH EASE AND GRACE IN GREEK, AND BECOMES DIFFICULT AND SEVERE IN LATIN, ENGLISH, FRENCH OR GERMAN. IT IS THE PERFECT LANGUAGE, BECAUSE IT EXPRESSES THE THOUGHTS MOST PERFECT PEOPLE. “ MAX VON LAYE (NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS)
“I GRACES IN DIVINE PROVIDENCE, BECAUSE IT PLEASED TO TEACH ANCIENT GREEK, WHO HELPED ME TO PENETRATE DEEPER INTO THE MEANING OF SCIENCE.” E, NORDEN (THE GREAT GERMAN PHILOLOGIST)
“IN ADDITION TO CHINESE AND JAPANESE, ALL OTHER LANGUAGES WERE FORMED UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF GREEK, FROM WHICH THEY TOOK, BESIDES MANY WORDS, RULES AND GRAMMAR.” MARTIN HEIDEGGER (GERMAN PHILOSOPHER, OF THE MAIN REPRESENTATIVES OF EXISTENTIALISM IN THE 20TH CENTURY)
“THE ANCIENT GREEK LANGUAGE BELONGS TO THE STANDARDS THROUGH WHICH SHOWCASE THE SPIRITUAL FORCES OF CREATIVE GENIUS, BECAUSE WITH RESPECT TO THE POSSIBILITIES PROVIDED IN THOUGHT, IS THE MOST POWERFUL AND YET THE MOST WITTY OF ALL LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD.” DAVID CRYSTAL (AKA ENGLISH PROFESSOR, AUTHOR OF THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CAMBRIDGE FOR THE ENGLISH)
“IT’S AMAZING TO SEE HOW MUCH MORE WE RELY ON THE GREEK, TO TALK ABOUT ENTITIES AND EVENTS AT THE HEART OF MODERN LIFE.” MICHAEL VENTRIS (THE MAN WHO DECIPHERED THE LINEAR B)
“THE ANCIENT GREEK LANGUAGE WAS AND IS HIGHER ALL THE OLD AND NEW LANGUAGES.” R.H. ROBINS (LINGUIST AND AUTHOR)
“THE GREEK TRIUMPH IN THE SPIRITUAL CULTURE IS THAT GAVE SO MUCH TO SO MANY SECTORS […]. THEIR ACHIEVEMENTS IN THE FIELD OF LINGUISTICS WHICH WAS EXTREMELY STRONG, IE THE THEORY OF GRAMMAR AND GRAMMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE LANGUAGE IS STRONG ENOUGH TO MERIT AND TO WITHSTAND CRITICISM. ALSO BE SUCH AS TO INSPIRE GRATITUDE AND OUR ADMIRATION. “ LUIS JOSÉ NAVARRO (DEPUTY TO THE EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM “EVROKLASSIKA” OF THE EU)
“THE GREEK LANGUAGE FOR ME IS LIKE COSMOGONY. IT IS NOT JUST A LANGUAGE … “ JUAN JOSE PUHANA ARZA (BASQUE HELLENIST AND POLITICIAN)
“WE MUST PROCLAIM THAT THERE HAS BEEN IN THE WORLD A LANGUAGE WHICH CAN BE COMPARED TO THE CLASSICAL GREEK.” D’EICHTAL (FRENCH AUTHOR)
“THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS A LANGUAGE WHICH HAS ALL THE FEATURES, ALL THE CONDITIONS OF AN INTERNATIONAL TONGUE … TOUCHES THESE SAME BEGINNINGS OF CIVILIZATION … WHICH NOT ONLY THERE WAS NO STRANGER TO NONE OF THE MAJOR EVENTS OF THE HUMAN SPIRIT, RELIGION, IN POLITICS, IN LITERATURE, THE ARTS, THE SCIENCES, BUT WAS ALSO THE FIRST TOOL – TO SCAN ALL THESE – SO TO SPEAK, THE WOMB … LANGUAGE LOGIC WHILE EUPHONIC, AMONG ALL THE OTHER … “ THEODORE F. BRUNNER (TLG FOUNDER AND DIRECTOR UNTIL 1997)
“ANYONE WHO WONDER WHY SO MANY MILLIONS OF DOLLARS SPENT ON THE HOARDING OF GREEK WORDS, WE REPLY: BUT THIS IS THE LANGUAGE OF OUR ANCESTORS AND CONTACT WITH THEM WILL IMPROVE OUR CULTURE.” JACQUES LANG (FRENCH MINISTRY OF EDUCATION)
“I WOULD LIKE TO SEE TO LEARN ANCIENT GREEK, WITH THE SAME ZEAL THAT WE DEMONSTRATE, AND GREEK SCHOOLS.” IN HIS WORK “A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE” BY THE FAMOUS LINGUIST A.. MEILLET, SUPPORTED STRONGLY THE SUPERIORITY OF GREEK OVER OTHER LANGUAGES.
The name of Apollo itself—though not Paean, a possible name of a precursor god to or epithet of him—is generally considered to be absent from the Linear B (Mycenean Greek) texts although it is possible that the name is in fact attested in the lacunose form ]pe-rjo-[ (Linear B: ]-[) on the KN E 842 tablet.The spelling Ἀπόλλων (pronounced [a.pól.lɔːn] in Classical Attic) had almost superseded all other forms by the beginning of the common era, but the Doric form Apellon (Ἀπέλλων), is more archaic, derived from an earlier *Ἀπέλjων. It probably is a cognate to the Doric month Apellaios (Ἀπελλαῖος), and the offerings apellaia (ἀπελλαῖα) at the initiation of the young men during the family-festival apellai (ἀπέλλαι).According to some scholars the words are derived from the Doric word apella (ἀπέλλα), which originally meant “wall,” “fence for animals” and later “assembly within the limits of the square.”[Apella (Ἀπέλλα) is the name of the popular assembly in Sparta,[9] corresponding to the ecclesia (ἐκκλησία). R. S. P. Beekes rejected the connection of the theonym with the noun apellai and suggested a Pre-Greek proto-form *Apalyun.Several instances of popular etymology are attested from ancient authors. Thus, the Greeks most often associated Apollo’s name with the Greek verb ἀπόλλυμι (apollymi), “to destroy”. Plato in Cratylus connects the name withἀπόλυσις (apolysis), “redeem”, with ἀπόλουσις (apolousis), “purification”, and with ἁπλοῦν ([h]aploun), “simple”, in particular in reference to the Thessalian form of the name, Ἄπλουν, and finally with Ἀειβάλλων (aeiballon), “ever-shooting”. Hesychius connects the name Apollo with the Doric ἀπέλλα (apella), which means “assembly”, so that Apollo would be the god of political life, and he also gives the explanation σηκός (sekos), “fold”, in which case Apollo would be the god of flocks and herds. In the Ancient Macedonian language πέλλα (pella) means “stone,” and some toponyms may be derived from this word: Πέλλα (Pella,[14] the capital of Ancient Macedonia) and Πελλήνη(Pellēnē/Pallene)
Language
7270-year-old Tablet Found in Kastoria Calls into Question History of Writing
Back in 1993, in a Neolithic lakeshore settlement that occupied an artificial island near the modern village of Dispilio on Lake Kastoria in the Kastoria Prefecture, professor George Hourmouziadis and his team unearthed the Dispilio Tablet (also known as the Dispilio Scripture or the Dispilio Disk), a wooden tablet bearing inscribed markings (charagmata) that has been carbon 14-dated to about 7300 BP (5260 BC).
In February 2004, during the announcement of the Tablet’s discovery to the world, Hourmouziadis claimed that the text with the markings could not be easily publicized because it would ultimately change the current historical background concerning the origins of writing and articulate speech depicted with letters instead of ideograms within the borders of the ancient Greek world and by extension, the broader European one.
According to the Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, the markings suggested that the current theory proposing that the ancient Greeks received their alphabet from the ancient civilizations of the Middle East (Babylonians, Sumerians and Phoenicians etc) fails to close the historic gap of some 4,000 years. This gap translates into the following facts: while ancient eastern civilizations would use ideograms to express themselves, the ancient Greeks were using syllables in a similar manner like we use today.
The currently accepted historic theory taught around the world suggests that the ancient Greeks learned to write around 800 BC from the Phoenicians. However, a question emerges among scholars: how is it possible for the Greek language to have 800,000 word entries, ranking first among all known languages in the world, while the second next has only 250,000 word entries? How is it possible for the Homeric Poems to have been produced at about 800 BC, which is just when the ancient Greeks learned to write? It would be impossible for the ancient Greeks to write these poetic works without having had a history of writing of at least 10,000 years back, according to a US linguistic research.
The tablet is 2,000 years older than the written findings from the Sumerian era and 4,000 years older than the Cretan-Mycenean linear types of writing.
The markings on the tablet did not resemble the human figures, the sun and moon or other figures ideograms usually depict. They actually showed signs of advanced apheresis, which indicates they are the result of cognitive processes.
The tablet was partially damaged when it was exposed to the oxygen-rich environment outside of the mud and water in which it was immersed for a long period of time, and it is now under conservation. The full academic publication of the tablet apparently awaits the completion of the work of conservation
– See more at: http://greece.greekreporter.com/2012/07/16/7270-year-old-tablet-found-in-kastoria-calls-into-question-history-of-writing/#sthash.o0yDtSd4.dpuf
ALEXANDER THE GREAT – ”Medallion” East of the Empire, Beroia (provincial capital of Macedonia, the Heart of Greece), 3rd century A.D., Gold, Diam. 54 mm; 96.3 g Museu Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisboa
The obverse shows the diademed head of Alexander the Great (r. 336-323 BC). This posthumous and idealized portrait includes symbols of Alexander’s deification, one of which is the ram’s horn, characteristic of the Egyptian god Amon. This iconography derives from the type of coin introduced by one of Alexander’s immediate successors, King Lysimachos of Thrace (297-281 BC).
The reverse shows a hunting scene, with the hunter’s spear piercing a wild boar that is being attacked by two dogs. The legend “King Alexander”, which appears to the left and above, identifies the hunter.
The “medallion” is part of a treasure including twenty similar pieces found in Aboukir, Egypt, in 1902. The designation “medallion” is purely a matter of convention based on the piece’s morphology and size, as the use given to such pieces cannot be definitively established.
THE MATHEMATICAL STRUCTURE OF THE ANCIENT GREEK LANGUAGE VS “PHOENICIAN” DECEPTION.
H E R E: AN EXAMPLE OF AN I D E N T I C A L- C L A S S I C A L VARIATION OF A STANZA …, …………….
********************** J U S T………………V O W E L S!!!! ********************
( A N C I E N T G R E E K // ATTICA DIALECT)
A YOUNG MOTHERS WISH TO HER BABY SON :
“ΟΙΑ ΗΩ Ω ΥΙΕ ΑΕΙ ΕΙ” = AS THE DAWN MY SON, BE ALWAYSTHE FLAME OF LIFE = ΟΠΩΣ Η ΑΥΓΉ ΝΑ ΕΙΣΑΙ ΠΑΝΤΑ ΥΙΕ ΜΟΥΗ ΦΛΟΓΑ ΤΗΣ ΖΩΗΣ (TRANSLATED INTO “NEW” GREEK).
ANALYTICTRASLATIONIN ORDERFROM; ANCIENT GREEK – NEW GREEK – ENGLISH
ΟΙΑ = ΟΠΩΣ= AS
ΗΩ = Η ΑΥΓΉ = THE DAWN
Ω ΥΙΕ = ΥΙΕ ΜΟΥ = OH MY SON
ΑΕΙ ΕΙ = ΝΑ ΕΙΣΑΙ ΠΑΝΤΑ = BE ALWAYS
(TRANSLATED INTO “NEW” GREEK) :
ΟΠΩΣ Η ΑΥΓΉ ΝΑ ΕΙΣΑΙ ΠΑΝΤΑ ΥΙΕ ΜΟΥ =
= AS THE DAWN MY SON, BE ALWAYS!!
Η ΦΛΟΓΑ ΤΗΣ ΖΩΗΣ=THE FLAME OF LIFE=2135
ΟΙΑ ΗΩ Ω ΥΙΕ ΑΕΙ ΕΙ = 2135
ATTENTION: – GO AFTER THE ANCIENT ALPHABET INDEX
The earliest numerical notation used by the Greeks was the Attic system. It employed the vertical stroke for a one, and symbols for“5”, “10”, “100”, “1000”, and “10,000”. Though there was some steam lining of its use. The (IONIAN)) Greek system of enumeration was a VERY SOPHISTICATED one, Like the ATTICA SYSTEM it was also DECIMAL Its distinguishing feature is that it was alphabetical and required the use of more than 27 different symbols for numbers plus a couple of other symbols for meaning. This made the system somewhat cumbersome to use. However, calculation lends itself to a great deal of skill within almost any system, the Greek system being no exception. ” Greek Enumeration and Basic Number Formation First, we note that the number symbols were the same as the letters of the Greek alphabet. symbol value symbol value symbol value ! 1 ” 10 # 100 $ 2 % 20 & 200 ‘ 3 ( 30 ) 300 * 4 + 40 , 400 – 5 . 50 / 500 6 0 60 1 600 2 7 3 70 4 700 5 8 6 80 7 800 8 9 90 900 where three additional characters, the (digamma), the (koppa), 1°c 2000, G. Donald Allen Greek Numbers and Arithmetic 2 and the (sampi) are used. Hence, &62 = 287 Larger Numbers Larger numbers were also available. The thousands, 1000 to 9000, were represented by placing adiacritical mark ! before a unit. Thus ! ‘&62 = 3287 In other sources we see the diacritical mark placed as a subscript before the unit. Thus ! ‘&62 = 3287 The uses of a M was used to represent numbers from 10,000 on up. Thus 9! = 50: 000 9″#&62 = 120: 287 Alternatively, depending on the history one reads 9 – = 50: 000 9!% ¢ &62 = 120: 287 Archimedes, in his book The Sand Reckoner, calculated the number of grains of sand to fill the universe”. This required him to develop an extention the power of Greek enumeration to include very large numbers. Fractions In the area of fractions, context was crucial for correctly reading a fraction. A diacritical mark was placed after the denominator of the (unit) fraction. So, $ ! = 1 2 ;<= +$ ! = 1 42 but this latter example could also mean 40 ! ” . More complex fractions could be written as well, with context again being important. The numerator was written with an overbar. Thus, .! 6* = 51 84 Numerous, similar, representations also have been used, with increasing sophistication over time. Indeed, Diophantus uses a fractional form identical to ours but with the numerator and denominator in reversed positions. 2The reader may ask, ”What universe?” It was the universe of Aristarchos the so called ‘ancient Copernicus’ because he proposed a sun centered universe with the earth and other planet orbiting it. More on this later. Greek Numbers and Arithmetic 3 # Calculation The arithmetic operations are complex in that so many symbols are used. However, as you can imagine, addition amounts to grouping and then carrying. For example 5+7= – + 2 = %$ = 12, not terribly unlike what we do. Multiplication was carried out using the distributive law. For example: &62 ¢ $ = (& + 6 + 2) £ $ = (200 + 80 + 7) £ 2 = 400 + 160 + 14 = 574 = /3*
A vast knowledge locked-coded into words because of mathematical values they have. One of the pioneers on the matter was maximum Pythagoras.
The numbers, shapes, harmony and the stars have something in common, so respectively mathematics (numbers) geometry (shape), harmony (music) and astro-nomy (one star = a-choris- bracket + natural nomoipou govern ) were sisters sciences by Pythagoras, which in this series we discussed was the ladder to development (= ex -tou- helix, DNA) of mind-soul to the Creator.
A Creator who created based on these four disciplines. 27 symbols-figures in numerical value make up the Greek Alphabet, 3 groups of 9 numbers-symbols each group, totaling each group 45, 450, 4,500. ALPHA = 1 + 30 + 500 + 1 = 532 => 5 + 3 + 2 = 10 => 1 + 0 = 1 EN = 5 + 50 = 55 => 5 + 5 = 10 => 1 + 0 = 1 OMIKRON = 70 + 40 + 10 + 20 + 100 + 70 + 50 = 360, as there are degrees of the circle
To be able to understand the meanings of the concepts of words of ancient Greek tongue should first know a little about the actual Greek language.
The ancient Greek language is the only one that is not based on the fact that some people just sit and agreed to call an object “x” or “y” as all other sterile world languages. The ancient Greek language is a MATHEMATICAL MASTERPIECE that wè`ll try to approach.
The beginning of everything is the same as the Ancient Greek alphabet (which of course we did not get it from someone else as we shall see, because factually not possible). The letters of the Greek alphabet as a whole was 33 and as many vertebrae, the last five vertebrae (playing the role of the antenna) directly related to the brain and corresponding to the last 5 ineffable letters which only the priests knew * one of them It was the right (or Gammadion) which in Latin became swstika and the Nazis stole and name Swastika. This symbol is the life-giving Sun (Apollo), the Nazis reversed it to symbolize the opposite of life-giving Sun, ie dark death.
There were also some letters which over time abolished as Digamma (F, Qoppa (Q), stigma (S ‘), Saba (ϡ) Pythagoras inform us about the 3 levels of Greek language which are:
1. Talking 2. Signifier (a. Signal b. Signified) 3. caches (a. Time b. Vibration c. Lexarithmos d. Tonarithmos) -The First is the speech -The Second is the relationship between the mark and the signified that we will analyze below. -The Third is the interval (distance & time), vibration (which awakens the brain through resonance frequencies of the created pulses – Pallas Athena) the lexarithmos (relation of letters and words with numbers) and tonarithmos (relation of letters and words of tunes )
Each letter corresponding to a number, and a musical tone so letter = number = tone (musician), which shows that in our language behind letters-words are numbers (lexarithmoi) and musical sounds (tonarithmoi).
The four sisters sciences by Pythagoras were: 1. Numbers (mathematics) 2. Shapes (Geometry – γεωμετρια); from: geo+metria=earth measure, meter. 3. Music (Harmony)(nine muses..) 4. Astronomy (Astro+nomia from nomos=law)
The above sciences are interrelated with the Ancient Hellenic Language and are into each another like Russian bampouskes. Combine alphabet enclosing numbers and musical tones with these 4 disciplines.
1.Astronomia = + astir law, a-Justice = is not supported, so astronomy = the universal laws that govern what is not based somewhere, who have to do with music (harmony),shapes (geometry) numbers (mathematics ) and all the ether that surrounds the heavenly realms.
2. Pythagoras heard the harmony (music) of the celestial Spheres thus speak a language that has to do with the flow of the universe.
PHOENICIAN “ALPHABET”: AN HISTORICAL DECEPTION
This theory:
1. Completely rejects the theorem that the Greek language came from another language (the so-called “Indo-European”!!!), since it is PROVEN to be the only NON-conventional language of the world. In other words, the only language where a relationship betweenthe “word” (as a form) and the “meaning of the word” is established.
2. Consequently, it is proven that Greek is the first and only created language of the human species which provided the basis for all “conventional” languages, as are all the other languages of the world (where there is no causative relationship between the form and the meaning). These other languages are a corrupt form of Greek.
3. This theory proves, without a doubt, that the alphabet was created by the Greeks so that the 24 or 27 code letters would aid in attributing the meanings of the Greek words (and only of these).
4. Comparatively, this theory shows that the symbols of the Phoenician writings and their nouns, e.g., “alef” = ox, “beth” = hut, “gimel = camel, etc., not only do not contain coded meaning, but are also associated or refer to [the] primitive animal conditions – [one would expect in a culturally backward society].
”Τό πού, πόθ’ όπερ κρίνεται τού χρόνου” !!!(ancient Greek=” Where, what is it that is judged by time ”)
(Χρυσό ενεπίγραφο φύλλο μυρτιάς ή δάφνης, τέλος 4ου αι. π.Χ./ Από το ανατολικό νεκροταφείο της Πέλλας/Φέρει στικτή επιγραφή σε τρεις στίχους: ΦΕΡΣΕΦΟΝΗΙ ΠΟΣΕΙΔΙΠΠΟΣ ΜΥΣΤΗΣ ΕΥΣΕΒΗΣ/Εφορεία Αρχαιοτήτων Πέλλας)
(Gold engraved leaf of myrtle or laurel, end of the 4th century BC / From the east cemetery of Pella / It has a dotted inscription on three lines: FERSEFONHI POSEIDIPPOS MYTIS EYSEVIS / Ephorate of Antiquities of Pella the capital of ancient Macedonia)
Overwhelming evidence that one of the most important discoveries in the history of civilization is Greek ,a deception that usurps and distorts Greek History and Civilization. It is of utmost importance that the truth be restored not only for modern Greece, but also for thewhole of humanity.The deception that alphabetical script was discovered by the Phoenicians is a long-lived one.For the past 14 years [the Greek scholarly magazine] Davlos has published numerous articleson this problem. This prompted K. Katis to ask that we submit a relevant article for hismainstream daily so that this important issue would become known to a wider audience.
This article summarizes the strong evidence against the “Phoenician Deception,” and proves that the greatest discovery in the history of civilization is Greek. We believe it necessary to republish this article in [this issue of] Davlos exactly as it appeared in the daily.
A SCIENTIFIC MONSTROSITY.
According to linguistic theory, an “alphabet” is defined as “the sum of symbols following a specific sequence and order used to ascribe the essential utterances of a language, under thecondition that each utterance represents only one symbol and vice-versa”. Consequently, in alphabetical script (as an example, in the writings of the people of Europe, America,Australian, as well as the other parts of the world) each letter represents one essential sound.This is not true for the imperfect alphabets expressed through syllables where each symbolrepresents a syllable (with two or more voiced sounds). For example, in Greek Linear A and B, there is a symbol that represents the syllable ko (k + o), a symbol that represents the syllable po (p + o), etc. In Phoenician writing (which has only consonants and no vowels), this situation is even worse, as far as we can tell from the small amount of existing samples.
IN PHOENICIAN, EACH SYMBOL IS NOT EQUIVALENT TO ONE SPECIFIC SYLLABLE, BUT TO A VARIETY OF SYLLABLES, AND THUS THE READER CAN USE HIS IMAGINATION WHEN ATTEMPTING TO DECIPHER THE SOUNDS. FOR EXAMPLE, THERE ARE CONSONANTS WHICH CAN BE READ AS EITHER BA, BOU, BE, BI, BO, ETC. OTHERS IS NOT AN ALPHABET, IT IS A LESS ADVANCED FORM OF WRITING THAT CAN BE READ AS GOU, GA, GE, GO, AND SO ON. CONSEQUENTLY, PHOENICIAN SCRIPT DOES NOT CONSTITUTE AN ALPHABET, AND IS NOT EVEN AN ADVANCED FORM OF SYLLABIC SCRIPT NEARING THE PERFECTION OF THE EQUIVALENT GREEK SYLLABIC WRITINGS. IT IS TRULY AMAZING TO THINK THAT, IN THE ACADEMIC WORLD OF THE PAST 150 YEARS, THE ALMOST CONTRADICTORY TERM OF “PHOENICIAN ALPHABET” HAS BEEN ESTABLISHED, WHICH, IN REALITY REFERS TO A TYPE OF WRITING THAT HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH AN ALPHABET. IT IS EVEN MORE UNBELIEVABLE TO THINK THAT THE SCIENTIFIC DOGMA THAT GREEK CAME FROM PHOENICIAN HAS BEEN ENFORCED. NOT ONLY THE PHOENICIAN IS NOT AN ALPHABET, IT IS A LESS ADVANCED FORM OF WRITING THAN GREEK LINEAR A AND B.
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GREEKNESS OF THE ALPHABET
A) ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE THE THEORY THAT THE ALPHABET IS A PHOENICIAN DISCOVERY HAS BEEN MAINTAINED THROUGH THE ARGUMENT, AMONG OTHER THINGS, THAT CERTAIN SYMBOLS OF PHOENICIAN WRITING ARE SIMILAR TO THE LETTERS OF THE ALPHABET. FOR EXAMPLE, THE PHOENICIAN ALEF IS THE REVERSE OR SIDEWAYS GREEK “A.” THIS ARGUMENT WAS A STRONG ONE UNTIL ABOUT 100 YEARS AGO, WHEN LINGUISTS AND HISTORIANS STILL MAINTAINED THAT THE GREEKS DID NOT KNOW HOW TO WRITE BEFORE 800 B. C.! AROUND 1900 A.D., HOWEVER, ARTHUR EVANS EXCAVATED THE GREEK MINOAN CRETE AND DISCOVERED THE GREEK LINEAR WRITINGS, WHOSE SYMBOLS CORRESPONDED TO 17 OF THE 24 LETTERS OF THE GREEK ALPHABET. GIVEN THAT (A), THE MOST ANCIENT EVIDENCE OF THE GREEK SCRIPTS (LINEAR A AND LINEAR B) THAT WERE LATER DISCOVERED IN PYLOS, MYCENAE, MENIDI AND THEBES — BUT ALSO IN MORE NORTHERN AREAS UP TO THE DANUBE RIVER AS WELL — WERE DATED TO BEFORE 1500 B.C. AND (B), THAT THE PHOENICIANS AND THEIR WRITINGS APPEAR IN HISTORY NO EARLIER THAN 1300 BC, EVANS WAS THE FIRST PERSON TO EXPRESS DOUBTS ABOUT THE THEORY THAT THE GREEKS RECEIVED THEIR SCRIPT FROM THE PHOENICIANS. HE PUT FORWARD THE SCIENTIFIC SUSPICION THAT IT WAS PROBABLY THE OTHER WAY ROUND. THE DOUBTS PERTAINING AS TO WHO WAS FIRST — THE PHOENICIANS OR THE GREEKS — IN DISCOVERING WRITING, BECAME A CERTAINTY WHEN FRENCH PROFESSOR, PAUL FORE, AN INTERNATIONALLY ACCLAIMED SPECIALIST ON PREHISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGY, PUBLISHED A REPORT IN NESTOR (AN AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF INDIANA — 16TH YEAR, 1989, PAGE 2288). IN THIS REPORT, HE SUBMITS AND DECIPHERS PLATES WITH GREEK LINEAR WRITING FOUND AT THE CYCLOPEAN WALL OF PILIKATES, IN ITHACA, DATED, THROUGH THE USE OF MODERN SCIENTIFIC METHODS, BACK TO 2700 B.C., THE LANGUAGE OF THESE PLATES WAS GREEK, AND THE DECODING BY PROFESSOR FORE RESULTED IN THE FOLLOWING SYLLABIC TEXT, EXPRESSED PHONETICALLY: A]RE-DA-TI. DA-MI-U-A-.A-TE-NA-KA-NA-RE (IJA)-TE. THE PHONETIC EQUIVALENT OF THIS IS TRANSLATED, ALWAYS ACCORDING TO THE PROFESSOR, AS: “ΙΔΟΎ ΤΙ ΕΓΏ Η ΑΡΕΔΆΤΙΣ ΔΊΔΩ ΕΙΣ ΤΗΝ ΑΝΑΣΣΑΝ, ΤΗΝ ΘΕΆΝ ΡΈΑΝ: 100 ΑΊΓΑΣ, 10 ΠΡΌΒΑΤΑ, 3 ΧΟΊΡΟΥΣ” [HERE IS WHAT I, AREDATIS, GIVES TO THE QUEEN- GODDESS REA, 100 GOATS, 10 SHEEP, 3 PIGS]. (SEE, “DAVLOS” MAGAZINE, ISSUE 107, NOVEMBER 1990, PAGE 6103). THUS, FORE PROVED THAT THE GREEKS WERE WRITING AND SPEAKING GREEK AT LEAST 1400 YEARS BEFORE THE APPEARANCE OF THE PHOENICIANS AND THEIR SCRIPT IN HISTORY. BUT, THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS IN GREECE DURING THE LAST 15 YEARS HAVE GIVEN US MANY MORE GREAT SURPRISES: THE GREEKS WERE WRITING USING NOT ONLY LINEAR A AND B, BUT ALSO A TYPE OF WRITING IDENTICAL TO THAT OF THE ALPHABET SINCE AT LEAST 6000 B.C. IN FACT, AT DISPILIO, IN THE LAKE OF KASTORIA, IN NORTHERN GREECE, PROFESSOR G. HOUMOUZIADIS DISCOVERED A PLATE WITH WRITING VERY SIMILAR TO THAT OF THE ALPHABET, WHICH WAS DATED, USING RADIOACTIVE CARBON- 14 AND VISUAL PHOTOTHERMAL METHODOLOGY, BACK TO 5250 B.C. (SEE DAVLOS, ISSUE 147). THREE YEARS LATER, N. SAMSON, A CURATOR OF THE PREHISTORIC AND CLASSICAL ANTIQUITIES DEPARTMENT, DISCOVERED SHARDS OF VASES (“OSTRAKA”) WITH LETTERS IDENTICAL TO THE PRESENT GREEK ALPHABET WHILE EXCAVATING AT THE “CYCLOP’S CAVE,” ON THE DESERTED ISLAND OF YIOURA, NEAR THE INHABITED ISLAND OF ALONNISSOS, IN THE NORTHERN SPORADES ISLAND COMPLEX. THESE VASES WERE DATED TO5,500 TO 6,000 B.C. WITH THE SAME METHODS (SEE “DAVLOS,” ISSUE 185, MAY 1997). THE SAME ARCHAEOLOGIST, WHILE PERFORMING EXCAVATIONS ON THE ISLAND OF MILOS, DISCOVERED VESSELS OF THE PROTO-CYCLADIC PERIOD (MID-3RD MILLENNIUM B.C.) WITH LETTERS IDENTICAL TO THE GREEK LETTERS:
“X,” “N,” “M,” “K,” “Ξ” [KSI],”Π” [P], “Ο,” & “Ε.” (SEE N. SAMSON’S INTERVIEW IN DAVLOS,ISSUE 204, DECEMBER 1998, PAGE 12749.)
IT IS APPARENT THAT THESE ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES HAVE GIVEN A “COMICAL’ CHARACTER TO THE SO-CALLED “PHOENICIAN THEORY” ON THE DISCOVERY OF WRITING. IN ADDITION, THESE ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES HAVE REVOLUTIONIZED CHRONOLOGICAL DATING OF GREEK HISTORY AS IT IS TAUGHT TODAY, AS WELL AS THE WORLD HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION ITSELF. (SEE ALSO THE BOOK BY CON. KOUTROUVELLI, “RE- ESTABLISHING THE CHRONOLOGY OF PREHISTORIC TIMES BASED PRIMARILY ON ASTRONOMICAL INFORMATION FROM ANCIENT WRITERS,” DAVLOS PUBLISHING, 1999.)
b) The somewhat mathematical proof
While the house-of-cards which provided “proof”‘ of the so-called “Phoenician alphabet” was being torn down by archaeological discoveries, another overwhelming piece of evidence surfaced. This evidence was offered to us by the 20-year long discreet and timid research of the Greek Language and Writing by a great researcher, Elias Tsatsomoiros. Unfortunately E.Tsatsomoiros passed away on December 19th 1991, after having, however, completed his revolutionary work, History of the Genesis of the Greek Language-from the hunter-gatherer to the time of Zeus-the Deciphering of the Greek Alphabet. The undersigned [writer of this article] had the honor of publishing and editing this work (Davlos Publishing, 1991), but also the honor of having worked closely with the researcher for more than a decade. We had long discussions on the numerous problems arising from the research, and we had published a series of articles in Davlos magazine. This memorable researcher proved in a remarkable way that every letter of the Greek alphabet contained a consistent code meaning, which is literally introduced either exactly or metaphorically within the general meaning of the Greek word it belongs to, as a partial meaning. Consequently, every (ancient) Greek word is basically an acronym (similar to D(imosia) E (picheirisi) H(lektrismou) [=ΔΕΗ in Greek, or as U(nited) N(ations), in English], where every letter provides a significant or less significant notional element, and then, they all together provide the logical definition of the meaning expressed bythe word. The “significant difference” of each word’s meaning is usually provided by the firstletter. Obviously, there is not enough space in this article to present the code meaning of the letters of the Greek alphabet as a whole, as they are analyzed in this revolutionary volume of research in the field of human speech. As an example, I will choose only one of the now days 24 letters (orinaly 27) of the Hellenic alphabet, “Ypsilon” = “Y” or, small case, “u” (pronounced, long-e “eepsilon,” the 20th letter of the Greek alphabet, and familiar to us as “Y” in the so-called “Latin” alphabet– which is nothing more than a variationof the Greek “Chalcidean” alphabet). Ypsilon, therefore, as its shape indicates, has the code meaning of “a cavity” οr, if reversed, of a “convexity.” This meaning is introduced into the words containing this letter, and sometimes, by extension into the meaning of liquids (which, through their natural flow end up filling the “cavity”). I will quickly mention some of the names of vessels and liquids (such as the amphiconical κ-Υ-πελλο which is dated back to 2700 B.C. and is displayed at the Heraklion Museum). One may add to the words mentioned there, many others, such as kot-Y-li, go-Y-ttos, tr-Y-blion, p-Y-xis, amphore-Y-s, b-Y-tion, l-Y-chnos, procho-Y-s, ske-Y-os, etc, all having the meaning of a curvedobject. Also, some other words such as k-Y-hsis (rounding of the stomach ofan eng-Y-os [pregnant] woman); k-Y-ma (curving on the surface of the ocean); cr-Y-pti (curving of the ground); the preposition [h-Y-po] Y-po (meaning under a certain level); h-Y-per (preposition meaning above acertain level); Y-psos =height; and all of the hundreds of words that have h-Y-po or h-Y-per as a prefix, as well as thousands of others. This discovery, which unfortunately has been officially ignored, is a continuation of the forgotten Platonic approach to the problem of language (see Plato’s Cratylus ).
THE HERODOTUS EXTRACT
ALL THE GREEK WRITERS WHO MENTION THE ALPHABET (THEY CALLED IT “GRAMMATA”) CONSIDER IT A VERY ANCIENT GREEK INVENTION (BY PROMETHEUS, PALAMEDES, LINUS, ETC). THE THEORY OF THE PHOENICIAN ALPHABET WAS ALWAYS, AND IS STILL, BASED ON AN EXCEPTION TO THIS GENERAL RULE. THISEXCEPTION IS AN EXCERPT FROM HERODOTUS, THAT HE HIMSELF PRESENTS AS HIS ‘PERSONAL OPINION’ (“ΩΣ ΕΜΟΙ ΔΟΚΕΕΙ” = “AS IT SEEMS TO ME”). THIS OPINION WAS FORMED BASED ON THE SAYINGS OF OTHERS, AS HE HIMSELF MENTIONS IN THE PREVIOUS PARAGRAPHS (“ΑΝΑΠΥΝΘΑΝΟΜΕΝΟΣ” = TAKING INFORMATION FROM OTHERS). LET US HAVE A LOOK AT THE HERODOTUS’ EXCERPT (HISTORY, E 58): [58. AS FAR AS THE PHOENICIANS, THEY, WHO ARRIVED WITH CADMUS, INCLUDING THE GEFIRAIOI, HAD LIVED IN MANY OTHER PLACES AND INTRODUCED ALSO ARTS (NEW AND UNKNOWN) TO THE GREEKS; IN FACT, AND ALSO (SOME) WRITING, WHICHHAD NOT BEEN KNOWN TO THE GREEKS BEFORE THAT, AS I THINK, FIRST THIS WRITING WHICH WAS USED BY ALL THE PHOENICIANS. WITH THE PASSING OF TIME, HOWEVER, THE PHOENICIANS CHANGED THIS TYPE OF WRITING ALONG WITH THEIR LANGUAGE.]
THE MOST IMPORTANT THING ABOUT THIS EXCERPT IS THAT IN THE CRITICAL PHRASE “… AMA TIN FONI METEVALLON KAI TON RHITHMON TON GRAMMATON,” IT IS DISCLOSED THAT THE PHOENICIANS-GEFIRAIOI THAT WENT TO VIOTIA WITH CADMUS BROUGHT SOME FORM OF WRITING WITH THEM. BUT, AS THE PHOENICIANS “CHANGED THEIR LANGUAGE” (THEY LEARNED GREEK, IN OTHER WORDS), THEY ALSO CHANGED THEIR WRITING (THEY STARTED WRITING, THEREFORE, WITH THE EXISTING ANCIENT GREEK WRITING THAT ALREADY EXISTED IN VIOTIA). ALTHOUGH THIS STATEMENT WAS MADE BY HERODOTUS, THE TRANSLATORS, SUBSEQUENTLY, PROVIDED THE TRANSLATION [MEANING] THAT THE LOCAL GREEK VIOTES AND NOT THE PHOENICIAN EMIGRANTS CHANGED THEIR LANGUAGE AND WRITING AND ADOPTED THE PHOENICIAN! THIS GENERALLY INCOHERENT REFERENCE TO THE ALPHABET, AS IT HAS BEEN SAVED, HAS BEEN OBVIOUSLY ALTERED AND MEDDLED WITH, WHO KNOWS BY WHOM AND WHEN. LET US LOOK AT THE SUSPICIOUS CONTINUATION OF THE TEXT, AS IT HAS ARRIVED TO US:
AROUND THEM (THE PHOENICIANS) LIVED AT THAT PLACE DURING THAT YEAR (YEAR OF CADMUS) IONIAN GREEKS, WHO RECEIVED THROUGH CONTACT OR THROUGH TEACHINGS BY THE PHOENICIANS THEIR WRITINGS, CHANGING THEIR OWN WRITING WHICH THEY USED LITTLE. WHEN USING THIS WRITING AND SINCE THIS WRITING HAD BEEN INTRODUCED TO GREECE BY PHOENICIANS, THEY CALLED IT PHOENICIAN.
IONIAN GREEKS LIVING AROUND THE PHOENICIANS RECEIVED THE PHOENICIAN WRITING AND, USING A FEW OF ITS LETTERS, SINCE THEY HAD ALTERED THEM AND SINCE IT WAS JUST, THEY CALLED IT PHOENICIAN-TO PAY TRIBUTE TO THE PEOPLE WHO BROUGHT IT TO GREECE, IS A STRIKING CONTRADICTION. CONSEQUENTLY, ONE CAN ASSUME THAT THIS IS A FORGED PARAGRAPH, HYPOTHETICALLY EXPLANATORY, WHICH AIMS TO REDUCE THE PREVIOUS STATEMENT “…AS THEY CHANGED THEIR LANGUAGE, THEY CHANGED THEIR WRITING,” TO AN UNIMPORTANT STATEMENT. THIS IS HOW THE “PHOENICIAN THEORY” WAS SUBSTANTIATED AND IS MAINTAINED AS AN OBVIOUS FORGERY.
IN ADDITION
THE “PHOENICIAN THEORY” WAS ESTABLISHED IN EUROPE DURING A TIME, WHEN, AS THE RENOWNED BRITISH CLASSICAL SCHOLAR, S. G. REMBROKE (THE LEGACY OF GREECE, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1984) WROTE, “THE PHOENICIANS WERE GIVEN AN INTERMEDIARY ROLE “THAT IS NOT BASED ON ANY HISTORICAL INFORMATION”. A ROLE, IN OTHER WORDS, OF THE TRANSPORTER OF WISDOM AND CIVILIZATION FROM THE “CHOSEN” PEOPLE OF ISRAEL TO THE “UNCIVILIZED” NATIONS, AND SPECIFICALLY THE GREEKS. THIS, OF COURSE, COULD BE FORGIVEN, SINCE THIS WAS ESTABLISHED AROUND THE END OF THE MEDIEVAL AGES, WHEN RELIGIOUS FANATICISM AND BACKWARDNESS HAD REACHED SUCH A POINT THAT THE DAUGHTER OF AGAMEMNON, IPHIGENIA, IS PRESENTED AS THE DAUGHTER OF IEPHTHA; DEUKALION IS PRESENTED (CENTURIES LATER & COPIED & TWISTED,..AS…”NOAH”(!!)???!!!. APPIS IS A CONSUL OF JOSEPH? APOLLO, PRIAMOS, TIRESIAS, AND ORPHEUS: OF MOSES?… THE STORY OF THE OF THE ISRAELITES FROM EGYPT TO PALESTINE, AND OTHER SIMILAR DISTORTIONS IS A VERY BAD & TWISTED COPPY OF THE ARGONAUTS IS THE CROSSING. THE ABOVE ARE NOTED BY REMBROKE.
AND WE CONCLUDE: AT THE TIME, HELLENISM WAS IN COMATOSE SPIRITUAL CONDITION REGARDING NATIONAL AND HISTORICAL AWARENESS, AND THEREFORE TOTALLY UNABLE TO DEFEND ITS HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION, AND FOR THIS REASON COULD NOT REACT AND DID NOT REACT. TODAY, IT IS WITH OURTOLERANCE THAT OUR LANGUAGE IS DEEMED “INDO-EUROPEAN,” AND OUR WRITING “PHOENICIAN,” OUR ATHENA AND OUR SOCRATES ARE PRESENTED AS “BLACKS,” AND OUR CIVILIZATION AS “AFRICAN.” WHAT SPIRITUAL SITUATION ARE WE IN NOW? [I.E., WHAT’S OUR EXCUSE THIS TIME?]
NOTES: ON PAGE 13745 OF THIS ARTICLE, IS A PICTURE OF A PIECE OF SHARD [POTTERY] DATED TO 6,000 B.C., FOUND ON THE ISLET OF YOURA OF THE NORTH SPORADES ISLAND COMPLEX WITH GREEK ALPHABETICAL WRITINGS. ONE CAN SEE THE LETTERS “A,” “Y,” & “D” [ALPHA, EEPSILON, AND DELTA ], ALMOST IDENTICAL TO THE GREEK LETTERS OF THE CLASSICAL ALPHABETS. THIS FINDING PROVES THAT THE GREEK ALPHABET IS OLDER THAN THE GREEK LINEAR WRITINGS. THIS FINDING ALSO COMPLETELY AND DEFINITELY DISPROVES THE FALSE THEORY THAT THE GREEKS GOT THEIR ALPHABET FROM THE PHOENICIANS, WHO MADE THEIR HISTORICAL APPEARANCE AROUND 1300 B.C., IN OTHER WORDS ABOUT 4,500 TO 5,000 YEARS AFTER THE CREATION OF THIS PLAQUE AT YOURA. ON PAGE 13747 ARE SHOWN LETTER-SYMBOLS FROM THE PROTO-CYCLADIC VESSELS OF MILOS (MID-THIRD MILLENNIUM B.C.). ONE CAN DISTINGUISH THE [LETTER] “X” [CHI] TO THE LEFT AND THE [LETTER] “N” TO THE RIGHT. THESE LETTERS ARE WRITTEN JUST AS THE LETTERS OF THE GREEK ALPHABET ARE WRITTEN TODAY.
THE SPEECH AND CLEAR CONFESSION OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT(ALEXANDROS O MEGAS) TO BOTH ATHENIANS AND PERSIANS.
-Had I not greatly at heart the Common welfare of Greece I should not have come to tell you; but I am myself Greek by descent, (“te gar Hellên genos eimi tôrchaion“) and I would not willingly see Greece exchange freedom for slavery. …If you prosper in this war, forget not to do something for my freedom; consider the risk I have run, out of zeal for the Greek Cause,….I am Alexander of Macedon‘
Another cited excerpt makes it even more clear that Alexander the First was proud of his Hellenic identity. While speaking to Persians: Tell your king who sent you how a Greek man, viceroy of the Macedonians (“anêr Hellên – Makedonôn hyparchos”)has received you hospitably
FIRSTLY WE INTEND TO EXAMINE THE ANCIENT EVIDENCE ON THE WAY THE ANCIENT MACEDONIANS WERE DEFINING THEMSELVES IN REFERENCE TO THEIR OWN IDENTITY. CONCERNING THEIR OWN BELIEFS ABOUT THEMSELVES WE SHALL REVIEW THE AVAILABLE EVIDENCE COMING FROM THE ANCIENT SOURCES, BOTH LITERARY AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL. A. THE LITERARY EVIDENCE THE FIRST AVAILABLE EVIDENCE COMES FROM THE MACEDONIAN KING ALEXANDER DURING HIS SPEECH TO ATHENEANS. ESSENTIALLY WE HAVE A CLEAR CONFESSION THAT ALEXANDER CONSIDERS HIMSELF A GREEK. -HAD I NOT GREATLY AT HEART THE COMMON WELFARE OF GREECE I SHOULD NOT HAVE COME TO TELL YOU; BUT I AM MYSELF GREEK BY DESCENT, (“TE GAR HELLÊN GENOS EIMI TÔRCHAION“) AND I WOULD NOT WILLINGLY SEE GREECE EXCHANGE FREEDOM FOR SLAVERY. …IF YOU PROSPER IN THIS WAR, FORGET NOT TO DO SOMETHING FOR MY FREEDOM; CONSIDER THE RISK I HAVE RUN, OUT OF ZEAL FOR THE GREEK CAUSE,….I AM ALEXANDER OF MACEDON‘1
Another cited excerpt makes it even more clear that Alexander I was proud of his Hellenic identity. While speaking to Persians: Tell your king who sent you how a Greek man, viceroy of the Macedonians (“anêr Hellên – Makedonôn hyparchos”)has received you hospitably… “
What the word EUROPE means?
..THEN one knows..What the word ΕΥΡΩΠΗ (EUROPE) means!!! ..Here: Europa being abducted by Zeus disguised as a bull, detail from an Attic (Attica was – & still is the county of Athens) krater(, 5th century; in the Tarquinia National MuseumFrom the (ΛΕΞΙΣ)-LEΞΙΣ(=Word) ops(ωψ)……comes the unknown maybe complex ευρωπός (Europe = WIDE+ViIEW), but also well-known to us bottleneck (στενωπός – steno+opos = the narrow passage), and: πρόσωπον–prosopon(= person), ενώπιον – enopion= before etc.
After all this opens the way to and from … Europe, as an element of beauty, which etymologically is only the female of “euryopa” we saw in the beginning.
THE ISOLATED WORD IS “ΕΥΡΎΟΠΑ” – “EVRYOPA” MEANING ONE WHO HAS WIDE EYES, WITH WHOM SUPERVISE EVERYTHING, THAT PERFORM AS THE “PANTEPOPTES”(=TOTAL CONTROLERS)..
In our mind now comes the Kyklop(s)-Κύκλωψ (κύκλος+ωψ) – kyclos=circle + ops) = one who has a round eye.Ex: Optic etc.
And that in turn reminds us of the Modern Hellenic the Word: presviops – From: πρέσβυς =(=γέρον=geron=elder, as geriatric ) + ωψ-ops [=sight, up vision)] = one who suffers from (πρεσβυωπία)-presbyopia, ie. By inability to clearly distinguish near objects, which is common in the elderly, and the SA (Ancient) myopic (who constricts eyelids to public).The surprises continue as it is clear from the myo (= close lips) produced another series of words, such as the little-known myzo (= drink with closed lips, suck, suck), which we find among others, Xenophon (Snooze . 4,5,27):
THE ABOVE SCIENCES ARE INTERRELATED WITH THE ANCIENT HELLENIC LANGUAGE AND ARE INTO EACH ANOTHER LIKE RUSSIAN BAMPOUSKES. COMBINE ALPHABET ENCLOSING NUMBERS AND MUSICAL TONES WITH THESE 4 DISCIPLINES.
1.Astronomia = + astir law, a-Justice = is not supported, so astronomy = the universal laws that govern what is not based somewhere, who have to do with music (harmony),shapes (geometry) numbers (mathematics ) and all the ether that surrounds the heavenly realms.
2.THE PYTHAGORAS HEARD THE HARMONY (MUSIC) OF THE CELESTIAL SPHERES THUS SPEAK A LANGUAGE THAT HAS TO DO WITH THE FLOW OF THE UNIVERSE.
THE ENORMOUS IMPORTANCE OF MUSIC FOR THE PYTHAGOREANS
<<<<<<<<PYTHAGORAS AND MUSIC>>>>>>>
So it said that Pythagoras, and practice once, with the help spondiakou State played a piper, extinguished the rage of an intoxicated young Tafromenitou, who during the night attacked with loud voices against his mistress at the door of his rival by drawing to set fire to the house. And so, being in a tizzy and he is steady due to the Phrygian melody lumen. This passion has rapidly healed Pythagoras, who happened at that moment, at an inappropriate time, to deal with the laws governing the stars. Then said the piper to turn the Phrygian melody spondaic, with which the young man, having calmed down, returned immediately and decency in his house, and just now not only tolerated by Pythagoras or admonition, but with fury and insults He had refused to meet him.
Ancient Greek Language is the only one that is not based on the fact that some people just sit and agreed to call an object “x” or “y” as all other sterile world languages. The Ancient Greek language is a mathematical masterpiece that will try to approach
Written text 7270 YEARS THAT FOUND IN KASTORIA overturns ALL!
GREEKS discover ALPHABET
Once again is the Phoenician Deception Revealed!
The MYTH about the … “Phoenician … Alphabet” !!! The first written text in Europe – In 1998 Professor. G.. Hourmouziadis said the publication of the text is impossible!
It is evident that any official publication would upset the entire history of discovery on scene of writing, imprinting the articulate voice of man with letters (and not ideograms) and even in the territory of Greece, in the territory of Europe.
It overturned ie the theory that the Greeks were they, light from the east (from Babylonian, Sumerian, palm trees, etc. !!) And we had to fill the big gap of four thousand years, ie when the Eastern peoples expressed by ideograms The Greeks wrote with syllables as today. It is obvious that indicates early stage thought and culture.
According to today’s theory – taught in Greek schools – the Greeks learned writing around 800 BC “by the …..Phoenicians”(!!).
What they can NOT explain to us how the Ancient Greek language may have 800,000 entries, first language on the planet, when the next has 250,000 entries.
How can the Homeric epics were written around 800 BC ie when they learned to write Greek?
Suddenly encountered the ancient Greeks on the historical scene in the 8th century BC, with the language of hundreds of thousands of entries, which is required to create linguistic prehistory least 10,000 years (according to official American linguistic exposure).
The English language is 1,600 years old and has 48% Greek words with a total of 240,000 entries. The German is 1,700 years old and has 250,000 entries with Greek words 46%.
What troubles the historians, or because they were not lost in the dust of history and the Greeks as the Canaanites, the Sumerians, the Babylonians, the Phoenicians, etc .;
The oldest organized written text found in the land of Europe and dates from before 7254 years (!) Today revealed the lake of Kastoria.
It is a wooden plaque engraved with an unknown message from a Neolithic fisherman or dealer limniaiou prehistoric settlement in dispilio, written two thousand years before the written findings of the Sumerians and four thousand years before cretomycenean clay tablets of linear writing. The shocking announcement made yesterday during the archaeological conference for this year’s excavation work in Northern Greece Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Mr. George Hourmouziadis, the document revealed during excavation last summer.
The wooden sign with the inscription dated accurately by the method of carbon-14 in the “Democritus” in 5260 (!) BC, at the end of the Middle Neolithic period.
Mr. Hourmouziadis scientific arguments concluded that the engravings of the inscription, which is organized into verses should not be decorative, but “letters” that can be integrated into the palaioeuropean system. Linear B tablets from Pylos. Used by Ventris to decipher language as Greek. 13th century BC
Tip: Astronomy = astir + Law, a-Justice = is not supported, so astronomy = the universal laws that govern weometry) numbers (mathematics ) and all the ether that surrounds the heavenly realms. Tip 2: Pythagoras heard the harmony (music) of the celestial Spheres So to speak the Ancient Greek language that has to do with the flow of the universe. It`s is the only language, that can be used for H / Y due mathimatica and musicality not only the alphabet-word, but the mathematical concepts generated eg The word becomes THESIS(=Position: Synthesis, assault, filing, hypothesis, Exposition, Addition, prothesis, anaThesis, available Antithesis etc if now these words to translate in English are totally unrelated.
That is not the Alphabet to be copied from somewhere else seen from that in the year 900 before the beginning of the Christian dating, Homer already available to the 6.5 million primary words (present tense and first person singular) that if the multiply CH72 which calls will draw a huge number which is not the final, because do not forget that the Greek language is not sterile, born. IF we compare now eg the English language has 80,000 words, of which 80% are Greek as we inform the University of Wales, and measure that this sterile language evolves 1000 years, we effortlessly draw the conclusion that Homer receives a language which has a depth in time 100,000 years ago, 500,000 years ago? Who knows… But the ultimate proof is mathimatikotita itself of which does not exist in any other language of the world. Do not even forget that Creation uses mathematics, so our language is necessarily related to the source (root-0/1). Also the same mathematics have not been anywhere else as you read the following article by clicking HERE But before the “crypt” is the “means”, ie the connection of words with meanings. We said earlier that foreign dialects defined by agreement, ie some agreed that the subject of so and so will call it “X”, which makes the languages sterile, so they can give birth to new words, so there mathimatikotita therefore can not describe new concepts that exist in nature, resulting in the brain where it can not describe through new words new meanings remain in the dark, so the neurons of the brain does not generate new as opposed to those who use the Greek. How could eg the English or the French or the X, Y with a word that has 10 concepts to describe accurately and therefore clearly a deeper meaning? Especially the multiple aspects of this? Can not. Here’s why it all started here. It means then is the connection between the mark and the signified, that the word itself is created in a way that describes the meaning esokleinei inside. Example: the naming of the word curry (Walnut) comes from an observation of nature (as all words), ie when two horned animals (Rams, goats etc.) tra.kar.oun with their ker.ata hear the “crack” or “fem”, the sound he gave the name “horn” (horn) the horn gave the name hold or skull (head) and the nicknames of this curry (small head). Curry (nut) looks amazing to the human head and the interior of the brain. Y is the root of the verb YO (rain) where Y is concavity (or convexity) that mates something, rain (water element) enters (nest) into the earth. The musical – numeric alphabet creates musical – mathematical words that describe relevant concepts, which are derived from observation of nature ie of Creation, but the question is how many millennia may be needed to create this perfect mathematical complex letters are numbers and yet musical tones and words that all the numbers and music tones hide inside Except for complex musical harmonies, concepts which are not random at all but after extensive observation of nature? Let’s analyze grammatically the word ΕΡΩΣ (“EROS”=”LOVE”) Ε= Εκπορευόμενη Δύναμις (του φωτός) = emanating Force (light) Ρ= Ροή πρωτίστως Φωτοενεργειών, = flow primarity Photoenergy Ω= Ο πλανήτης – γήινο πεδίο The planet = The Earth Field Σ= Το εσωτερικόν θεώμενον = The inner being viewed
The word ΕΡΩΣ – EROS O + S is the flow of the power of light (life-knowledge) from the universe to the earthly plane and into the depths of ourselves. In Hesiod’s Theogony the update is one of the three authorities (Chaos, Gaia, Eros). Light encloses the knowledge, life, beauty, beauty, serenity, happiness, goodness, love, harmony, etc ..
Eros is not only that which exists between a man and a woman if CHAOS EROS GAIA preexisting human. EROS between the universe to the earth, harmony of nature eg rain and vegetation, even in combination with the human element, eg a man and a beautiful evening sunset or generally anything that offers harmony and therefore bliss. One aspect of Eros is also the harmony between man and woman which yields the holy genesis. The harmony stems from the duality of 0/1, Masculine (1) and the Feminine (c). The 0/0 or 1/1 not create because it is cosmic disharmony. The word then “Eros” means nothing aphrodisiac (sexual) but a higher spiritual state, do not forget that the word priest comes from there. Arguably, therefore our Antisthenes recalls “PRINCIPLE OF WISDOM The NAMES EPISKEPSIS”.
The Greek alphabet became the basis for the creation of the Latin alphabet. Indeed, the Latin alphabet comes from the Etruscan alphabet which in turn, and in line with the prevailing view today, based on the Greek.
The development of the alphabet The Alexandrian grammar classifying sixteen letters in the first Greek alphabet: A, B, C, D, E, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, R the S, T and Y. Later followed the I, P and X. By adding the letters G, O, D, H and Z was born the Ionic alphabet. In ancient Greek inscriptions found three variants of the alphabet: the Aeolian or Dorian, the Attic and Ionic.
The wind and the Doric alphabet is found in inscriptions of Thera, Milos, Peloponnese, Boeotia and Great Greece, in Sicily and Southern Italy. The Attic alphabet (the Attic letters) we find the inscriptions in Attica before the era of Euclid (402 BC). The Ionic alphabet is found in inscriptions in Ionian Sea and in Asia Minor.
Other uses The letters of the Greek alphabet used in Greek numerals. The Greek alphabet is widely used as a symbol tank for use in science or as internationally agreed symbols (eg: π=3,14) or for any suitable use. Like the Latin alphabet, the Greek used for the count (especially when you are interested in our series), eg All 24 rhapsodies of Odyssey numbered with small letters of the alphabet, while the Iliad to uppercase. Particularly in Astronomy the Greek alphabet used to count the stars, ie alpha Centauri is the brightest star of the constellation Centaurus, while Omega is the 24th in brightness. After the end of Greek letters follow Latin and then followed by Arabic numerals.
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Xenophon Zolotas
Prof. Xenophon Zolotas is a well-known Greek economist. The speeches that follows were given to a foreign audience, at the closing session of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, on September 26, 1957 and on October 2, 1959. Prof. Zolotas held the positions of the Governor of the bank of Greece and the Governor of the Funds for Greece, at that time.
“I always wished to address this Assembly in Greek, but I realized that it would have been indeed Greek to all present in this room. I found out, however, that I could make my address in Greek which would still be English to everybody. With your permission, Mr. Chairman, I shall do it now, using with the exception of articles and prepositions only Greek words.”
First speech
“Kyrie(=Lord),
I eulogize the archons of the Panethnic Numismatic Thesaurus and the Ecumenical Trapeza for the orthodoxy of their axioms, methods and policies, although there is an episode of cacophony of the Trapeza with Hellas.
With enthusiasm we dialogue and synagonize at the synods of our didymous Organizations in which polymorphous economic ideas and dogmas are analyzed and synthesized.
Our critical problems such as the numismatic plethora generate some agony and melancholy. This phenomenon is characteristic of our epoch. But, to my thesis, we have the dynamism to program therapeutic practices as a prophylaxis from chaos and catastrophe.
In parallel, a panethnic unhypocritical economic synergy and harmonization in a democratic climate is basic.
I apologize for my eccentric monologue. I emphasize my eucharistia to you Kyrie, to the eugenic and generous American Ethnos and to the organizers and protagonists of this Amphictyony and the gastronomic symposia.”
Second speech
“Kyrie,
It is Zeus’ anathema on our epoch for the dynamism of our economies and the heresy of our economic methods and policies that we should agonise between the Scylla of numismatic plethora and the Charybdis of economic anaemia.
It is not my idiosyncrasy to be ironic or sarcastic but my diagnosis would be that politicians are rather cryptoplethorists. Although they emphatically stigmatize numismatic plethora, energize it through their tactics and practices.
Our policies have to be based more on economic and less on political criteria.
Our gnomon has to be a metron between political, strategic and philanthropic scopes. Political magic has always been antieconomic.
In an epoch characterised by monopolies, oligopolies, menopsonies, monopolistic antagonism and polymorphous inelasticities, our policies have to be more orthological. But this should not be metamorphosed into plethorophobia which is endemic among academic economists.
Numismatic symmetry should not antagonize economic acme.
A greater harmonization between the practices of the economic and numismatic archons is basic.
Parallel to this, we have to synchronize and harmonize more and more our economic and numismatic policies panethnically.
These scopes are more practical now, when the prognostics of the political and economic barometer are halcyonic.
The history of our didymous organisations in this sphere has been didactic and their gnostic practices will always be a tonic to the polyonymous and idiomorphous ethnical economics. The genesis of the programmed organisations will dynamize these policies. I sympathise, therefore, with the aposties and the hierarchy of our organisations in their zeal to programme orthodox economic and numismatic policies, although I have some logomachy with them.
I apologize for having tyrannized you with my hellenic phraseology.
In my epilogue, I emphasize my eulogy to the philoxenous autochthons of this cosmopolitan metropolis and my encomium to you, Kyrie, and the stenographers.”
Mr Xenophon Zolotas
ETYMOLOGY OF SOME ANCIENT GREEK NAMES.
The word “Macedonia” is of Greek origin. The etymology is: The resident of the ancient area “Makednon” in ancient Greek called “Makednos” (eg, see. Herodotus’ Histories, Book 1, §56: «Makednon kaleomenon”). The root “Mak-” comes from “makos”, the Doric type Atticus “length” (which is the modern Greek word). In short, the “Makednos” meant “tall man”. In the new Greek the word “long”. The same root is the source of the English prefix “macro-“, which identifies several words to mean long (macro; biotic, macro instruction;) or large (macro; cosm, macro; molecule).
The name Alexander (“the Great”) is also of Greek origin. The “Alexander”, consists of two parts in Greek: the “alex-” is a prefix meaning “protector” so we have modern Greek words “bulletproof (protects from bullets),” lightning rod “(protects from lightning), and” parachute “(protect from falling) . and “Andreas” is the general word “man.” Homer Odyssey begins as follows: “Man ennepe muse Polytropon me …” etc. In English the root “andro-” passed in words like “androgynous”, “android”, “Andrew”, and a few more.
Briefly, the “Alexander” means “protector of men”
But any other known ancient Macedonian name is also Greek origin! For example, take the name of Philip, Alexander’s father, started the expansion of the ancient Macedonian nation. And this is Greek. In Greek consists of two parts: The prefix “pro” meaning “one who likes” or “having a friendly relationship with.” This root passed into English words such as “philosophy”, “philanthropy”, and even in “Philadelphia” and “Philippines”.
And the suffix “-ippos” ie. “Horse”. This root passed into Latin as “hippo-” (the initial h is the performance of the pronunciation of the Greek CSCE), and from there into English words such as “hippopotamus” (hippopotamus; literally “river horse”) and “hippocampus” (hippocampus).
Briefly, “Philip” means “friend of horses” PHILIP From the Greek name Philip (Philippos) which means “friend of horses”, composed of the elements friend (philos) “friend” and horse (hippos) “horse”(Ex. Hipppodrome, Hippocrate etc.). This was the name of five kings of Macedon, including Philip II the father of Alexander the Great. The name appears in the New Testament belonging to two people who are regarded as saints. First, one of the twelve apostles, and second, an early figure in the Christian church known as Philip the Deacon.
ALEXANDER Latinized form of the Greek name Alexander (Alexandros), which meant “defending men” from Greek Alexis (alexo+andros=of the man:genetivus of aner) “to defend, help” and man (aner-(ἀνήρ`= man)) “andros” (-“ander” in Latin much later). In Greek mythology this was another name of the hero Paris, and it also belongs to several characters in the New Testament. However, the most famous bearer was Alexander the Great, King of Macedon. In the 4th century BC he built a huge empire out of Greece, Egypt, Persia, and parts of India. There he spred with the MOST civilized manners the Greek Civilization & Culture.
He was Highily educated in Philosophy, Astronomy, Music & Martial strategic tactics(the latest from his father). Due to his fame, and later medieval tales involving him, use of his name spread throughout Europe. AMYNTAS Derived from Greek amyntor (amyntor) meaning “defender”. This was the name of several kings of Macedon.
Agathosthenis <good courage + = good (on actions and intellect) + power = the person holding power to think and to do good. Agoraklis <purchase + market + = glory = glory he has fame in the market Agorakritos <= purchase about judgment: he judged from the market Athanasios <a (withdrawal) + at death – death = immortal (gilts. Immortality, Euthanasia etc;) Athena Atheonoa = <a (superlative) + + God = mind that from the supreme mind (the goddess Athena, xepidise from the head of Zeus). The original name was Athena and is Pelasgic origin Catherine <del + = always clean cleared Alexander <Alexia + man (b. The man) = defender, protector men (gilts. Alexandra)
Its complicated by p. Alexis’ spurn – protect “; + a man, so Alexandros originally meant” one who protects the people. ” Somehow many associate some verb Alexis to remove, giving Alexandros the importance of “he who repels men ‘. The importance of this verb is “protect” and we find eg in ancient anthroponymia Aleximvrotos (from vrotos) and Alexinor (ἀνήρ`=the man) which mean “the protector of mortals.” Note that as they have shown great linguists, the name Alexandros is ancient, as already answered in Mycenaean Greek.
Amaryllis = The Shining(from: Amarysso-αμαρυσσω=shine, radiate Amphiaraos <amfo + ara + st (suffix) = one who mitigates the curse – misfortuneAmphibios(Amphi+Bios=life) Anargyros <a (withdrawal) + silver (money) = a nonprofit (gilts. ANARGYRON) Anastasios <at + stasis = the reborn, the eternal (gilts. Anastasia) Andreas <man (b. Man) = the brave, real man, brave warrior Andromache <man (b. The man) + fight = the fighting men (ie. The great and fearless warrior) (gilts. Andromache) Andronikos <man (b. The man) win + = one who conquers men (gilts. Andro+niki) Antigonus <+ instead gignomai (born) = the worthy with generator father (gilts. Antigone) Apollo <a (superlative) + + pole las (light bulbs – they lampsis) = one who shines everywhere. According to others: a (withdrawal) many + = one who does not belong to the many Virtue <a (withdrawal) + = risis unparalleled, perfect, unique Aristarchus <archo excellent + = one who initiates (heads) of optimum Aristides <+ excellent OPD (vague: I saw) = the best on the face, the very good looking Aristomachos <excellent + = the battle honors fighting (gilts. Aristomachos) Aristonicus <+ excellent victory = one who manages the perfect victory (gilts. Aristonicus) Aristotle <+ excellent end (purpose) = the perfectionist, one who intends to excellent Aristophanes <+ excellent Fimios (say, trumpets, spread word) = one who speaks excellent Artemis <air + = intersect that cuts – crosses the air Archimedes <start + midomai (meditate) = the ruler of thought Aspasia <= female kissing the arch. adjective aspasios = happy, happy (male. Aspasios) Venus <foam + dito (= emerge) = emerging from the foam (sea) Basil <vasielefs = one who belongs to the king (gilts. Basel) Speedwell (Veronica) <from the ancient Macedonian name Fereniki> fetch = + victory that brings victory George <Ca + work = the cultivator of the land, he produced work in the land, the farmer (gilts. Georgia) Glafkonomi <Owl (or glaucous) + Act = brilliant – wise law Gregory <= quickly awake, sleepless revved Damocles <township glory + = the doxazomenos by the municipality (people), the popular Damofili <township friend + = girlfriend municipality (people), that he loves his people Despina <= overtop dominant, lady Demaratus <township + weigh (= heave) = one who elevates (morally) the municipality (population) Dimaretis <+ municipality virtue (> a + risis) = one who (with his deeds) benefit the municipality (people) (gilts. Dimareti) Dimitra <da (Doric formula of “land” is a variant of “ca”) + mother = mother earth Dimitrios = the dedicated to the goddess Demeter Democritus <township judgment: + = one who is from the municipality (population) Dimoniki <township + win = win municipality (population) Demosthenes <township vigor + = one who gives strength to the municipality (population) Dimostratos <+ troop municipality = one who is called the municipality (population) Popular (see. Damofili) Diagoras <Zeus (b. Zeus) + plead one running a speech by the power of Zeus Dikaiarchou <archo righteous + = one who is righteous ruler Dikaioklis <righteous glory + = one who glorifies the law Dikaiopolis <righteous + polis = the righteous citizen Diogenes <Zeus (b. Zeus) + = the maiden originating from Jupiter Diocles <Zeus (b. Zeus) + = the glory glorifies Jupiter Diomedes <Zeus (b. Zeus) + midomai (think =) = the thinking to the will of Zeus Dionysus <Zeus (born of Zeus) + = the mind come from the mind of Zeus Peace = eiro (hook) Helen <elon (B vague weigh = destroy) + nafs (ISO. The NDI = ship) = one for which ships destroyed Eleftherios <El (name of the Olympians) + ef + summer = one who with his coming will mean better and offered to the gods, in another interpretation:> Elefsis (> el + fair + quake – move) + courage = he who with courage and strength of the gods move everything in a good way Hermes <EPDM (= ratio) = one who takes the floor Hermogenes <Hermes (b. Hermes) + = the maiden originating from Mercury genus Home <through + God = one rushes in (home) Evangelia <ef + ad = good news, good news Evangelos <ef = + angel messenger who brings good news Eyboulos <+ ef parliament (House) = having the benevolent desire Eunomia <ef Law + = one who defines good laws (gilts. Eunomia) Eupolis <+ fair city = good citizen Evridiki <= range + righteous one possessed of great justice (male. Eurydice) Eurycleia <width + = glory that has great glory (male. Evryklis) Eurynome <= range + Law that knows many laws (male. Eurynome) Happiness <+ fair chance that has good luck (male. Eftychios) Zafirios <sapphire (sapphire) = precious (gilts. Zafiria) Zeus <Zeo (= life-giving) + ef = the provider good life Zenobia <Jean (Dorian type of Zeus = Jupiter) + life = that lives thanks to Jupiter Hegesistratos <lead + = army that led the army (male. Igistratos) Ira <day (idiom of the word “earth – earth”). In others, an anagram of the word “air” Herophilus <Ira + = girlfriend that loves Hera Heron <Ira + s = he who belongs to Hera Hephaestus <the (increase thanks euphony) + F (Achaean type “to” = light) + istimi (= possess good) = one who is well aware of the fire Theodore <god + gift = one who is a gift from God Thersites <Tarshish = one who is impudent Thrasivoulos <Tarshish + desire = the one who has tharreti (up supercilious) desire Jason <= Iasis therapist Hipparchus <= horse + archo he led the horses Hippodameia <horse + SAMe-oh = one tames horses Hippocrates <horse + territory-oh = those who control horses Hippolyte <= horse + unfasten that releases the horses (male. Hippolytus) Isocrates <= equal + I hold he kept equidistant – equality Calliope <beauty + hole (= hole mouth in a sense) = the sweet-voiced Kleovoulos <glory + House = he who wants glory Kleogenis <glory + = genus-derived glorified genus Kosmas <comely = he who is kind and kalotropos Laodice <people + trial = trial people Laomideia <+ people = midomai the thought of people Leonidas <lion + = he himself like the lion Lysistrata <unfasten (future. Solve) + = army that dissolves the army Maria <glitter (= lighten) = one sparkles [-> Mary (S48 Iliad, Odyssey l326) -> Maria (exevraismos the Greek name)] (male. Marios) Mede <= midomai the thinking (gilts. Midia) Nikareti <= victory + virtue that beats with virtue (male. Nikaretos) Nikiforos <victory fetch = + he made wins Nikolaos <win + people = one who gives victory to the people (female does not exist in ancient Greek. The new Greek is Nicoletta, epanellinismos the Frankish Nikolette) Xenokratis <stranger hold + = one who keeps (away) foreign Xenophanes <stranger fainymi + = one who resembles foreign Odefssefs <betake + = essomai those found in the street, the Wandering Homer <OMMA + APD = he who loses his eye, the blind Orestes <term stand + = one who is on the mountain, the man of the mountain, the Hillbilly Periandros <+ on man (b. The man) = one who is above the other men Pericles <+ on = the glory yperdoxos, the amply Peter <= the stone stable, the steadfast Penelope <pini (thread) + lepo (unfold) = the weaver Plato <width + s (= existing) = one who is broad (The philosopher Plato took this name because she had broad chest and forehead. Originally his name was Aristocles. Pleistonikis <pleistos (superlative of “long”) + win = one who has many victories, the POLYNIKI Poliarchos <city archo + = one who initiates the town Poseidon <potos (= river) + yielding one running gives rivers Prodikos <pre trial + = the chief justice Protagoras <first market + = one who is first in the market (ie. In common) Pythagoras <Pytho (= update -> Pytheas) market + = one who informs the market Sophia <= wisdom, erudition, profound knowledge Sophocles <wise glory + = glorious for its wisdom Spyridon <spyris (b. Spyridon = psarokofino) = one who makes baskets for fish Stratoklis <military glory + = the glorious soldier Stylianos <column = constant as the column, that one can rely on it (gilts. Styliani) Socrates <wise + keep one running observes wisely Sotirios <= savior savior Telemachus <tele battle + = one who gives battles from afar Phaedra <= blithe cheerful Filareti <friend + = virtue that loves virtue (male. Filaret) Philip <horse friend + = one who loves horses Philodemus <township friend + = one who loves the municipality (population) Philostratus <army friend + = one who loves the army Chariklia <thanks + = the famous glory for the sake of ANTIGONUS From the Greek Antigonus (Antigonos) which meant “against the ancestor”, from anti (anti) “against” and parent (goneus) “ancestor”. This was the name of one of Alexander the Great’s generals. After Alexander died, he took control of most of Asia Minor. ARCHELAUS Latinized form of the Greek name Archelaos (Archelaos), which meant “master of the people” from Aarhus (archos) “master” and Laos (laos) “people”. This was the name of a son of Herod the Great. He ruled over Judea, Samaria and Idumea. ARISTOTLE From the Greek name Aristotle (Aristoteles) which meant “the best purpose”, derived from excellent (aristos) “best” and the end (telos) “purpose, aim”. This was the name of a Greek philosopher of the 4th century BC who made lasting contributions to Western thought, including the fields of logic, metaphysics, ethics and biology. KLEITOS Means “splendid, famous” in Greek. This was the name of one of Alexander the Great’s generals.
CLEOPATRA FROM THE GREEK NAME CLEOPATRA (KLEOPATRA) WHICH MEANT “GLORY OF THE FATHER”, DERIVED FROM GLORY (KLEOS) “GLORY” COMBINED WITH FATHER (PATROS) “OF THE FATHER”. THIS WAS THE NAME OF QUEENS OF EGYPT FROM THE PTOLEMAIC ROYAL FAMILY, INCLUDING CLEOPATRA VII, THE MISTRESS OF BOTH JULIUS CAESAR AND MARK ANTONY. AFTER BEING DEFEATED BY AUGUSTUS SHE COMMITTED SUICIDE BY ALLOWING HERSELF TO BE BITTEN BY AN ASP. SHAKESPEARE’S TRAGEDY ‘ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA’ (1606) IS BASED ON HER.
THE MACEDONIAN NAME PERDIKKAS OBVIUSLY MEANS “FAMOUSLY JUST” [CA (T) – + RIGHTEOUS], BUT TO ACCEPT IT WE MUST “PROVE” SOMEHOW THE DOUBLING OF THE LETTER “K” IN THE THEME “TRIAL”, MEANING “JUSTICE”.
HELLENIC QUEST CALLED AN E-LEARNING PROGRAM THAT GREEK AS CNN BEGAN DISTRIBUTING WORLDWIDE AND INTENDED INITIALLY FOR ENGLISH SPEAKERS AND SPANISH SPEAKERS. THE TEACHING METHOD IS TO VIEW INFORMATION ON THE SCREEN OF THE / Y WHILE SOUND AND MOVING IMAGE TRANSMISSION.
CNN, IN COLLABORATION WITH THE APPLE COMPUTER COMPANY PREPARED A GREEK EASY TUTORIAL AND ENGLISH-SPEAKING US HISPANICS. THE RATIONALE BEHIND THIS INITIATIVE WAS THAT THE GREEK INTENSIFIES RATIONAL SPIRIT, SCRAPES ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ENCOURAGES CITIZENS TO CREATIVITY. THE PROGRAM IS PRODUCED BY THE LARGE CORPORATION THE H / Y APPLE, O CHAIRMAN OF WHICH JOHN SCULLY SAID: WE DECIDED TO PUSH THE GREEK TUTORIAL, BECAUSE OUR SOCIETY NEEDS A TOOL THAT WILL ALLOW TODISCOVER SO FAR. IN OTHER WORDS, THIS IS A MANIFESTATION OF THE TENDENCY TO RETURN TO THE SPIRIT WORLD CULTURE AND LANGUAGE OF THE ANCENT GREEKS. ANOTHER RELATED EVENT: THE ENGLISH BUSINESSMEN MOTIVATE SENIOR EXECUTIVES TO LEARN ANCIENT GREEK BECAUSE THEY CONTAIN A SPECIAL MEANING FOR THE AREAS OF ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT COMPANIES. IN THIS CONCLUSION ALREADY LED AFTER BRITISH SPECIAL FINDINGS THAT THE GREEK LANGUAGE REINFORCES THE LOGIC AND STIMULATES LEADERSHIP ABILITIES. SO IT HAS GREAT VALUE, NOT ONLY IN COMPUTER SCIENCE AND HIGH TECHNOLOGY, BUT ALSO IN ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION ..
THESE PROPERTIES OF GREEK LED THE CALIFORNIA UNIVERSITY IRMAIN TAKE THE HOARDING OF WEALTH … HEAD OF PROGRAM PLACED THE LINGUIST –ELLINISTRIA- MAC NTONALI AND TEACHERS E BRUNNER AND PAKARI. IN THE H/ Y IMYKO WERE EVALUATED 6 MILLION VERBAL FORMULAS OF THE ANCIENT GREEK O LANGUAGE WHEN ENGLISH HAS A TOTAL OF 490,000 WORDS AND 300 … 000 TECHNICAL TERMS, IE AS A LANGUAGE IS ONLY 1/100 OF OUR OWN. IN IMYKO CATEGORIZED 8,000 4,000 ANCIENT GREEK WRITINGS AND THE WORK CONTINUES. TALKING ABOUT IT PROFESSOR BRUNNER SAID: ANYONE WHO WONDER WHY SO MANY MILLIONS OF DOLLARS FOR THE HOARDING OF WORDS OF GREEK RESPOND: BUT THIS IS THE LANGUAGE OF OUR ANCESTORS. AND OUR CONTACT WITH THEM WILL IMPROVE THE HELLENIQUE=GREEK) CULTURE. THE PROMOTERS OF THE PROGRAM ESTIMATE THAT THE GREEK VERBAL TYPES WILL REACH THE 90 MILLION, COMPARED WITH NINE MILLION LATIN. INTEREST IN THE GREEK RESULTED FROM THE RECORDING OF INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SCIENTISTS THAT THE H / PC ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY ACCEPT AS SIGN LANGUAGE ONLY THE GREEK.
ALL OTHER LANGUAGES FEATURED SEMANTIC. SIGN LANGUAGE IS CONSIDERED THE LANGUAGE IN WHICH THE SIGNIFIER, THAT IS THE WORD, AND THE SIGNIFIED, THAT IS, THE WORD EXPRESSES (THING, IDEA, STATE), HAVE AMONG THEIR PRIMARY RELATIONSHIP. WHILE SEMANTIC IS THE LANGUAGE IN WHICH ARBITRARILY DEFINED THAT AMERICAN THING (SIGNIFIED) MEANT BY AM (SIGNIFIER). IN OTHER WORDS, THE ANCIENT GREEK LANGUAGE IS THE ONLY LANGUAGE WHOSE WORDS HAVE PRIMOGENITURE, WHILE IN ALL OTHER, WORDS ARE SYMMATIKES MEAN, THAT IS SOMETHING, JUST BECAUSE IT ‘AGREED’ AMONG THOSE WHO USE IT. ALL OF THE WORDS IN GREEK MEANS EG THE WORD ENTHUSIASM = EN+THEO – ΕΝ-ΘΕΏ (=IN-GOD) GEOMETRY = EARTH + COUNT – ΓAIA +ΜΕΤΡΏ – GAI+METRO
ANTHROPOS(=MAN = THE INARTICULATE (THE ARTICULATED REASON)(ΆΝΘΡΩΠΟΣ = Ο ΆΝΑΡΘΡΩΝ (Ο ΑΡΘΡΏΝΩΝ ΛΌΓΟ).. WE SAY CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORD-THING, WHICH IS NONEXISTENT IN OTHER LANGUAGES.
THE MOST PERFECT IMYKOS PROGRAMS KNOWLEDGE AND NEWTON REPRESENT THE VERBAL FORMULAS OF INTEGRALS IN GREEK AND IN PERFECT REPRESENTATIONAL SHAPES, WHICH CAN NOT DO IN OTHER LANGUAGES. THIS IS BECAUSE THE GREEK HAS A MATHEMATICAL STRUCTURE THAT ALLOWS THE HARMONIOUS GEOMETRICAL DISPLAY. <> PARTICULARLY USEFUL ARE THE GREEK SUFFIXES AS: TELE, LANDI = … LAND, GEO … NANO, MICRO, MEGA, PURPOSE … .ISMOS, ELECTRO …., CYCLO …., TUNER …., MACRO …., SMALL …., TRAY …., WRITES … LETTER … PLUS … … SYM, ETC .. EXAMPLE: THE KNOWN TO ALL CD = COMPACT DISK = DISK SYMPAKTOMENOS COMPUTERS CONSIDER THE GREEK LANGUAGE “NOT MARGINAL ‘, IE THAT ONLY IN THAT THERE ARE NO LIMITS AND SO IT IS NECESSARY TO NEW DISCIPLINES SUCH AS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, ELECTRONICS, THE GOVERNMENT AND OTHERS. THESE SCIENCES ONLY IN THE GREEK LANGUAGE FIND MENTAL EXPRESSIONS THEY NEED, WITHOUT WHICH SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT IS UNABLE TO PROCEED. FOR THESE REASONS THE SPANISH MEPS SOUGHT TO INTRODUCE GREEK AS THE OFFICIAL EUROPEAN UNION BECAUSE TO SPEAK OF A UNITED EUROPE WITHOUT THE GREEK IS LIKE TALKING TO A BLIND MAN ABOUT COLORS.
OF COURSE, IT CAN`T THAT ALL SUDDENLY IT BECOMES ‘OUT OF NOWHERE’ TO DISPLAY A HOMER AND WRITTEN TWO LITERARY MASTERPIECES, IT IS OBVIOUS THAT LONG AGO SHOULD HAVE BEEN A LANGUAGE (AND WRITING) HIGH LEVEL. INDEED, FROM THE ANCIENT GREEK SECRETARIAT KNOW THAT HOMER WAS NOT THE FIRST BUT THE LAST AND MOST FAMOUS OF A LONG LINE OF EPIC POETS, WHOSE NAMES HAVE SURVIVED (KREOFYLOS, PRODIKOS, ARKTINOS, ANTIMACHUS, KINAITHON, CALLIMACHUS) AND THE NAMES OF THEIR WORKS (FORONIS, FOKAIS, DANAIS, NEGRESS, PROGENY, OEDIPAL, THEBES …) HAVE NOT YET BEEN RESCUED THEMSELVES THEIR PROJECTS. POSSIBLE CREATION OF NEW WORDS THE POWER OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS ITS ABILITY TO BE MOLDED NOT ONLY PREFIX OR CONCLUSIVE BUT VARYING IN SOME CASES UP TO THE ROOT OF THE WORD (EG, “RUN” AND “WHEEL” EVEN THOUGH THEY ARE FROM THE SAME FAMILY DIFFER SLIGHTLY THE ROOT). THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS QUALIFIED TO CREATE COMPOUND WORDS WITH INCREDIBLE POTENTIAL USES, MULTIPLYING THE VOCABULARY. THE INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY WEBSTER’S (WEBSTER’S NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY) SAYS: “THE LATIN AND GREEK, ESPECIALLY THE GREEK, AN INEXHAUSTIBLE SOURCE OF MATERIAL FOR CREATING SCIENTIFIC TERMS,” WHILE THE FRENCH LEXICOGRAPHERS JEAN BOUFFARTIGUE AND ANNE-MARIE DELRIEU EMPHASIZED: “SCIENCE FINDS CONSTANTLY NEW OBJECTS OR CONCEPTS. HE NAMED THEM. THE TREASURE OF THE GREEK ROOTS IN FRONT OF HER AS LONG AS YOU DRAW FROM THERE. IT WOULD BE VERY SURPRISING NOT TO FIND THOSE IN NEED. “ THE FRENCH WRITER JACQUES LAKARRIER, STUNNED IN FRONT OF THE GRANDEUR OF GREEK, HAD DECLARED RELATIVELY: “THE GREEK LANGUAGE HAS THE CHARACTERISTIC TO OFFER ON THE WONDERFUL EXPRESSION OF ALL HIERARCHIES WITH A SIMPLE ROTATION OF THE FIRST COMPONENT. ONE HAS ONLY TO PUT A PAN – FIRST – INITIAL OVER- OR ANY OTHER INTENTION IN FRONT OF A SUBJECT. AND IF YOU COMBINE TOGETHER THESE PREFIXES, IT TAKES AN ENDLESS VARIETY OF GRADATIONS. THE PREFIXES ENCLOSED IN THE HAND, NOT AS A SEMANTIC SCALE, WHICH RISES TOWARDS THE SKY OF WORDS. “ IN HOMER’S ILIAD THETIS MOURNING THAT WILL GET THE SON OF KILLING HECTOR “DIONE AND DYSARISTOTOKEIAN IT CALLS”. THE WORD ITSELF IS A DIRGE, DYS + EXCELLENT + WHELP (= CALVE) AND MEANS SUCH ANALYZES ETYMOLOGICUM MEGA “, WHICH GAVE BIRTH TO EVIL EXCELLENT.” A FEW YEARS AGO WAS RELEASED IN SWITZERLAND IN DICTIONARY NONEXISTENT WORDS (DICTIONNAIRE DES MOTS INEXISTANTS) PROPOSING TO REPLACE FRENCH WITH CIRCUMLOCUTIONS MONOLECTIC TERMS FROM THE GREEK. EG ANDROPREIE(=MANACTING), BIOPALESTE, DYSPAREGORETE, ECOGENIARCHE, ELPIDOPHORE(=HOPE+CARRY), GLOSSOCTONIE, PHILOMATHEEM(=LEARNLOVING) TACHYMATHIE(=QUICK LEARNING), THEOPEMPTE ETC. ABOUT 2,000 ENTRIES WITH SCOPE FOR FURTHER ENRICHMENT. NOT FOR CHAUVINISTIC REASONS, BUT TO LEARN SLOWLY ARE UNAWARE OF THE TRUTH!
That is not the Alphabet is copied from elsewhere seen in that in the year 2300 BC by Homer already at the disposal of 6,500,000 primary words (first person singular present tense &) which if you multiply CH72 which calls will draw a huge number which is not the final, because do not forget that the Greek language is not sterile, born.The Greek language is the only one that can be used for H / Y due mathematical and musicality not only the alphabet-word, but the mathematical concepts generated eg The word becomes THESIS(=position): Synthesis, assault, filing, hypothesis, Exposition, Addition, prothesis, anaThesis, available Antithesis etc etc if now these words the English translation is completely unrelated.
IF WE COMPARE NOW EG THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE HAS 80,000 WORDS, OF WHICH 80% ARE GREEK AS WE INFORM THE UNIVERSITY OF WALES, AND MEASURE THAT THIS STERILE LANGUAGE EVOLVES 1000 YEARS, WE EFFORTLESSLY DRAW THE CONCLUSION THAT HOMER RECEIVES A LANGUAGE WHICH HAS A DEPTH THE YEAR 100,000 BC; 500,000 BC; WHO KNOWS …
But the ultimate proof is the same of the mathematic structure, which does not exist in any other language of the world. Do not even forget that the Creator uses math to create, so our language is necessarily related to the source (root-0/1).
BUT BEFORE THE “CRYPT” IS THE “SIGNIFIER”, IE THE CONNECTION OF WORDS WITH MEANINGS. HE SAID EARLIER THAT FOREIGN DIALECTS DEFINED BY AGREEMENT, IE SOME AGREED THAT SUCH AND SUCH A SUBJECT WOULD CALL IT “X”, WHICH MAKES THE LANGUAGES STERILE, SO THEY CAN GIVE BIRTH TO NEW WORDS, SO THERE MATHIMATIKOTITA THEREFORE CAN NOT DESCRIBE NEW CONCEPTS THAT EXIST IN NATURE, RESULTING IN THE BRAIN WHERE IT CAN NOT DESCRIBE THROUGH NEW WORDS NEW MEANINGS REMAIN IN THE DARK, SO THE NEURONS OF THE BRAIN DOES NOT GENERATE NEW AS OPPOSED TO THOSE WHO USE THE GREEK.
HOW COULD EG THE ENGLISH OR THE FRENCH OR THE X, Y WITH A WORD THAT HAS 10 CONCEPTS TO DESCRIBE ACCURATELY AND THEREFORE CLEARLY A DEEPER MEANING? LET ALONE THE MULTIPLE ASPECTS OF THIS? IT CAN NOT BE SO WHY ALL STARTED HERE. IT MEANS THEREFORE IS CONNECTING THE SIGNAL TO THE SIGNIFIED, THAT THE WORD ITSELF IS GENERATED IN SUCH A MANNER THAT DESCRIBES THE MEANING ESOKLEINEI INSTRUMENTS.
EXAMPLE: THE NAMING OF THE WORD CURRY (WALNUT), AS WE READ IN THESECRETREALTRUTH, FROM AN OBSERVATION OF NATURE (AS ALL WORDS), IE WHEN TWO HORNED ANIMALS (RAMS, GOATS ETC.) TRA.KAR.OUN WITH KER.ATA THEIR SOUNDS “CRACK” OR “FEM”, THE SOUND HE GAVE THE NAME “HORN” (HORN) THE HORN GAVE THE NAME OF THE STATE OR SKULL (HEAD) AND THE NICKNAMES OF THIS CURRY (SMALL HEAD). CURRY (NUT) LOOKS AMAZING TO THE HUMAN HEAD AND THE INTERIOR OF THE BRAIN. Y IS THE ROOT OF THE VERB YO (RAIN) WHERE Y IS CONCAVITY (OR CONVEXITY) THAT MATES SOMETHING, RAIN (WATER ELEMENT) ENTERS (NEST) INTO THE EARTH.
THE MUSICAL – NUMERIC ALPHABET CREATES MUSICAL – MATHEMATICAL WORDS THAT DESCRIBE RESPECTIVE CONCEPTS WHICH COME FROM THE OBSERVATION OF NATURE IE OF CREATION SO BY EXTENSION OF THE SAME CREATOR, BUT THE QUESTION IS HOW MANY MILLENNIA MAY BE NEEDED TO CREATE THIS PERFECT MATHEMATICAL COMPLEX LETTERS ARE NUMBERS, YET MUSICAL TONES AND WORDS THAT ALL THE NUMBERS AND MUSIC TONES INTO THEIR HIDE EXCEPT FOR COMPLEX MUSICAL HARMONIES, CONCEPTS WHICH ARE NOT RANDOM AT ALL BUT AFTER EXTENSIVE OBSERVATION OF NATURE?
ARGUABLY, THEREFORE OUR ANTISTHENES RECALLS “WISDOM AUTHORITY NAMES VISITATION”DE GROOT (NETHERLANDS HOMERIC TEXTS PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MONTREAL)
“THE GREEK LANGUAGE HAS CONTINUITY AND TEACHES TO BE OWNERLESS AND GOT A GLORY, THAT AN OPINION. IN THIS LANGUAGE THERE IS NO ORTHODOXY. SO EVEN IF THE EDUCATION SYSTEM WANTS PEOPLE LAW-ABIDING – A MOLD – THE SPIRIT OF ANCIENT TEXTS AND LANGUAGE IN LEARNING TO BE A BOSS. “ JAMES JOYCE (FAMOUS IRISH AUTHOR, 1882-1941)
“ALMOST AFRAID TO TOUCH THE ODYSSEY, THE OPPRESSIVE BEAUTY IS UNBEARABLE.” THE GREAT FRENCH WRITER JACQUES LAKARRIER SAID:
“IN GREEK THERE IS A VERTIGO OF WORDS, BECAUSE ONLY SHE EXPLORED, RECORDED AND ANALYZED THE INNERMOST PROCESSES OF SPEECH AND LANGUAGE, MORE THAN ANY OTHER LANGUAGE.” THE GREAT FRENCH ENLIGHTENER VOLTAIRE HAD SAID
“MAY THE GREEK LANGUAGE TO BECOME COMMON ALL PEOPLES.” THE FRENCH PROFESSOR AT THE SORBONNE SAID CHARLES FORIEL
“THE GREEK HAS HOMOGENEITY AS THE GERMAN, BUT RICHER THAN THAT. HE HAS THE CLARITY OF THE FRENCH, BUT IT HAS GREATER PRECISION. IT IS MORE FLEXIBLE THAN THE ITALIAN AND MUCH MORE HARMONIOUS THAN THE SPANISH. IS THAT WHAT IT TAKES TO BE CONSIDERED THE MOST BEAUTIFUL LANGUAGE OF EUROPE. “ MARIANNA MCDONALD, PROFESSOR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AND HEAD OF TLG SAID
“KNOWLEDGE OF GREEK IS ESSENTIAL FOUNDATION OF HIGH CULTURAL CULTIVATION.” THE BLIND AMERICAN WRITER HELEN KELLER HAD TOLD
“IF THE VIOLIN IS THE MOST PERFECT MUSICAL INSTRUMENT, THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS THE VIOLIN OF HUMAN THOUGHT.“ JOHN GOETHE (THE GREATEST POET OF GERMANY, 1749-1832)
“I LISTENED TO ST. PETER’S IN ROME THE GOSPEL IN ALL LANGUAGES. THE GREEK RESONATED STAR GLOWING IN THE NIGHT. “ DIALOGUE OF GOETHE WITH HIS DISCIPLES:
-DASKALE WHAT TO READ TO BECOME WISE AS YOU?
-THE GREEK CLASSICS.
-AND WHEN WE FINISH THE GREEK CLASSICS WHAT TO READ?
-OLD GREEK CLASSICS. GEORGE BERNARD SHAW (GREAT IRISH PLAYWRIGHT, 1856-1950)
“IF THE LIBRARY OF YOUR HOME YOU DO NOT HAVE THE WORKS OF ANCIENT GREEK AUTHORS, THEN YOU LIVE IN A HOUSE WITHOUT LIGHT.” MARK TILLIOS CICERO (THE FOREMOST MAN OF ANCIENT ROME, 106-43 BC)
“IF THE GODS SPEAK, THEN CERTAINLY USE THE LANGUAGE OF THE GREEKS.” HUMPHREY KITTY (ENGLISH PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL, 1968)
“IT’S THE NATURE OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS CLEAN, PRECISE AND COMPLEX. THE AMBIGUITY AND LACK OF DIRECT ENORASEOS FEATURING SOMETIMES ENGLISH AND GERMAN, IS COMPLETELY FOREIGN TO THE GREEK LANGUAGE. “ IRINA KOVALEVA (MODERN RUSSIAN PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY LOMONOSOV, 1995)
“THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS BEAUTIFUL LIKE HEAVEN TO THE STARS.” RH ROBINS (CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH LINGUIST, PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON)
“OF COURSE NOT ONLY IN LINGUISTICS WHERE GREEKS WERE PIONEERS IN EUROPE. OVERALL EUROPE’S SPIRITUAL LIFE GOES BACK TO THE WORK OF GREEK THINKERS.
EVEN TODAY WE RETURN UNCEASINGLY IN GREEK HERITAGE TO FIND STIMULATION AND ENCOURAGEMENT. “ FREDERICK SAGKREDO (BASQUE LINGUISTICS PROFESSOR – CHAIRMAN OF THE GREEK ACADEMY OF VASKONIAS)
“THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS THE BEST LEGACY THAT HAS BEEN AVAILABLE TO THE MAN ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE BRAIN. AGAINST ALL GREEK AND INSIST ALL LANGUAGES ARE INADEQUATE. “
“THE ANCIENT GREEK LANGUAGE SHOULD BECOME THE SECOND LANGUAGE OF ALL EUROPEANS, ESPECIALLY THE CULTURED PEOPLE.”
“THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS OF DIVINE ESSENCE.” HEINRICH SCHLIEMANN (RENOWNED AMATEUR ARCHAEOLOGIST, 1822-1890)
“EVERYTHING I WANTED PASSIONATELY TO LEARN GREEK. I DID NOT DO IT BECAUSE I WAS AFRAID THAT THE DEEP CHARM OF THIS MAGNIFICENT LANGUAGE WOULD ABSORB SO MUCH THAT WOULD HAVE REMOVED MY OTHER ACTIVITIES. “(THE SCHLIEMANN SPOKE 18 LANGUAGES SEAMLESSLY. FOR TWO YEARS DID NOTHING OTHER THAN THE STUDYING 2 POEMS OF HOMER). IBN KHALDOUN (LARGEST ARAB HISTORIAN)
“WHERE IS THE SECRETARIAT OF THE ASSYRIANS, THE CHALDEANS, THE EGYPTIANS? ALL MANKIND HAS INHERITED THE SECRETARIAT OF THE GREEKS ALONE. “ WILL DURANT (AMERICAN HISTORIAN AND PHILOSOPHER, PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF COLUMBIA)
“OUR ALPHABET CAME FROM GREECE BY KIMI AND ROME. OUR LANGUAGE IS LITTERED GREEK WORDS. OUR SCIENCE ESFYRILATISE MIAN INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE BY THE GREEK TERMS. OUR GRAMMAR AND OUR RHETORIC, EVEN THE PUNCTUATION AND THE DIVISION AREAS PARAGRAPHS … IS GREEK INVENTIONS. OUR GENRES ARE GREEKS – THE LYRIC, THE ODE, THE ROMANCE, THE NOVEL, THE ESSAY, THE PROSFONISIS, BIOGRAPHY, HISTORY AND ABOVE ALL THE VISION. AND ALMOST ALL OF THESE WORDS ARE GREEK. “ JACQUELINE DE ROMIGY (MODERN FRENCH ACADEMICIAN AND AUTHOR)
“ANCIENT GREECE OFFERS US A LANGUAGE, WHICH WILL SAY THAT IT IS UNIVERSAL.”
“EVERYONE NEEDS TO LEARN GREEK, BECAUSE THE GREEK LANGUAGE HELPS US FIRST OF ALL TO UNDERSTAND OUR OWN LANGUAGE.” BRUNO SNELL (DISTINGUISHED PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG)
“THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS THE PAST OF THE EUROPEANS.” FRANGKISKOS LIGKORA (MODERN ITALIAN UNIVERSITY PROFESSOR AND PRESIDENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY FOR THE DISSEMINATION OF CULTURE)
“GREEKS CAN BE PROUD TO SPEAK THE GREEK LANGUAGE ALIVE AND THE MOTHER OF ALL OTHER LANGUAGES. DO NOT NEGLECT, SINCE THIS IS ONE OF THE FEW GOODS WE HAVE LEFT AND ALSO YOUR PASSPORT TO THE WORLD CIVILIZATION. “ THE. VANTROUSKA (PROFESSOR OF LINGUISTICS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA)
“FOR A JAPANESE OR TURKISH, ALL EUROPEAN LANGUAGES ARE NOT SEEN AS SEPARATE BUT AS DIALECTS OF ONE AND THE SAME LANGUAGE, GREEK.” PETER JONES (PHD – PROFESSOR AT OXFORD UNIVERSITY WHO DRAFTED LESSONS OF ANCIENT GREEK WITH READERSHIP, FOR PUBLICATION IN THE NEWSPAPER «DAILYTELEGRAPH»)
THE GREEKS OF ATHENS IN THE 5TH AND 4TH CENTURY HAD REACHED THE LANGUAGE TO THE POINT THAT WITH HER TO EXPLORE IDEAS SUCH AS DEMOCRACY AND THE ORIGINS OF THE UNIVERSE, CONCEPTS SUCH AS SULFUR AND LAW. IT IS A WONDERFUL AND GREAT LANGUAGE. “ GILBERT MURRAY (PROFESSOR, UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD)
“THE GREEK IS THE PERFECT LANGUAGE. OFTEN ONE FINDS THAT A THOUGHT CAN BE EXPRESSED WITH EASE AND GRACE IN GREEK, AND BECOMES DIFFICULT AND SEVERE IN LATIN, ENGLISH, FRENCH OR GERMAN. IT IS THE PERFECT LANGUAGE, BECAUSE IT EXPRESSES THE THOUGHTS MOST PERFECT PEOPLE. “ MAX VON LAYE (NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS)
“I GRACES IN DIVINE PROVIDENCE, BECAUSE IT PLEASED TO TEACH ANCIENT GREEK, WHO HELPED ME TO PENETRATE DEEPER INTO THE MEANING OF SCIENCE.” E, NORDEN (THE GREAT GERMAN PHILOLOGIST)
“IN ADDITION TO CHINESE AND JAPANESE, ALL OTHER LANGUAGES WERE FORMED UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF GREEK, FROM WHICH THEY TOOK, BESIDES MANY WORDS, RULES AND GRAMMAR.” MARTIN HEIDEGGER (GERMAN PHILOSOPHER, OF THE MAIN REPRESENTATIVES OF EXISTENTIALISM IN THE 20TH CENTURY)
“THE ANCIENT GREEK LANGUAGE BELONGS TO THE STANDARDS THROUGH WHICH SHOWCASE THE SPIRITUAL FORCES OF CREATIVE GENIUS, BECAUSE WITH RESPECT TO THE POSSIBILITIES PROVIDED IN THOUGHT, IS THE MOST POWERFUL AND YET THE MOST WITTY OF ALL LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD.” DAVID CRYSTAL (AKA ENGLISH PROFESSOR, AUTHOR OF THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CAMBRIDGE FOR THE ENGLISH)
“IT’S AMAZING TO SEE HOW MUCH MORE WE RELY ON THE GREEK, TO TALK ABOUT ENTITIES AND EVENTS AT THE HEART OF MODERN LIFE.” MICHAEL VENTRIS (THE MAN WHO DECIPHERED THE LINEAR B)
“THE ANCIENT GREEK LANGUAGE WAS AND IS HIGHER ALL THE OLD AND NEW LANGUAGES.” R.H. ROBINS (LINGUIST AND AUTHOR)
“THE GREEK TRIUMPH IN THE SPIRITUAL CULTURE IS THAT GAVE SO MUCH TO SO MANY SECTORS […]. THEIR ACHIEVEMENTS IN THE FIELD OF LINGUISTICS WHICH WAS EXTREMELY STRONG, IE THE THEORY OF GRAMMAR AND GRAMMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE LANGUAGE IS STRONG ENOUGH TO MERIT AND TO WITHSTAND CRITICISM. ALSO BE SUCH AS TO INSPIRE GRATITUDE AND OUR ADMIRATION. “ LUIS JOSÉ NAVARRO (DEPUTY TO THE EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM “EVROKLASSIKA” OF THE EU)
“THE GREEK LANGUAGE FOR ME IS LIKE COSMOGONY. IT IS NOT JUST A LANGUAGE … “ JUAN JOSE PUHANA ARZA (BASQUE HELLENIST AND POLITICIAN)
“WE MUST PROCLAIM THAT THERE HAS BEEN IN THE WORLD A LANGUAGE WHICH CAN BE COMPARED TO THE CLASSICAL GREEK.” D’EICHTAL (FRENCH AUTHOR)
“THE GREEK LANGUAGE IS A LANGUAGE WHICH HAS ALL THE FEATURES, ALL THE CONDITIONS OF AN INTERNATIONAL TONGUE … TOUCHES THESE SAME BEGINNINGS OF CIVILIZATION … WHICH NOT ONLY THERE WAS NO STRANGER TO NONE OF THE MAJOR EVENTS OF THE HUMAN SPIRIT, RELIGION, IN POLITICS, IN LITERATURE, THE ARTS, THE SCIENCES, BUT WAS ALSO THE FIRST TOOL – TO SCAN ALL THESE – SO TO SPEAK, THE WOMB … LANGUAGE LOGIC WHILE EUPHONIC, AMONG ALL THE OTHER … “ THEODORE F. BRUNNER (TLG FOUNDER AND DIRECTOR UNTIL 1997)
“ANYONE WHO WONDER WHY SO MANY MILLIONS OF DOLLARS SPENT ON THE HOARDING OF GREEK WORDS, WE REPLY: BUT THIS IS THE LANGUAGE OF OUR ANCESTORS AND CONTACT WITH THEM WILL IMPROVE OUR CULTURE.” JACQUES LANG (FRENCH MINISTRY OF EDUCATION)
“I WOULD LIKE TO SEE TO LEARN ANCIENT GREEK, WITH THE SAME ZEAL THAT WE DEMONSTRATE, AND GREEK SCHOOLS.” IN HIS WORK “A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE” BY THE FAMOUS LINGUIST A.. MEILLET, SUPPORTED STRONGLY THE SUPERIORITY OF GREEK OVER OTHER LANGUAGES.
The name of Apollo itself—though not Paean, a possible name of a precursor god to or epithet of him—is generally considered to be absent from the Linear B (Mycenean Greek) texts although it is possible that the name is in fact attested in the lacunose form ]pe-rjo-[ (Linear B: ]-[) on the KN E 842 tablet.The spelling Ἀπόλλων (pronounced [a.pól.lɔːn] in Classical Attic) had almost superseded all other forms by the beginning of the common era, but the Doric form Apellon (Ἀπέλλων), is more archaic, derived from an earlier *Ἀπέλjων. It probably is a cognate to the Doric month Apellaios (Ἀπελλαῖος), and the offerings apellaia (ἀπελλαῖα) at the initiation of the young men during the family-festival apellai (ἀπέλλαι).According to some scholars the words are derived from the Doric word apella (ἀπέλλα), which originally meant “wall,” “fence for animals” and later “assembly within the limits of the square.”[Apella (Ἀπέλλα) is the name of the popular assembly in Sparta,[9] corresponding to the ecclesia (ἐκκλησία). R. S. P. Beekes rejected the connection of the theonym with the noun apellai and suggested a Pre-Greek proto-form *Apalyun.Several instances of popular etymology are attested from ancient authors. Thus, the Greeks most often associated Apollo’s name with the Greek verb ἀπόλλυμι (apollymi), “to destroy”. Plato in Cratylus connects the name withἀπόλυσις (apolysis), “redeem”, with ἀπόλουσις (apolousis), “purification”, and with ἁπλοῦν ([h]aploun), “simple”, in particular in reference to the Thessalian form of the name, Ἄπλουν, and finally with Ἀειβάλλων (aeiballon), “ever-shooting”. Hesychius connects the name Apollo with the Doric ἀπέλλα (apella), which means “assembly”, so that Apollo would be the god of political life, and he also gives the explanation σηκός (sekos), “fold”, in which case Apollo would be the god of flocks and herds. In the Ancient Macedonian language πέλλα (pella) means “stone,” and some toponyms may be derived from this word: Πέλλα (Pella,[14] the capital of Ancient Macedonia) and Πελλήνη(Pellēnē/Pallene)
Language
7270-year-old Tablet Found in Kastoria Calls into Question History of Writing
Back in 1993, in a Neolithic lakeshore settlement that occupied an artificial island near the modern village of Dispilio on Lake Kastoria in the Kastoria Prefecture, professor George Hourmouziadis and his team unearthed the Dispilio Tablet (also known as the Dispilio Scripture or the Dispilio Disk), a wooden tablet bearing inscribed markings (charagmata) that has been carbon 14-dated to about 7300 BP (5260 BC).
In February 2004, during the announcement of the Tablet’s discovery to the world, Hourmouziadis claimed that the text with the markings could not be easily publicized because it would ultimately change the current historical background concerning the origins of writing and articulate speech depicted with letters instead of ideograms within the borders of the ancient Greek world and by extension, the broader European one.
According to the Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, the markings suggested that the current theory proposing that the ancient Greeks received their alphabet from the ancient civilizations of the Middle East (Babylonians, Sumerians and Phoenicians etc) fails to close the historic gap of some 4,000 years. This gap translates into the following facts: while ancient eastern civilizations would use ideograms to express themselves, the ancient Greeks were using syllables in a similar manner like we use today.
The currently accepted historic theory taught around the world suggests that the ancient Greeks learned to write around 800 BC from the Phoenicians. However, a question emerges among scholars: how is it possible for the Greek language to have 800,000 word entries, ranking first among all known languages in the world, while the second next has only 250,000 word entries? How is it possible for the Homeric Poems to have been produced at about 800 BC, which is just when the ancient Greeks learned to write? It would be impossible for the ancient Greeks to write these poetic works without having had a history of writing of at least 10,000 years back, according to a US linguistic research.
The tablet is 2,000 years older than the written findings from the Sumerian era and 4,000 years older than the Cretan-Mycenean linear types of writing.
The markings on the tablet did not resemble the human figures, the sun and moon or other figures ideograms usually depict. They actually showed signs of advanced apheresis, which indicates they are the result of cognitive processes.
The tablet was partially damaged when it was exposed to the oxygen-rich environment outside of the mud and water in which it was immersed for a long period of time, and it is now under conservation. The full academic publication of the tablet apparently awaits the completion of the work of conservation
– See more at: http://greece.greekreporter.com/2012/07/16/7270-year-old-tablet-found-in-kastoria-calls-into-question-history-of-writing/#sthash.o0yDtSd4.dpuf
ALEXANDER THE GREAT – ”Medallion” East of the Empire, Beroia (provincial capital of Macedonia, the Heart of Greece), 3rd century A.D., Gold, Diam. 54 mm; 96.3 g Museu Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisboa
The obverse shows the diademed head of Alexander the Great (r. 336-323 BC). This posthumous and idealized portrait includes symbols of Alexander’s deification, one of which is the ram’s horn, characteristic of the Egyptian god Amon. This iconography derives from the type of coin introduced by one of Alexander’s immediate successors, King Lysimachos of Thrace (297-281 BC).
The reverse shows a hunting scene, with the hunter’s spear piercing a wild boar that is being attacked by two dogs. The legend “King Alexander”, which appears to the left and above, identifies the hunter.
The “medallion” is part of a treasure including twenty similar pieces found in Aboukir, Egypt, in 1902. The designation “medallion” is purely a matter of convention based on the piece’s morphology and size, as the use given to such pieces cannot be definitively established.
likely that Homeric Epics to have been handed down in writing (Mistriotis, J. Highget, H. Blanc, Jacqueline De Romiguy).
In view of the above, it is necessary to continue the interdisciplinary research, whose conclusions of the different sciences should converge, especially towards those of Archaeogenetics and Population Genetics , due to their rapid evolutions. The Greek language, a phenomenon of continuity and radiation, continues to be an object of admiration and study by leading linguists, Hellenists and intellectuals. According to the world-renowned Hellenist and professor of linguistics FR Adrados, Greek has left its indelible stamp on all the Western European languages that are considered semi-Hellenic or crypto-Hellenic , and according to the famous Hellenist professor at the University of Oxford Gilbert Murray, Greek is the most perfect language of the world . Indeed, the Greek language, written and spoken, is an achievement of the human spirit of unsurpassed perfection .
For devotees of “Indo-European” reeds. Indian relief “Heracles the protector of the Buddha”.
The Indo-Europeans allegedly and without evidence, in 2300, the Greeks and Herakles before 7,000.
BUDDAH with DIONYSOS as patron next to him, in 7000. The Greeks lived in Asia (Greek name) since prehistoric times and had excellent relations with the Asians.
Some LOW LEVEL individuals are promoting this tree as… linguistic history(!!), how FUNNY it is when one of the two central trunks starts with the word European which ALL Greeks know that the word EUROPE is from GREEK MYTHOLOGY-COSMOLOGY and the word Hellenic should have been placed there instead, it comes later in a branch with Greek, that is, they again separate the ancient from the modern Greek… how complex now when they know that if they remove our language from their vocabularies, the whole trunk will collapse!
And the pacifier Indo India another Greek word is the basis….POOR “scientists” tells you!
The University professors who, INSTEAD OF SERVING the TRUTH keep a FISHY SILENCE in the FACE of the DESTRUCTION of HISTORY AND LANGUAGE, and EVEN MORE so those who appoint them to their positions, are considered guilty.
Just as unfortunately today everything on our planet IS SICK, so in our country there is a morbid lack of meritocracy, so that positions and positions are held by unfit people with only the virtue of acquaintances and their submission to what the globalization agenda naturally imposes.
However, be aware of this: just as the PHYSICAL TAXIS cannot be changed either by laws or by force, so it is NEVER allowed to be practiced for a long time to the detriment of the humanizing Greek Speech and our humanizing Language.
It is only a matter of time for the repentant human race, after being soiled in the spiritual mud, to take REFUSE ONCE AGAIN in the THREADS of the LIGHT-GIVING GREEK CULTURE ORDER to BE REBORN.
“…the Greek alphabet existed at the time of ATLANTIS, 9,500 BC, since PLATO speaks of inscriptions with oaths as well as names of kings carved into vows, and therefore carried history at least from 15,000 BC. But according to the “PHILHELLENIC” pile researchers, it comes from…. the Phoenician alphabet of the 14th century BC. That is, the wretches have deliberately
….They “FORGOTTEN” to multiply the history of Greece and its language x 10!!!
The RIGHT of the STRONGER:
BARBARIC lies persist about the origins of ancient Greek cities such as Persepolis, Petra and Baalbek, among others, falsely attributed to having been built by the Persians, Phoenicians, Carthagenians, Nabateans and Romans respectively. The Persians found the abandoned city of Persepolis (built by descendants of Perseus), and theNabateans who were nomadic herders found and made the abandoned Petra their home. The Romans would invade and falsely put their tag on everything they conquered.
One such work was the KYBALION which he and others translated from existing archaic works. History, origin, art and high technology have all been stolen, looted and claimed by others. Newton also stole claim to the laws of motion and physics, gaining this knowledge from ancient texts which he secretly held.
THE GREEKS SHOULD NEVER LEARN that: DEMOCRITUS , PYTHAGORAS, HERACLEITOS completely formulated the theory of NUCLEAR PHYSICS and SPECIAL RELATIVITY, unifying into formulas, as ELECTRICITY, GRAVITY, MAGNETISM, ASTRONOMY, and the Weak Currents of NUCLEAR ATOMS.
EVERY CIVILIZATION is judged by WHAT it left behind…BUT….
THE GREEKS MUST NEVER LEARN, that: the ASTRONOMERS MATHEMATICIANS: EUDOXUS, CALLIPOS
, ARISTARCHOS, ANAXIMANDROS, EUKLIDES, ARCHIMEDES, CONON, HIPPARCHUS, CLEOMEDES, APOLLONIOS, PTOLEMY, THEON, HYPATIA, PAPPUS, had EXHAUSTED the LIMITS of human INTELLIGENCE by solving MENTALY WITHOUT GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION equations of 12 unknowns (twelve equations twelve unknowns) while the limit of today’s computers is “7 equations 7 unknowns”. Because the THIEVES of ANCIENT KNOWLEDGE, AS: – KEPLER, GALILEO, COPERNICUS etc. MUST be SHOWN!! …
The GREEKS SHOULD NOT KNOW that: the ENGINEERS – TECHNICIANS: EUPALINOS, SOSTRATOS, HERON, ZOSIMOS, KALLINIKOS, manufactured TOPOGRAPHIC instruments for TRIGONOMETRIC SURVEYING, AUTOMATIC mechanisms and instruments for ELECTRICAL applications, because the SWINDLER EDISON MUST be SHOWN as the INVENTOR of … ELECTRICITY, ALTHOUGH the above GREEKENGINEERS used the ELECTRON (AMBER) as a NATURAL ACCUMULATOR of STATIC ELECTRICITY in technical applications…
The Greeks MUST NOT KNOW that: the GEOGRAPHERS – EXPLORERS SKYLAX, PYTHEAS, EUDOXUS, STRABON, PAUSANIAS, COSMAS the INDIKOPLEISTIS, HECATAEUS, had mapped the ENTIRE surface of the planet, because there is a danger that the Greeks will learn that ATLANTIS and the AMERICAN CONTINENT belonged administratively in DELPHI, while Asia belonged administratively to SARDIS, with the central coordinator being the APOLLONIAN Center of DELOS, to which the Transborean Greeks (Northern Siberia) sent as a token of recognition “every year, choice grain”, through the Greek ARIMASPAS and ISSIDONES and MASSAGESTAE of CENTRAL and SOUTHERN SIBERIA.
The GREEKS should NOT KNOW THAT THE GREEK DOCTORS, GALENOS, CELSIUS, HERACLIDES, HEROPHILUS, PRAXAGORAS, AGNODIKIS, KTIRIAS, HIPPOCRATES, ERIVIOTIS, CARRIED OUT “balancing electromagnetic fluids of the body” treatments by regulating the alkalinity and acidity of the organs. That they were making cures using “left-handed amino acids” (antibiotics) obtained from plants, fully knowing that only recently did molecular biology discover the action-reaction of left-handed amino acids (antibiotics) with right-handed amino acids (organism proteins).
The Greeks must not learn that the symbols “LEFT-CROWNED SWASTIKA” and “RIGHT-CROWNED SWASTIKA” were SYMBOLS of PHYSICS and MATHEMATICS, by which the Greeks PYTHAGORAS and DEMOCRITUS and ARISTARCHOS expressed right-handed and left-handed nuclei of atoms, planets, solar systems, galaxies and cosmic domains clusters of galaxies.
2500 years ago HIPPOCRATES performed brain and heart surgery...
Despite the almost non-existent means of his time, HIPPOCRATES performed DIFFICULT surgeries. He and his students successfully treated orthopedic, cardiac and basic surgery cases. HIPPOCRATES even performed operations on the human skull, as we read in SEVERAL of his works… In addition to the operation itself, HIPPOCRATES attached great importance to the preparation of the patient and the operating room.
In the work Kat’iatreion, he describes in detail how the patient should be prepared before the operation, how the tools are sterilized, how the space is shaped, but also how artificial and natural light is used during the operation...
American archaeobotanists were ABLE for the FIRST time to study and analyze the contents of pills made by doctors in ANCIENT Greece and which were discovered 20 years ago, in a Greek shipwreck off the coast of TUSCANY…
DNA analyzes showed that each pill was a mixture of at least ten different plant extracts, including hibiscus and celery. “For the first time, we now have physical EVIDENCE of what is contained in the writings of the ANCIENT Greek physicians DIOSCORIDIS and GALENOS,” said ALLEN TWO WAY of the SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION’s NATIONAL Museum of NATURAL HISTORY in WASHINGTON , according to New Scientist..
“Apostle ORPHEUS”
THE ” INDOEUROPEAN” FAIRYTALE ..MOST FAKE DECEPTION VS FACTS
Some LOW LEVEL individuals are promoting this tree as… linguistic history(!!), how FUNNY it is when one of the two central trunks starts with the word European which ALL Greeks know that the word EUROPE is from GREEK MYTHOLOGY-COSMOLOGY and the word Hellenic should have been placed there instead, it comes later in a branch with Greek, that is, they again separate the ancient from the modern Greek… how complex now when they know that if they remove our language from their vocabularies, the whole trunk will collapse! And the pacifier Indo India another Greek word is the basis….POOR “scientists” tells you!
By: ΘΕΟΦΑΝΏ ΠΟΛΥMEPH So now that you have arbitrarily established the INCORRECT use of the WORD ΟΜΟΦΥΛΟΣ/ “HOMOPHYLOS”(=SAME RACE OR GEND) iINSTEAD OF: “HOMOPHYLOPHILOS (=HOMOSEXUAL) to the point that I even see “friends”INCORRECTLY using “NEOLOGISM(!)”, arrange when you translate ANCIENTTEXTS into “MODERN GREEK” to translate the ANCIENT WORD “HOMOPHYLOS” SAME RACE). with the word… SHAMELESS («ΚΊΝΑΙΔΟΣ/KINAEDOS» ΑΙΔΩΣ/AEDOS= PUDENCY)….. KNOWN TACTIC...
In this way, while until the 80s the term “PLATONIC LOVE” STRICTLY meant NON-FLESH in ALL the languages of the world (Platonic love), SUDDENLY you discovered… that PLATO and those with him were ….USING THE WORD HOMOPHYLOS, AS.. INSTAED OF “HOMOPHYLOPHILOS =HOMOSEXUAL. HOMOPHYLOS= SAME GEND, SAME RACE….NOTHING TO DO WITH HOMOPHYLOPHILOS
So did the Romans and SUBSEQUENTLY the ENEMIES of the GREEK SPIRIT, CENTURIES BEFORE THEY FALSIFIED the TERMS “LOVER” and “BELOVED” with the RESULT that TODAY THE COMPLETELY ILLITERATE CLAIM that all the ANCIENT GREEKS were brothers and that HOMOSEXUALITY was almost forced . And all this, while the laws that reflect the real attitude of society towards these people have been saved.
I AM SORRY, THAT THE WORLD HAS NEITHER THE TIME NOR THE DISPOSITION TO BE INFORMED BY STUDYING, BECOMING ..ONE UNDER THE DRIFT…OF EVERY PAID OR ILLITERATE PERSON FOUND IN A PUBLIC PLACE OR ON FOOT… .. . The University professors who, INSTEAD OF SERVING the TRUTH keep a FISHY SILENCE in the FACE of the DESTRUCTION of HISTORY AND LANGUAGE, and EVEN MORE so those who appoint them to their positions, are considered guilty. Just as unfortunately today everything on our planet IS SICK, so in our country there is a morbid lack of meritocracy, so that positions and positions are held by unfit people with only the virtue of acquaintances and their submission to what the globalization agenda naturally imposes.
Archimedes, born in Syracuse around 287 BC, emerged as a leading mathematician and inventor during the Hellenistic period. Renowned for inventions like the Archimedes screw, he left an indelible mark on both engineering and theoretical sciences.
His mathematical breakthroughs included hydrostatic principles, allowing the measurement of an object’s volume when submerged in water, and advancements in calculating surface areas and volumes. The method of exhaustion, a precursor to integral calculus, showcased his analytical brilliance.
Archimedes’ genius extended to geometry, introducing the fundamental Archimedes’ principle in buoyancy. Surviving works such as “On the Sphere and Cylinder” reflect his profound exploration of mathematical concepts.
Beyond his intellectual pursuits, Archimedes played a crucial role in practical engineering, designing war machines instrumental during the Roman siege of Syracuse. Tragically, his life ended heroically during the sack of Syracuse in 212/211 BC, defending the city with inventive war machines. His legacy endures as a symbol of brilliance and innovation, influencing fields from mathematics to engineering.
Why Archimedes was the greatest scientist of the Classical age
A mathematician, physicist, astronomer, inventor and engineer, the ancient Greek thinker Archimedes left a legacy much greater than a story about bathtubs, yelling “Eureka” and streaking nude down the street – even if, as Jonny Wilkes explores, it took a while for the rest of the world to catch up to him
Study: Archimedes Set Roman Ships Afire with CannonsThe steam cannons could have fired hollow balls made of clay and filled with something similar to an incendiary chemical mixture known as Greek fire in order to set Roman ships ablaze. A heated cannon barrel would have converted barely more than a tenth of a cup of water (30 grams) into enough steam to hurl the projectiles.
A legend begun in the Medieval Ages tells of how Archimedes used mirrors to concentrate sunlight as a defensive weapon during the siege of Syracuse, then a Greek colony on the island of Sicily, from 214 to 212 B.C.
Channeling steam power
Italian inventor Leonardo da Vinci sketched a steam cannon in the late 15th century, which he credited to Archimedes, and several other historical accounts mention the device in connection with Archimedes.
Indirect evidence for the steam cannon also comes from the Greek-Roman historian Plutarch, who tells of a pole-shaped device that forced besieging Roman soldiers to flee at one point from the walls of Syracuse.
********************ARCHIMEDES’ RAY OF LIGHT*****************************”
You will have heard and seen many times in various articles and documentaries about this unique ingenious invention of the “Light Ray of Archimedes” which was created by the ancient Greek mathematician, engineer, physicist, astronomer and inventor Archimedes out of necessity and this because then the Archimedes who lived in Syracuse which was under siege by the Romans thought of an incredible and easy way to spoil the plans of the Romans. In the 2nd century AD the writer Lucian during the Siege of Syracuse in 214-212 BC. wrote that Archimedes destroyed enemy Roman ships by using fire. After several centuries, Anthemius the Trallian says that the burning glass is the weapon of Archimedes. This parabolic device is also known as “Archimedes’ Ray of Light”, a directed energy weapon in which the mirrors are made of copper and highly polished which he used to focus sunlight on ships so that they catch fire, of course another theory says that he had the soldiers polish the shields well so that the sun’s rays would reflect on them and mark the ships so they would catch fire. Archimedes used mirrors that were made of bronze or copper, there is no authoritative reference to this, but they assumed it with the materials used at the time, which were very well polished, with the result that when the sun’s rays fell on these parabolic mirrors, they reflected the rays that the mirror operator wanted, concentrating them on the object that he wanted, causing very high temperatures. An attempt to represent Archimedes’ ray of light was made in 1973 by the Greek scientist Ioannis Sakkas at the naval base of Skaramangas, out of Athens. 70 mirrors with a copper coating and a size of 1.5 by 1 meter were used and they were directed by sailors from the navy. So they marked a replica of a Roman warship made of plywood at a distance of 50 meters. The ship caught fire in 1-2 minutes, but they probably say its tar paint helped with that. Also on the Discovery Channel in the show “Mythbusters” in 2005 they tried to repeat this achievement but failed and ruled that it is a myth. In 2005 MIT repeated the experiment using 127 square 30cm mirror tiles and succeeded in setting fire to a ship in San Francisco. In 2010 the Mythbusters were told to try the ray of light again in an episode that even featured Barack Obama entitled “The President’s Challenge”. There were many experiments such as having 500 students mark with mirrors a model of a Roman ship at a distance of 120 meters but to no avail. Mythbusters said it was more likely just to blind and distract the ships crew. In 2010, a 19-year-old student, Eric Jackman from America, succeeded and built a parabolic solar system that he called the “Death Ray”. Made from a conventional satellite dish and 5,800 small mirrors. With a hole in the plate he placed a PVC plastic pipe behind the mirror. As the sun hits the plate, sunlight passes through the hole and reflects off the translucent plastic at the bottom of the tube and thus aids in aiming. The beam can melt various metals such as steel and even cement. The R5800 death ray was completely destroyed in a fire where it was stored on December 14, 2010. About 8 months after this video was filmed, where this has been replaced by the R23k in 2013 which has 23,000 mirrors and a focusing power 10,000 times greater than daylight. The same technique works with the mirrors in renewable energy parks, which have hundreds or even thousands of mirrors aimed at one point, and in this way there is a huge energy production. Weapons based on Archimedes’ invention were presented by DARPA in the US Department of Defense research program that used microwaves to penetrate the victim’s skin causing high temperatures creating the sensation of flame. They even want to install laser beam weapons on her warships. and in fact in the spring of 2014 with a prototype laser weapon LWSD (Laser Weapons System) they installed one on their warship. LaWS is a solid state laser. They are expensive and consume a lot of power at 25% meaning the transport vessel needs to generate around 130kW of power to enable the 32kW output weapon to be used. As you can see in several videos from the US Navy showing it destroying an unmanned aircraft (BQM-147) in 4 seconds and boats that were targeting them. Of course, they have solved many of the problems they were facing. It is now able to disable the sensors of RHIB patrol boats and surveillance drones. In the future this weapon will be able to destroy missiles, warplanes and combat helicopters. Another weapon made for the US military by Lockheed Martin is a 60kW laser. It is a combined beam laser, that is, it combines several individual lasers into one, which are produced through optical fibers. You are based on a US Pentagon design that was originally developed by the Robust Electric Laser Initiative Program and then by Lockheed Martin and the US military with investment in it. It was built for tactical vehicles for land, sea and air defense. We’re coming to 2020 with a laser weapon that can and does shoot down unmanned aircraft (Drones), deployed on a US Navy ship for the first time. This laser was seen on the “USS Portland” and a demonstration of this weapon took place on May 16, 2020 when the Technology Maturation Laser Weapon System Demonstrator (LWSD) shot down a combat drone. This weapon was installed for temporary reasons on the ship and remains in a test stage as specified by the US Navy. When this weapon (LWSD) is completed, Northrup Grumman’s work will appear on US Navy amphibious vehicles sometime in the near future.
The Greek-Roman physician and philosopher Galen similarly mentioned a burning device used against the Roman ships, but used words that Rossi said cannot translate into “burning mirror.”
Rossi calculated that such cannons could have fired a cannonball weighing roughly 13 pounds (6 kilograms) at speeds of roughly 134 miles per hour (60 meters per second). That allowed the cannons to possibly target troops or ships at distances of approximately 492 feet (150 m) while firing at a fairly flat trajectory to make aiming easier.
“As far as I know, it is the first paper about that use of a steam cannon by Archimedes,” Rossi told LiveScience.
Past investigations by Greek engineer Joannis Stakas and Evanghelos Stamatis, a historian, showed that a parabolic mirror can set small, stationary wooden ships on fire. MIT researchers carried out a similar demonstration more than three decades later in 2005.
But whether mirrors could have maintained a constantly changing curvature to keep the right burning focus on moving ships seems doubtful, Rossi noted. He added that ancient sailors could have easily put out any fires that started from a slow-burning mirror.
By contrast, Greek fire emerged in many historical accounts as a deadly threat for ancient warships. The unknown chemical mixture reportedly burned underwater, and saw most use by the Byzantine Empire that dominated the Eastern Mediterranean starting in A.D. 330. Other records mention earlier versions of the burning mixture.
Recreating the past
The steam cannons only represent the latest historical investigation by Rossi. He previously coauthored the book “Ancient Engineers’ Inventions: Precursors of the Present” (Springer, 2009), along with military historians Flavio Russo and Ferruccio Russo.
The trio plan to meet up with other historians in the future and possibly reconstruct versions of the ancient weapons. Flavio previously built several working reconstructions of ancient Roman artillery weapons, and Ferruccio specializes in 3-D virtual reconstructions of mechanical devices.
Some of Rossi’s other work looked at ancient motors that may have moved siege towers used by the Greeks and Romans. The likeliest motors may have relied on counterweights, and emerged in records as the invention of Heron of Alexandria in the first century.
Such devices could have been placed inside the protection of the towers themselves, Rossi noted. He pointed to an account by the Roman general Julius Caesar, who told of using such towers against a town defended by Gallic tribes in modern-day France. The sight of towers appearing to move by themselves frightened the defenders into negotiating for surrender.
A research paper on the siege towers was presented alongside Rossi’s recent work entitled “Archimedes’ Cannons against the Roman Fleet?” at the International World Conference held in Syracuse, Italy from June 8-10. The conference proceedings appear in a book titled “The Genius of Archimedes — 23 Centuries of Influence on Mathematics, Science and Engineering” (Springer, 2010).
In the end, the engineering talents of Archimedes did not save him from death when the Romans finally stormed Syracuse. But at least a love of history among Rossi and his colleagues may lead to the resurrection of some of his ancient devices.
It was the time of the Second Punic War and the city of Syracuse in Sicily had made the fatal mistake of siding with the Carthaginians against Rome. So, in 216 BC, a large Roman fleet under the command of Consul Claudius Marcellus set out to besiege Syracuse and bring it to its knees.
It ought to have gone smoothly and swiftly enough for the well-drilled Romans. But they had not reckoned on the intervention of a remarkable, 70-year-old man. Archimedes, the greatest (and virtually the only) Greek technologist, was a Syracusian, born and bred. And though he despised violence and had no interest at all in military campaigns, in his home town’s hour of need he turned his ingenuity upon the invaders and helped to hold them at bay for almost four years.
The Romans had never seen the like of some of the war-machines he unleashed upon them. A huge pair of pincers appeared from the city walls, grasped the hull of a ship between its jaws, shook it, and sent it crashing in ruins into the sea. Giant catapults hurled showers of heavy spears and stones onto vessels at anchor some distance from the shore. But there is one weapon that Archimedes is said to have used which is so fantastic that it defies credibility. In fairness, one of the few ancient writers to mention it is Plutarch and he had a vested interest in making Greek brains seem superior to Roman brawn. According to Plutarch, Archimedes reflected the Sun’s rays onto the Roman galleys and set them alight. Such a story, true or not, was too good for the medieval chroniclers over a thousand years later to resist. Like the tabloid journalists of their day, they embellished the tale with details of their own until history and legend became hopelessly intertwined. Some of these later writers say that Archimedes used the polished round shields of the Greek troops to concentrate the sunlight, while others insist that he focused the rays with a giant single mirror. Joannes Zonaras, a Byzantine historian of the 12th century, wrote:”At last, in an incredible manner, he burned up the whole Roman fleet. For by tilting a kind of mirror he ignited the air from the beam and kindled a great flame, the whole of which he directed at the ships at anchor in the path of the fire, until he consumed them all.
“Evidently, Zonaras had only a tenuous grasp on the principles of optics. Archimedes, on the other hand, understood reflection as well as anyone up until the time of Newton. Yet even he would have struggled to exploit it as an incendiary weapon.
One recent piece of research looked at the effect of 440 men each wielding a polished metal mirror almost three feet across. The calculations showed that even if the men worked in concert, all pointing their mirrors precisely the same way at the same time – a difficult enough feat – the best they could hope for would be to ignite a small patch of wood 50 yards away. Such a capability would hardly have struck terror into the Romans who, in any case, were not short of a drop or two of water with which to douse any smoldering timber.
Conceivably, mirrors could have been used as an anti-personnel weapon. Fifty mirrors, say, accurately trained on the steersman of a Roman galley might have given him a nasty burn, though the prospect of the entire fleet being disabled in this way seems a bit far-fetched.
Perhaps, after all, the tale of Archimedes and his military mirrors is a product of overwrought imagination. The real damage to the Roman ships, as both Thucydides and Aeneas Tacitus claimed, may have been caused by burning gobbets of sulfur, pitch, and charcoal, lobbed from shore-based catapults. This could well have inspired the legend. As O. N. Stavroudis, of the University of Arizona, pointed out: “To the terrified Roman seamen such an attack would have seemed like great bolts of fire descending from the Sun itself. And the few surviving Greeks would perhaps allow, with half a grin, that indeed it
A wall painting from the Uffizi Gallery, Stanzino delle Matematiche, in Florence, Italy, shows the Greek mathematician Archimedes’ mirror burning Roman military ships. Painted in 1600 by Gieulio Parigi. (Image credit: Giulio Parigi)
Greek inventor Archimedes is said to have used mirrors to burn ships of an attacking Roman fleet. But new research suggests he may have used steam cannons and fiery cannonballs instead.
A legend begun in the Medieval Ages tells of how Archimedes used mirrors to concentrate sunlight as a defensive weapon during the siege of Syracuse, then a Greek colony on the island of Sicily, from 214 to 212 B.C. No contemporary Roman or Greek accounts tell of such a mirror device, however.
Both engineering calculations and historical evidence support use of steam cannons as “much more reasonable than the use of burning mirrors,” said Cesare Rossi, a mechanical engineer at the University of Naples “Federico II,” in Naples, Italy, who along with colleagues analyzed evidence of both potential weapons.
Channeling steam power
Italian inventor Leonardo da Vinci sketched a steam cannon in the late 15th century, which he credited to Archimedes, and several other historical accounts mention the device in connection with Archimedes.
Indirect evidence for the steam cannon also comes from the Greek-Roman historian Plutarch, who tells of a pole-shaped device that forced besieging Roman soldiers to flee at one point from the walls of Syracuse.
The Greek-Roman physician and philosopher Galen similarly mentioned a burning device used against the Roman ships, but used words that Rossi said cannot translate into “burning mirror.”
Rossi calculated that such cannons could have fired a cannonball weighing roughly 13 pounds (6 kilograms) at speeds of roughly 134 miles per hour (60 meters per second). That allowed the cannons to possibly target troops or ships at distances of approximately 492 feet (150 m) while firing at a fairly flat trajectory to make aiming easier.
“As far as I know, it is the first paper about that use of a steam cannon by Archimedes,” Rossi told LiveScience.
Past investigations by Greek engineer Joannis Stakas and Evanghelos Stamatis, a historian, showed that a parabolic mirror can set small, stationary wooden ships on fire. MIT researchers carried out a similar demonstration more than three decades later in 2005.
But whether mirrors could have maintained a constantly changing curvature to keep the right burning focus on moving ships seems doubtful, Rossi noted. He added that ancient sailors could have easily put out any fires that started from a slow-burning mirror.
By contrast, Greek fire emerged in many historical accounts as a deadly threat for ancient warships. The unknown chemical mixture reportedly burned underwater, and saw most use by the Byzantine Empire that dominated the Eastern Mediterranean starting in A.D. 330. Other records mention earlier versions of the burning mixture.
Recreating the past
The steam cannons only represent the latest historical investigation by Rossi. He previously coauthored the book “Ancient Engineers’ Inventions: Precursors of the Present” (Springer, 2009), along with military historians Flavio Russo and Ferruccio Russo.
The trio plan to meet up with other historians in the future and possibly reconstruct versions of the ancient weapons. Flavio previously built several working reconstructions of ancient Roman artillery weapons, and Ferruccio specializes in 3-D virtual reconstructions of mechanical devices.
Some of Rossi’s other work looked at ancient motors that may have moved siege towers used by the Greeks and Romans. The likeliest motors may have relied on counterweights, and emerged in records as the invention of Heron of Alexandria in the first century.
Such devices could have been placed inside the protection of the towers themselves, Rossi noted. He pointed to an account by the Roman general Julius Caesar, who told of using such towers against a town defended by Gallic tribes in modern-day France. The sight of towers appearing to move by themselves frightened the defenders into negotiating for surrender.
A research paper on the siege towers was presented alongside Rossi’s recent work entitled “Archimedes’ Cannons against the Roman Fleet?” at the International World Conference held in Syracuse, Italy from June 8-10. The conference proceedings appear in a book titled “The Genius of Archimedes — 23 Centuries of Influence on Mathematics, Science and Engineering” (Springer, 2010).
In the end, the engineering talents of Archimedes did not save him from death when the Romans finally stormed Syracuse. But at least a love of history among Rossi and his colleagues may lead to the resurrection.
Everywhere you look in ancient Greece, you are sure to find not only pioneers, but forefathers of their fields; famous Greeks who advanced their discipline leaps and bounds, and whose influence can be felt to this day. Medicine had Hippocrates, politics had Solon, history had Herodotus, and philosophy had the likes of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. When it comes to mathematics, one name stands above all others: Archimedes.
His discoveries and writings shaped mathematical thought for millennia, from his plethora of geometrical findings to his accurate approximation of pi. He experimented with calculus before it even existed and laid out a law of the lever that, he purportedly declared, would allow him to “move the Earth”.
Archimedes’ genius stretched far beyond theory, though. He was an inventor and engineer, who conceived of machines still in use and weapons powerful enough to give the Roman military cause to worry. That is, of course, if all the stories are to be believed.
Who was Archimedes?
As next to nothing is known about the life of Archimedes, stories written by historians long after his death comprise the only biographical information we have – other than his written works, many of which survive only in fragments.
From what can be surmised, Archimedes was born c287 BC in Syracuse, a Greek-speaking city on the south-east coast of Sicily. In one of his works, he named his father as Phidias, an astronomer, but nothing else is known about his family or upbringing.
He studied a spell since he seemed to form relationships with the polymath Eratosthenes of Cyrene (chief of the Library of Alexandria, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World) and the astronomer Conon of Samos, a great intellect of the city.
For nearly all of his life, Archimedes lived and worked in Syracuse, often in the employ of the king, which led to perhaps his most famous story.
What was Archimedes’ ‘Eureka moment’ and did it really happen?
According to the first-century BC Roman architect Vitruvius, Archimedes was approached by Hieron (or Hiero) II of Syracuse to determine whether the golden crown that had just been made for the king was, indeed, solid gold. Hieron suspected the goldsmith of substituting silver.
This posed a tricky problem for Archimedes, as he had to reveal the truth without causing any damage to the crown.
Initially stumped for a solution, inspiration finally came to Archimedes when he settled into a relaxing bath: observing how the water rose as he lowered himself into the tub, he realised the answer might lie in water displacement.
The amount displaced was equal to the amount of his body in the water. So astounded was he that he leaped out of the bath and ran down the street, still naked, yelling “Eureka!”, or “I have found it!”
By placing the crown into water and measuring the displacement, Archimedes could work out the volume and, therefore, the density. Gold is denser than silver, so he could compare the results to a solid lump of gold the same weight as the crown.
EUREKA, it turned out that the king had been cheated.
While the story is certainly apocryphal, the great mathematician is credited with a significant discovery concerning buoyancy. He just did not necessarily make it while naked in the bath.
Archimedes’ Principle – which states that an object immersed in fluid will be buoyed upwards by a force equal to the weight of the fluid being displaced – secured his reputation as a founding father of hydrostatics, the study of fluids at rest.
What were some of Archimedes’ greatest discoveries and inventions?
Archimedes laid out his Principle on hydrostatics in his work On Floating Bodies, which survives partly in Greek and in a medieval Latin translation.
This was just one of the many solutions to mathematical questions that he got through in his illustrious career. He proved the law of the lever in On the Equilibrium of Planes, and, the work of which he was most proud – On the Sphere and Cylinder – unpicked the relationship between a sphere and a cylinder.
In geometry, Archimedes proved a number of theorems by finding the areas and volumes of an array of shapes, including cones, parabolas and spheres, using methods that would later develop into what became calculus.
The same techniques helped Archimedes reach an approximation for the value of pi between 3.1408 and 3.1429. The true value is 3.14159 (and so on).
As well as mathematics and physics, Archimedes wrote on astronomy too. In The Sand Reckoner, he attempted to calculate the number of grains of sand needed to fill the universe.
He is also credited – in the writings of the great Roman orator Marcus Tullius Cicero and mathematician Pappus of Alexandria – with a device to show the positions of the Sun, Moon and planets. This may be the legendary Antikythera Mechanism, the world’s first analogue computer (and the MacGuffin, dubbed the Archimedes Dial, in the fifth Indiana Jones movie, Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny).
Among Archimedes’ inventions are war machines used during the siege of Syracuse, an early odometer (a small cart where a series of gears dropped a pebble in a box every mile) and the so-called Archimedes Screw, a device to draw water upwards.
According to an anecdotal story, it had been invented in conjunction with another of his achievements: the Syracusia, one of the largest ships in antiquity.
Built for the king of Syracuse, it was large enough for more than 1,900 people and featured among its hundreds of rooms a temple, library and gymnasium. But its size increased the risk of leaks in the hull, leading to Archimedes developing the screw to remove water from the lower decks.
In truth, something similar may have existed earlier in Egypt, but it still bears Archimedes’ name and remains in widespread use around the world today.
What did Archimedes do during the Siege of Syracuse?
During the Second Punic War (218-201 BC), Syracuse incurred the wrath of Rome by switching allegiance to Carthage, resulting in what was expected to be a short and straightforward military campaign under the command of general Marcus Claudius Marcellus and Appius Claudius Pulcher.
Yet the siege of Syracuse lasted for two years, from 214-212 BC, thanks in no small part to Archimedes.
As related in The Histories by second-century BC historian Polybius, the mathematician designed a number of weapons and machines to defend the walls of Syracuse from sea attack, including improved forms of the catapult.
The machine-gun catapult of Dionysius of Alexandria (3rd century BC) – The first application of flat chain drive worldwide.
The polybolos is commonly believed to have been invented during the 3rd century BC by Dionysius of Alexandria, a #Greek engineer who was working at the arsenal of Rhodes.
During that time, the Rhodians had a particular interest in artillery, and were keeping abreast with the latest developments in this aspect of warfare.
The polybolos (which may be translated literally as ‘multiple thrower’) was a type of weapon used in the ancient world.
The polybolos has been described as a sort of ballista / catapult that was capable of firing several projectiles before needing to be reloaded. That’s why it’s sometimes referred to as an ancient machine gun.
Α repeating straight catapult that had the ability to automatically throw arrows continuously and was the crowning achievement of ancient Greek catapult engineering.
The catapult created on behalf of the Rhodians was equipped with a rotating cylinder that bore two notches (one longitudinal and one helical) and a wooden case that carried the arrows to be fired.
Also on either side of the “syringos” was a pair of pentagonal sprockets connected by an iron-bound wooden flat chain.
A pin from eac chain was attached to the same point as the catapult’s sliding “spike”. The “dyostra” carried a bent spindle with its tip entering the helical groove of the overlying cylinder.
By clockwise rotation of the rear sprockets’ levers (by the gun operator) the “spindle” was automatically moved forward, the cylinder automatically rotated anti-clockwise until its longitudinal slot was aligned with the corresponding opening of the arrow case, and then an arrow was dropped into the slot of the cylinder.
At the same time, the string automatically entered the grip of the “dyostra” and a fixed pin automatically pushed the trigger and secured the grip.
By counter-clockwise rotation of the sprockets, the “distar” automatically moved back, the cylinder automatically rotated clockwise until its longitudinal notch was aligned with the “distar” groove, and the arrow automatically fell into it.
At the same time a fixed pin automatically pressed the trigger and the grip was raised. Then the string was automatically released and the arrow was shot.
By constantly moving back and forth the levers in this manner and in no time the wielder fired all the arrows of the quiver in succession.
Museum of Ancient Technology “Archimedes” in Olympia,
Chief among them was the Archimedes Claw, a crane-like contraption with a hook at the end that could be dropped onto Roman ships and lift them out of the water, and his alleged heat ray (also known as the Archimedes Death Ray).
While debate rages over whether this existed at all, the idea was to angle a series of mirrors to focus the Sun’s rays onto the wood of the enemy’s hulls, which would then catch on fire.
How did Archimedes die?
Syracuse did eventually fall to the Romans in 212 BC, while the defenders were distracted with the celebrations of a religious festival.
Marcellus had demanded that Archimedes be taken alive, knowing what his genius could be worth to Rome, but, as the story goes, a soldier approached the mathematician while absorbed in some calculations.
With his mind elsewhere, he failed to heed what the soldier was saying, and the angered Roman stabbed and killed him.
Where is Archimedes’ tomb?
Today, visitors to the Parco Archeologico della Neapolis in Syracuse will be able to visit what’s called the ‘Tomb of Archimedes’.
However, this is not where the great man was buried, but rather a Roman construction from a couple of centuries later. Archimedes’ true resting place was lost to time, neglected and left to decay.
That said, the Roman statesman and orator Cicero claimed he discovered its whereabouts while serving as an official in Sicily.
He knew it to be the right place from the stone adornments of a sphere and cylinder, placed there in honour of Archimede’s mathematical achievements. Cicero had the tomb restored, but again it would be lost over time.
How has Archimedes’ legacy changed over history?
Despite his contributions both in the realms of mathematical theory and in defensive weaponry, Syracuse quickly forgot Archimedes after his death (which goes to explain how his tomb became lost).
It is not known if he had children, or followers, but there is little evidence to suggest that anyone took up the mantle of carrying on his work.
Only in the sixth century AD did Archimedes’ legacy start to be formed when Isidore of Miletus, an architect on the Hagia Sophia, compiled his works for the first time.
Then Eutocius of Ascalon wrote commentaries on Archimedes, which were translated into Arabic in the eighth and ninth centuries, bringing the great mathematician of Syracuse to the attention of the great mathematicians of medieval Islam.
Archimedes’ reputation would flourish, making him a constant source of inspiration during the Middle Ages, the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution.
The real Archimedes Dial? The Antikythera mechanism explained
The archaeological macguffin at the heart of Indiana Jones and Dial of Destiny is based on a very real treasure: the Antikythera mechan
A floating object’s weight Fp and its buoyancy Fa (Fb in the text) must be equal in size.
Archimedes’ principle allows the buoyancy of any floating object partially or fully immersed in a fluid to be calculated. The downward force on the object is simply its weight. The upward, or buoyant, force on the object is that stated by Archimedes’ principle above. Thus, the net force on the object is the difference between the magnitudes of the buoyant force and its weight. If this net force is positive, the object rises; if negative, the object sinks; and if zero, the object is neutrally buoyant—that is, it remains in place without either rising or sinking. In simple words, Archimedes’ principle states that, when a body is partially or completely immersed in a fluid, it experiences an apparent loss in weight that is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the immersed part of the body(s).
Formula
A floating object’s weight Fp and its buoyancy Fa (Fb in the text) must be equal in size.
Consider a cuboid immersed in a fluid, its top and bottom faces orthogonal to the direction of gravity (assumed constant across the cube’s stretch). The fluid will exert a normal force on each face, but only the normal forces on top and bottom will contribute to buoyancy. The pressure difference between the bottom and the top face is directly proportional to the height (difference in depth of submersion). Multiplying the pressure difference by the area of a face gives a net force on the cuboid — the buoyancy — equaling in size the weight of the fluid displaced by the cuboid. By summing up sufficiently many arbitrarily small cuboids this reasoning may be extended to irregular shapes, and so, whatever the shape of the submerged body, the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid. weight of displaced fluid=weight of object in vacuum−weight of object in fluid
The weight of the displaced fluid is directly proportional to the volume of the displaced fluid (if the surrounding fluid is of uniform density). The weight of the object in the fluid is reduced, because of the force acting on it, which is called upthrust. In simple terms, the principle states that the buoyant force (Fb) on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object, or the density (ρ) of the fluid multiplied by the submerged volume (V) times the gravity (g)[1][3]
We can express this relation in the equation:��=���
where �� denotes the buoyant force applied onto the submerged object, � denotes the density of the fluid, � represents the volume of the displaced fluid and � is the acceleration due to gravity. Thus, among completely submerged objects with equal masses, objects with greater volume have greater buoyancy.
Suppose a rock’s weight is measured as 10 newtons when suspended by a string in a vacuum with gravity acting on it. Suppose that, when the rock is lowered into the water, it displaces water of weight 3 newtons. The force it then exerts on the string from which it hangs would be 10 newtons minus the 3 newtons of buoyant force: 10 − 3 = 7 newtons. Buoyancy reduces the apparent weight of objects that have sunk completely to the sea-floor. It is generally easier to lift an object through the water than it is to pull it out of the water.
For a fully submerged object, Archimedes’ principle can be reformulated as follows:apparent immersed weight=weight of object−weight of displaced fluid
then inserted into the quotient of weights, which has been expanded by the mutual volumedensity of objectdensity of fluid=weightweight of displaced fluid
yields the formula below. The density of the immersed object relative to the density of the fluid can easily be calculated without measuring any volume isdensity of objectdensity of fluid=weightweight−apparent immersed weight.
Jonny Wilkes is a former staff writer for BBC History Revealed, and he continues to write for both the magazine and HistoryExtra. He has BA in History from the University of York.
ANCIENT GREEK ASTRONOMER ARISTARCHOS was the first, who DISCOVERED the HELIOCENTRIC SYSTEM, MAINTAINING THAT THE EARTH REVOLVES AROUND THE SUN.THE SAGES OF ANTIQUITY WERE DIVIDED BETWEEN THE ADVOCATES OF THE GEOCENTRIC THEORY OF THE WORLD AND THOSE OF THE HELIOCENTRIC THEORY. In OTHER WORDS, THE EARTH, ROTATES AROUND THE SUN..
ARISTARHUS of SAMOS: & HIS HELIOCENTRIC SYSTEMARISTARHUS was certainly both a mathematician and astronomer and he is most celebrated as the first to propose a sun-centred universe. He is also famed for his pioneering attempt to determine the sizes and distances of the sun and moon.There was a time when people thought that the earth was the center of the universe. Although Nicolaus Copernicus and Galileo Galilei got credit for this idea in the 1500’s, this theory was ACTUALY originated by the ANCIENT GREEK ASTRONOMER and MATHEMATICIAN known as ARISTARHUS of SAMOS. HERE`s MORE information about WHO was and his CONTRIBUTION to ASTRONOMY:Early Life of AristarchusAristarchus of Samos was born approximate 310 B.C in an area known as Samos, Greece. There are historical records that show his formal education took place in Alexandria. He eventually became head of the Greek educational system at Lyceum in Greece.Sun is at the CenterAristarchus is known for his revolutionary astronomical hypothesis. It was Aristarchus who initially put forth a theory of the Sun and not the Earth being the fixed center of the universe. It was his belief the earth and the other planets actually moved around the sun. Aristarchus also provided a theory on stars being distant suns. He claimed they did not move, and the universe was much larger than others could imagine.Inspired by Philolaus of CrotonAristarchus of Samos was inspired by the work of Philolaus of Croton, who put forth the idea that the cosmos existed because unlimited fire is found at the center of a cosmic sphere. This is the first person recognized as placing the other planets in their correct order as well as correct distance from the sun.Development of HypothesisThe written book “On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon” is the only known work that Aristarchus wrote. When he had completed this, Aristarchus felt presenting it would have not have benefited him since it was a contradiction to the general consensus of the Greek scientific community. His book was based on the observations made during a lunar eclipse. He determined the Earth’s shadow was twice the diameter of the Moon’s shadow. Aristarchus did record the Sun and Moon being two degrees when measured for an angular diameter. He was also able to show the angular distance between the Moon and sun during the time of quarter moon as 87 degrees.Implications of this TheoryMany modern scientists believe the hypothesis put forth by Aristarchus had other interesting aspects to it beyond all the planets in the universe rotating around the sun. With the use of geometry, he determined the Sun may be as much as 20 times farther away from the earth than the moon. His figures were not as accurate as such calculations would be by future astronomers. Aristarchus did use a sound geometric method for his calculations. This was the correct way to make such a determination. It was using this method that made more sophisticated and accurate celestial calculations possible.Aristarchus of Samos died in circa 230 B.C. He is recognized by most astronomers as someone who was advanced in his thinking and ideas for the time when he lived. Aristarchus of Samos did not get much recognition during his life for his work but he did achieve credit later on.The GREEKS SHOULD NEVER LEARN that: DEMOCRITUS , PYTHAGORAS, HERACLEITOS completely formulated the theory of NUCLEAR PHYSICS and SPECIAL RELATIVITY, unifying into single MATHEMATICAL(https://heptapolis.com/mathematics-greek-language), formulas, as ELECTRICITY, GRAVITY, MAGNETISM, ASTRONOMY, and the Weak Currents of NUCLEAR ATOMS.The Greeks MUST NEVER LEARN that: the ASTRONOMERS – MATHEMATICIANS: EUDOXUS, CALLIPOS , ARISTARCHOS, ANAXIMANDROS, EUKLIDES, ARCHIMEDES, CONON, HIPPARCHUS, CLEOMEDES, APOLLONIOS, PTOLEMY, THEON, HYPATIA, PAPPUS, had EXHAUSTED the LIMITS of human INTELLIGENCE by solving MENTALY WITHOUT GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION equations of 12 unknowns (twelve equations twelve unknowns) while the limit of today’s computers is “7 equations 7 unknowns”. Because the THIEVES of ANCIENT KNOWLEDGE, AS: – KEPLER, GALILEO, COPERNICUS etc. MUST be SHOWN!! …The GREEKS SHOULD NOT KNOW that: the ENGINEERS – TECHNICIANS: EUPALINOS, SOSTRATOS, HERON, ZOSIMOS, KALLINIKOS, manufactured TOPOGRAPHIC instruments for TRIGONOMETRIC SURVEYING, AUTOMATIC mechanisms and instruments for ELECTRICAL applications, because the SWINDLER EDISON MUST be SHOWN as the INVENTOR of … ELECTRICITY, ALTHOUGH the above GREEK ENGINEERS used the ELECTRON (AMBER) as a NATURAL ACCUMULATOR of STATIC ELECTRICITY in technical applications…The Greeks MUST NOT KNOW that: the GEOGRAPHERS – EXPLORERS SKYLAX, PYTHEAS, EUDOXUS, STRABON, PAUSANIAS, COSMAS the INDIKOPLEISTIS, HECATAEUS, had mapped the ENTIRE surface of the planet, because there is a danger that the Greeks will learn that ATLANTIS and the AMERICAN CONTINENT belonged administratively in DELPHI, while Asia belonged administratively to SARDIS, with the central coordinator being the APOLLONIAN Center of DELOS, to which the Transborean Greeks (Northern Siberia) sent as a token of recognition “every year, choice grain”, through the Greek ARIMASPAS and ISSIDONES and MASSAGESTAEof Central and Southern SIBERIA.The Greeks should not know that the Greek DOCTORS, GALENOS, CELSIUS, HERACLIDES, HEROPHILUS, PRAXAGORAS, AGNODIKIS, KTIRIAS, HIPPOCRATES, ERIVIOTIS, carried out “balancing electromagnetic fluids of the body” treatments by regulating the alkalinity and acidity of the organs. That they were making cures using “left-handed amino acids” (antibiotics) obtained from plants, fully knowing that only recently did molecular biology discover the action-reaction of left-handed amino acids (antibiotics) with right-handed amino acids (organism proteins).The Greeks must not learn that the symbols “LEFT-CROWNED SWASTIKA” and “RIGHT-CROWNED SWASTIKA” were SYMBOLS of PHYSICS and MATHEMATICS, by which the Greeks PYTHAGORAS and DEMOCRITUS and ARISTARCHOS expressed right-handed and left-handed nuclei of atoms, planets, solar systems, galaxies and cosmic domains clusters of galaxies.2500 years ago HIPPOCRATES performed brain and heart surgery…Despite the almost non-existent means of his time, HIPPOCRATES performed difficult surgeries. He and his students successfully treated orthopedic, cardiac and basic surgery cases. HIPPOCRATES even performed operations on the human skull, as we read in several of his works… In addition to the operation itself, HIPPOCRATES attached great importance to the preparation of the patient and the operating room.In the work Kat’iatreion, he describes in detail how the patient should be prepared before the operation, how the tools are sterilized, how the space is shaped, but also how artificial and natural light is used during the operation…American archaeobotanists were able for the first time to study and analyze the contents of pills made by doctors in ancient Greece and which were discovered 20 years ago, in a Greek shipwreck off the coast of Tuscany…DNA analyzes showed that each pill was a mixture of at least ten different plant extracts, including hibiscus and celery. “For the first time, we now have physical evidence of what is contained in the writings of the ancient Greek physicians DIOSCORIDIS and GALENOS,” said ALLEN TWOWAY of the SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION’s NATIONAL Museum of NATURAL HISTORY in WASHINGTON , according to New Scientist..Apostle ORPHEUS” ETYMOLOGY OF the NAME ROOT:ÁRISTOS ARKHḖ / ÁRKHŌ > ARÍSTARKHOSNATIVE NAME ROOT: GREEKÁRISTOS (ἌΡῘΣΤΟΣ) ARKHḖ (Ᾰ̓ΡΧΉ) ÁRKHŌ (ἌΡΧΩ) ARÍSTARKHOS (ἈΡΊΣΤΑΡΧΟΣ)MEANING: This name derives from the Ancient Greek name “Arístarkhos (Ἀρίσταρχος)”, composed of two elements: “áristos (ἄρῐστος)” (best, better, excellent, first-rate, thorough) plus “arkhḗ (ᾰ̓ρχή) árkhō (ἄρχω)” (beginning, origin, sovereignty, dominion, authority). In turn the name means “the perfect source, the right origin”. 1) Aristarchus of Samos (~310–230 BC) was an ancient Greek astronomer and mathematician who presented the first known model that placed the Sun at the center of the known universe with the Earth revolving around it. 2) Aristarchus of Samothrace (~220–143 BC) was a grammarian noted as the most influential of all scholars of Homeric poetry. He was the librarian of the library of Alexandria..
Aristarchus of SAMOS: The Greek thatThey “Forgot” to Mention as the Father of the Heliocentric Model.
His ideas on Astronomy were not initially accepted and considered inferior to those of Aristotle and Ptolemy, until they were successfully revived and developed by Copernicus some 2000 years later.
HELIOCENTRISM
However, we know from various references that Aristarchus had written another book in which he proposed the alternative hypothesis of the heliocentric model.
“Cleanthis, [a contemporary of Aristarchus] believed that it was the duty of the Greeks to condemn Aristarchus of Samia on the charge of setting in motion the hearth [center] of the Universe [i.e. the Earth] and thus disturbs the tranquility of the gods: “As you move the hearth of the world and disturb the tranquility of the Olympians (gods)” …, you assumed that the sky remains stationary and the Earth turns on an inclined circle, while at the same time revolving around from its axis.”
Size of the Moon distance and size of the Sun
He found that the Moon and the Sun are almost the same apparent size from Earth and concluded that their diameters would be proportional to their distance from Earth.
The rebirth of Aristarchus theory
Stobaeus in his collection “On Physics” writes: “Aristarchus ton Helion istisisi”.
Plutarch in his work “On the likes of the Philosophers” states:
“Aristarchus placed the Sun behind the plains, and the Earth moves around the solar circle, and the Earth evolves according to an oblique circle, if it is also rotated around its axis, and during these inclinations it shadows the disc”.
The only work of Aristarchus that has survived to this day, “On the sizes and distances of the Sun and the Moon” (On the sizes and distances of the Sun and the Moon), is based on a geocentric model.
Archimedes wrote: “King Gelon, you know that the world is the name that most astronomers give to a sphere, in the center of which is the Earth, and that the radius of this sphere is equal to the distance between the Sun and and the Earth. This is the explanation given by astronomers. But Aristarchus wrote a book, which contains certain propositions, from which it is concluded that the real world is much larger.
It is believed that the flat stars and the Sun are stationary, that the Earth moves around the Sun in a circular orbit, with the Sun at its center. Even though the sphere of the plain stars, which is at the same center as the Sun, is so large that the circle around which the Earth revolves is as far from the plain stars as the center of a sphere is from the surface of … Aristarchus means the following: since we believe that the Earth is, let’s say, the center of the world, the relationship of the Earth to what we call “the world” is equal to the relationship of the sphere, which contains the circle on which the Earth is said to revolve, towards the sphere of the plain stars.”
Hence, Aristarchus believed that the stars are infinitely distant, and he considered this to be the explanation for the absence of visible parallax, that is, the observed motion of the stars as the Earth moves around the Sun. In fact the stars are much further away than was assumed in ancient times, which explains the fact that stellar parallax is detectable only with telescopes. But it had been assumed that the geocentric model was a simpler and better explanation for the lack of parallax.
The rejection of the heliocentric view was apparently quite strong, as indicated by the following text of Plutarch (On the apparent face of the circle of the moon):
Aristarchus observed the movement of the Moon through the Earth’s shadow during a lunar eclipse. He estimated that the diameter of the Earth was 3 times the diameter of the Moon.
Using Eratosthenes’ calculation that the circumference of the Earth was 42,000 km, he deduced that the Moon has a circumference equal to 14,000 km. Today, the Moon is known to have a circumference approximately equal to 10,916 km. of the last quarter of the Moon. He estimated the angle to be 87°. Aristarchus observed/argued that the Sun, Moon and Earth form almost a right angle at the time of the first or last quarter of the Moon. He estimated the angle to be 87°.
Using correct Geometry, but incorrect observational evidence, Aristarchus concluded that the Sun was 20 times further away than the Moon. In reality the Sun is about 390 times further away.
So he concluded that the Sun was 20 times the diameter of the Moon, which is computationally logical and correct, but also wrong (since it is based on wrong data). But this estimate of his indicates that the Sun is clearly larger than the Earth, which supports the heliocentric model.
Aristarchus was the first to propose the currently accepted heliocentric theory and founded Astronomy on logical thought, a view which, unfortunately, a portion of the international astronomical community, either justified by ignorance or even unjustifiably, does not seem to share at all. Unfortunately for the heliocentric theory, ardent supporters of the geocentric theory, also introduced by Samius Pythagoras, were scientists of the stature of an Aristotle, a Hipparchus or a Ptolemy… Consequently, the revolutionary idea of Aristarchus could not be accepted.
It fell into oblivion without being completely forgotten until the Renaissance, when in 1543, about two millennia later, it was vindicated by the famous Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. Although Copernicus simply brought the heliocentric theory out of obscurity, thus repeating the ideas of Aristarchus, he is nevertheless regarded today as the proponent of the heliocentric theory, and the currently accepted heliocentric system is still internationally called “Copernicus” and not “Aristarchian”. , as it should be.
The survival of the heliocentric theory, despite the polemics of its opponents, is due less to Copernicus and more to the overwhelming proofs of its correctness, given from time to time by Galileo, Kepler, Newton et al. So, the question whether the work of Copernicus is original and what is its value arises easily.
In order to give a responsible answer to this question, one should take into account the difficulties of the age of Copernicus, during which the doctrines of Aristotle prevailed, with which no one was allowed to disagree. In addition, criticism of the Polish astronomer’s theories began immediately and was particularly intense.
Although Copernicus’s contribution to the revival of the heliocentric theory is important, this is not enough for him to be recognized as the author of this theory. It is true that Copernicus knew the views of Aristarchus. This is attested by a surviving manuscript fragment of his treatise De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium. In it, the paragraph referred to in Aristarchus’s treatise appears to have been deleted and which, paradoxically, was not included in the printed version of his treatise presented in 1543. The fact of the deletion is characterized by some as plagiarism, while others consider the omission of reference to Aristarchus also in his theory as lack of courage or cowardice.
However, it should be emphasized that it is not absolutely certain whether the erasure should be attributed to Copernicus himself or to his editor, given that the treatise was published after his death. It is also noteworthy that the Polish astronomer did not give his consent for the publication of his treatise for a whole decade, fearing the condemnation of the Roman Catholic Church.
Finally, in 1543, a copy of his manuscript was published in Nuremberg, which was condemned in 1616 by the Church of Rome.
Copernicus is therefore not the introducer but simply the man who brought out of oblivion and spread the heliocentric theory, the authorship of which belongs exclusively to Aristarchus. Copernicus’ contribution lies mainly in the fact that he introduced the geometric mechanism of Ptolemy’s geocentric system into the heliocentric system of Aristarchus. But it is evident that, since the real difficulty, namely, the belief that the planets move smoothly in circular orbits, could not be overcome, his whole effort was on the wrong track
. For the restoration of the truth but also for reasons of historical self-awareness, the widest possible information is required on the work of the great Greek astronomer Aristarchus, as one of the leading figures in the world of Greek astronomers, mathematicians and philosophers of antiquity.
Archimedes in his mathematical treatise “Psammitis” writes: “Aristarchus the Samian is supposed to be because the plains of the stars and Alion remain motionless, while Gan revolves around Alion in a circular circumference, which is in the middle of the road text”.
Alexander the Great, Aristotle and Pamphili from Kos
Interesting information from the Museum Guide The comments of PLINY the Elder: “The women weave webs, like spiders, making a luxurious material for women’s dresses, called silk. The process of breathing and weaving the thread was first invented in KOS, by a woman named PAMPHILI, daughter of PLATAEUS. She had the undoubted glory of inventing the way to lighten women’s clothing to the point of nudity.” In this way PLINY the Elder, a writer of the 1st century, comments on the property of silk to “reveal” the human body (Naturalis Historia XI, xxvi-xxvii). We obtained the information from the Silk Museum guide written by Alexandra Tranta (published by PIOP), where one can find many interesting facts about the history of silk.
ALEXANDER THE GREAT, ARISTOTELES AND PAMPHILI We also READ: “SILK CLOTH WAS INTRODUCED TO ANCIENT GREECE WITH THE CAMPAIGNS OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT (334-323). WISHING TO UNRAVEL THE SECRET OF SILK PRODUCTION ALEXANDER SENDS COCOONS TO HIS TEACHER, ARISTOTLE, WHO, THE FIRST OFTHE ANCIENT GREEK WRITERS, MENTIONS THE SILKWORM, DESCRIBING IT, AS A kind OF “LARGE WORM” (ARISTOTLE, ON ANIMAL STORIES, V.XIX, 551 b): “From the large worm, which has one horn and differs from the others, it becomes first a variable of the tapeworm, then a bombylus, and then a necydalus; and in six months it changes all these forms. And from this life also the cobs are analyzed by the women’s clothes, being rubbed , and then they woven; and the first is said to be woven in K. Pamphili Plato’s daughter”. Hist. Anim.V.19.6. Aristotle, “The Histories about Animals”.
Here ARISTOTLE mentions as the first silk weaver PAMPHILI from KOS in even earlier times (the first one is not called ὑφῆναι ἐν Kῷ Pamphili) and describes the process of converting the cocoon into silk. He speaks, in fact, of its transformations, as well as of the process of pulling the thread from the cocoon: “therefore the animal and the analyzable buds of the women’s tennis shoes are woven together”. Aristotle mentions that Pamphili from Kos wove silk cloth, but we don’t know if silk-making was later forgotten. Thus, we do not know if silk was imported or reused because it had fallen into oblivion when Alexander “discovered” it in his campaigns.
(STOLEN DURING THE OTTOMANIC OCKUPATION (AFTER the “BYZANTINE” ONE, WHEN THE ETHNIC GREEK RELIGION-PHILOSOPHY, , SCIENCE TEMPLES, STATUES & INENERAL ..ALL HELLLENIC, INCLUDED THE WORD HELLEN..WERE RBIDEN..KALLIPYGIA = ΚΑΛΑΛΑΛΛΊΠΥΓΟΣ(adj)(=with shapely beautiful buttocks)
MASTIC of CHIOS & ITS
THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES, COSMETICS etc
Η ΜΑΣΤΙΧΑ ΧΙΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΟΙ ΘΕΡΑΠΕΥΤΙΚΕΣ ΤΗΣ ΙΔΙΟΤΗΤΕΣ
The word MASTIC is derived from the Greek verb, (μαστιχειν –mastihein = “to GNASH the teeth”, which is the SOURCE of the English word MASTICATE
The word MASTIC, a SYNONYM for gum in many languages..
IMITATIONS AND SUBSTITUTES
The RARITY of MASTIC and the DIFFICULTY of its production make it expensive. As a result, IMITATIONS in the form of OTHER resins appear in the market, sold as “MASTIC,” such as.
BOSWELLIA or “gum arabic”. OTHER trees, such as Pistacia palaestina, can also produce a resin similar to mastic. YET other substances, such as pine tree resin and almond tree resin, are sometimes used in place of mastic.
MASTIC is a NATURAL resin that comes from the TRUNK of the MASTIC tree. The color is WHITISH – YELLOWISH and TRANSPARENT. The MASTIC tree grows ONLY in SOUTHERN CHIOS. It takes the full development of 40-50 YEARS and lives about 100 from the 5th to the 6th year gives the resin after the 15th produces 60-250gr and in rare cases 400g. The exclusive production of the island of Chios due in accordance with temperate climate theories in the area and underwater volcanoes and limestone soil. ATTEMPTS have been made to cultivate the MASTIC tree and in OTHER parts of Greece and OTHER countries, BUT WITHOUT success.
The PROPERTIES of mastic had been discovered SINCE ANCIENT times. The first reports from HERODOTUS in the 5th century BC .. MANY ANCIENT authors refer to the THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES of mastic as: PLINY, THEOPHRASTOS, DIOSCORIDIS and GALENOS. The MEDICINAL properties were WELL KNOWN to HIPPOCRATES. In ANCIENT ROME they used TOOTHPICKS of MASTIC to WHITEN their teeth. In ANCIENT GREECE chewed the DRIED resinous liquid that flowed from the bark of the mastic tree. Also found prescriptions which seems mastic used in various diseases. The mastic production is from June to September. The flavor of gum chewing in the beginning is rather bitter but then disappears and the special scent adds a special flavor. The hardness is due to many factors such as temperature, exposure time of mastic and size of your tear.
COSMETICS :
researches alleged that CHIOS MASTIC EXTRACT REDUCES the DISINTEGRATION of COLLAGEN.
What Does Collagen Do?
May help to maintain Arthros & joints problems, healthy hair, skin and nails.It is thought that from the age of 25, your body loses collagen at a rate of 1.5% per annum, so by the age of 35, your body will have lost 15% and by 45, 30%. This is when you really start to notice a change in your skin’s elasticity and texture.
Collagen naturally contains glucosamine and chondroitin which may help to support healthy joints by attracting fluid back into the joint space to cushion the bone and by rebuilding cartilage.
Kollagen är den viktigaste struktursubstansen i bindväven och därmed viktig för hudens elasticitet och densitet, men är även av avgörande betydelse för ledfunktionen. Antioxidativ, naturlig vitamin C från Acai & Camu-camu bär skyddar cellerna mot skador från oxidativ stress.
Medicine:People in the Mediterranean region have used mastic as a medicine for gastrointestinal ailments for several thousand years. The first-century Greek physician and botanist, Dioscorides, wrote about the medicinal properties of mastic in his classic treatise De MATERIA MEDICA (“About Medical Substances”).Consumption of mastic has been proven to absorb cholesterol, thus easing high blood pressure and reducing the risk of heart attacks. Mastic oil also has antibacterial and antifungal properties, and as such is widely used in the preparation of ointments for skin disorders and afflictions. It is also used in the manufacture of plasters.In recent years, university researchers have provided the scientific evidence for the medicinal properties of mastic. A 1985 study by the University of Thessaloniki and by the Meikai University discovered that mastic can reduce bacterial plaque in the mouth by 41.5%. A 1998 study by the University of Athens found that mastic oil has antibacterial and antifungal properties. Another 1998 University of Nottingham study, claims that mastic can heal peptic ulcers by killing Helicobacter pylori, which causes peptic ulcers, gastritis, and duodenitis. Some in vivo studies have shown that mastic gum has no effect on H. pylori when taken for short periods of time. However, a recent and more extensive study showed that mastic gum reduced H. pylori populations after an insoluble and sticky polymer (poly-β-myrcene) constituent of mastic gum was removed and taken for a longer period of time. Further analysis showed the acid fraction was the most active antibacterial extract, and the most active pure compound was isomasticadienolic acid.Mastic is a natural resin that comes from the trunk of the mastic tree. The color is whitish – yellowish and translucent transparent up. The mastic tree grows only in southern Chios. It takes the full development of 40-50 years and lives about 100 from the 5th to the 6th year gives the resin after the 15th produces 60-250gr and in rare cases 400g. The exclusive production of the island of Chios due in accordance with temperate climate theories in the area and underwater volcanoes and limestone soil. Attempts have been made to cultivate the mastic mastic tree and in other parts of Greece and other countries, but without success.
DIOSCORIDIS (1st century AD.) “Father of pharmacology”, PHYSICIAN and BOTANIST from CILICIA, had a PHARMACY for 35 years and classify drugs into 5 categories. His work “De Materia Medica” I did not overcome until the 16th century. DIOSCORIDIS praises the healing properties of Chios Mastic indicating that helps in cases of indigestion, the reproduction of blood in chronic cough, while acting as a sedative drug. It also found that chewing mastic than oral hygiene and gives pure and fresh breath. In another reference to the fact he speaks of a mastic, the essential oil of mastic, which as stated variously applied for diseases of the uterus, as mild heating, astringent and emollient agent. Chios Mastic (natural rubber)
· Chios MASTIC(Mastiha)
What is Mastiha? Mastiha is the natural and rare tree resin of the pistacia lentiscus var Chia tree. SCIENTIFIC research has shown that this resin has ANTI-OXIDANT, ANTI-BACTERIAL, and ANTIINFLAMMATORY qualities. It has been documented from antiquity for its HEALTH benefits, its use as the FIRST NATURAL CHEWING GUM and as a COOKING spice. Today, it is STILL chewed as well as used in PHARMACEUTICALS, COSMETICS, and in the CULINARY world. CHIOS MASTIHA contributes to a HEALTHY GASTROINTESTINAL system and has BENEFICIAL effects for BOTH oral hygiene and skin care. CHIOS Mastiha is PROTECTED by the European Union as a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) product. This DISTINKTION RECOGNIZE the name of a SPECIFIC region or country where a SPECIFIC agricultural product originates exclusively due to the geographical environment. This includes the natural and human factors and production, alteration and processes which take place in the delineated geographical area. All PDO products bear the EU symbol designating them as such. Chewing Chios Mastiha is a TRULY UNIQUE experience. To create your own natural piece of gum, select a few medium pieces of the resin, or combine a small piece with a large one. The larger pieces tend to be softer than the small ones, so it is recommended that one chew a MIXTURE rather than chew only the small, hard pieces. BEFORE chewing, let the pieces moisten in your mouth. Mastiha may taste a bit bitter at first, but that taste fades into a light herbal flavor. Begin chewing and Mastiha becomes a WHITE SILKY COLOR . The resin keeps its hard texture indefinitely and this is precisely why it is recommended for GUM HEALTH and amazingly clean teeth! Keep chewing the gum for a HALF hour in order to gain all the therapeutic benefits. For more information on CHIOS Mastiha, click on the informational brochures below.:
Chios Mastiha Overview Chios Mastiha Medical and Scientific Reports Chios Mastiha Guide to Beauty Care.
De första rapporterna om mastic och mastix identifierats i antiken och i huvudsak härrör från Herodotos (484-420 f.Kr.), som skall anges att i det antika Grekland tuggade det torkade hartsartade vätska som strömmar från barken av mastic. I medicinska texter sen antiken fann rikedom recept, viktigaste ingrediensen kitt, vilket är till gagn för människors hälsa och tillskrivs många egenskaper. Vanligtvis används i kombination med andra naturmaterial för att behandla många sjukdomar. I själva verket, på grund av den starka inverkan av antiflegmonodous eleanolikou och oleanolic acid (3-oxotriterpenio) fungerar mastic getväppling lyse inflammation start från specifika organ periodontit, esofagit, gastrit, duodenalsår och kolit tills hemorrojder. Förhindrar också stagnation inom dessa områden förebygga symtom som matsmältningsbesvär eller gasbildning. Dessutom är uppslutnings underlättas genom reflex utsöndring av saliv och magsaft genom tuggummi. Faktum är att mastixen som fortfarande används idag för att mjuka tumörer i anus, bröst, lever, öronspott, mjälte, mage, tarm och matstrupe, även för diarré hos barn. Dessutom anses det vara ett smärtstillande, hostdämpande, orexigenic, afrodisiakum, sammandragande, erytropoes, urindrivande, slemlösande och blodstillande. Mastix nämns som den traditionella motgift mot bölder, acne, cancer, sår och tumörer, maligna vesikler kardiodynias, vårtor, tröghet, gingivit, dålig andedräkt, vita flytningar, mastit, spetsar och åderförkalkning. Senaste medicinska studier vid universitetet i Nottingham sade att även i minimala doser (1 mg dagligen i 2 veckor), kan kitt läka magsår, som är ansvarig för bakterien Helicobacter Pylori, på grund av dess antimikrobiella åtgärder, samtidigt som viktiga och dess effekt på leverfunktionen, och aktiverar avgiftande aktivitet. På detta sätt absorberas kolesterol, är vars koncentration i blodet minskar, vilket minskar risken för hjärt-och kärlsjukdomar. Fortfarande, out och diuretiska egenskaper, medan viktig är inhiberingen av leukotriensyntes genom verkan av mastix. Annan modern vetenskaplig forskning som lett till isolering och identifiering av ursolic och oleanolic syra, avslöjade och bekräftade att många av de läkemedelsverksamhet kitt, såsom cancer, leverskyddande, anti-inflammatorisk, antiulcer, antimikrobiell (mot många patogener såsom Staphylococcus och salmonella) anti-hyperlipidemi och antivirala åtgärder, förklaras främst att ursolsyra, och isomeren, oleanolic syra. Den näst vanligaste användningen av mastix i samband med vård av munhålan. Den är lämplig för att göra tandkräm (Epitomae 2,26), tillhandahålla rent andning och släppa överflödig fukt i munnen (Aëtius 3.141). I själva verket har det visat sig att tillsats av naturligt gummi pasta i tandkräm, tvättlösningar och frisk andedräkt leder till att stärka immunförsvaret av vävnad mellan tänderna och tandköttet, vilket verkar mot bildandet av plack och andra parodontala sjukdomar. Verkningsmekanismen involverar reaktionen av komponenterna i tandköttet polymorfa cellkärnor i området för den orala håligheten och orsakar ansamling av vita blodkroppar. Av särskilt intresse är det faktum att mastixen som används för trimning. Den fungerade som solskydd mot brännskador från solen (Oribasius, Ad Eustathium 6,53), medan en viktig ingrediens i tillverkningen av tvål och skönhetskräm (Aëtius 8,14). I moderna kosmetika, kitt, på grund av ursolsyra och dess isomer, oleanolic syra, används i preparat som är avsedda att förbättra hårväxten och SKYDD mot IRRITATION i hårbotten. Dessutom är företagens KOSMETIKA och PARFYMER med hjälp mastic, såsom ETERISK olja vid framställning av PARFYMER och ANSIKTSKRÄMER, som ursolsyra, bland annat fastställs strukturerna för KOLLAGEN och ELASTICITET i HUDEN och därigenom MINSKA åldringstiden. Ändå, det kitt som används i konfektyrer som TILLSATS vid framställning av stora mängder godis, sötsaker och bageri smak medan matlagning lägger en distinkt smak till kött, ost eller som krydda. Inom dryckesindustrin, tjänar till att framställa likör ouzo, såsom genom tillsats av gummi dryck får sin smak och minskar skadliga effekterna av alkohol. Slutligen är det kitt en idealisk mat konserveringsmedel, eftersom den förhindrar tillväxten av skadliga mikroorganismer i dem, såsom Salmonella enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudo fragi, Candida albicans, osv. Den biologiska aktiviteten hos Chios mastic tuggummi har utvärderats i flera in vitro-studier relaterade till förmågan att hämma oxidation av LDL (det onda kolesterolet), där den har den högsta antioxidant aktivitet jämfört med andra plaster och gummin, och därmed ökat skydd för det kardiovaskulära systemet. Harts av mastixc från Chios innehåller avsevärda mängder av olika polyfenoler jämfört med andra naturliga produkter, i kombination med andra komponenter (t.ex. terpenoids) förvärvar positiva hälsoegenskaper. Bland dessa egenskaper, har en viktig roll som spelas av den allmänna antioxidant. Antioxiderande aktivitet Skydd av LDL (det onda kolesterolet) genom oxidation som leder till en minskning av kolesterol deponeras i vävnader och därmed en minskning av produktionstakten av aterosklerotiska plack, vilket minskar risken för hjärtsjukdomar och vissa cancerformer. Dessutom polyfenoler utställning och andra skyddsåtgärder-fysiologiska effekter, bra för hälsan, den viktigaste av dessa kan sammanfattas enligt följande:
Minska blodsocker och blodkolesterol
Skydd av epitelceller i andningsorganen
Öka nivåerna av HDL (det goda kolesterolet) och lägre nivåer av LDL (dåligt kolesterol)
Antitumöraktivitet (i tjocktarmscancer cell apoptos)
Antimikrobiell och antibakteriell aktivitet
Antiallergiska egenskaper (hämning av trombocytaggregation)
Sammanfattningsvis vill vi säga att de dagliga TUGGUMMI Chios, FRÄMST i råformat (kristaller eller “tårar” kitt) och finkornig, godis (tuggummi) eller Mastich olja, förutom vackra naturliga smak och färskhet attribut, har betydligt resulterar i att skydda och BEVARA vår HÄLSA, genom olika effekter på vår kropp. Slutligen, är det underförstått att det kitt produkt är unik, både för sina egenskaper och för den exklusiva ursprung, eftersom det kitt trädet växer bara på ön Chios. http://www.gummastic.gr/index.php?contentid=73&langflag=_enhttp://www.fytokomia.gr/permalink/4150.html Hem »Hälsa».
Den helande egenskaper kitt De helande egenskaper kitt mastix. Sedan antiken redan var känd välgörande egenskaper kitt och mastic olja för hälsan. Mastix kallas aromatisk harts, som utvinns ur kitt eller mastic träd, som endast växer på ön Chios och i ingen annan del av världen, eftersom alla ansträngningar, växternas tillväxt i andra delar av Grekland och därefter, misslyckades . Minsta regn, mycket sol och kalkrik jordart är den perfekta miljön för framgång av anläggningen. Det kitt anses vara en produkt med riktigt fantastiska funktioner för medicinsk, konfekt, ortodonti, etc. Undersökningar visar att masticen har antiseptisk och antiinflammatorisk effekt. Mastic fungerar healing, inflammation botar specifika sjukdomar, som: parodontit, esofagit, gastrit, sår i tolvfingertarmen, kolit och hemorrojder. Kliniskt har mastic accepteras särskilt fördelaktigt för behandling av duodenalsår, eftersom det kan inhibera tillväxten av Helicobacter pylori, som lever under den gastrointestinala slemhinnan i 90% av patienterna med duodenalsår och 60% av patienterna som lider av magsår, vilket orsakar förändringar av cellens struktur. Nyligen genomförda studier har påvisat närvaron av polyfenoliska föreningar som är kända för deras starka antioxidant aktivitet, och skydda vävnader och celler av organismen i närvaro av fria radikaler. Andra positiva egenskaper av mastic, som mednutrition.gr, är som följer: Sänkning blodsocker-och kolesterolnivåer. Skydd av epitelceller i luftvägarna. Ökande halter av HDL (det goda kolesterolet) och minska nivåerna av � LDL (det onda kolesterolet). Antikarkiniki åtgärden (i colon cancer cell apoptos). Antimikrobiell och antibakteriell aktivitet. Antiallergiska egenskaper. As mentioned above the aromatic resinous substance derived from the trunk and branches of the mastic tree. Its use is known from ancient times. It has been used in traditional and practical therapeutic for various conditions such as abdominal pain, dyspepsia and peptic ulcers. In modern times the scientific community, in a correct and scientific way, is to document the beneficial properties of Chios mastic. Be noted here that the systematic use of chewing can cause significant inhibition of bacterial growth in the oral cavity, while reducing the formation of plaque on teeth. Chewing also helps dressage gum, with all its beneficial effects on the health of teeth and because of the special taste and hardness, causes secretion saloiy, resulting in a feeling of freshness and cleanliness. It is 100% natural product and for this reason may contain a very small percentage of impurities. It consists further washing with water. POWDER MASTIC CHIOY (food preparation) Nutritional composition with Chios mastic powder and inulin, a unique combination that helps KALLI functioning and healthy digestive system. Inulin is a natural fiber that is isolated from horseradish roots and demonstrably contribute to the growth of beneficial gut bacteria (bifidus). It is proposed that additional preparation in the daily diet, once daily at a dose of 3.2 g (teaspoon each) mixed with water or beverage, preferably before breakfast. Please note that the product is partially soluble in water (suitable for diabetics). Mastic (natural aqueous gum flavor) It is naturally flavored water that carries the authentic flavor mastic and some of its beneficial properties. Is 100% natural extract containing a low amount of the essential oil of mastic while transporting all of the soluble components that exhibit beneficial properties. The Mastic, taken from the mastic, through simple distillation with steam, so synapostazei with mastic oil (essential oil), and then separated from it by the simple process of phase separation. Use morning and night as a moisturizer and toner offering freshness and natural glow to the skin. Same time can be used for deep cleaning and perfuming the skin of the body. Kosmitologikes studies suggest that extracts Chios Mastic reduce apoiodomisi collagen. The mastic is dermatologically tested. In clinical trials conducted at University Avenue, proved that the mastic is safe for the skin, as contact with the skin of healthy volunteers induced no irritation problems. SCENTED OIL SOAP MASTIC The soap combines the beneficial properties of olive oil with antibacterial and regenerative properties of Chios mastic and mastic oil. Produced from 100% natural ingredients with no chemical additives and pigments. In this soap has enhanced feature, fragrant aroma of Chios mastic. Spread HONEY Mastic Unique in flavor and quality honey pine scented Mastic Chios. The fir honey is considered one of the best and aromatikoteres honey varieties. Is particularly thick and due to the high concentration of trace elements has high nutritional and biological value. The MASTIC is KNOWN for its ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY and ANTIOXIDANT properties and is BENEFICIAL to the HEALTH of the digestive system. The spread with honey mastic is the ideal combination of two natural products that promote health and ideally complements a healthy and balanced diet. (ideal for the energy they need in their breakfast children) CHEWING GUM IN TABLETS WITHOUT SUGAR 15% Chios MASTIC. It is the innovative new gum of Chios Mastic Growers Association in tablet form. Produced by a NOVEL technique involving vanguard
simply compressing the ingredients in tablet form, with NO heat or other stresses incurred MOST of the chewing commercial gum. Safeguarded so the utmost naturalness and properties of mastic and transported safely to the consumer the benefit of actions. UNLIKE common chewing gum, contributes to the soothing treatment of XEROSTOMIA, and due to its particular taste and causes greater relative hardness drooling, resulting freshness and cleanliness. Made from pure, natural materials and thus the taste, appearance and mouthfeel may differ. Read also: Mastic, its role in our health and mastic, culture.
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Telly Raptis: yes Corinthians I believe set up a colony in (what is present day) Ukraine around 600 BC So Greeks went to the heart of Slavic territory before there were Slavs..
Ancient Greek Coins, exhibit excellent examples of mythological figures. They can add a visual and tactile dimension that can greatly enhance our readings of history. Unlike vases and mosaics, ancient Greek and Roman coins are extraordinary numerous, cover a wide geographical area and are often of exceptional quality.
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