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Hand made by Rose-Marie & Konstantin Schönros/ Green Gourmet since 1993

FREE from: – Gluten, Soy, sugar & dairy products
Made by following fermented organic ingredients: PROBIOFORM, Pineapple, Mango, Goji, Seabuckthorn, Pomegranate seeds,
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OBS! Everything is made with spring water, OR(!): Distilled tap water, mineral enriched, Magnetic-Vortex treated, ..then: Oz3 & Ionization, Pythagoras & Fibonacci- Emoto Caraff.

HIPPOKRATES

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How Hippocrates’ medicine differs from modern medicine

Our food our medicine

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Our food our medicine

How Hippocrates’ medicine differs from modern medicine

How Hippocrates’ medicine differs from modern medicine

How Hippocrates’ medicine differs from modern medicine

In the 5th century BC the most important personality in the history of humanity appears, Hippocrates , the “father” of medicine.

We will not dwell here on his entire scientific work, because that would require whole volumes. We will examine Hippocrates as a naturopathic and holistic physician, as a continuation of the science of the Asclepiads.

Chaos separates Hippocratic medicine from modern medicine, which unfortunately does not serve man, but economic interests. Modern medicine is subordinate to the pharmaceutical companies , and therefore “immoral”, and therefore Plato’s saying “All science separated from justice and the other virtue is artifice, and wisdom is seen” (Plato, Menexenus” 347a) fits here.

The sad thing is that modern medicine does not pay attention to the prevention and treatment of disease with diet, which Hippocrates did and still does in nutrition (nutritional medicine) and naturopathy, which are the only medical systems that they can claim to carry on the teachings of the father of medicine.

Naturopathy: A Holistic Alternative Therapeutic Approach

PHYSICAL DISEASE PHYSICIAN

Professor Foteinos writes about the great physician: “Hippocrates carefully studied the human organism, investigated its nature comparatively, observed and imitated it diligently, reproduced it through experiment and treated nature as a wise guide and inviolable teacher, teaching eternal truth , Physin disease physician”.

His quotes “nature heals diseases” , “it is better to prevent or treat” , “food is your medicine” are the gospel of Natural Preventive Medicine and Naturopathy and we can safely characterize Hippocrates as a naturopathic doctor.

THE CAUSE OF DISEASE COMES FROM WITHIN

Hippocrates argues that what we observe in the patient is not the disease but the symptom , and its cause is within our organism and not outside, as modern conventional medicine maintains, influenced by Pasteur’s microbial theory.

Hippocrates criticizes some of the doctors of his time and the common people who attributed the disease to external factors: “The cause of these things is exalted, the main cause is ignored” (“On Ancient Medicine”) .

But this is the basic doctrine of naturopathic medicine. According to naturopathy, the symptoms are not the cause of the disease, but the result of the state of the organism. While naturopathy seeks to remove or correct the causes and stimulate the organism with natural healthy conditions, conventional medicine seeks only to suppress and isolate the symptoms and pays no attention to the causes.

Naturopathy: The Healing Power of Nature

PREVENTING AND CURING DISEASE WITH NUTRITION

One of the main weapons of natural medicine for the prevention and treatment of diseases is a healthy diet. Nutritional therapies, however, are not a birth of the 19th century AD, as most people believe.

Hippocrates, continuing the work of the Asclepiads and Pythagoreans, considers nutrition to be the best weapon in the fight against disease. That is why it influenced the patient’s lifestyle and diet, something they also did in the Asclepia .

He seems to have been influenced by his teacher Herodicus, who believed that diseases were caused by “bad diet” (by diet he meant not only diet but the whole way of life . Man remains healthy if he moves, eats and he drinks according to his capacity and temperament.

It took “only” 2,500 years to establish it again, not everyone like Health Problems: The Body’s Attempt to Adapt to Your Lifestyle

Hippocrates wrote three books on this subject: ” On Diet”, “On Food”, “On Hygiene and Exercise”.

His basic belief is that whoever lives properly, does not get sick.

In “On Ancient Medicine” (622, 14) he writes:

“Therefore, what I think is necessary is a study of nature and everything that is studied as it is, that is, what is the future of the deserving poets, what is human towards what is eaten and what is drunk and what is towards other pursuits, and what, what happens to each of them”

Performance=I really consider this necessary for every physician, the perfect knowledge of human nature, the study of it, if in the future he is to indicate what should be done in terms of nursing, to learn what man is and what relations he has with food, solids, liquids, and the general way of life and what effect each has on each person.

To conclude that “the main purpose of medicine is to teach man how to feed himself, since food is our medicine” (“On Ancient Medicine” 578, 3) . How are these different from the 20th century AD naturopaths’ proclamation: “Food is a Panacea” or “Food is our Medicine”?

With proper nutrition there would be no medicine, because there would be no diseases – Hippocrates

How deeply he penetrates the subject of nutrition, can be seen from the following excerpt from his work “On Diet” :

“People who do not see the future correctly write about the diet of anthropomorphine, but first of all the nature of a person is known and diagnosed. it is known by those of whom it was composed from the beginning, and it is diagnosed under whose parts it is kept. since the constitution from the beginning is not known, it is impossible to become what we become under them. either the prevailing in the body is not diagnosed, it is not capable of bringing about the symptoms of the human being.

These, however, are known to the scribe, and then these of wheat and drink to others, so that we are fed, each of them has a power that is inherent in nature and that is due to the need and art of humanity. Behold, the state of the mighty is as if the strength of nature is taken away, so it is not weakened until strength is added by art, of which if the weather is each produced”

Performance=In my opinion man must first write and fully investigate the nature of man in general. to know what its initial components are and to investigate the factors that control it.

Because if he does not know its original composition, he will not be able to understand what results from these ingredients. And if he does not recognize the prevailing element in the body, he will not be able to prescribe the right treatment for the person.

So the future writer must know all this and also what properties each of the foods and drinks with which we are fed has and their natural properties and those that they necessarily receive through human processing.

That is, to know in what way we should remove strength from those that are naturally strong and with what technical processing to add strength to the weak, when the moment is appropriate for each of them. (“About Diet” A, par. 2).

When Hippocrates says that we must examine both the natural properties of foods and the properties they acquire through human processing, he means that we must examine the properties of raw foods as well as processed, i.e. cooked, brined or vinegared foods. , and beverages ( wine for example is a processed food).

HIPPOCRATES A GREAT-NATURED PHYSICIAN

But if drugs are not used, is it possible to cure diseases with diet alone? No, answers the modern science of natural hygiene. And this was the opinion of the genius Hippocrates. As he states in the previous quote, “the most distinguished physicians treat both by diet and by other therapeutic means.”

But what are the other remedies?

In his work “On Diet” he clarifies things:

“For it is not possible for a man to be healthy, nor for a woman to be in pain. On the contrary, for each other has the powers of strain and pain, and they mutually promote health. pains, because you are wasting your possessions. wheat and drinks you fill the blanks. And see, as a home, they diagnose the strength of pains, both natural and lifelong, and some of these they prepare an increase, like flesh and some a lack”

Performance=Because it is not possible for a person to remain healthy by diet alone, if he does not exercise . Food and exercise have opposite properties, but both contribute to maintaining health.

The exercises were created to use up what’s there, while the food and drinks were made to fill in the gaps.

It is necessary, it seems, to precisely determine the strength of bodily labors, both natural and artificial, which of them contribute to the growth and which to the deterioration of the flesh” (“On Diet”, par. 2).

When he says corruption of the flesh, he means burnings and their effects.

But he continues by emphasizing that we should not only know these things:

“and not only these, but also of the measure of the pains according to the number of grains and the nature of man and the age of the bodies, and according to the times of the soul and according to the changes of the spirits, and according to the positions of the villages in which they are distributed , to the state of the self and to the changes of the spirits, and to the positions of the villages in which they are distributed, to the state of the self.

The stars of the sky and the west are seen, while the changes and excesses are seen, they keep grain and drink and spirits and the good of the world, out of which the minds of such people grow. This is not always a self-diagnostic finding. although he did not find a measure for each nature, and a symmetrical number of pains that do not have an exaggeration neither on the most nor on the least, found if health is exactly the same as a human being”.

Efficiency=And not only these, but also the ratio of the exercises to the amount of food, the person’s temperament, his age, the seasons of the year, the changes in the winds, the location of the place where the person lives and the climatic conditions of that particular year.

One must also know the rising and setting of the stars, in order to know how to protect oneself from the changes and excesses of food, drink, winds and the whole environment, from which people’s diseases originate. But even if he knows all this well, the knowledge will not be satisfactory.

Indeed, if it were possible to determine for the nature of each individual a measure of food and a proportionately correct number of physical exercises, without there being any excess either on the side of excess or on the side of deficiency, then the right way would have been found for the ensuring human health.

Exercise & nutrition the “dipole” of good life

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE WAS PRACTICED IN CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY

What can one add to the above quote? However, with the knowledge of all these, the doctor can achieve the desired prevention of diseases. So don’t think that preventive medicine is a product of the 20th century. And here’s the proof:

“But these things are discovered, and before them they make the man from exaggeration, especially if a pre-diagnosis is made. For straight away the minds are so humanized, but after a little gathering together they appear. Before the healthy is kept in the person under the sick, the sick are discovered, and all these things become the health”

Performance=But I have discovered all this, and even the possibility of predicting a disease, before the person becomes ill, by watching where the excess goes. Because diseases do not attack people suddenly, but accumulated slowly they break out once and for all.

So I discovered the symptoms that man shows before health is defeated in him by disease and how one should restore them all to a state of health. (“About Diet” par. 2).

Chaos separates ancient from modern conceptions.

How would you feel if you learned that Chinese doctors were paid while the client was well, while when the client got sick, the doctors paid for the treatment? This is what “preventive” medicine means. It is noteworthy that in the 2nd century BC. the physiatrist Asclepiades used to say that he would give anyone the right to call him an unworthy doctor if he ever fell ill himself. (Tsamboulis, “Special Nosology”, ed. 1956).

Author: Marios Dimopoulos

Nutritionist-Writer

Member of the American Council of Applied Clinical Nutrition

Member of the American Association of Drugless Practitioners

Member of the American Association of Nutritional Consultants

Member of the Canadian Association of Natural Nutritional Practitioners

Member of the Association for Natural Medicine in Europe

Member of the Panhellenic Association of Naturopaths

Που διαφέρει η ιατρική του Ιπποκράτη με τη σύγχρονη ιατρική - Προϊόντα της Φύσης

  1. HIPPOCRATES(ΙΠΠΟΚΡΑΤΗΣ) (Kos 460-Larissa377 BC)

  2. Here MEGAS= GREAT HIPPOCRATES is portrayed to hold with his left hand the CROO of the so-called “HONOR OF HIPPOCRATES” and in his other hand to hold a wooden pen in which he was wrapped in a shirt (medical symbol).
  3. No photo description available.
  4. HIPPOCRATES was a GREEK physician and he is considered one of the most prominent personalities in the history of medicine. He is referred to as the father of SYMPHONY MEDICAL in recognition of his contribution in the field of MEDICAL SCIENCES as the FOUNDER OF THE HIPPOCRATIC MEDICAL SCHOOL.He`s is the founder of rational medicine use to release it from the metaphysical elements superstitions prejudices the demonology and superstitions of that epoch .He created the harmonious matching of humanistic science to the art of medicine and the philosophical thinking by identifying the professional exercise of the ethical ideologic authorities.

THE OATH OF HIPPOCRATES PROHIBITS MANDATORY VACCINATIONS!!!

(Translated from ancient Greek)
“In memory of Apollo the healer, and Asclepius, and Hygeia, and Panakeia, and all the gods, the poet of history, let them write to the best of their ability and judge me by this oath and by this writing.
You will become a priest who teaches with this art as well as you, and you will share life, and you will become a priest who uses the transmission of debts, and a generation of brothers from the ear, even if they criticize you, and teach this art, I only use them, without wages. of writing and ordering He who hears and learns from the rest of the teaching, you will become sons and daughters of him who taught me.
As a judge, I am used for the benefit of those who act according to power and judgement, and for the declaration and injustice of wrath.
I do not give any medicine, I do not ask for death, I do not give advice like that. In the same way, I will not give a woman pessos fluorine. Purely and surely I will preserve my life and my art.
I don’t pray without stoning, but I will set aside the work of a bloated man here.
And from the house of all, if I am, I pray for the benefit of those who burn, I am free from all unjust ekusia and flori, of the one and the other and of aphrodisiac works on the bodies of women and men, free and slaves.
Ἃ d’ if in healing or I see, or hear, or even without healing against the lives of people, which I do not need to cry out, I keep silent, unspeakably delicious is such things.
I swear that if you tell me who you are, and do not escape, you will be the epitome of both life and art, more glorified than any other person in the world. but transgressing and imporkundi, contrary to these…..
IN SIMPLE(“New Greek”) GREEK:
I swear by the god Apollo the physician and by the god Asclepius and by Health and by Panacea and calling upon the testimony of all the gods that I will execute this oath and this agreement according to my strength and judgment.
To consider my teacher of the medical art equal to my parents and the society of my life. And when he needs money to share mine with him. To regard his family as my brethren, and to teach them this art if they wish to learn it without tuition or other agreement.
To impart the rules of ethics, oral teaching, and all other medical knowledge to my sons, my teacher’s sons, and enrolled students who have taken the medical oath, but to no one else.
I will use therapy to help patients to the best of my ability and judgment, but never to harm or wrong. Neither will I give deadly medicine to anyone who asks me for it, nor will I give him such a hint.
Likewise, I will not trust in a pregnant medium that causes an abortion. I will keep both my life and my art pure and undefiled. I will not use a scalpel even in those suffering from lithiasis, but will leave this work to the experts in the art.
In whatever houses I go, I will enter to help the sick and I will refrain from any willful harm and damage, and especially from sexual acts with men and women, free and slaves. And what I may see or hear during the treatment or beyond my professional occupations in my daily life, what should not be learned outside I will not share, considering these matters secret.
If I keep this oath and do not break it, may I always enjoy acceptance among men for my life and for my art. But if I violate him and swear, let the opposites happen to me.May be an image of text

Apollo & Nine muses Alexandros

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Nine muses Apollo

Posted on Nov 13, 2016 by in Uncategorized | 0 comments

In Ancient Greece the music was inseparable from everyday life of all people, and as a complex artistic and intellectual expression had a special place in all aspects of personal and social life. Music, Song and Orchisi (usually interlinked) were the most striking manifestations of civilized society and key actors – and indicators – welfare.
     By Music already ancient times began to acquire an increasingly complex nature and role, culminating in the creation of Music tickets in many cities. The earliest such registered Games are “Karneia” in ancient Sparta, a city where music in general was prominent and was inextricably tied to the education of young people.
     Athens shone literally after the 6th century when most Music played a leading role in two major Festivals of the city, the Great Panathenaic festival and Great Dionysia. Within these major festivals not only made big competitions but were developed and the most important musical and poetic genres of the era culminating course the Ancient Drama.
     Although the music was eminently festive character within both public and private festivities, crucial was the role of the sad moments of life and redeeming its integration into the daily hard – perhaps boring – hours of toil. In moments of joy and celebration, at banquets and gatherings and of course weddings – were intertwined with all private celebrations and “partner” in everyday life. A Piper eg accompanied the women to the kneading, the workers during the harvest and the harvest, the oarsmen and soldiers towards the battle. Inextricably tied to the Sport Music not only because the major sporting events had music competitions, but because the athlete both in his workouts and the fight needed the rhythm of the music to push him and inspires him

The Nine Muses from the Hellenic Mythology-Comology

Mosaics Revealed at Ancient Greek City of Zeugma in Turkey

mosaic 1
Archaeologists discovered three unique mosaics at the Ancient Greek city of Zeugma, in south Turkey, near the borders of Syria.

The ancient city of Zeugma was originally founded as a Greek settlement by Seleucus I Nicator, one of the generals of Alexander the Great, in 300 BC. The population of the city at its peak was approximately 80,000 inhabitants.

Zeugma is 80 percent underwater, after it was flooded with the waters of a nearby artificial lake.
The mosaics, which were recovered in excellent condition, belong to the 2nd century B.C.
mosaic 2
The first mosaic depicts the nine Muses in portraits. This mosaic was originally in a large room of a house that archaeologists have named “House of Muses.” In the center of the mosaic is Muse Calliope and she is surrounded by her sisters. According to ancient Greek poet Isiodos, Calliope was the greatest and finest of the nine Muses, the protector of Epic poetry and arts.
mosaic 3
The second mosaic depicts Ocean and Tithys. What is really striking about this mosaic is the wonderful and vivid colors used as well as the beauty of the heroes’ faces. Experts say that special glass mosaic pieces have been created for this mosaic alone.

Another, smaller in size mosaic, depicting a young man was also revealed and in very good condition.

Displaying zeugma3.jpgBildresultat för mosaic nine muses Turkey

https://www.google.se/search?q=mosaic+nine+muses+Turkey&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=qL-Ke7BS0jNBpM%253A%252C2NN7L5aeYl1WPM%252C_&usg=__-PzVvltT67UHztvQ7OsSZ7ORjWw%3D&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj1yq3sspXYAhVqMJoKHXI4CnIQ9QEIKTAA#imgrc=qL-Ke7BS0jNBpM:

Etymology of music terms

Etymologically speaking, the word derives from the greek word “μουσικός”, Mousikos, relative to theMuses,the figures of Greek and – some thousant years later – Latin mythology. The word refers to “technique”, which is also derived from the greek word “τέχνη” / techne. Originally the term did not indicate a particular art, but all the arts of the Muses, so it was referred to something that was “perfect”.

Music is like everything else that meets the desires and aspirations. The greek philosopher Plato,according to the derivation of the term from the greek word “μῶσθαι”, which means desire or “aspire to”, the term music derive from “muse”.

The common idea is that music is made up of sounds makes it difficult to understand because it is not always true that the sound “makes” music (what is music for someone may not be for others). To make the sound create music is necessary that those who perceive it, take satisfaction from it. This satisfaction can be physical or mental, real or fantastic.

“Apollo and the Muses.” Mosaic floor”, Archaeological Museum of Ancient Elis.

Tradition says:

Two Muses invented the theory and practice in learning. Three Muses invented the three musical tones Collider, medium and dim the three strings of Lyra, the three prosody acute, grave, circumflex and three parelilythota times, present tense, future tense three persons, three numbers, the triangle of stars and other triarithma . Four Muses invented the four dialects: Attica, Ionici, Dorici and Ahaici. Five Muses the five senses: sight, taste, smell, touch and hearing. Seven Muses invented the seven strings of the lyre, the seven Heavenly belts, the seven planets and the seven vowels of the Greek alphabet.

The Nine Muses from the Hellenic Mythology:

 1. Polyymnia (or Polymnia or Polyamnia). ΠΟΛΥΜΝΙΑ (from: “πολύς + ύμνο” polys + hymn = long hymn) from long and hymn, praise because many people or the many and memory, because many mentions in history. He was the custodian of the divine hymns and hypocritical imitation, geometry, history, grammar etc. The painted faces to Heaven with a wreath of laurel and pearls on the head, white dress, with his lyre in her hands and the inscription Multi-mnias Mr. Myths.

ΠΟΛΥΜΝΙΑ – ΠΟΛΥΜΝΙΑ = 80 + 70 + 30 + 400 + 400 + 40 + 50 + 10 + 1 = 1081 => 10 + 8 + 1 = 19 => 1 + 9 = 10 => 1 + 0 = 1

 2. Urania – ΟΥΡΑΝΙΑ (from: oυρανός uranos= sky) was the custodian of the heavenly bodies and general astronomy discovered. According to tradition with Dionysus begat Hymenaeus and Apollo linen. Painted Urania crowned with stars and prometopidio, blue dress, in front of the tripod up had the celestial sphere and diabetes.

ΟΥΡΑΝΙΑ = 70 + 400 + 100 + 1 + 50 + 10 + 1 = 632 => 6 + 3 + 2 = 11 => 1 + 1 = 2

 3. Terpsichore – ΤΕΡΨΙΧΟΡΗ (from:τέρπω + χορός –terpo+choros = regale + dance, delights through dance, harp and education.), the Muse of Orchiseos.Named Terpsichore because eterpeto, thanks to dance. Perhaps by learning (pleasing listeners). Tradition says that she bore the Strymonikos Rhesos and Mars the Vistones or even with Achelous the Sirens. The Terpsichore painted laurel-crowned and prometopidio holding harp and dancing happy, while her feet barely touching the ground and with the inscription Terpsichore lyran.

Terpsichore – ΤΕΡΨΙΧΟΡΗ = 300 + 5 + 100 + 700 + 10 + 600 + 70 + 100 + 8 = 1893 => 1 + 8 + 9 + 3 = 21 => 2 + 2 = 3

 4. Melpomene – ΜΕΛΠΟΜΕΝΗ (from: μέλπω “melpo” (=μελωδώ + μένος = to create music + stubborness) was the custodian of Tragedy, because it invented, rhetoric and musical melody. Named Melpomene by word molttin because by this melpousin people all their goods. Melpomene with Acheloos, in a tradition born of Horns The painted wears tragedy mask, angry, laurel-crowned with a scepter, bat in hands and Melpomeni inscription Tragodian

Melpomene – ΜΕΛΠΟΜΕΝΗ = 40 + 5 + 30 + 80 + 70 + 40 + 5 + 50 + 8 = 328 => 3 + 2 + 8 = 13 => 1 + 3 = 4

 5. Thalia or ΘΑΛΕΙΑ – (Θάλεια)  was Superintendent of Comedy. Discover comedy, geometry, architecture and agriculture. He was the custodian and Symposia. The name Thalia = thallein plants, or in the Thalia (symposia) or

Thalleia – ΘΑΛΕΙΑ = 9 + 1 + 30 + 30 + 5 + 10 + 1 = 86 => 8 + 6 = 14 => 1 + 4 = 5

6) Calliope ΚΑΛΛΙΟΠΗ (καλή + ωψ = ex: good + ops = this with the beautiful eyes), the muse of epic poetry (ex:οπτικό = optical). Calliope was the superior and more formal than the other sisters of the Muses. He accompanied the kings and their senior leaders to enforce the words of obedience and righteousness. Calliope was the custodian of the heroic poetry and rhetoric. He named Calliope because he had nice view, face. They were called and Kalliepeian because it was evretria poetry. She mated with Apollo and became the mother ofOrpheus. The Euterpe was the Muse of music. Painted Kalliopi new and nice, with flowers or ivy in the head, the right hand holding laurels and left two books, many times the Iliad and theOdyssey.

Calliope – ΚΑΛΛΙΟΠΗ = 20 + 1 + 30 + 30 + 10 + 70 + 80 + 8 = 249 => 2 + 4 + 9 = 15 => 1 + 5 = 6

 7.Euterpe  ΕΥΤΕΡΠΗ Ευτέρπη (from the prefix ευ = well, fair + τέρπω = regale ,discovered various musical instruments, lessons, and dialectics. Lessons delight people, but ” is Euterpe reasons of educated ‘. Efterpi with Struma gave birth Risso. The painted laurel-crowned playing flute or holding him. Beside her was musical instruments and texts, Eros and trees with singer cicadas (cicada).

 Euterpe -ΕΥΤΕΡΠΗ= 5 + 400 + 300 + 5 + 100 + 80 + 8 = 898 => 8 + 9 + 8 = 25 => 2 + 5 = 7

 8. Clio – ΚΛΕΙΩ (from: κλέος= glory) the Muse of History (Cleopatra = the glory of father)Qleio (Q = Qoppa) discovered the History (and guitar). The story was called Cleo, because it refers to Kleos (belonging to the heroes of the past), we narrate the authors through books. According to tradition, the Clio accused because Venus fell in love with the ‘Adoni. Venus retaliated: He led the Pieros’s house and made her fall in love with him. The Clio by Pierre begat Hyacinth. With Magnes (father Pierre) begat Ialemo, the Hymenaeus and Flax. Painted Cleo laurel-crowned and purple garment. In her right hand was holding one tube and left a book that read Cleo history. At her feet was the box of history.

 Qleio – ΚΛΕΙΩ = 90 + 30 + 5 + 10 + 800 = 935 => 9 + 3 + 5 = 17 => 1 + 7 = 8

 9. Erato ΕΡΑΤΩ(from: έρως – eros = love), is the founder of Lyric and especially erotic poems, marriage (and of poetry, music and the dialectic). The name Erato by eresthai and the word love and lover. The painted seated, wearing a rosary (wreath of roses), with the lyre and the bow of love in the arms and the inscription Erato Psaltrian. Apollonius Rhodius begins the third chapter of Part Four of the Argonauts with: ” And now muse Erato, come to us and tell us how Jason brought the Golden Fleece from her love of Medea, because you graces the Cypriot Aphrodite brings the magic to unmarried girls. ”

Erato – ΕΡΑΤΩ = 5 + 100 + 1 + 300 + 800 = 1206 => 1 + 2 + 0 + 6 = 9

 = 5 + 100 + 1 + 300 + 800 = 1206 => 1 + 2 + 0 + 6 = 9

 Pausanias maintains that there were two generations of Muses, the first generation was three and were the daughters of Uranus and Gaia, and the second was nine were daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne.

The oldest Elikoniades Muses were:

Μνήμη – Mnimi =Memory •

Μελέτη – Meleti = study)

Αοιδή – Aidi = Singing

The poetic art need all three Muses, you need a combination of song, memory and study. Why to sing first needed memory, and after study (exercise).

Delphi worshiped three muses, the High, Middle and NEAT or nete, which have the same name as the three main strings of the lyre. According to Plutarch, however related to the three regions of the world, the region of the fixed stars, the region of the planets and yposelinia region.

The Muses are the source of inspiration for all mental activity and worshiped in many places with special prices and there Orphic Hymn of the Muses. [6] Plato in the Academy had an altar dedicated to the Muses, whereas Homer invokes the Muse Calliope like source of inspiration during the writing of the epic. The same is found in the works of Hesiod, but all great artists of antiquity. He has stayed until nowadays the term muse be often used to show that someone (usually one) inspires an artist, a creator.

 WHAT THE WORD ETYMOLOGY MEANS

This is moreover one in which meets the concept of the word “etymos” (from which the conditions produced “ετυμολογία”  – “etymology” –  “ετυμολογικό=etymological”), which means: True, real.

Let’s deal with the etymo words.

 

  1. an undeniable kinship relation to: ΜΕΤΟΠΗ, ΕΥΡΩΠΗ, ΚΥΚΛΩΨ, ΜΥΩΠΙΑ.
    ΚΑΛΛΙΟΠΗ. (EUROPE, CYCLOPS, METOPI, EUROPE, MYOPIA, CALLIOPE).

  2. What is “Euphoriatric”?

    The word is made up the prefix “ευ” meaning “well”, the verb “phoro” (“φορω” = I carry..i.e: metaphoric etc) and “iatric” (“ιατρικη”=medical)

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We read of the “Works and Days” of Hesiod verses 168-201, where the poet mentions the mythological version of the genesis of “Iron genus” of people, the fifth in the order of creation. In this integrating and people of his time. And obviously in that we also belong, and since we are an unbroken continuity of that generation.

After enjoying the vivid Hesiodic narration from the original, but more than the most easily understood translations, we stand in certain words of the text, which in one way or another to survive until today, even if they look at first glance perhaps incomprehensible.

The isolated word is  “ευρύοπα” – “evryopa” that perform as the “Pantepoptes”. Trace the aitiologisis of any translation: the evryopas (or evryops) is a composite ευρύς + όψ – (=word – wide + brave opening) . The first of these two words are easy to understand, which is why we focus on two:

the brave opening όψ

 – the flesh = όψ – genetivus: οπός=όψις, όρασις, οφθαλμός – opsis(=the view), orasis(=the up vision), ophthalmos (=the eye). Moving to a deeper investigation, we start from the root of the word is op- from which are also produced: op-O-p-s, opsomai (op-p-inbred), OMMA (op-ma), view (op -cis), eye (ori-chamber), hole (hole in the roof as a chimney, opening that enables that vision, and then each hole).

From these basic derivatives root -op find that rescued already aftousios words: view, eye, hole, spoiled the word OMMA> ommation> eye.

We now return to λέξις – LEΞΙΣ – Lexie(=Word) “evryopa” meaning one who has wide eyes, with whom supervise everything, the Pantepoptes.

But then the associations recall to our memory a multitude of everyday words, such as: suspect – suspect – suspicious // Synopsis-efsynoptos-this-baked – autopsy – autopsy scout // – // katoptefsis on-optefo – Supervisors-Registry – on-baked – inhab-view – Flat-optron.

 

The word bore us directly refers to the “ROOTS” of the churches, which are among the long holes that let the beams of the roof, which was later covered with embossed plates, while concealing the edge of the beams were placed Triglyphs plates, but in between two holes (eyes) field. This second word but derived from a further Word root -op:

The ops of opos wherein extent of op- to op-.

the LEΞΙΣ –  Lexie this encounter eg in verse 158 C of the Iliad, where Homer, speaking of the beauty of Helen, says (Doric dialect): “αινώς αθανάτοισοι θεής εις ώπα έοικεν” – “Hainaus athanatoisoi theis at opa eoiken”(= ultimate immortal gods has same appearance)

From the LEΞΙΣ – Lexie(=Word) ops comes the unknown maybe complex ευρωπός (=Europe = wide), but also well-known to us bottleneck (στενωπός – stenopos = the narrow passage), and: πρόσωπον–prosopon= person, ενώπιον – enopion= before etc.

After all this opens the way to and from … Europe, which means “cytomegalovirus” as an element of beauty, which etymologically is only the female of “evryopa” we saw in the beginning.

 

In our mind now comes the Kyklop(s)-Κύκλωψ (κύκλος+ωψ) – kyclos=circle + ops) = one who has a round eye.

And that in turn reminds us of the Modern Hellenic the LEΞΙΣ-Word: presviops – From: πρέσβυς = a(=γέρον=geron=elder ) + ωψ-ops  [=bud, up vision)] = one who suffers from πρεσβυωπία-presbyopia, ie. By inability to clearly distinguish near objects, which is common in the elderly, and the SA (Ancient) myopic (who constricts eyelids to public).

 

The surprises continue as it is clear from the myo (= close lips) produced another series of words, such as the little-known myzo (= drink with closed lips, suck, suck), which we find among others, Xenophon (Snooze . 4,5,27):

 

Other finally myo derivative is myeo (= enter the sacraments, catechize, instruct, but murmured, secretly). And from this comes: myisis, mystic, mystery.

 

One of the nine Muses, who was distinguished for her beautiful voice, Named-hole as having Καλλι-όπη – “καλήν όπα” “Kalin opa”. Indeed, Calliope was considered the protector of the human voice products, such as rhetoric and, above all, the epic poetry. That is why the word brave opening οψ-ops (=φωνή-phoni=voice) differs from the assonance of brave opening οψ (= up vision) not only semantically but etymologically because produced by root (where epic = ratio), changing qualitatively in op- .

Agathocles = good + glory-Αγαθοκλής = αγαθός + κλέος (the owner good reputation)
Alexander-a αλέξω: απομακρύνω + ανήρ = ALEX: man + Remove the repeller men, the brave, etymologically means “push people (enemies)
Ariadne = Atoll: very+pure-πολύ + αγνή

 Aglaia Aglaia: bright, shiny- αγλαός
Alcmene = Alki: spurn + wrath: moon (αλκή + μήνη)

Αριστοτέλης (Aristoteles) which meant “the best purpose”, derived from άριστος (aristos) “best” and τέλος (telos) “purpose, aim”. This was the name of a Greek philosopher of the 4th century BC who made lasting contributions to Western thought, including the fields of logic, metaphysics, ethics and biology.
Anastasios = + per istimi: stand (ανα + ίστημι) ana+istimi
George = from the farmers (land + work) From: γεωργώ (γη or γαια-gaia+ έργον)
Dimitrios = H (Dorian type of Earth) + mother  Δη (δωρικός τύπος του Γη or γαια) + μήτηρ
Demosthenes = municipality + valence (people power) δήμος + σθένος-demos+sthenos
Diogenes = Zeus + genus (the begotten) Ζευς + γένος
Eleni = ELE: come upon, conquer (candle) ελέ
Irene=Peace-Ειρήνη = είρω- (I speak ) + νους nous-  = eiro (opt) + mind
Epaminondas = on + ameinon, progressive
Erato = Question: I love (the adorable)
Eteocles ETEC =: true glory + (having the true glory).

 Eugenia (from ευ + γένος=noble gens, or high home)again known word, the fair maiden + (cf. Gentle, kindness) but race here is the importance of the origin, so the original meaning would be not “polite” but “high home”
Evangelos = eu+advert (=bearing the good messages)
Evdokia = eu+ doko: I view
Evdoxia = eu+ Glory (having the good reputation)
Eftychios = eu + luck
Euphemia = eu + Fimios
Electra = Helector: the radiating sun (radiation from grace)
Thalleia = million thallium (I’m full)
Thucydides = + kydos God: glory (the praise God)
Jason = Iasis: treatment (the therapist)
Jocasta = + ion kazo: perk
Iphigenia = ifi: powerful + gignomai
Calliope = beauty + ops: bud
Cleopatra = + Patria glory (the glory of the fatherland) – Κλεοπάτρα = κλέος + πάτρη – kleos + patri
Laertes = people + weigh: Elected
Leonidas = people + one thing I know: I know (Λεωνίδας = λαός + οίδα) laos+oida
Lito = Stranded
Lysistrata = unfasten Army +
Cloud = mists: pour water
Xenophon = stranger + voices Ξενοφών = ξένος + φωνέω – xeno + phoneo

APOLLO – (ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝ)

Archaeological Museum Olympias.Kentriki form of the west pediment of the Temple of Zeus, Apollo

Απόλλων

 God of music, poetry, art, oracles, archery, plague, medicine, sun, light,  knowledge, culture and ethics, who were fighting against each barbarism, anarchy and wickedness.

Apollo Belvedere, ca. 120–140 CE

Abode

Mount Olympus

Symbol

Lyrelaurel wreath, pythonraven, bow and arrows

Parents

Zeus and Leto

Siblings

Artemis

Children

AsclepiusTroilusAristaeusOrpheus

Apollo of the Belvedere.jpg

Temple of the Delians at Delos, dedicated to Apollo (478 BC). 19th-century pen-and-wash restoration.

As god of music, is shown playing the lyre. He was also the god of dance farm, containing songs and music.

     (Attic, Ionic and Homeric  Greek): ἈπόλλωνApollōn (GEN Ἀπόλλωνος); DoricἈπέλλωνApellōnArcadocypriotἈπείλωνApeilōnAeolicἌπλουνAplounLatinApollō)

APOLLO: The Great god of the Greek pantheon

 Απόλλωνας

Born of the god Zeus (Aplon in Thessalian dialect), with around 350 invocations, aliases and local cults, healer, soothsayer and solar (Φοίβος – “Phoebus”).(Probably was the inspiration for the god Plain in Etruscan mythology).Awhich appeals to the sunny, cloudless, ypsinefis, Allegory in air and sky) and θεομητρική  – theomitriki from: (θεος+μητηρ = godsmother) goddess Leto (that metaphor in starry night scene). The invocation “Delios” means of course not the only born on the island ofDelos, but God makes clear and visible everything, but he sees everything (Ora) (in ancient Eolic greek: “πανδερκές έχων φαεσίμβροτον όμμα”) – ” having total thunderlight (faesimvroton) power  OMMA” according to 34th Orphic Hymn, ie the god glance illuminates mortals and observe everything).

“The light, dark, east and west, the various weather phenomena create queries to people of antiquity and stimulated their imagination. In the image of the solar disk with rays people saw, through the imagination, a person with gold and blonde hair and ciliary wreath, and so created the sun god. The Sun is one who enlightens, he heats and the one who burns. The Sun, because of its position in the sky, could see everything and that’s why people in the difficult moments, they did rely on the testimony of. It is the pure god, the eye of justice, the supervisor and regulator of about … ”

Syracuse (Korinthian colony since 774 B-C, Sicily). Silver Tetradrachm 214-212 BC
Diameter 18 mm. Alpha Bank Numismatic Collection

According to tradition, when he was born only a few days left Delos and searched to find a suitable location to build the temple. He visited almost all Greece and when he arrived at the foot of Mount Parnassus, stayed in excited.
The location however belonged to the goddess Gaia and protected by her son, Python. Apollo using his bow and a lighted torch killed Python, got under the occupation of the area and then left with his sister Artemis to Sicyon, to atone for the murder. In part, the Hellenistic city near the market (the ancient Acropolis of Sikyon at these times), the so-called later “Phobos”, occupied by fear and fled to Crete.
The first priests of the temple were Cretan merchants who traveled from Knossos to Pylos, but God changed the course of the ship and anchored in the port of Krissa.
According to mythology, Apollo left Mount Olympus to atone for the murder and went to work as a servant to King Admetus of Pherae.
When Apollo exagnisthike returned to Delphi crowned with laurels of Tempe.
Slowly, like a god of light, which penetrates the darkness, Apollo was the god of prophecy. Always stating the truth, but does not reveal, and his answers were evasive, only points as Heraclitus said:
“The gentleman that owns Delphi, neither reveals the truth, nor hides, only gives signs”.
Known by many adjectives as Phoebus, litchi, Ageiefs, dolphins, etc., Celebrated more than any other god.As god of light that gives life, promoting health and well is human, celebrated in Thargelia (May, Athens),Dolphins (Athens),hyacinth (Sparta), Ekatomvaia, the sacrifice hundred oxen in Athens (the first month time Ekatomvaios, called the event). The celebrations, as a god of light, were all in the spring and summer.
Celebrated not only on the seventh day of the month (birthday), but also the first day of every month was sacred to him.
Apollo was the god of light, culture, ethics, who were fighting against each barbarism, anarchy and wickedness.
The god of purification, was very connected with the arts. As god of music, is presented always playing the lyre. He was also the god of dance farm, containing songs and music.

The Sun and chariot, metope from the Temple of Athena, Troy 4thcentury B.C.

 The chariot of ΗΛΙΟΣ – HELIOS  the sun & its – MANY CENTURIES LATER – copy:-“the chariot of ELIAS”

The ancient Greeks had devoted many festivals, such as Dili, the Pythian Games, the Karneia, the Dolphins, the hyacinth etc.

From the belief that the cause of all of the products is the Sun, whose light penetrates the hidden causes, the (according to the magical papyri collection Papyri Graecae Magicae) “telescope and the ruler world” god Phoebus Apollo is closely related to the functions of the so called destiny and the Fates, as God manteftis (Agnomantis, True, Dafnaios, divining Moiragetis, Loxias, front view, Tripodilalos). The oracular status of Apollo explained by the fact that the mousikoparagogos properties, as we shall see below, allowing complete visual clarity at different points of time motion, whose time traffic mainstay and genitor is the rate, part of the Triune (Rate , Melody, Harmony) that defines the music.

The god Apollo is associated by religious with the Youth and Beauty (because as the Sun emerges eternally new every morning and then the light of shows all over the earth and nice “THOMAS”. Related invocations of the Kourotrophos, Olviourgos, perfectness, Fanis, gladden) with Medicine and Therapeutics (because sunlight gives health, disinfects, and also increases the healthy and medicinal plants. Related invocations of Peonies, Alexikakos, Ipiocheir, MD), the music (because everything vibrates illuminated as part of the Universal Music) and every kind of artistic creation (chief of the Muses, God Musagete or Musagetes. Related invocations of the musician, guitar player, Musa

Sacred plants of the laurel, the sunflower, the juniper, the Myrica, sunflower and hyacinth. Daphne the nymph daughter of the river Peneus, who loved the great Greek god but without much success. So after warm invocation to Gaia transformed the namesake plant. Apollo than that found no response to erotic call in Daphne honored by the most famous sanctuary of plant. The Hyacinth is also a loved one for the god of the sun. Apollo fell in love with the prince of Sparta but also the god of the west wind, Zephyr. So while the two lovers, Apollo et Hyacinthus playing with a golden disc, the Zephyr blew and struck the fatal gorgeous new. Then Apollo by the blood of his lover made the Sanctuary of plant. Sacred symbols of the pointers, the Guitar and bow and arrow. Sacred animals the wolf, the hawk, the swan, the raven, the cock, the cicada, the dolphin and the ram. Sacred, devotional color of the gold. As the goddess Athena, sacred number is the Seven (ie the number of completeness, the spirit and the macrocosm).

Son of the Sun wanted the chariot of his father to lead. Phaethon the brainless! The horses do not obey! The Earth is in danger!

Bronze-Apollo-Head

Apollo belongs to the second generation of the Olympian gods

Zeus, the father of gods and men, dazzled by the beauty of Leto who came from the generation of the Titans and mated sex with her. The jealous Hera but indignant by the countless infidelities of her husband by mortal and goddesses and because he had the power to hurt her husband, opposed Leto and began not to let in any way to give birth.

In Vain Leto ran jaded throughout the land, trying plains, mountains and seas to lay her children; the whole earth refused to accept it because he was afraid the terrible revenge of Hera. Only a small floating island, the Ortygia (Quail Island) or star, agreed to give asylum in miserable Leto. This island was poor and barren, unable to graze in this sheep nor oxen, nor is it to bear fruit vines and other trees. That is why it feared the wrath of the goddess. Apollo to reward poor island just pegged the born forever with four columns on the seabed and gave him the name Delos (= Bright).
Nine whole days kept labor pains. Leto lying at the root of a palm tree, the only tree that existed on the island, vogkouse the pain and begged Hera to allow her to give birth to her children. Athena, Demeter, Aphrodite and other goddesses smaller ran to help Leto, but they could not do anything without the consent of Hera, who was holding up to Olympus Eileithyia, the goddess of successful births. Eventually, they sent the colorful Iris, the messenger of the gods, to ask Hera allow childbirth, giving her a necklace of exceptional beauty of Malama and amber, nine cubits, which was built in the workshop of the great craftsman of the gods, Hephaestus. This gift calmed the anger of Hera, who sent the Eileithyia Delos. Leto exhausted by unbearable pain of so many days knelt at the root of the palm and gave birth first to Artemis and Apollo soon. At the time of birth of the god holy swans flew over the island by seven circles, because it was the seventh day of the month.

Leto did not live to vyzaxei all newborn god. Once born, the Themis dripped into his mouth a few drops of nectar and ambrosia so little miracle happened: the baby began to grow sharply, napkins were torn and fell from his body. The goddesses dazzled by its beauty, admired the do walks on the island. Immediately Apollo ran over to Olympus for getting his blessing omnipotent father, but also to meet other gods. Jupiter he welcomed his son and offered him too many rich and beautiful gifts. Among them was a golden miter decorated with rubies and emeralds, which symbolized the power of God and had over carved scenes from the life of the Olympians. Also, Zeus gave him a lyre that Apollo loved her a lot and every time he was playing, his music charmed the gods and humans; in addition a Panorios ZEMENO chariot with seven pure white swans carrying God anywhere in the earth or sky wished. Immediately after Zeus ordered the Hours to pave table with nectar and ambrosia to welcome together the new god on Mount Olympus. Followed by high jinks until morning. Apollo played the lyre and danced the Graces, the Harmony, Hebe, Venus and Artemis; shortly broke into dance and Mercury with Mars.

But another tradition narrates that shortly after the birth of swans brought Apollo to their country which was in the Ocean shores, the Hyperboreans; there established the worship of the god that the celebrated incessantly. Apollo was the land of the Hyperboreans a year and returned to Greece midsummer. The whole nature celebrated by all means the return of the great god of feasts and songs; the crickets and nightingales sing and the water sources were more clearly.

The Nymphs and Fairies rivers and lakes danced whole days and nights in the mountains and the glades. Every year in Delphi celebrating this return with carnage, ie collective sacrifices hundred animals.

Delphi Apollo killed a fearsome dragon named Python and had ten hands and four eyes. The dragon who resembled huge lizard made many disasters in the region. Muddy the waters shaking sources and rivers, destroy crops devoured flocks and frightened Nymphs; especially when it was very furious, strangle and swallow the needy residents. In addition, this monster was chase ordered by Hera, Leto when looking place to give birth to her children. Apollo with the golden arrows that earned him Hephaestus killed Python and thus acquitted the local residents to remember the achievement of established in honor of the races who were called Pythian Games. Also they built an oracle, the oracle of Delphi where the Pythia sat there on the sacred tripod, chewing laurel leaves in a state of mania inserts reveal the ambiguous oracles of God. Since the oracle that once crossed the demigod Hercules to ask oracle.

But the Pythia refused to answer, so Hercules stole the sacred tripod and went to found elsewhere oracle. The Lohias (name Apollo for the ambiguous oracles) persecuted for a long time Hercules; when I arrived, fought nine whole days and nights continuously, all the earth rattled off their blows. Eventually, Zeus parted two opponents throwing a thunderbolt among them.

Apollo was a beautiful god, tall, with amazing stature, blue eyes and long blond curls. So he had numerous love affairs with Nymphs and mortals.

So loved the nymph Daphne, daughter of the river god Peneus in Thessaly. This was beautiful and asked her father many lads and well known heroes. Penaeus begged to marry to give him grandchildren. This however, head, did not listen the elder father, why prefer to hunt in the forests and to accompany the virgin Artemis. When once she met Apollo, dazzled by her beauty and wanted to make her his. The Bride has not responded to God’s love and fled to the mountain. Whole days and nights Phoebus (epithet of Apollo) the hunting among the bushes and holly, the shouting that it was a random groom but brilliant Apollo that honored gods and mortals. But the moment was about to reach the the Nymph begged her father to save her from the embrace of God. Then Pineios who pitied the daughter, transformed the homonymous tree, her legs were the roots of laurel, the body of the trunk, arms of the branches and leaves hair of the famous tree. Apollo inconsolable crying and hugged the tree after failing to mingle with the Bride as she was alive, he vowed that henceforth the laurel would be the sacred tree and he would always wore a laurel wreath.

His relationship with the goddess of Thessaly, the Nymph Cyrene, Apollo had a son named Aristaeus.

 Cyrene lived wildlife in the forests of Pindos and protected the flocks of her father. One day he attacked without weapons in a lion, fought him and won. Phoebus saw the achievement of and fell in love. Then abducted her with the golden chariot driving, flying over lands and seas, Libya; there in a golden palace mated with her.

And with the Muses Apollo had amorous adventures. They say thatThalia acquired their Korybantes demons belonging to the entourage ofDionysos, with Satyrs and other elves of the forest. By Urania became musicians Linus and Orpheus, who calmed the nature entire playing their lumen and tamed wild beasts. Also, Apollo is the father of Asclepius, god of medicine. They say the Flirty god mated with the crown jewel and her pregnant. But over time it waited child did infidelities to God by going with a mortal. When he learned that Apollo, angry by the attack, killed his unfaithful Koronis. But once her body was placed over the fire and was ready to burn, the vengeful god transformed into a vulture swooped and pulled from the bowels of the child, still alive.

At the same misfortune had and Marpissa, the princess of Aetolia. God loved the young lady, but stole the mortal Ida with a winged chariot donated Neptune and led to Messina. There, Ida and Apollo hit but separated them Jupiter. Marpissa had the right to choose between the two lovers. In vain god begged and gave promises of eternal loyalty and devotion. It chose the mortal Ida, from fear of that immortal and eternal new Apollo will give up to the old age, when they were leaving the beauty and freshness of youth.

But with Cassandra, daughter of Priam, love did not favor the god. Apollo loved Cassandra and to win it promised to teach her the art of divination. The young princess agreed, but when he learned well the art, abandoned the god. Others say that God eventually mated with Cassandra and gained her the Troilus.

Mainly in Greece they believed that Apollo was a lover of the local heroine Fthia, with whom he had three sons: Doros, Laodonta and Polipitis that killed their Aitolos. Colophon believed Apollo mated with Manto, the daughter of the blind seer Tiresias and his seed the great seer Law was born. In Crete, the amatory god loved Akalli, the daughter of Minos; fruit of their secret relationship was Miletus. The Akalli just gave birth, left newborn in the woods because she was afraid her father. Apollo made sure to live his son sending wolves to protect it and a she-wolf suckling him.

In Athens, the elfish god raped Creusa, the daughter of King Erechtheus. She just gave birth to the child in a wilderness. Apollo made sure to bring the baby to Delphi where the Pythia grew. This son of Apollo who so badly came to life named Ionas. Apollo said that he loved and young men. More important is the love of adventure with Hyacinth, a tremendously beautiful new. One day the two of them were playing with the disk awesome Zephyr (wind), because he was jealous god, swept away the disc that struck Hyacinth and killed him instantly. Phoebus inconsolable since the death of his friend and to make his name immortal, transformed him in the famous namesake flower.

Telling how Apollo twice had to get slave in mortal service. The first time was when, along with Poseidon, Hera and Athena wanted to take the power of Zeus and so I tried to tie him with huge iron chains and the hang in the sky. The conspiracy but failed and punishment of Apollo was to guard the flocks of King Laomedon of Troy, on the slopes of Mount Ida. Apollo and did so, once and could not even antimilisei to his father, the almighty Zeus. But soon passed one year, the Laomedontas refused to pay God for his service and drove home anyhow. When he protested, he threatened to cut off his ears and sell it like slave. Once Apollo rediscovered his divine power, he sent murderous plague in Troy that ravaged the country for six whole months. Women gave birth to dead children, decimated herds and crops dry up without giving fruit.

Apollo passed the test of shepherd and again. This was when Zeus thunder Asclepius, because he had progressed so much in medicine, so he succeeds in resurrecting the dead. Phoebus was wounded by the death of his son and to avenge marked with golden arrows over Olympus Cyclopes had built the thunder. Jupiter indignant anymore by the conduct of Apollo not joking at all; he wanted to imprison his son in oloskoteina and inhospitable Tartarus, in the bowels of Mother Gaia. But Leto asked him to lighten his sentence. Only then Zeus relented and ordered Apollo to enter the service of King Admetus. When Apollo came to Ferres Thessaly and presented to Admetus, that the sweetness of the form and the divine beauty of realized that was a god disguised as a mortal. He fell to his knees and offered him his throne. Apollo but explained that it was the will of Zeus to work in the service of and excited by good behavior and respect of Admetus, brought prosperity to the palace and throughout the country; all the cows gave birth to two calves at a time, the fields karpizan twice a year and more and more wealth concentrated in the hands of noble Admetus.

Our team took part in the Giants alongside his father Zeus. Also he participated in the Trojan war and was always on the side of the Trojans. Also contributed to the completion of the Argonauts helping Jason to reach the magical land of Aiiti.Dyo times took Apollo to use the shuttles in order to defend his mother, Leto. The first time was when the giant Tityus wished Leto and tried to rape her. The divine son acted lightning; killed by the arrows of the giant a bit before making the dishonest thinking. Some other time together with his sister Artemis killed her children Niobe, except two, when he boasted that he was happiest and luckiest of Leto who only had two children while she was fourteen. Apollo killed by the arrows of male children and Artemis her daughters. Zeus took pity on Niobe and transformed into rock still crying at the loss of her children.

Apollo was generally the god of music and poetry. So he presided over on Mount Helicon, the struggles of the Muses. Moreover, he was god and divination. They believed that inspires both seers and poets. Also was a god shepherd who loves with the Nymphs and young flowers were bound it with vegetation and nature. He was still a warrior god with golden bows and arrows could send away from his revenge.

The sacred animals dedicated to Apollo was the wolf and deer. From the birds the swan, the vulture and crow of their throws were taking oracles. Finally, from marine animals dolphin, whose name reminded Delphi, the main temple of Apollo. Laurel was the eminently sacred plant of the god.

Apollo was the personification of light and sun. He represented the arts, music and poetry, so much loved and cultivated by the ancient Greeks.

Orpheus was the son of Calliope and either Oeagrus or Apollo. He was the greatest musician and poet of Greek myth, whose songs could charm wild beasts and coax even rocks and trees into movement. He was one of the Argonauts, and when the Argo had to pass the island of the Sirens, it was Orpheus’ music which prevented the crew from being lured to destruction.

DSC00355 - Orfeo (epoca romana) - Foto G. Dall'Orto.jpg

 Orphic hymn to Apollo

Come, oh Makarios paean, who slew the Tityus, Phoebe Lykoreias, Memfiti, thou who timasai brilliant, everything Inf, the provider Eftychios. where you chrysin(=Golden) lyran and has relationship with the seeds, the patron saint of farmers, Pythias, Titan, the Gryneios. As Sminthefs, the murderer of python, everything Delphic, as soothsayer, wild, God who bring light, dear, what glorious new agreements where you are the leader of the Muses, the leader of the dance, the makrovolos, whatever archer what Gill and Didymefs, Sagittarius, everything Loxias, whatever pure, h retrieves Delos, where your eye, illuminating the people, sees everything, thou golden crown, where we have allocated net prophetic voices and oracles, hear my prayer for people with joyous heart; because you see all this vast ether and from the top you see the happy land and beneath the dark at night this time of quiet, who has eyes for the stars, you see the roots (foundations), and have the ends of the whole world (under your eyes), you take care about the beginning and the end, and do everything to thallium thou each pole mounted with the guitar, which has great sound of times while attending to the termini of the NEAT (the lowest string), once again to ypatin (the highest string = ypsilotatin chordin), other times compounded each pole in the design were Dorian (arrangement). Differentiate retained into life sexes combine with harmony the global fate of people (the Share the position of humans in the whole world); blended equally with both (and the neatin and the ypatin) in winter and summer, winter you made a distinction between areas Hypatia and summer with Tash NEAT and formed a nice Doric blossom beloved earos

Orpheus (left, with lyre) among the Thracians, from an Attic red-figure bell-krater (ca. 440 BC)

Orpheus playing the lyre, from a southern Italian Greek vase. 330 B.C. Canossa, Italy. Munich Antikensammlung. Photo: Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY.


When Orpheus’ wife, Eurydice, was killed by the bite of a serpent, he went down to the underworld to bring her back. His songs were so beautiful that Hades finally agreed to allow Eurydice to return to the world of the living. However, Orpheus had to meet one condition: he must not look back as he was conducting her to the surface. Just before the pair reached the upper world, Orpheus looked back, and Eurydice slipped back into the netherworld once again.

Orpheus was inconsolable at this second loss of his wife. He spurned the company of women and kept apart from ordinary human activities. A group of Ciconian Maenads, female devotees of Dionysus, came upon him one day as he sat singing beneath a tree. They attacked him, throwing rocks, branches, and anything else that came to hand. However, Orpheus’ music was so beautiful that it charmed even inanimate objects, and the missiles refused to strike him. Finally, the Maenads’ attacked him with their own hands, and tore him to pieces. Orpheus’ head floated down the river, still singing, and came to rest on the isle of Lesbos.

Orpheus was also reputed to be the founder of the Orphic religious cult.

Orpheus (/ˈɔrfiəs, ˈɔrfjuːs/GreekὈρφεύς) Traditionally, Orpheus was the son of a Muse (probably Calliope, the patron of epic poetry) and Oeagrus, a king of Thrace (other versions give Apollo). According to some legends, Apollo gave Orpheus his first lyre. Orpheus’s singing and playing were so beautiful that animals and even trees and rocks moved about him in dance.was a legendary musician, poet, and prophet in ancient Greek religion and myth. The major stories about him are centered on his ability to charm all living things and even stones with his music, his attempt to retrieve his wife, Eurydice, from the underworld, and his death at the hands of those who could not hear his divine music. As an archetype of the inspired singer, Orpheus is one of the most significant figures in the reception of classical mythology in Western culture, portrayed or alluded to in countless forms of art and popular culture including poetry, film, opera, music, and painting.

The serpent biting Eurydice 5.Charles Nanteuil 1792-1865: Eurydice mourante. Musée de Picardie, Amiens.

“We grant the man his wife to go with him, bought by his song; yet let our law restrict the gift, that, while he Tartarus quits, he shall not turn his gaze.” (Hades. Boethius, Consolation of Philosophy 3.42).

“Who can give lovers laws?” (Boethius, Consolation of Philosophy 3.47).

Orpheus, king of the Ciconians, is counted among the ARGONAUTS. Orpheus practised minstrelsy and by his songs moved stones and trees, holding also a spell over the wild beasts. He descended to theUnderworld in order to fetch his dead wife, but had to return without her.

Orpheus loses his wife

Orpheus, whom Apollo taught to play the lyre, traveled to Egypt where he increased his knowledge about the gods and their initiatory rites, bringing from that country most of his mystic ceremonies, orgiastic rites, and his extraordinary account of his descent to the Underworld. Orpheus became famous because of his poems and his songs, excelling everyone in the beauty of his verse and music. He also reached a high degree of influence because he was believed to have discovered mysteries, purification from sins, cures of diseases, and means of averting divine wrath. Some say that Orpheus introduced a cult ofDionysus 2 that was very similar to the cult of Osiris, and that of Isis, which resembles the cult ofDemeter. But others affirm that he praised all the gods except Dionysus 2. The Aeginetans worshipedHecate, and in her honor celebrated every year mystic rites which, they said, had been taught to them by Orpheus. And the Lacedaemonians asserted that it was Orpheus who had taught them the cult ofDemeter Chthonia (of the Lower World). Orpheus married Eurydice 5, but she, while strolling through the grass with a group of naiads, was smitten in the ankle by a serpent, which shot its poison into her body and killed her. Having mourned her to the full in the upper world, Orpheus decided to fetch her, and for that purpose he descended to Hades through the gate of Taenarus. Having descended to the Underworld, Orpheus accompanied his words with the music of the lyre, and it is told that not only the spirits wept but that also the ERINYES were wet with tears. He also entranced Persephone by his songs, and persuaded her to help him in his desire to bring back to life his dead wife. And so even Hades himself was persuaded to let her go.

Orpheus loses his wife again

However, the god promised to do so only if on the way up Orpheus would not turn round until he came to his own house. But thoughtless Orpheus forgot, and when he turned round and looked at his wife, she instantly slipped into the depths again. In this manner Orpheus lost her a second time.

Some read the story thus:

“To you this tale refers,
Who seek to lead your mind
Into the upper day;
For he who overcome should turn back his gaze
Towards the Tartarean cave,
Whatever excellence he takes with him
He loses when he looks on those below.”
(Boethius, Consolation of Philosophy 3.52).

Hades and Persephone listen to Orpheus’ song in the Underworld.
5132: H. W. Bissen, 1798-1868: Orpheus pleading with Pluto and Proserpina to restore Eurydice to him. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen.

Some have thought that through his descent to the Underworld, Orpheus performed a deed full of courage inspired by love.

Not willing to die

But others point out that Orpheus did not receive his wife back, because his attempt was the quest of a coward, who was not willing to die for her but entered the Underworld alive, and alive he left both Underworld and wife, who in that way died twice. And as they reason thus, they have in mind Alcestis, who was allowed to return from the Underworld for having willingly died for love of her husband.

Death of Orpheus

Some affirm that Orpheus was torn in pieces by the MAENADS, but others say that he committed suicide out of grief for the death of his wife. Still others assert that Orpheus came to his end by being struck by a thunderbolt, hurled at him by god because he revealed sayings in the mysteries to men who had not heard them before. Yet others say that because Orpheus first favored love for youths, he seemed to insult women, and for this reason the latter killed him.

Aphrodite, Calliope, Dionysus 2Apollo

Concerning the MAENADS or women who killed him, some say that when Aphrodite and Persephone were both in love with Adonis, Orpheus’ mother Calliope was then appointed judge by Zeus, and she decided that each should possess him half the year. Aphrodite then, angry at the decision, stirred all the women in Thrace with love, each to seek Orpheus for herself, so that they tore him limb from limb. But some affirm that these women were instigated by Dionysus 2, who was angry against Orpheus because he had looked into the rites of the god. His head fell into the sea and was cast by the waves upon the island of Lesbos where the Lesbians buried it, and for having done this the Lesbians have the reputation of being skilled in music. In the island of Lesbos, they say, Orpheus had a shrine where oracles were given until Apollo, the god of prophecy, rebuked him:

Orpheus losong his wife while leaving the Underworld. 5125: Orpheus and Eurydice. Painting from 1806 by C. G. Kratzenstein-Stub, 1793-1860. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen.

“Cease to meddle with my affairs, for I have already put up long enough with your vaticinations.” (Flavius Philostratus, Life of Apollonius of Tyana 4.14).

Women and wine

It is also told that the Thracian women plotted Orpheus’ death, because he had persuaded their husbands to follow him in his wanderings, and that first after having drinking much wine, they dared to kill him. This is the reason why their husbands hereafter adopted the custom to march to battle drunk.

River remembered him

Some believe he was killed near Mount Pieria, and close to this place an urn was preserved, which was said to contain the bones of Orpheus. It is also told that when the women who killed Orpheus wished to wash off in a river the blood-stains, the river sank underground, not wishing to lend its waters to cleanse manslaughter.

Bones and nightingales

It is told that the city of Libethra had received an oracle concerning the bones of Orpheus, which stated that when the sun should see his bones the city would be destroyed by a boar. Nobody believed a boar able to cause such a huge destruction, but when one day by accident the urn fell and broke exposing the bones, that same night came a heavy rain, and the river Sys (Boar), one of the torrents about Olympus, destroyed the walls of Libethra, overturning sanctuaries and houses, and drowning the inhabitants and all the animals in the city.

The Thracians used to say that the nightingales that build their nests on the grave of Orpheus sing more sweetly than others.

Constellation Lyra

It has also been said that Orpheus’ scattered limbs were gathered by the MUSES, who buried them and put the Lyre among the constellations as a memorial.

Family

Parentage

Mates

Offspring

Notes

Oeagrus & Calliope

unknown & Pierus’ Daughter

Oeagrus is sometimes called son of Ares. Otherwise Charops 4 is mentioned as his father. Charops 4 is known for having warned Dionysus 2 of the plot of Lycurgus 1 against him. That is why Dionysus 2, having defeated the Thracians in a battle and killed Lycurgus 1, made Charops 5, out of gratitude for his help, king of Thrace, and instructed him in the secret initiatory rites. Later Oeagrus inherited both the throne and the initiatory rites.

Calliopeis one of the MUSES.

Pierus was king of Pella in Macedonia and son of Magnes 1, son of Aeolus 1 and a naiad. He was father of nine daughters who defied the MUSES in a contest of song being defeated by the goddesses. The MUSESthemselves are sometimes called Pierides.


Eurydice 5
Musaeus

The parentage of Eurydice 5 is unknown.

Other Eurydices: Eurydice 1 was the wife of the king of Nemea; Eurydice 2 was mother of Danae; Eurydice 3 is one of the DANAIDS; Eurydice 4 is a nereid; Eurydice 6was mother of the king of Troy, Laomedon 1; Eurydice 7 was married to Neleus, founder of Pylos; Eurydice 8 was Nestor‘s wife; Eurydice 9 was a daughter of Amphiaraus and Eriphyle; Eurydice 10 was married toAeneas; Eurydice 11 was mother of Alcmena; Eurydice 12 was married to Creon 2, regent of Thebes.

Musaeus, who some say was not son of Orpheus but of Antiophemus, also wrote songs and poems and uttered oracles, being trained by Apollo and the MUSES. It is said that he received from Boreas 1 (the North Wind) the gift of flight.

In seal found and dated around th 2nd century AD, appears engraved a crucified man. Resting on a V, having on top of the cross and the crescent above 7 stars appear as crosses. Knowing that time was expanding rapidly Christianity, this finding would not impress us. But what sets it apart is that it bears engraved words “Orphee VAKCHIKOS”(«ΟΡΦΕΥΣ ΒΑΚΧΙΚΟΣ»). Refers So the ancient Greek mystic Orpheus? Rather paradoxically, as the myth of Orpheus says no crucified, but disintegrated and massacred by angry Maenads.
In the first centuries of the emergence of Christianity, some Christian Gnostic currents have identified Christ with Orpheus. It was the similarity of the teachings and moral principles between Christianity and Orphism, which led to this identification. The Crucified Orpheus, perhaps reminding this similarity, uniting old and new symbols.
But interest is the relationship of names Βάκχος – Bacchus (or ‘Iacchos’) and Jesus: in Hebrew, Bacchus / Iacchos JEHSU, which is pronounced “Iesou”. To the Phoenicians and Kanaaites simply transferred as IHS, that for neutral or cationic Greeks, and directly across from the Jews “Jesus.”
V is displayed at the bottom of the cross and in which rests the crucified feet, perhaps associated with seven crosses / stars of the peak, which crowned him crucified. V is one of the ancient symbols of the divine feminine, evoking the womb that gives birth. The number 7 is associated with the Greek goddess Aphrodite, the Goddess of femininity, beauty and love. Interestingly, in Arabic numerals, the number seven is written as V.The Roman numeration, V is the number 5, it is also associated with Aphrodite and the namesake of the planet, which, as has been observed by astronomers of ancient times, with forms to swing a pentacle (5A) in the sky, over a period of 7 years.
The L in Arabic numerals is 8. The symbol  Λ (=L) is associated with the male principle, referring to the phallus that impregnates the matrix. The number 8 is also connected to the sulfur male element, the earth man with a balance therebetween, the regeneration, and hence with the Godman Christ.
Putting it on the V L, formed X, ie the lateral cross. In Roman numbering, X is 10 (number refers to the unit) and mathematics is the multiplication sign.
The crescent at the top of the cross, just above the head of the crucified, is another reference to ancient female deity, the Moon Goddess. Thus, the female element appears to frame the crucified man, supporting his feet and crowning his head …
How positioned his legs crossed on V,the size of the V and the placement of the stars on the top, it seems as if the whole performance springs (born) through the V and ends at 7 stars.
Another paradox of the show is the appearance of crucified man, because the crucifix is not displayed as a symbol of Christianity before the Middle Ages. That refers to the crucified Orpheus makes the symbol even more strange and enigmatic …

 

Thracian Girl Carrying the Head of Orpheus on His Lyre by Gustave Moreau (1865)

Orpheus & Eurydike

Arion

Arion in sea steed, work of William-Adolf Bougkero (1855).

Lyric poet from Mithymna (Molivos) on Lesvos. The information we have about Arion is scarce and mainly come from the historian Herodotus. We do not even know the year of birth and death.

Arion left early from Lesvos and lived close to the tyrant of Corinth Periandros (625-585 BC). He was the best guitar player of his time and contributed to the evolution of the dithyramb, the chant of the Dionysian cult, which was the forerunner of tragedy. As a poet and composer wrote songs (dithyramb) and preambles (kitharodikous rules) of which were not saved nor a verse.

For his life is a story, which is more like a fairy tale and we bequeathed Herodotus. Once, Arion decided to travel to Sicily for a living. There, after the art of the gathered much money and riches, began the return trip with a Corinthian ship.

During the voyage the sailors decided to rob and to throw him overboard. Arion offered to give the money to save his life, but in vain. Then, he begged them to do one last favor. Let him sing before his death. The sailors were.

Arion, he wore well, he took his guitar in his hands, stood on the bow of the boat and sang the “standing law”, a hymn to the god Apollo. A dolphin was considered the sacred animal of Apollo took him on his back and pulled the Tenaro cape. From there, the Aryans went on foot in Corinth, stating the details in Periander. That after having verified what had recounted Arion ordered the arrest of the Corinthians, who meanwhile had returned to Corinth and ordered to be killed.

Sappho (/ˈsæf/; Attic Greek Σαπφώ[sapːʰɔ̌ː], Aeolic Greek Ψάπφω, Psappho[psápːʰɔː]) was a Greek lyric poet, born on the island of Lesbos. TheAlexandrians included her in the list of nine lyric poets. Her birth was sometime between 630 and 612 BCE, and it is said that she died around 570 BCE, but little is known for certain about her life. The bulk of her poetry, which was well-known and greatly admired through much ofantiquity,has been lost; however, her immense reputation has endured through surviving fragments.

Sappho’s recently discovered poem on old age (lines 9–20), assigned to Book IV based on its meter. 3rd-century BC papyrus (P.Köln XI 429), from a 2007 exhibit of the Altes Museum

Bust inscribed, literally Sapfo Eresia, meaning Sappho ofEresos.Roman copy of a Greek original of the 5th century BC

Sappho. Fresco from Pompeii

Roman bust of Sappho found atSmyrna (Izmir), copied from a lost Hellenistic original (Istanbul Archaeological Museum)

Sappho on an Attic red-figure vase by the Brygos Painter, c. 470 BC.

Sappho reading to her companions on an Attic vase of c. 435 BC

The Greek language is not accidental … It was built on mathematics, and what few even know is that every word in ellinikiechei mathematical background. The letters in the Greek language is not sterile symbols. Upright, upside down with a special intonation, they were all of 1620 symbols that were used in Harmony (Music in Modern Greek). The most important is the property that each letter has a numerical value / value, each letter is a number, so by extension, and each word is a number.

This plundered cist tomb, built of limestone and situated at the edge of the Great Tumulus next to the ‘heroon’, was named Tomb of Persephone because of its painted ornamentation. Prominent among figures of the Fates and of Demeter seated on the “mirthless rock” is a depiction of the abduction of Persephone by the god of the underworld, Pluto.

The artistry of execution, strength of conception and restraint of colouring all denote an artist of great talent(perhaps Nikomachos = Battle winner from: Niki+ Machi) of the mid-4th century BC; this dating is supported by the sherds of pottery found in the interior of the tomb.

Hades abducting Persephone, a mural from the Macedonian royal tomb at Vergina, mid 4th century BC

Greek Numbers and Arithmetic

(ALPHA – ΑΛΦΑ = 1 + 30 + 500 + 1 = 532 => 5 + 3 + 2 = 10 => 1 + 0 = 1

EN = 5 + 50 = 55 => 5 + 5 = 10 => 1 + 0 = 1

OMIKRON – ΟΜΙΚΡΟΝ = 70 + 40 + 10 + 20 + 100 + 70 + 50 = 360, as there are degrees of the circle

INDEX:

Γράμμα

Αξία

Γράμμα

Αξία

Γράμμα

Αξία

Γράμμα

Αξία

Α´

1

Ι´

10

Ρ´

100

͵Α

1000

Β´

2

Κ´

20

Σ´

200

͵Β

2000

Γ´

3

Λ´

30

Τ´

300

͵Γ

3000

Δ´

4

Μ´

40

Υ´

400

͵Δ

4000

Ε´

5

Ν´

50

Φ´

500

͵Ε

5000

Ϛ´

6

Ξ´

60

Χ´

600

͵Ϛ

6000

Ζ´

7

Ο´

70

Ψ´

700

͵Z

7000

Η´

8

Π´

80

Ω´

800

͵H

8000

Θ´

9

Ϟ´

90

Ϡ´

900

͵Θ

9000

The earliest numerical notation used by the Greeks was the Attic system. It employed the vertical stroke for a one, and symbols for “5″, “10″, “100″, “1000″, and “10,000″. Though there was some steamlining of its use, these symbols were used in a similar way to the Egyptian system, being that symbols were used repeatedly as needed and the system was non positional. By the Alexandrian Age, the Greek Attic system of enumeration was being replaced by the Ionian or alphabetic numerals. This is the system we discuss.

The (Ionian) Greek system of enumeration was a little more sophisticated than the Egyptian though it was non-positional. Like the Attic and Egyptian systems it was also decimal. Its distinguishing feature is that it was alphabetical and required the use of more than 27 different symbols for numbers plus a couple of other symbols for meaning. This made the system somewhat cumbersome to use. However, calculation lends itself to a great deal of skill within almost any system, the Greek system being no exception.

A vast knowledge locked-coded into words because of mathematical values they have. One of the pioneers on the matter was maximum Pythagoras.

The numbers, shapes, harmony and the stars have something in common, so respectively mathematics (numbers) geometry (shape), harmony (music) and astro-nomy (one star = a-choris- bracket + natural nomoipou govern ) were sisters sciences by Pythagoras, which in this series we discussed was the ladder to development (= ex -tou- helix, DNA) of mind-soul to the Creator.

A Creator who created based on these four disciplines. 27 symbols-figures in numerical value make up the Greek Alphabet, 3 groups of 9 numbers-symbols each group, totaling each group 45, 450, 4,500.
ALPHA = 1 + 30 + 500 + 1 = 532 => 5 + 3 + 2 = 10 => 1 + 0 = 1
EN = 5 + 50 = 55 => 5 + 5 = 10 => 1 + 0 = 1
OMIKRON = 70 + 40 + 10 + 20 + 100 + 70 + 50 = 360, as there are degrees of the circle

To be able to understand the meanings of the concepts of words of ancient Greek tongue should first know a little about the actual Greek language.

The ancient Greek language is the only one that is not based on the fact that some people just sit and agreed to call an object “x” or “y” as all other sterile world languages. The Greek language is a mathematical masterpiece that will try to approach.

The beginning of everything is the same as the Greek alphabet (which of course we did not get it from someone else as we shall see, because factually not possible). The letters of the Greek alphabet as a whole was 33 and as many vertebrae, the last five vertebrae (playing the role of the antenna) directly related to the brain and corresponding to the last 5 ineffable letters which only the priests knew * one of them It was the right (or Gammadion) which in Latin became swstika and the Nazis stole and name Swastika. This symbol is the life-giving Sun (Apollo), the Nazis reversed it to symbolize the opposite of life-giving Sun, ie dark death.

There were also some letters which over time abolished as Digamma (F), Qoppa (Q), stigma (S ‘), Saba (ϡ)
Pythagoras inform us about the 3 levels of Greek language which are:

963
1. Talking
2. Signifier (a. Signal b. Signified)
3. caches (a. Time b. Vibration c. Lexarithmos d. Tonarithmos)
-The First is the speech
-The Second is the relationship between the mark and the signified that we will analyze below
-The Third is the interval (distance & time), vibration (which awakens the brain through resonance frequencies of the pulses dimiourgithentes – Pallas Athena) the lexarithmos (relation of letters and words with numbers) and tonarithmos (relation of letters and words of tunes )

Each letter corresponding to a number, and a musical tone so letter = number = tone (musician), which shows that in our language behind letters-words are numbers (lexarithmoi) and musical sounds (tonarithmoi).

The four sisters sciences by Pythagoras were:
1. Numbers (mathematics)
2. Shapes (Geometry)
3. Music (Harmony)
4. Astronomy

The sciences are interrelated and are into each another like Russian bampouskes. Combine alphabet enclosing numbers and musical tones with these 4 disciplines.

1.Astronomia = + astir law, a-Justice = is not supported, so astronomy = the universal laws that govern what is not based somewhere, who have to do with music (harmony), shapes (geometry) numbers (mathematics ) and all the ether that surrounds the heavenly realms.
2.The Pythagoras heard the harmony (music) of the celestial Spheres thus speak a language that has to do with the flow of the universe.

The enormous importance of music for the Pythagoreans

 <<<<<<<<PYTHAGORAS AND MUSIC>>>>>>>
                                                                                                            
So it said that Pythagoras, and practice once, with the help spondiakou State played a piper, extinguished the rage of an intoxicated young Tafromenitou, who during the night attacked with loud voices against his mistress at the door of his rival by drawing to set fire to the house. And so, being in a tizzy and he is steady due to the Phrygian melody lumen. This passion has rapidly healed Pythagoras, who happened at that moment, at an inappropriate time, to deal with the laws governing the stars. Then said the piper to turn the Phrygian melody spondaic, with which the young man, having calmed down, returned immediately and decency in his house, and just now not only tolerated by Pythagoras or admonition, but with fury and insults He had refused to meet him.


That is not the Alphabet is copied from elsewhere seen in that in the year 2300 BC (Studies of Tziropoulou other and not 800 BC) by Homer already at the disposal of 6,500,000 primary words (first person singular present tense &) which if you multiply CH72 which calls will draw a huge number which is not the final, because do not forget that the Greek language is not sterile, born.
The Greek language is the only one that can be used for H / Y due mathimatikotitas and musicality not only the alphabet-word, but the mathematical concepts generated eg The word becomes THESIS: Synthesis, assault, filing, hypothesis, Exposition, Addition, prothesis, anaThesis, available Antithesis etc etc if now these words the English translation is completely unrelated.

If we compare now eg the English language has 80,000 words, of which 80% are Greek as we inform the University of Wales, and measure that this sterile language evolves 1000 years, we effortlessly draw the conclusion that Homer receives a language which has a depth the year 100,000 BC; 500,000 BC; who knows …
But the ultimate proof is the same of the mathimatikotita, which does not exist in any other language of the world. Do not even forget that the Creator uses math to create, so our language is necessarily related to the source (root-0/1).

But before the “crypt” is the “Signifier”, ie the connection of words with meanings. He said earlier that foreign dialects defined by agreement, ie some agreed that such and such a subject would call it “X”, which makes the languages sterile, so they can give birth to new words, so there mathimatikotita therefore can not describe new concepts that exist in nature, resulting in the brain where it can not describe through new words new meanings remain in the dark, so the neurons of the brain does not generate new as opposed to those who use the Greek.

How could eg the English or the French or the X, Y with a word that has 10 concepts to describe accurately and therefore clearly a deeper meaning? let alone the multiple aspects of this? It can not be So why all started here. It means therefore is connecting the signal to the signified, that the word itself is generated in such a manner that describes the meaning esokleinei instruments.

Example: The naming of the word curry (Walnut), as we read in thesecretrealtruth, from an observation of nature (as all words), ie when two horned animals (Rams, goats etc.) tra.kar.oun with ker.ata their sounds “crack” or “fem”, the sound he gave the name “horn” (horn) the horn gave the name of the State or skull (head) and the nicknames of this curry (small head). curry (nut) looks amazing to the human head and the interior of the brain.
Y is the root of the verb YO (rain) where Y is concavity (or convexity) that mates something, rain (water element) enters (nest) into the earth.

The musical – numeric alphabet creates musical – mathematical words that describe respective concepts which come from the observation of nature ie of Creation so by extension of the same Creator, but the question is how many millennia may be needed to create this perfect mathematical complex letters are numbers, yet musical tones and words that all the numbers and music tones into their hide Except for complex musical harmonies, concepts which are not random at all but after extensive observation of nature?

Arguably, therefore our Antisthenes recalls “wisdom Authority names visitation”

De Groot (Netherlands Homeric texts professor at the University of Montreal)

“The Greek language has continuity and teaches to be ownerless and got a glory, that an opinion. In this language there is no orthodoxy. So even if the education system wants people law-abiding – a mold – the spirit of ancient texts and language in learning to be a boss. “
James Joyce (Famous Irish author, 1882-1941)

“Almost afraid to touch the Odyssey, the oppressive beauty is unbearable.”
The great French writer Jacques Lakarrier said:

“In Greek there is a vertigo of words, because only she explored, recorded and analyzed the innermost processes of speech and language, more than any other language.”
The great French enlightener Voltaire had said

“May the Greek language to become common all peoples.”
The French professor at the Sorbonne said Charles Foriel

“The Greek has homogeneity as the German, but richer than that. He has the clarity of the French, but it has greater precision. It is more flexible than the Italian and much more harmonious than the Spanish. Is that what it takes to be considered the most beautiful language of Europe. “
Marianna McDonald, professor of the University of California and Head of TLG said

“Knowledge of Greek is essential foundation of high cultural cultivation.”
The blind American writer Helen Keller had told

“If the violin is the most perfect musical instrument, the Greek language is the violin of human thought.”
John Goethe (The greatest poet of Germany, 1749-1832)

“I listened to St. Peter’s in Rome the Gospel in all languages. The Greek resonated star glowing in the night. “
Dialogue of Goethe with his disciples:

-Daskale What to read to become wise as you?

-the Greek classics.

-And When we finish the Greek classics what to read?

-Old Greek classics.
George Bernard Shaw (Great Irish playwright, 1856-1950)

“If the library of your home you do not have the works of ancient Greek authors, then you live in a house without light.”
Mark Tillios Cicero (the foremost man of ancient Rome, 106-43 BC)

“If the gods speak, then certainly use the language of the Greeks.”
Humphrey Kitty (English professor at the University of Bristol, 1968)

“It’s the nature of the Greek language is clean, precise and complex. The ambiguity and lack of direct enoraseos featuring sometimes English and German, is completely foreign to the Greek language. “
Irina Kovaleva (Modern Russian professor at the University Lomonosov, 1995)

“The Greek language is beautiful like heaven to the stars.”
RH Robins (Contemporary English linguist, professor at the University of London)

“Of course not only in linguistics where Greeks were pioneers in Europe. Overall Europe’s spiritual life goes back to the work of Greek thinkers.

Even today we return unceasingly in Greek heritage to find stimulation and encouragement. “
Frederick Sagkredo (Basque linguistics professor – Chairman of the Greek Academy of Vaskonias)

“The Greek language is the best legacy that has been available to the man on the evolution of the brain. Against all Greek and insist all languages are inadequate. “

“The ancient Greek language should become the second language of all Europeans, especially the cultured people.”

“The Greek language is of divine essence.”
Heinrich Schliemann (Renowned amateur archaeologist, 1822-1890)

“Everything I wanted passionately to learn Greek. I did not do it because I was afraid that the deep charm of this magnificent language would absorb so much that would have removed my other activities. “(The Schliemann spoke 18 languages seamlessly. For two years did nothing other than the studying 2 poems of Homer).
Ibn Khaldoun (Largest Arab historian)

“Where is the secretariat of the Assyrians, the Chaldeans, the Egyptians? All mankind has inherited the secretariat of the Greeks alone. “
Will Durant (American historian and philosopher, professor at the University of Columbia)

“Our alphabet came from Greece by Kimi and Rome. Our language is littered Greek words. Our science esfyrilatise Mian international language by the Greek terms. Our grammar and our rhetoric, even the punctuation and the division areas paragraphs … is Greek inventions. Our genres are Greeks – the lyric, the ode, the romance, the novel, the essay, the prosfonisis, biography, history and above all the vision. And almost all of these words are Greek. “
Jacqueline de Romigy (Modern French Academician and author)

“Ancient Greece offers us a language, which will say that it is universal.”

“Everyone needs to learn Greek, because the Greek language helps us first of all to understand our own language.”
Bruno Snell (Distinguished Professor at the University of Hamburg)

“The Greek language is the past of the Europeans.”
Frangkiskos Ligkora (Modern Italian university professor and president of the International Academy for the dissemination of culture)

“Greeks can be proud to speak the Greek language alive and the mother of all other languages. Do not neglect, since this is one of the few goods we have left and also your passport to the world civilization. “
The. Vantrouska (Professor of Linguistics at the University of Vienna)

“For a Japanese or Turkish, all European languages are not seen as separate but as dialects of one and the same language, Greek.”
Peter Jones (PhD – Professor at Oxford University who drafted lessons of ancient Greek WITH readership, for publication in the newspaper «DailyTelegraph»)

The Greeks of Athens in the 5th and 4th century had reached the language to the point that with her to explore ideas such as democracy and the origins of the universe, concepts such as sulfur and law. It is a wonderful and great language. “
Gilbert Murray (Professor, University of Oxford)

“The Greek is the perfect language. Often one finds that a thought can be expressed with ease and grace in Greek, and becomes difficult and severe in Latin, English, French or German. It is the perfect language, because it expresses the thoughts most perfect people. “
Max Von Laye (Nobel Prize in Physics)

“I Graces in divine providence, because it pleased to teach ancient Greek, who helped me to penetrate deeper into the meaning of science.”
E, Norden (the great German philologist)

“In addition to Chinese and Japanese, all other languages were formed under the influence of Greek, from which they took, besides many words, rules and grammar.”
Martin Heidegger (German philosopher, of the main representatives of existentialism in the 20th century)

“The ancient Greek language belongs to the standards through which showcase the spiritual forces of creative genius, because with respect to the possibilities provided in thought, is the most powerful and yet the most witty of all languages of the world.”
David Crystal (Aka English professor, author of the Encyclopedia of Cambridge for the English)

“It’s amazing to see how much more we rely on the Greek, to talk about entities and events at the heart of modern life.”
Michael Ventris (The man who deciphered the Linear B)

“The ancient Greek language was and is higher all the old and new languages.”
R.H. Robins (Linguist and author)

“The Greek triumph in the spiritual culture is that gave so much to so many sectors […]. Their achievements in the field of linguistics which was extremely strong, ie the theory of grammar and grammatical description of the language is strong enough to merit and to withstand criticism. Also be such as to inspire gratitude and our admiration. “
Luis José Navarro (Deputy to the educational program “Evroklassika” of the EU)

“The Greek language for me is like cosmogony. It is not just a language … “
Juan Jose Puhana Arza (Basque Hellenist and politician)

“We must proclaim that there has been in the world a language which can be compared to the classical Greek.”
D’Eichtal (French author)

“The Greek language is a language which has all the features, all the conditions of an international tongue … touches these same beginnings of civilization … which not only there was no stranger to none of the major events of the human spirit, religion, in politics, in literature, the arts, the sciences, but was also the first tool – to scan all these – so to speak, the womb … Language logic while euphonic, among all the other … “
Theodore F. Brunner (TLG founder and director until 1997)

“Anyone who wonder why so many millions of dollars spent on the hoarding of Greek words, we reply: But this is the language of our ancestors and contact with them will improve our culture.”
Jacques Lang (French Ministry of Education)

“I would like to see to learn Ancient Greek, with the same zeal that we demonstrate, and Greek schools.”
In his work “A Brief History of the Greek Language” by the famous linguist A.. Meillet, supported strongly the superiority of Greek over other languages.

WHAT THE WORD ETYMOLOGY MEANS

This is moreover one in which meets the concept of the word “etymos” (from which the conditions produced “ετυμολογία”  – “etymology” –  “ετυμολογικό=etymological”), which means: True, real.

Let’s deal with the etymo words.

  1. an undeniable kinship relation to: ΜΕΤΟΠΗ, ΕΥΡΩΠΗ, ΚΥΚΛΩΨ, ΜΥΩΠΙΑ.
    ΚΑΛΛΙΟΠΗ. (EUROPE, CYCLOPS, METOPI, EUROPE, MYOPIA, CALLIOPE)

We read of the “Works and Days” of Hesiod verses 168-201, where the poet mentions the mythological version of the genesis of “Iron genus” of people, the fifth in the order of creation. In this integrating and people of his time. And obviously in that we also belong, and since we are an unbroken continuity of that generation.

After enjoying the vivid Hesiodic narration from the original, but more than the most easily understood translations, we stand in certain words of the text, which in one way or another to survive until today, even if they look at first glance perhaps incomprehensible.

The isolated word is  “ευρύοπα” – “evryopa” that perform as the “Pantepoptes”. Trace the aitiologisis of any translation: the evryopas (or evryops) is a composite ευρύς + όψ – (=word – wide + brave opening) . The first of these two words are easy to understand, which is why we focus on two:

the brave opening όψ

 – the flesh = όψ – genetivus: οπός=όψις, όρασις, οφθαλμός – opsis(=the view), orasis(=the up vision), ophthalmos (=the eye). Moving to a deeper investigation, we start from the root of the word is op- from which are also produced: op-O-p-s, opsomai (op-p-inbred), OMMA (op-ma), view (op -cis), eye (ori-chamber), hole (hole in the roof as a chimney, opening that enables that vision, and then each hole).

From these basic derivatives root -op find that rescued already aftousios words: view, eye, hole, spoiled the word OMMA> ommation> eye.

We now return to λέξις – LEΞΙΣ – Lexie(=Word) “evryopa” meaning one who has wide eyes, with whom supervise everything, the Pantepoptes.

But then the associations recall to our memory a multitude of everyday words, such as: suspect – suspect – suspicious // Synopsis-efsynoptos-this-baked – autopsy – autopsy scout // – // katoptefsis on-optefo – Supervisors-Registry – on-baked – inhab-view – Flat-optron.

The word bore us directly refers to the “ROOTS” of the churches, which are among the long holes that let the beams of the roof, which was later covered with embossed plates, while concealing the edge of the beams were placed Triglyphs plates, but in between two holes (eyes) field. This second word but derived from a further Word root -op:

The ops of opos wherein extent of op- to op-.

the LEΞΙΣ –  Lexie this encounter eg in verse 158 C of the Iliad, where Homer, speaking of the beauty of Helen, says (Doric dialect): “αινώς αθανάτοισοι θεής εις ώπα έοικεν” – “Hainaus athanatoisoi theis at opa eoiken”(= ultimate immortal gods has same appearance)

From the LEΞΙΣ – Lexie(=Word) ops comes the unknown maybe complex ευρωπός (=Europe = wide), but also well-known to us bottleneck (στενωπός – stenopos = the narrow passage), and: πρόσωπον–prosopon= person, ενώπιον – enopion= before etc.

After all this opens the way to and from … Europe, which means “cytomegalovirus” as an element of beauty, which etymologically is only the female of “evryopa” we saw in the beginning.

 

In our mind now comes the Kyklop(s)-Κύκλωψ (κύκλος+ωψ) – kyclos=circle + ops) = one who has a round eye.

And that in turn reminds us of the Modern Hellenic the LEΞΙΣ-Word: presviops – From: πρέσβυς = a(=γέρον=geron=elder ) + ωψ-ops  [=bud, up vision)] = one who suffers from πρεσβυωπία-presbyopia, ie. By inability to clearly distinguish near objects, which is common in the elderly, and the SA (Ancient) myopic (who constricts eyelids to public).

The surprises continue as it is clear from the myo (= close lips) produced another series of words, such as the little-known myzo (= drink with closed lips, suck, suck), which we find among others, Xenophon (Snooze . 4,5,27):

Other finally myo derivative is myeo (= enter the sacraments, catechize, instruct, but murmured, secretly). And from this comes: myisis, mystic, mystery.

One of the nine Muses, who was distinguished for her beautiful voice, Named-hole as having Καλλι-όπη – “καλήν όπα” “Kalin opa”. Indeed, Calliope was considered the protector of the human voice products, such as rhetoric and, above all, the epic poetry. That is why the word brave opening οψ-ops (=φωνή-phoni=voice) differs from the assonance of brave opening οψ (= up vision) not only semantically but etymologically because produced by root (where epic = ratio), changing qualitatively in op- .

Agathocles = good + glory-Αγαθοκλής = αγαθός + κλέος (the owner good reputation)
Alexander-a αλέξω: απομακρύνω + ανήρ = ALEX: man + Remove the repeller men, the brave, etymologically means “push people (enemies)
Ariadne = Atoll: very+pure-πολύ + αγνή

 Aglaia Aglaia: bright, shiny- αγλαός
Alcmene = Alki: spurn + wrath: moon (αλκή + μήνη)

Αριστοτέλης (Aristoteles) which meant “the best purpose”, derived from άριστος (aristos) “best” and τέλος (telos) “purpose, aim”. This was the name of a Greek philosopher of the 4th century BC who made lasting contributions to Western thought, including the fields of logic, metaphysics, ethics and biology.
Anastasios = + per istimi: stand (ανα + ίστημι) ana+istimi
George = from the farmers (land + work) From: γεωργώ (γη or γαια-gaia+ έργον)
Dimitrios = H (Dorian type of Earth) + mother  Δη (δωρικός τύπος του Γη or γαια) + μήτηρ
Demosthenes = municipality + valence (people power) δήμος + σθένος-demos+sthenos
Diogenes = Zeus + genus (the begotten) Ζευς + γένος
Eleni = ELE: come upon, conquer (candle) ελέ
Irene=Peace-Ειρήνη = είρω- (I speak ) + νους nous-  = eiro (opt) + mind
Epaminondas = on + ameinon, progressive
Erato = Question: I love (the adorable)
Eteocles ETEC =: true glory + (having the true glory).
Evangelos = ef + advert (bearing the good messages)
Evdokia = ef + doko: I view
Evdoxia = ef + Glory (having the good reputation)
Eftychios = ef + luck
Euphemia = ef + Fimios
Electra = Helector: the radiating sun (radiation from grace)
Thalleia = million thallium (I’m full)
Thucydides = + kydos God: glory (the praise God)
Jason = Iasis: treatment (the therapist)
Jocasta = + ion kazo: perk
Iphigenia = ifi: powerful + gignomai
Calliope = beauty + ops: bud
Cleopatra = + Patria glory (the glory of the fatherland) – Κλεοπάτρα = κλέος + πάτρη – kleos + patri
Laertes = people + weigh: Elected
Leonidas = people + one thing I know: I know (Λεωνίδας = λαός + οίδα) laos+oida
Lito = Stranded
Lysistrata = unfasten Army +
Cloud = mists: pour water
Xenophon = stranger + voices Ξενοφών = ξένος + φωνέω – xeno + phoneo


 Ulysses

In Greek mythology Champs Elyseesare part of Hades. It is the final destination of the soul of heroes and virtuous. The Champs Elysees prevails eternally spring and sources of Lethe gush nectar that makes souls to forget all earthly tears and hardships. There lies in the legend Menelaus and Helen, and Cadmus and other Thebans heroes. Under the shadow Myrties practice in riding and arena or playing dice and music. Minos, brother Rhadamanthus reigns on the plain of arrival, where they had brought the sleeper Saturn that being intoxicated by drinking honey, was captured and tied by Zeus. According to the Orphic, Saturn reigned there having queen Rhea. References to the Champs Elysees in Ancient Secretariat until -4o century is rare. In Thesaurus Linguae Graecae (TLG) appear only two: There is one in the Odyssey (Odyssey 4.556) and a mention of Aristotle in that passage of Homer: Odyssey:


Oedipus = ydis + foot (the owner swollen feet) Οιδίπους = ύδης + πους – ydis + pus
Olympus = ex shine from: Όλυμπος =  λάμπω – lambo
Pausanias = ex cease
Pericles = on + glory (glorious) (Περικλής = περί + κλέος)
Penelope = pini: woof + lepo: uncoil – Πηνελόπη = πήνη + λέπω – pini + lepo
Poseidon = Drink: River + eido: I am responsible – Ποσειδών = πόσις: ποταμός + είδω – potamos + ido
Prometheus = pre + mithos: attention (the prudent) – Προμηθέας = προ + μήθος
Rea = ex Raos (ready) – Ρέα = from:ράο – rao
Socrates save + state =
Telemachus = Tele+machi = fight away – Τηλέμαχος = τήλε + μάχομαι Ex: Andromache (= battle against man), – one of the doughters of Priamus of Troja or Ilion. Ex Telepathy, etc.
Phoebus = faos: bright – Φοίβος = φάος-phaos
Christopher + = Christ fetch – Χριστόφορος = Χριστός + φέρω -christos + fero..Ex Metaphoric, periphoric etc.

Equally great interest and various names sites.
Asia = ase: surfeit (wealthy country) or by program (large area)
Attic = Atta: attaiki (very old)
Achaean = a (purpose.) + Earth = native
Europe = + broad ops (ευρύς + ωψ – eurys + ops-genetivus: optikou etc) = large eyed
Evrotas = ef + roos
Thessaly = position + als: sea (Θεσσαλία = θέσις + αλς:θάλασσα)
Thrace = from:Θράκη = θράσσω-THRASSOU= destroy
Kallirroi well = + flow (Καλλιρρόη = καλώς + ρέω)
Laconian = la (purpose.) + Akeon==oligomilitos=short speaking one) Λάκων = λα + ακέων
Macedon = makednos: high, long Μακεδών = μακεδνός
Salamina als = (rpm) + Minion: small (located near the shore)
Slav = tumult + vao (Wajda) Σλάβος = σάλος + βάω (βαίνω)
Sparta = sow
The etymology of the word Anthropos=Man by Socrates (Η ετυμολογία της λέξης Άνθρωπος κατα τον Σωκράτη)

The Greek language is the only conceptual language of the land, ie the only language in which the signifier (name) contains absolutely no misunderstanding and the signified (meaning). That today are given by each of lexin Greek colloquial various interpretations, that’s evidence had the loss of wisdom, which is inherent in our language, by current users of this, ie from us today Greeks.

But on this issue, there is a real treasure of the Greek Secretariat, which should all Greeks to study him.It is the Platonic dialogue “KRATYLOS”, which refers precisely to the history, philosophy and etymology of the Greek language names. Especially those possessed by Etymologicum our language estrus, we will be necessary to carefully read this dialogue.

Etymology

WHAT THE WORD ETYMOLOGY MEANS

The word “etymology” is found in the ancient Greek language as etymology (ἐτυμολογία) from: ἔτυμον + -λογία, = ‘study’  the word ratio, or the true meaning. The Greek poet Pindaros (522 B.C.) employed creative etymologies to flatter his sponsors. Plutarch employed etymologies that were based on vague similarities fantastic sounds. The work of Isidore of Seville Etymologiae was an encyclopedic detect “first concepts” that remained uncritically in use in Europe until the 16th century. But the Etymologicum genuinum is a grammatical encyclopedia edited in Constantinople in the 9th AD century, a project among many similar in Byzantium. The Legenda Aurea 14th century begins the narration of the life of each saint with an imaginative reference to the form of etymology.

This is moreover one in which meets the concept of the word “etymos” (from which the conditions produced “ετυμολογία”  – “etymology” –  “ετυμολογικό = etymological”), which go be said: True, real.

Let’s deal with the etymo words.

  1. An undeniable kinship relation to: ΜΕΤΟΠΗ, ΕΥΡΩΠΗ, ΚΥΚΛΩΨ, ΜΥΩΠΙΑ, ΚΑΛΛΙΟΠΗ. (EUROPE, CYCLOPS, METOPI, EUROPE, MYOPIA, CALLIOPE)

  2. The Brave opening: όψ (Ops) – the flesh = όψ – genetivus: οπός=όψις, – opsis(=the view or optic), orasis(=the up vision), όρασις, οφθαλμός (ophthalmos =the eye..ex: Ophalmiatros=eyehealer or doctor)). Moving to a deeper investigation, we start from the root of the word is op- from which are also produced: op-O-p-s, opsomai (op-p-inbred), OMMA (op-ma), view (op -cis), eye (ori-chamber), hole (hole in the roof as a chimney, opening that enables that vision, and then each hole).From these basic derivatives root -op find that rescued already aftousios words: view, eye, hole, spoiled the word OMMA- ommation – eye.

  3. The isolated word is  “ευρύοπα” – “evryopa” meaning one who has wide eyes, with whom supervise everything, that perform as the “Pantepoptes”(=Total controlers)..

  4. ..THEN one knows..What the word ΕΥΡΩΠΗ (EUROPE)Europa …means…Here:Europa being abducted by Zeus disguised as a bull, detail from an Attic (Attica was – & still is the county of Athens) krater(, 5th century; in the Tarquinia National Museum

  5. From LEΞΙΣ –  ops comes the unknown maybe complex ευρωπός (=Europe = wide), but also well-known to us bottleneck (στενωπός – stenopos = the narrow passage), and: πρόσωπον–prosopon= person, ενώπιον – enopion= before etc.

  6. Trace the aitiologisis (=reason) of any translation: the evryopas (or evryops) is a composite ευρύς + όψ – (=word – wide + brave opening) . The first of these two words are easy to understand, which is why we focus on two: We read of the “Works and Days” of Hesiod verses 168-201, where the poet mentions the mythological version of the genesis of “Iron genus” of people, the fifth in the order of creation. In this integrating and people of his time. And obviously in that we also belong, and since we are an unbroken continuity of that generation.

  7. In our mind now comes the Kyklop(s)-Κύκλωψ (κύκλος+ωψ) – kyclos=circle + ops) = one who has a round eye.

    And that in turn reminds us of the Modern Hellenic the LEΞΙΣ-Word: presviops – From: πρέσβυς = a(=γέρον=geron=elder ) + ωψ-ops  [=bud, up vision)] = one who suffers from πρεσβυωπία-presbyopia, ie. By inability to clearly distinguish near objects, which is common in the elderly, and the SA (Ancient) myopic (who constricts eyelids to public).

After enjoying the vivid Hesiodic narration from the original, but more than the most easily understood translations, we stand in certain words of the text, which in one way or another to survive until today, even if they look at first glance perhaps incomprehensible.

But then the associations recall to our memory a multitude of everyday words, such as: suspect – suspect – suspicious // Synopsis-efsynoptos-this-baked – autopsy – autopsy scout // – // katoptefsis on-optefo – Supervisors-Registry – on-baked – inhab-view – Flat-optron.

The word bore us directly refers to the “ROOTS” of the churches, which are among the long holes that let the beams of the roof, which was later covered with embossed plates, while concealing the edge of the beams were placed Triglyphs plates, but in between two holes (eyes) field.

The ops of opos wherein extent of op- to op-.

the LEΞΙΣ –  Lexie this encounter eg in verse 158 C of the Iliad, where Homer, speaking of the beauty of Helen, says (Doric dialect): “αινώς αθανάτοισοι θεής εις ώπα έοικεν” – “Hainaus athanatoisoi theis at opa eoiken”(= ultimate immortal gods has same appearance)

After all this opens the way to and from … Europe, which means “cytomegalovirus” as an element of beauty, which etymologically is only the female of “evryopa” we saw in the beginning.

 The surprises continue as it is clear from the myo (= close lips) produced another series of words, such as the little-known myzo (= drink with closed lips, suck, suck), which we find among others, Xenophon (Snooze . 4,5,27):

Other finally myo derivative is myeo (= enter the sacraments, catechize, instruct, but murmured, secretly). And from this comes: myisis, mystic, mystery.

One of the nine Muses, who was distinguished for her beautiful voice, Named-hole as having Καλλι-όπη – “καλήν όπα” “Kalin opa”. Indeed, Calliope was considered the protector of the human voice products, such as rhetoric and, above all, the epic poetry. That is why the word brave opening οψ-ops (=φωνή-phoni=voice) differs from the assonance of brave opening οψ (= up vision) not only semantically but etymologically because produced by root (where epic = ratio), changing qualitatively in op-

Guide to words translation.

(ALPHA – ΑΛΦΑ = 1 + 30 + 500 + 1 = 532 => 5 + 3 + 2 = 10 => 1 + 0 = 1

EN = 5 + 50 = 55 => 5 + 5 = 10 => 1 + 0 = 1

OMIKRON – ΟΜΙΚΡΟΝ = 70 + 40 + 10 + 20 + 100 + 70 + 50 = 360, as there are degrees of the circle

INDEX:

ΓΡΆΜΜΑ

ΑΞΊΑ

ΓΡΆΜΜΑ

ΑΞΊΑ

ΓΡΆΜΜΑ

ΑΞΊΑ

ΓΡΆΜΜΑ

ΑΞΊΑ

Α´

1

Ι´

10

Ρ´

100

͵Α

1000

Β´

2

Κ´

20

Σ´

200

͵Β

2000

Γ´

3

Λ´

30

Τ´

300

͵Γ

3000

Δ´

4

Μ´

40

Υ´

400

͵Δ

4000

Ε´

5

Ν´

50

Φ´

500

͵Ε

5000

Ϛ´

6

Ξ´

60

Χ´

600

͵Ϛ

6000

Ζ´

7

Ο´

70

Ψ´

700

͵Z

7000

Η´

8

Π´

80

Ω´

800

͵H

8000

Θ´

9

Ϟ´

90

Ϡ´

900

͵Θ

9000

The earliest numerical notation used by the Greeks was the Attic system. It employed the vertical stroke for a one, and symbols for “5″, “10″, “100″, “1000″, and “10,000″. Though there was some steamlining of its use, these symbols were used in a similar way to the Egyptian system, being that symbols were used repeatedly as needed and the system was non positional. By the Alexandrian Age, the Greek Attic system of enumeration was being replaced by the Ionian or alphabetic numerals. This is the system we discuss.

Agathocles = good + glory-Αγαθοκλής = αγαθός + κλέος (the owner good reputation)
Alexander-a αλέξω: απομακρύνω + ανήρ = ALEX: man + Remove the repeller men, the brave, etymologically means “push people (enemies)
Ariadne = Atoll: very+pure-πολύ + αγνή

 Aglaia Aglaia: bright, shiny- αγλαός
Alcmene = Alki: spurn + wrath: moon (αλκή + μήνη)
Anastasios = + per istimi: stand (ανα + ίστημι) ana+istimi
George = from the farmers (land + work) From: γεωργώ (γη or γαια-gaia+ έργον)
Dimitrios = H (Dorian type of Earth) + mother  Δη (δωρικός τύπος του Γη or γαια) + μήτηρ
Demosthenes = municipality + valence (people power) δήμος + σθένος-demos+sthenos
Diogenes = Zeus + genus (the begotten) Ζευς + γένος
Eleni = ELE: come upon, conquer (candle) ελέ
Irene=Peace-Ειρήνη = είρω- (I speak ) + νους nous-  = eiro (opt) + mind
Epaminondas = on + ameinon, progressive
Erato = Question: I love (the adorable)
Eteocles ETEC =: true glory + (having the true glory).
Evangelos = ef + advert (bearing the good messages)
Evdokia = ef + doko: I view
Evdoxia = ef + Glory (having the good reputation)
Eftychios = ef + luck
Euphemia = ef + Fimios
Electra = Helector: the radiating sun (radiation from grace)
Thalleia = million thallium (I’m full)
Thucydides = + kydos God: glory (the praise God)
Jason = Iasis: treatment (the therapist)
Jocasta = + ion kazo: perk
Iphigenia = ifi: powerful + gignomai
Calliope = beauty + ops: bud
Cleopatra = + Patria glory (the glory of the fatherland) – Κλεοπάτρα = κλέος + πάτρη – kleos + patri
Laertes = people + weigh: Elected
Leonidas = people + one thing I know: I know (Λεωνίδας = λαός + οίδα) laos+oida
Lito = Stranded
Lysistrata = unfasten Army +
Cloud = mists: pour water
Xenophon = stranger + voices Ξενοφών = ξένος + φωνέω – xeno + phoneo

(ALPHA – ΑΛΦΑ = 1 + 30 + 500 + 1 = 532 => 5 + 3 + 2 = 10 => 1 + 0 = 1

EN = 5 + 50 = 55 => 5 + 5 = 10 => 1 + 0 = 1

OMIKRON – ΟΜΙΚΡΟΝ = 70 + 40 + 10 + 20 + 100 + 70 + 50 = 360, as there are degrees of the circle

INDEX:

ΓΡΆΜΜΑ

ΑΞΊΑ

ΓΡΆΜΜΑ

ΑΞΊΑ

ΓΡΆΜΜΑ

ΑΞΊΑ

ΓΡΆΜΜΑ

ΑΞΊΑ

Α´

1

Ι´

10

Ρ´

100

͵Α

1000

Β´

2

Κ´

20

Σ´

200

͵Β

2000

Γ´

3

Λ´

30

Τ´

300

͵Γ

3000

Δ´

4

Μ´

40

Υ´

400

͵Δ

4000

Ε´

5

Ν´

50

Φ´

500

͵Ε

5000

Ϛ´

6

Ξ´

60

Χ´

600

͵Ϛ

6000

Ζ´

7

Ο´

70

Ψ´

700

͵Z

7000

Η´

8

Π´

80

Ω´

800

͵H

8000

Θ´

9

Ϟ´

90

Ϡ´

900

͵Θ

9000

The earliest numerical notation used by the Greeks was the Attic system. It employed the vertical stroke for a one, and symbols for “5″, “10″, “100″, “1000″, and “10,000″. Though there was some steamlining of its use, these symbols were used in a similar way to the Egyptian system, being that symbols were used repeatedly as needed and the system was non positional. By the Alexandrian Age, the Greek Attic system of enumeration was being replaced by the Ionian or alphabetic numerals. This is the system we discuss.

The (Ionian) Greek system of enumeration was a little more sophisticated than the Egyptian though it was non-positional. Like the Attic and Egyptian systems it was also decimal. Its distinguishing feature is that it was alphabetical and required the use of more than 27 different symbols for numbers plus a couple of other symbols for meaning. This made the system somewhat cumbersome to use. However, calculation lends itself to a great deal of skill within almost any system, the Greek system being no exception.

A vast knowledge locked-coded into words because of mathematical values they have. One of the pioneers on the matter was maximum Pythagoras.

The numbers, shapes, harmony and the stars have something in common, so respectively mathematics (numbers) geometry (shape), harmony (music) and astro-nomy (one star = a-choris- bracket + natural nomoipou govern ) were sisters sciences by Pythagoras, which in this series we discussed was the ladder to development (= ex -tou- helix, DNA) of mind-soul to the Creator.

A Creator who created based on these four disciplines. 27 symbols-figures in numerical value make up the Greek Alphabet, 3 groups of 9 numbers-symbols each group, totaling each group 45, 450, 4,500.
ALPHA = 1 + 30 + 500 + 1 = 532 => 5 + 3 + 2 = 10 => 1 + 0 = 1
EN = 5 + 50 = 55 => 5 + 5 = 10 => 1 + 0 = 1
OMIKRON = 70 + 40 + 10 + 20 + 100 + 70 + 50 = 360, as there are degrees of the circle

To be able to understand the meanings of the concepts of words of ancient Greek tongue should first know a little about the actual Greek language.

The ancient Greek language is the only one that is not based on the fact that some people just sit and agreed to call an object “x” or “y” as all other sterile world languages. The Greek language is a mathematical masterpiece that will try to approach.

The beginning of everything is the same as the Greek alphabet (which of course we did not get it from someone else as we shall see, because factually not possible). The letters of the Greek alphabet as a whole was 33 and as many vertebrae, the last five vertebrae (playing the role of the antenna) directly related to the brain and corresponding to the last 5 ineffable letters which only the priests knew * one of them It was the right (or Gammadion) which in Latin became swstika and the Nazis stole and name Swastika. This symbol is the life-giving Sun (Apollo), the Nazis reversed it to symbolize the opposite of life-giving Sun, ie dark death.

There were also some letters which over time abolished as Digamma (F), Qoppa (Q), stigma (S ‘), Saba (ϡ)
Pythagoras inform us about the 3 levels of Greek language which are:

963
1. Talking
2. Signifier (a. Signal b. Signified)
3. caches (a. Time b. Vibration c. Lexarithmos d. Tonarithmos)
-The First is the speech
-The Second is the relationship between the mark and the signified that we will analyze below
-The Third is the interval (distance & time), vibration (which awakens the brain through resonance frequencies of the pulses dimiourgithentes – Pallas Athena) the lexarithmos (relation of letters and words with numbers) and tonarithmos (relation of letters and words of tunes )

Each letter corresponding to a number, and a musical tone so letter = number = tone (musician), which shows that in our language behind letters-words are numbers (lexarithmoi) and musical sounds (tonarithmoi).

The four sisters sciences by Pythagoras were:
1. Numbers (mathematics)
2. Shapes (Geometry)
3. Music (Harmony)
4. Astronomy

The sciences are interrelated and are into each another like Russian bampouskes. Combine alphabet enclosing numbers and musical tones with these 4 disciplines.

1.Astronomia = + astir law, a-Justice = is not supported, so astronomy = the universal laws that govern what is not based somewhere, who have to do with music (harmony), shapes (geometry) numbers (mathematics ) and all the ether that surrounds the heavenly realms.
2.The Pythagoras heard the harmony (music) of the celestial Spheres thus speak a language that has to do with the flow of the universe.

The enormous importance of music for the Pythagoreans

 <<<<<<<<PYTHAGORAS AND MUSIC>>>>>>>
                                                                                                            
So it said that Pythagoras, and practice once, with the help spondiakou State played a piper, extinguished the rage of an intoxicated young Tafromenitou, who during the night attacked with loud voices against his mistress at the door of his rival by drawing to set fire to the house. And so, being in a tizzy and he is steady due to the Phrygian melody lumen. This passion has rapidly healed Pythagoras, who happened at that moment, at an inappropriate time, to deal with the laws governing the stars. Then said the piper to turn the Phrygian melody spondaic, with which the young man, having calmed down, returned immediately and decency in his house, and just now not only tolerated by Pythagoras or admonition, but with fury and insults He had refused to meet him.


That is not the Alphabet is copied from elsewhere seen in that in the year 2300 BC (Studies of Tziropoulou other and not 800 BC) by Homer already at the disposal of 6,500,000 primary words (first person singular present tense &) which if you multiply CH72 which calls will draw a huge number which is not the final, because do not forget that the Greek language is not sterile, born.
The Greek language is the only one that can be used for H / Y due mathimatikotitas and musicality not only the alphabet-word, but the mathematical concepts generated eg The word becomes THESIS: Synthesis, assault, filing, hypothesis, Exposition, Addition, prothesis, anaThesis, available Antithesis etc etc if now these words the English translation is completely unrelated.

If we compare now eg the English language has 80,000 words, of which 80% are Greek as we inform the University of Wales, and measure that this sterile language evolves 1000 years, we effortlessly draw the conclusion that Homer receives a language which has a depth the year 100,000 BC; 500,000 BC; who knows …
But the ultimate proof is the same of the mathimatikotita, which does not exist in any other language of the world. Do not even forget that the Creator uses math to create, so our language is necessarily related to the source (root-0/1).

But before the “crypt” is the “Signifier”, ie the connection of words with meanings. He said earlier that foreign dialects defined by agreement, ie some agreed that such and such a subject would call it “X”, which makes the languages sterile, so they can give birth to new words, so there mathimatikotita therefore can not describe new concepts that exist in nature, resulting in the brain where it can not describe through new words new meanings remain in the dark, so the neurons of the brain does not generate new as opposed to those who use the Greek.

How could eg the English or the French or the X, Y with a word that has 10 concepts to describe accurately and therefore clearly a deeper meaning? let alone the multiple aspects of this? It can not be So why all started here. It means therefore is connecting the signal to the signified, that the word itself is generated in such a manner that describes the meaning esokleinei instruments.

Example: The naming of the word curry (Walnut), as we read in thesecretrealtruth, from an observation of nature (as all words), ie when two horned animals (Rams, goats etc.) tra.kar.oun with ker.ata their sounds “crack” or “fem”, the sound he gave the name “horn” (horn) the horn gave the name of the State or skull (head) and the nicknames of this curry (small head). curry (nut) looks amazing to the human head and the interior of the brain.
Y is the root of the verb YO (rain) where Y is concavity (or convexity) that mates something, rain (water element) enters (nest) into the earth.

The musical – numeric alphabet creates musical – mathematical words that describe respective concepts which come from the observation of nature ie of Creation so by extension of the same Creator, but the question is how many millennia may be needed to create this perfect mathematical complex letters are numbers, yet musical tones and words that all the numbers and music tones into their hide Except for complex musical harmonies, concepts which are not random at all but after extensive observation of nature?

Arguably, therefore our Antisthenes recalls “wisdom Authority names visitation”

De Groot (Netherlands Homeric texts professor at the University of Montreal)

“The Greek language has continuity and teaches to be ownerless and got a glory, that an opinion. In this language there is no orthodoxy. So even if the education system wants people law-abiding – a mold – the spirit of ancient texts and language in learning to be a boss. “
James Joyce (Famous Irish author, 1882-1941)

“Almost afraid to touch the Odyssey, the oppressive beauty is unbearable.”
The great French writer Jacques Lakarrier said:

“In Greek there is a vertigo of words, because only she explored, recorded and analyzed the innermost processes of speech and language, more than any other language.”
The great French enlightener Voltaire had said

“May the Greek language to become common all peoples.”
The French professor at the Sorbonne said Charles Foriel

“The Greek has homogeneity as the German, but richer than that. He has the clarity of the French, but it has greater precision. It is more flexible than the Italian and much more harmonious than the Spanish. Is that what it takes to be considered the most beautiful language of Europe. “
Marianna McDonald, professor of the University of California and Head of TLG said

“Knowledge of Greek is essential foundation of high cultural cultivation.”
The blind American writer Helen Keller had told

“If the violin is the most perfect musical instrument, the Greek language is the violin of human thought.”
John Goethe (The greatest poet of Germany, 1749-1832)

“I listened to St. Peter’s in Rome the Gospel in all languages. The Greek resonated star glowing in the night. “
Dialogue of Goethe with his disciples:

-Daskale What to read to become wise as you?

-the Greek classics.

-And When we finish the Greek classics what to read?

-Old Greek classics.
George Bernard Shaw (Great Irish playwright, 1856-1950)

“If the library of your home you do not have the works of ancient Greek authors, then you live in a house without light.”
Mark Tillios Cicero (the foremost man of ancient Rome, 106-43 BC)

“If the gods speak, then certainly use the language of the Greeks.”
Humphrey Kitty (English professor at the University of Bristol, 1968)

“It’s the nature of the Greek language is clean, precise and complex. The ambiguity and lack of direct enoraseos featuring sometimes English and German, is completely foreign to the Greek language. “
Irina Kovaleva (Modern Russian professor at the University Lomonosov, 1995)

“The Greek language is beautiful like heaven to the stars.”
RH Robins (Contemporary English linguist, professor at the University of London)

“Of course not only in linguistics where Greeks were pioneers in Europe. Overall Europe’s spiritual life goes back to the work of Greek thinkers.

Even today we return unceasingly in Greek heritage to find stimulation and encouragement. “
Frederick Sagkredo (Basque linguistics professor – Chairman of the Greek Academy of Vaskonias)

“The Greek language is the best legacy that has been available to the man on the evolution of the brain. Against all Greek and insist all languages are inadequate. “

“The ancient Greek language should become the second language of all Europeans, especially the cultured people.”

“The Greek language is of divine essence.”
Heinrich Schliemann (Renowned amateur archaeologist, 1822-1890)

“Everything I wanted passionately to learn Greek. I did not do it because I was afraid that the deep charm of this magnificent language would absorb so much that would have removed my other activities. “(The Schliemann spoke 18 languages seamlessly. For two years did nothing other than the studying 2 poems of Homer).
Ibn Khaldoun (Largest Arab historian)

“Where is the secretariat of the Assyrians, the Chaldeans, the Egyptians? All mankind has inherited the secretariat of the Greeks alone. “
Will Durant (American historian and philosopher, professor at the University of Columbia)

“Our alphabet came from Greece by Kimi and Rome. Our language is littered Greek words. Our science esfyrilatise Mian international language by the Greek terms. Our grammar and our rhetoric, even the punctuation and the division areas paragraphs … is Greek inventions. Our genres are Greeks – the lyric, the ode, the romance, the novel, the essay, the prosfonisis, biography, history and above all the vision. And almost all of these words are Greek. “
Jacqueline de Romigy (Modern French Academician and author)

“Ancient Greece offers us a language, which will say that it is universal.”

“Everyone needs to learn Greek, because the Greek language helps us first of all to understand our own language.”
Bruno Snell (Distinguished Professor at the University of Hamburg)

“The Greek language is the past of the Europeans.”
Frangkiskos Ligkora (Modern Italian university professor and president of the International Academy for the dissemination of culture)

“Greeks can be proud to speak the Greek language alive and the mother of all other languages. Do not neglect, since this is one of the few goods we have left and also your passport to the world civilization. “
The. Vantrouska (Professor of Linguistics at the University of Vienna)

“For a Japanese or Turkish, all European languages are not seen as separate but as dialects of one and the same language, Greek.”
Peter Jones (PhD – Professor at Oxford University who drafted lessons of ancient Greek WITH readership, for publication in the newspaper «DailyTelegraph»)

The Greeks of Athens in the 5th and 4th century had reached the language to the point that with her to explore ideas such as democracy and the origins of the universe, concepts such as sulfur and law. It is a wonderful and great language. “
Gilbert Murray (Professor, University of Oxford)

“The Greek is the perfect language. Often one finds that a thought can be expressed with ease and grace in Greek, and becomes difficult and severe in Latin, English, French or German. It is the perfect language, because it expresses the thoughts most perfect people. “
Max Von Laye (Nobel Prize in Physics)

“I Graces in divine providence, because it pleased to teach ancient Greek, who helped me to penetrate deeper into the meaning of science.”
E, Norden (the great German philologist)

“In addition to Chinese and Japanese, all other languages were formed under the influence of Greek, from which they took, besides many words, rules and grammar.”
Martin Heidegger (German philosopher, of the main representatives of existentialism in the 20th century)

“The ancient Greek language belongs to the standards through which showcase the spiritual forces of creative genius, because with respect to the possibilities provided in thought, is the most powerful and yet the most witty of all languages of the world.”
David Crystal (Aka English professor, author of the Encyclopedia of Cambridge for the English)

“It’s amazing to see how much more we rely on the Greek, to talk about entities and events at the heart of modern life.”
Michael Ventris (The man who deciphered the Linear B)

“The ancient Greek language was and is higher all the old and new languages.”
R.H. Robins (Linguist and author)

“The Greek triumph in the spiritual culture is that gave so much to so many sectors […]. Their achievements in the field of linguistics which was extremely strong, ie the theory of grammar and grammatical description of the language is strong enough to merit and to withstand criticism. Also be such as to inspire gratitude and our admiration. “
Luis José Navarro (Deputy to the educational program “Evroklassika” of the EU)

“The Greek language for me is like cosmogony. It is not just a language … “
Juan Jose Puhana Arza (Basque Hellenist and politician)

“We must proclaim that there has been in the world a language which can be compared to the classical Greek.”
D’Eichtal (French author)

“The Greek language is a language which has all the features, all the conditions of an international tongue … touches these same beginnings of civilization … which not only there was no stranger to none of the major events of the human spirit, religion, in politics, in literature, the arts, the sciences, but was also the first tool – to scan all these – so to speak, the womb … Language logic while euphonic, among all the other … “
Theodore F. Brunner (TLG founder and director until 1997)

“Anyone who wonder why so many millions of dollars spent on the hoarding of Greek words, we reply: But this is the language of our ancestors and contact with them will improve our culture.”
Jacques Lang (French Ministry of Education)

“I would like to see to learn Ancient Greek, with the same zeal that we demonstrate, and Greek schools.”
In his work “A Brief History of the Greek Language” by the famous linguist A.. Meillet, supported strongly the superiority of Greek over other languages.

The name of Apollo itself—though not Paean, a possible name of a precursor god to or epithet of him—is generally considered to be absent from the Linear B (Mycenean Greek) texts although it is possible that the name is in fact attested in the lacunose form ]pe-rjo-[ (Linear B: ]-[) on the KN E 842 tablet.The spelling Ἀπόλλων (pronounced [a.pól.lɔːn] in Classical Attic) had almost superseded all other forms by the beginning of the common era, but the Doric form Apellon (Ἀπέλλων), is more archaic, derived from an earlier *Ἀπέλjων. It probably is a cognate to the Doric month Apellaios (Ἀπελλαῖος), and the offerings apellaia (ἀπελλαῖα) at the initiation of the young men during the family-festival apellai (ἀπέλλαι).According to some scholars the words are derived from the Doric word apella (ἀπέλλα), which originally meant “wall,” “fence for animals” and later “assembly within the limits of the square.”[ Apella (Ἀπέλλα) is the name of the popular assembly in Sparta,[9] corresponding to the ecclesia (ἐκκλησία). R. S. P. Beekes rejected the connection of the theonym with the noun apellai and suggested a Pre-Greek proto-form *Apalyun.Several instances of popular etymology are attested from ancient authors. Thus, the Greeks most often associated Apollo’s name with the Greek verb ἀπόλλυμι (apollymi), “to destroy”. Plato in Cratylus connects the name withἀπόλυσις (apolysis), “redeem”, with ἀπόλουσις (apolousis), “purification”, and with ἁπλοῦν ([h]aploun), “simple”, in particular in reference to the Thessalian form of the name, Ἄπλουν, and finally with Ἀειβάλλων (aeiballon), “ever-shooting”. Hesychius connects the name Apollo with the Doric ἀπέλλα (apella), which means “assembly”, so that Apollo would be the god of political life, and he also gives the explanation σηκός (sekos), “fold”, in which case Apollo would be the god of flocks and herds. In the Ancient Macedonian language πέλλα (pella) means “stone,” and some toponyms may be derived from this word: Πέλλα (Pella,[14] the capital of Ancient Macedonia) and Πελλήνη(Pellēnē/Pallene)

Language

7270-year-old Tablet Found in Kastoria Calls into Question History of Writing

Back in 1993, in a Neolithic lakeshore settlement that occupied an artificial island near the modern village of Dispilio on Lake Kastoria in the Kastoria Prefecture, professor George Hourmouziadis and his team unearthed the Dispilio Tablet (also known as the Dispilio Scripture or the Dispilio Disk), a wooden tablet bearing inscribed markings (charagmata) that has been carbon 14-dated to about 7300 BP (5260 BC).

In February 2004, during the announcement of the Tablet’s discovery to the world, Hourmouziadis claimed that the text with the markings could not be easily publicized because it would ultimately change the current historical background concerning the origins of writing and articulate speech depicted with letters instead of ideograms within the borders of the ancient Greek world and by extension, the broader European one.

According to the Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, the markings suggested that the current theory proposing that the ancient Greeks received their alphabet from the ancient civilizations of the Middle East (Babylonians, Sumerians and Phoenicians etc)fails to close the historic gap of some 4,000 years. This gap translates into the following facts:  while ancient eastern civilizations would use ideograms to express themselves, the ancient Greeks were using syllables in a similar manner like we use today.

The currently accepted historic theory taught around the world suggests that the ancient Greeks learned to write around 800 BC from the Phoenicians. However, a question emerges among scholars: how is it possible for the Greek language to have 800,000 word entries, ranking first among all known languages in the world, while the second next has only 250,000 word entries? How is it possible for the Homeric Poems to have been produced at about 800 BC, which is just when the ancient Greeks learned to write? It would be impossible for the ancient Greeks to write these poetic works without having had a history of writing of at least 10,000 years back, according to a US linguistic research.

The tablet is 2,000 years older than the written findings from the Sumerian era and 4,000 years older than the Cretan-Mycenean linear types of writing.

The markings on the tablet did not resemble the human figures, the sun and moon or other figures ideograms usually depict. They actually showed signs of advanced apheresis, which indicates they are the result of cognitive processes.

The tablet was partially damaged when it was exposed to the oxygen-rich environment outside of the mud and water in which it was immersed for a long period of time, and it is now under conservation. The full academic publication of the tablet apparently awaits the completion of the work of conservation

– See more at: http://greece.greekreporter.com/2012/07/16/7270-year-old-tablet-found-in-kastoria-calls-into-question-history-of-writing/#sthash.o0yDtSd4.dpuf

Main article: Ancient Macedonian language

The Pella curse tablet (Greek katadesmos): from Prof. Radcliffe G. Edmonds III, Bryn Mawr College.

PHOENICIAN “ALPHABET”:  AN HISTORICAL DECEPTION

This theory:

1. Completely rejects the theorem that the Greek language came from another language (the so-called “Indo-European”!!!), since it is proven to be the only non-conventional language of the world. In other words, the only language where a relationship betweenthe “word” (as a form) and the “meaning of the word” is established.

2. Consequently, it is proven that Greek is the first and only created language of the human species which provided the basis for all “conventional” languages, as are all the other languages of the world (where there is no causative relationship between the form and the meaning). These other languages are a corrupt form of Greek.

3. This theory proves, without a doubt, that the alphabet was created by the Greeks so that the 24 or 27 code letters would aid in attributing the meanings of the Greek words (and only of these).

4. Comparatively, this theory shows that the symbols of the Phoenician writings andtheir nouns, e.g., “alef” =ox, “beth” = hut, “gimel = camel, etc., not only do not containcoded meaning, but are also associated or refer to [the] primitive animal conditions[one would expect in a culturally backward society].

Overwhelming evidence that one of the most important discoveries in the history of civilization is Greek ,a deception that usurps and distorts Greek History and Civilization. It is of utmost importance that the truth be restored not only for modern Greece, but also for thewhole of humanity.The deception that alphabetical script was discovered by the Phoenicians is a long-lived one.For the past 14 years [the Greek scholarly magazine] Davlos has published numerous articleson this problem. This prompted K. Katis to ask that we submit a relevant article for hismainstream daily so that this important issue would become known to a wider audience.

This article summarizes the strong evidence against the “Phoenician Deception,” and proves that the greatest discovery in the history of civilization is Greek. We believe it necessary to republish this article in [this issue of] Davlos exactly as it appeared in the daily.

A SCIENTIFIC MONSTROSITY.

According to linguistic theory, an “alphabet” is defined as “the sum of symbols following a specific sequence and order used to ascribe the essential utterances of a language, under thecondition that each utterance represents only one symbol and vice-versa”. Consequently, in alphabetical script (as an example, in the writings of the people of Europe, America,Australian, as well as the other parts of the world) each letter represents one essential sound.This is not true for the imperfect alphabets expressed through syllables where each symbolrepresents a syllable (with two or more voiced sounds). For example, in Greek Linear A andB, there is a symbol that represents the syllable ko (k + o), a symbol that represents the syllable po (p + o), etc. In Phoenician writing (which has only consonants and no vowels), this situation is even worse, as far as we can tell from the small amount of existing samples.

In Phoenician, each symbol is not equivalent to one specific syllable, but to a variety of syllables, and thus the reader can use his imagination when attempting to decipher the sounds. For example, there are consonants which can be read as either ba, bou, be, bi, bo, etc. Others  is not an alphabet, it is a less advanced form of writingthat can be read as gou, ga, ge, go, and so on. Consequently, Phoenician script does not constitute an alphabet, and is not even an advanced form of syllabic script nearing the perfection of the equivalent Greek syllabic writings. It is truly amazing to think that, in the academic world of the past 150 years, the almost contradictory term of “Phoenician alphabet” has been established, which, in reality refers to a type of writing that has nothing to do with an alphabet. It is even more unbelievable to think that the scientific dogma that Greek came from Phoenician has been enforced. Not only the Phoenician is not an alphabet, it is a less advanced form of writing than Greek Linear A and B.

So, professor G. Babiniotis’ statement that “Phoenician writing is something like a syllabic alphabet” must be rejected and replaced with the correct characterization of Phoenician as a “purely concise syllable system of writing,” as stated by the former president of the Greek Society of Philologists, Pan. Georgountzos (see “The Alphabet: A Greek Discovery” by Pan. Georgountzos, Davlos, issue 142, October 1993, page 8242).

GREEKNESS OF THE ALPHABET

a) Archaeological Evidence The theory that the alphabet is a Phoenician discovery has been maintained through the argument, among other things, that certain symbols of Phoenician writing are similar to the letters of the alphabet. For example, the Phoenician alef is the reverse or sideways Greek “A.” This argument was a strong one until about 100 years ago, when linguists and historians still maintained that the Greeks did not know how to write before 800 B. C.! Around 1900 A.D., however, Arthur Evans excavated the Greek Minoan Crete and discovered the Greek Linear writings, whose symbols corresponded to 17 of the 24 letters of the Greek Alphabet. Given that (A), the most ancient evidence of the Greek scripts (Linear A and Linear B) that were later discovered in Pylos, Mycenae, Menidi and Thebes — but also in more northern areas up to the Danube river as well — were dated to before 1500 B.C. And (B), that the Phoenicians and their writings appear in history no earlier than 1300 BC, Evans was the first person to express doubts about the theory that the Greeks received their script from the Phoenicians. He put forward the scientific suspicion that it was probably the other way round. The doubts pertaining as to who was first — the Phoenicians or the Greeks — in discovering writing, became a certainty when French professor, Paul Fore, an internationally acclaimed specialist on Prehistoric Archaeology, published a report in Nestor (an American Archaeological Journal of the University of Indiana — 16th year, 1989, page 2288). In this report, he submits and deciphers plates with Greek Linear writing found at the cyclopean wall of Pilikates, in Ithaca, dated, through the use of modern scientific methods, back to 2700 B.C., The language of these plates was Greek, and the decoding by professor Fore resulted in the following syllabic text, expressed phonetically: A]RE-DA-TI. DA-MI-U-A-.A-TE-NA-KA-NA-RE (ija)-TE. The phonetic equivalent of this is translated, always according to the professor, as: “Ιδού τι εγώ η Αρεδάτις δίδω εις την ανασσαν, την θεάν Ρέαν: 100 αίγας, 10 πρόβατα, 3 χοίρους” [Here is what I, Aredatis, gives to the queen- goddess Rea, 100 goats, 10 sheep, 3 pigs]. (See, “Davlos” magazine, issue 107, November 1990, page 6103). Thus, Fore proved that the Greeks were writing and speaking Greek at least 1400 years before the appearance of the Phoenicians and their script in history. But, the archaeological excavations in Greece during the last 15 years have given us many more great surprises: The Greeks were writing using not only Linear A and B, but also a type of writing identical to that of the alphabet since at least 6000 B.C. In fact, at Dispilio, in the lake of Kastoria, in northern Greece, professor G. Houmouziadis discovered a plate with writing very similar to that of the alphabet, which was dated, using radioactive Carbon- 14 and visual photothermal methodology, back to 5250 B.C. (see Davlos, issue 147). Three years later, N. Samson, a curator of the Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities Department, discovered shards of vases (“ostraka”) with letters identical to the present Greek alphabet while excavating at the “Cyclop’s Cave,” on the deserted island of Yioura, near the inhabited island of Alonnissos, in the Northern Sporades island complex. These vases were dated to5,500 to 6,000 B.C. with the same methods (see “Davlos,” issue 185, May 1997). The same archaeologist, while performing excavations on the island of Milos, discovered vessels of the proto-cycladic period (mid-3rd millennium B.C.) with letters identical to the Greek letters:

“X,” “N,” “M,” “K,” “Ξ” [ksi],”Π” [p], “Ο,” & “Ε.” (See N. Samson’s interview in Davlos,issue 204, December 1998, page 12749.)

It is apparent that these archaeological discoveries have given a “comical’ character to the so-called “Phoenician Theory” on the discovery of writing. In addition, these archaeological discoveries have revolutionized chronological dating of Greek history as it is taught today, as well as the world history of civilization itself. (See also the book by Con. Koutrouvelli, “Re- establishing the Chronology of Prehistoric Times based primarily on astronomical information from Ancient Writers,” Davlos Publishing, 1999.)

b) The somewhat mathematical proof

While the house-of-cards which provided “proof”‘ of the so-called “Phoenician alphabet” was being torn down by archaeological discoveries, another overwhelming piece of evidence surfaced. This evidence was offered to us by the 20-year long discreet and timid research of the Greek Language and Writing by a great researcher, Elias Tsatsomoiros. Unfortunately E.Tsatsomoiros passed away on December 19th 1991, after having, however, completed his revolutionary work, History of the Genesis of the Greek Language-from the hunter-gatherer to the time of Zeus-the Deciphering of the Greek Alphabet. The undersigned [writer of this article] had the honor of publishing and editing this work (Davlos Publishing, 1991), but also the honor of having worked closely with the researcher for more than a decade. We had long discussions on the numerous problems arising from the research, and we had published a series of articles in Davlos magazine. This memorable researcher proved in a remarkable way that every letter of the Greek alphabet contained a consistent code meaning, which is literally introduced either exactly or metaphorically within the general meaning of the Greek word it belongs to, as a partial meaning. Consequently, every (ancient) Greek word is basically an acronym (similar to D(imosia) E (picheirisi) H(lektrismou) [=ΔΕΗ in Greek, or as U(nited) N(ations), in English], where every letter provides a significant or less significant notional element, and then, they all together provide the logical definition of the meaning expressed bythe word. The “significant difference” of each word’s meaning is usually provided by the firstletter. Obviously, there is not enough space in this article to present the code meaning of the letters of the Greek alphabet as a whole, as they are analyzed in this revolutionary volume of research in the field of human speech. As an example, I will choose only one of the now days 24 letters (orinaly 27) of the Hellenic alphabet, “Ypsilon” = “Y” or, small case, “u” (pronounced, long-e “eepsilon,” the 20th letter of the Greek alphabet, and familiar to us as “Y” in the so-called “Latin” alphabet– which is nothing more than a variationof the Greek “Chalcidean” alphabet). Ypsilon, therefore, as its shape indicates, has the code meaning of “a cavity” οr, if reversed, of a “convexity.” This meaning is introduced into the words containing this letter, and sometimes, by extension into the meaning of liquids (which, through their natural flow end up filling the “cavity”). I will quickly mention some of the names of vessels and liquids (such as the amphiconical κ-Υ-πελλο which is dated back to 2700 B.C. and is displayed at the Heraklion Museum). One may add to the words mentioned there, many others, such as kot-Y-li, go-Y-ttos, tr-Y-blion, p-Y-xis, amphore-Y-s, b-Y-tion, l-Y-chnos, procho-Y-s, ske-Y-os, etc, all having the meaning of a curvedobject. Also, some other words such as k-Y-hsis (rounding of the stomach ofan eng-Y-os [pregnant] woman); k-Y-ma (curving on the surface of the ocean); cr-Y-pti (curving of the ground); the preposition [h-Y-po] Y-po (meaning under a certain level); h-Y-per (preposition meaning above acertain level); Y-psos =height; and all of the hundreds of words that have h-Y-po or h-Y-per as a prefix, as well as thousands of others. This discovery, which unfortunately has been officially ignored, is a continuation of the forgotten Platonic approach to the problem of language (see Plato’s Cratylus ).

THE HERODOTUS EXTRACT

All the Greek writers who mention the alphabet (they called it “grammata”) consider it a very ancient Greek invention (by Prometheus, Palamedes, Linus, etc). The theory of the Phoenician alphabet was always, and is still, based on an exception to this general rule. Thisexception is an excerpt from Herodotus, that he himself presents as his ‘personal opinion’ (“ως εμοι δοκεει” = “as it seems to me”). This opinion was formed based on the sayings of others, as he himself mentions in the previous paragraphs (“αναπυνθανομενος” = taking information from others). Let us have a look at the Herodotus’ excerpt (History, E 58): [58. As far as the Phoenicians, they, who arrived with Cadmus, including the Gefiraioi, had lived in many other places and introduced also arts (new and unknown) to the Greeks; in fact, and also (some) writing, whichhad not been known to the Greeks before that, as I think, first this writing which was used by all the Phoenicians. With the passing of time, however, the Phoenicians changed this type of writing along with their language.]

The most important thing about this excerpt is that in the critical phrase “… ama tin foni metevallon kai ton rhithmon ton grammaton,” it is disclosed that the Phoenicians-Gefiraioi that went to Viotia with Cadmus brought some form of writing with them. But, as the Phoenicians “changed their language” (they learned Greek, in other words), they also changed their writing (they started writing, therefore, with the existing ancient Greek writing that already existed in Viotia). Although this statement was made by Herodotus, the translators, subsequently, provided the translation [meaning] that the local Greek Viotes and not the Phoenician emigrants changed their language and writing and adopted the Phoenician! This generally incoherent reference to the alphabet, as it has been saved, has been obviously altered and meddled with, who knows by whom and when. Let us look at the suspicious continuation of the text, as it has arrived to us:

Around them (the Phoenicians) lived at that place during that year (year of Cadmus) Ionian Greeks, who received through contact or through teachings by the Phoenicians their writings, changing their own writing which they used little. When using this writing and since this writing had been introduced to Greece by Phoenicians, they called it Phoenician.

Ionian Greeks living around the Phoenicians received the Phoenician writing and, using a few of its letters, since they had altered them and since it was just, they called it Phoenician-to pay tribute to the people who brought it to Greece, is a striking contradiction. Consequently, one can assume that this is a forged paragraph, hypothetically explanatory, which aims to reduce the previous statement “…as they changed their language, they changed their writing,” to an unimportant statement. This is how the “Phoenician Theory” was substantiated and is maintained as an obvious forgery.

IN ADDITION

The “Phoenician Theory” was established in Europe during a time, when, as the renowned British classical scholar, S. G. Rembroke (The Legacy of Greece, Oxford University Press, 1984) wrote, “The Phoenicians were given an intermediary role “that is not based on any historical information”. A role, in other words, of the transporter of wisdom and civilization from the “chosen” people of Israel to the “uncivilized” nations, and specifically the Greeks. This, of course, could be forgiven, since this was established around the end of the Medieval Ages, when religious fanaticism and backwardness had reached such a point that the daughter of Agamemnon, Iphigenia, is presented as the daughter of Iephtha; Deukalion is presented as

Noah; Appis is a consul of Joseph; Apollo, Priam, Tiresias, and Orpheus are corrupted personae of Moses; the story of the Argonauts is the crossing of the Israelites from Egypt to Palestine, and other similar distortions. The above are noted by Rembroke.

And we conclude: At the time, Hellenism was in comatose spiritual condition regarding national and historical awareness, and therefore totally unable to defend its history and civilization, and for this reason could not react and did not react. Today, it is with ourtolerance that our language is deemed “Indo-European,” and our writing “Phoenician,” our Athena and our Socrates are presented as “Blacks,” and our civilization as “African.” What spiritual situation are we in now? [i.e., What’s our excuse this time?]

Notes: On page 13745 of this article, is a picture of a piece of shard [pottery] dated to 6,000 B.C., found on the islet of Youra of the North Sporades island complex with Greek alphabetical writings. One can see the letters “A,” “Y,” & “D” [alpha, eepsilon, and delta ], almost identical to the Greek letters of the classical alphabets. This finding proves that the Greek alphabet is older than the Greek Linear writings. This finding also completely and definitely disproves the false theory that the Greeks got their alphabet from the Phoenicians, who made their historical appearance around 1300 B.C., in other words about 4,500 to 5,000 years after the creation of this plaque at Youra. On page 13747 are shown letter-symbols from the Proto-cycladic vessels of Milos (mid-third millennium B.C.). One can distinguish the [letter] “X” [chi] to the left and the [letter] “N” to the right. These letters are written just as the letters of the Greek alphabet are written today.

Other vessels were also found with “M,” “K,” “Ξ” [ksi], “Π” [p], “O,” and “E.” Source.

About the name “man”, given by Socrates in “Cratylus” the following etymological interpretation (to quote here in translation):

[…… SOCRATES: I think the name of the people of these lesions suffered, and this became the name while ago was expression. With the removal of the Alpha program and the variation tone expiring from acute in heavier.

ERMOGENIS: What do you mean?

SOCRATES: Here’s what I mean: The name “man” means that while other animals nothing from what they see do not study, do not contemplate and do not say anything … anathroun not watch out … not the man once seen something – once and say “opope‘something – and anathrei and ponders what opope. It follows that man properly called “man”, because it is the only animal, which “anathrei s opope” observes that very carefully what is seen ….].

So periphrastic adjective “anathron s opope” was composed the word to “anathropos”, followed by removing the letter “a” between the notes “n” and “i” and the transfer of tuna to first syllavin of the word,was formulated the word “man”!

It should be stressed that the Greek language is unique, which characterizes man in mental abilities.All other Romance dialects characterize the man only by the ylikin ypostasin, the choikin, the dirt (homo, human, home, etc.). Be does this random, because the definition of a Greek lexin taken, or does the Greek language is unique, which highlights the priority which should focus the attention of man ;!

An adventure in the vast world of words is finishing here. And to think that we stood in a single row and a single Lexie this!

However, we believe that the results of this periplaniseos significantly both in terms of quality (depth) and quantity (width), to facilitate the possibility of “choice of words”, which is the first (of two) Asking for accurate and nice find. The second is the correct positioning of the words. Furthermore we think that was a visual way an example of the unity of the Greek language from antiquity to today.

From Slovenian blog http://vardaraxios.wordpress.com

The translation from google, (with known weaknesses of them).

KINGS OF Macedonian AND DIADOCHI

1. Ancient Greek Alexander (ALEXANDER Latinized)
Pronounced: al-eg-Jean-dur
From the Greek name Alexandros, meaning “defense men from the Greek alexein» for the defense, protection, help “and Aner» man «(general Andros). Alexander the Great, King of Macedonia, is the most famous bearer of the name. In the 4th century BC, built a vast empire from Greece, Egypt, Persia and parts of India. His name was borne by five kings of Macedonia.

2. PHILIPPOS Ancient Greek (PHILIP Latinized)
Intense: FIL-ip
From the Greek name meaning Philip “friend of horses”, composed of the elements Philos friend “and hippos ‘horse’. His name was borne by five kings of Macedon, including, Philip the father of Alexander the Great.

2. AEROPOS Ancient Greek, Greek Mythology
Male form Aerope in Greek mythology was the wife of King Atreus of Mycenae. Aeropos was the son Aerope, daughter Kepheus: «Mars, Tegeans say with Aerope underestimated daughter Kepheus (king of Tegea), the son of Aleos. He died in giving birth to a child, Aeropos, who clung to his mother, even when she was dead, and sucked great abundance of milk from the breast. Now this was the will of Mars. “(Pausanias, 8:44). His name was taken from two kings of Macedonia.

4. ALKETAS m Ancient Greek (Alkaios Latinized)
Pronounced: al-SEE-us
Alke derived from the Greek meaning “strength”. This was the name of the 7th century BC lyric poet from the island of Lesbos.

5. Amynta Ancient Greek
Amyntor derived from the Greek meaning “defender”. His name was borne by three kings of Macedonia.

6. Antigonus Ancient Greek (Latinized antigen)
Pronounced: A-TIG-o-nus
Media “as the ancestor” from the Greek anti “like” and goneus «ancestor». This was the name of one of the generals of Alexander the Great. After Alexander died, he took control of the greater part of Asia Minor. He was known as Antigonus ‘Monophthalmos »(« the One-Eyed’). Antigonus II (ruled 277-239 BC) was known as «Gonatos» («knee kneel”).

7. Antipater Ancient Greek (Latinized Antipater)
Pronounced: A-TI-pa-tur
From the Greek name of Antipater, meaning “like his father” from Greek anti “like his father” Father “. This was the name of an officer of Alexander the Great, who became the curator of Alexander Macedon during his absence.

8. ARCHELAOS Ancient Greek (ARCHELAUS Latinized)
Intense: ar-KEE-LAY-us
Latinized form of the Greek Archelaos name, which means “master of the people” by Arche «master» Laos and the “man.” He was also named the 7th Spartan king came to the throne of Sparta in 886 BC, long before the creation of the Macedonian state.

9. ARGAIOS m Greek Mythology (ARGUS Latinized)
Argos derived from the Greek meaning “glistening, shining”. In Greek legend this name belongs to both the man who built the Argo and a man with a hundred eyes. His name was borne by three kings of Macedonia.

10. Ancient Greek Demetrios (Demetriou Latinized)
Latin form of the Greek name Demetrios, derived from the name of Greek goddess Demeter. Kings of Macedonia and the Seleucid kingdom had that name. Dimitrios he (ruled 309-301 BC) was known as the “besieger” (the «Beseiger»).

11. KARANOS Ancient Greek (CARANUS Latinized)
It comes from the archaic Greek word «koiranos» or «karanon», which means “king”, “leader” or “king.” Both words come from the same root archaic Dorica «Kara” meaning head, hence leader, royal governor. The word «koiranos» already had the concept of the ruler or king of Homer. Karanos is the name of the founder of Dynasty Argead Macedonian Kings.

12. Kassandros Greek Mythology (Latinized Cassander)
Intense: ka-SAN-droši
Possibly means “shines over man,” derived from the Greek kekasmai «shine” and Aner «man» (general Andros). In Greek myth Cassandra was a Trojan princess, his daughter and priame Hecuba. He was given the gift of prophecy Apollo, but when she spurned the advances cursed that no one will believe it prophecies. The name of the king of Macedonia.

13. KOINOS Ancient Greek
Koinos derived from the Greek meaning “usual, common.” A Argead king of the Macedonians in the 8th BC century.

14. LYSIMACHOS Ancient Greek (LYSIMACHUS Latinized)
Through “a relaxation of the battle” by Greek solution “relaxation liberalization” and Mach «battle». This was the name of one of the generals of Alexander the Great. After the death of Alexander Lysimachus took control of Thrace.

15. SELEUKOS Ancient Greek (SELEUCUS Latinized)
Through “to be light,” “be white”, derived from the Greek word meaning White ‘white, bright “. This was the name of one of the generals of Alexander argued that most of the countries of Asia and founded the Seleucid dynasty after Alexander’s death in Babylon.

16. ARRIDHAIOS Ancient Greek
Son of Philip and later king of Macedonia. The etymology is Greek Ari (= very) + ADJ Daios (= scary). The meaning is “very scary.” The type Aeolian Arribaeos.

17. Orestes Greek Mythology
Intense: o-RES-teez
Orestais derived from the Greek meaning “mountain.” In Greek myth was the son of Agamemnon. Killed his mother after Clytemnestra who killed his father. The name of the king of Macedonia (ruled 399-396 BC).

18. Pausanias Ancient Greek
King of Macedon in 393 BC .. Pausanias was also the name of the king of Sparta at the Battle of Plataea in 479 BC, and the name of the Greek traveler, geographer and writer whose most famous work is ” Description of Greece “, and also the name of the man who assassinated Philip II of Macedonia in 336 BC ..

19. PERDIKKAS Ancient Greek (Latinized Perdiccas)
Partridge derived from the Greek meaning “Partritz”. Perdikkas I presented as the founder of the kingdom of Macedon in Herodotus 8137. The name was borne by three kings of Macedonia.

20. Greek Mythology Perseus
Intense: PUR-see-us
From pertho Greek verb meaning “to destroy, to conquer.” The meaning is the “conqueror”. Perseus was the hero of Greek legend. Kill Medusa, who was so ugly that anyone who gazed upon was the stone, by looking in the reflection and the shield of slaying in sleep. The name of the king of Macedonia (ruled 179-168 BC).

21. PTOLEMEOS Ancient Greek (Ptolemy Latinized)
Intense: TAWL-e-mee
Polemeios derived from the Greek meaning “aggressive” or “War”. Ptolemy was the name of a Greek-Egyptian rulers of Egypt, all descendants of Ptolemy I, one of Alexander’s generals. That was the name of a Greek astronomer. Ptolemy ‘Keraunos’ (ruled 281-279 BC) is named after the lighting bolt thrown by Jupiter.

22. TYRIMMAS Greek Mythology
Tyrimmas, a Argead king of Macedon and son of Coenus. Also known as Temenus. In Greek mythology, Temenus son of Aristomaches and great-great grandson of Hercules. He became king of Argos. Tyrimmas was also a man from Epirus and his father Evippe, who consorted with Ulysses (Parthenius of Nicaea, Love romance, 3.1). The meaning is “one who loves cheese.”

Queens AND ROYAL FAMILY

23. EURYDIKE Greek Mythology (EURYDICE Latinized)
Through all righteousness “by Greek eurys» wide «embankment and” justice “. In Greek myth, she was the wife of Orpheus. Her husband tried to rescue from Hades, but failed when disobeyed provided they do not look back on their way and out. Name of the mother of Philip II of Macedon.

24. Bernice f Ancient Greek (BERENICE Latinized)
Intense: BER-e-NIE-see
Through ‘victory’ by pherein »to« win and “win”. This name was a joint decision between the Ptolemies of Egypt family.

25. Cleopatra f Ancient Greek (Latinized Cleopatra)
Intense: Klee-o-PAT-ra
Through “glory of the father” from Greek kleos «glory» in conjunction with patros’ his father. ” In the Iliad, the name of the wife of Meleager Aetolia. That was the name of the Queens of Egypt from the Ptolemaic royal family, including Cleopatra VII, the mistress of both Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. After the defeat by Augustus who committed suicide by allowing herself to bittet by asp. Also, the name of the bride of Philip II of Macedon.

26. St. CYNNA Ancient Greek
Half-sister of Alexander the Great. Its name comes from the ADJ. Dorica dialect Cyna (= hard).

27. THESSALONIKI f Ancient Greek
Through ‘victory over the Thessalians’, named after the region of Thessaly and order, which means “victory”. Name of Alexander the Great step sister and Thessaloniki which takes its name from the 315 BC ..

Generals, soldiers, philosophers and OTHERS

28. Parmenion ancient Greek
The most famous general of Philip and Alexander the great. Another famous bearer of this name was the Olympic Parmenion Mytilene. Its name comes from the name Parmenon + end-ion used to note descendancy. This means the «descedant of Parmenon».

29. PEUKESTAS Ancient Greek
Alexander the Great is stored in India. One of the most famous Macedonians. Its name comes from pine (= acute) + the ending Dorica-TB. The meaning is the one that is sharp “.

30. Aristophanes Ancient Greek
It comes from the Greek elements Aristos ‘better’ and phanes «show». The name of one of Alexander the Great at the personal body guard who was present during the murder of Clayton. (Plutarch, Alexander, “The life of the Noble Grecians and Romans”). That was the name of the 5th century BC Athenian playwright.

31. KORRAGOS Ancient Greek
The Macedonian disputed a race Olympic Dioxippos and lost. Its name comes from Koira (= army) + ago (= result). Korragos has the meaning of “the army chief.”

32. ARISTON Ancient Greek
Aristos derived from the Greek meaning “the best”. The name of the Macedonian with the officer campaign of Alexander the Great (Arrian, Anabasis, Book II, 9 and Book III, 11, 14).

33. KLEITUS Ancient Greek (Latinized Clayton)
Through ‘calling immediately “or” summoned “to Greek. A phalanx battalion commander of the army of Alexander the Great at the Battle of Hydaspes. Also the name of Alexander the nurse of his brother, who cut his arm Persian Spithridates at the Battle of Granicus.

34. Hephaistion Greek Mythology
Derived from Hephaistos («Hephaestus’ Latinized) which in Greek mythology was the god of fire and forging and one of the twelve Olympian deities. Hephaistos in Greek means “oven” or “volcano”. Hephaistion was the closest friend and companion of Alexander the Great. He was also known as «Philalexandros» («friend of Alexander).

35. HERAKLEIDES Ancient Greek (HERACLEIDES Latinized)
Maybe it means “key” Hera “from the name of the goddess Hera combined with Greek kleis» key “or kleidon» small key. ” The name of two Macedonian soldiers on campaign with Alexander the Great (Arrian, Anabasis, Book I, 2, Book III, 11, and Book VII, 16).

36. Krateros Ancient Greek (CRATERUS Latinized)
It comes from the Greek ADJ. Krateros (= strong). This was the name of one of the generals of Alexander the Great. A friend of Alexander the Great, was also known as «Philobasileus» («friend of the King”).

37. Neoptolemos Greek Mythology (NEOPTOLEMUS Latinized)
Through “new war”, derived from the Greek NEW “new” and WAR “war”. In Greek myth, this was the name of his son Achilles, who arrive in the Trojan War because it was prophesied the Greeks could not win if it was not present. After the war was killed by Orestes by marriage with Hermione. Neoptolemus is believed to be the ancestor of Alexander the Great for her mother (Olympias) side (Plutarch). The names of two soldiers during the Macedonian campaigns of Alexander (Arrian, Anabasis, Book I and Book II, 6, 27).

38. Filota Ancient Greek
From Greek philotes meaning “friendship”. Son of Parmenion and the captain of Alexander’s Companion cavalry.

39. PHILOXENOS Ancient Greek
Meaning “friend strangers” coming from the Greek meaning Philos Friend and Stranger meaning “foreigner, stranger. The name of a campaign for Macedonian soldier with Alexander the Great (Arrian, Anabasis, Book III, 6).

40. MENELAOS Greek Mythology (Menelaus Latinized)
Through withstand people “from Greek meno ‘at the end to withstand’ and Laos’ people.” In Greek legend was king of Sparta and husband of Helen. When his wife was taken from Paris, the Greeks besieged the city of Troy in an effort to get back. After the war Menelaus and Helen moved to a happy life. Macedonian naval commander during the wars of the Diadochi and brother Ptolemy Lagos.

41. LAOMEDON ancient Greek
Friend from childhood of Alexander and later Satrapi. The name derives from the Greek noun laos (people = «people» + medon (medo = “He who governs”)

42. POLYPERCHON Ancient Greek
Macedonian, Son of Simmias Its name comes from the Greek word “very” (= very) + spercho (= rush).

43. HEGELOCHOS (HEGELOCHUS Latinized)
Known as a conspirator. Its name comes from the Greek verb (igeomai = “walking forward” + noun = Greek company “set up an ambush).

44. POLEMON ancient Greek
From his home Andromenes. Brother Attalos. Within the Greek “he who fights and war.”

45. AUTODIKOS ancient Greek
Somatophylax of Philip III. Its name in Greek means “one who takes the law into his (own) hands”

46. BALAKROS ancient Greek
Son of Nicanor. We already know Macedonians usually used a “beta” instead of «Phi» used by the Athenians (eg «belekys» instead of «pelekys», «balakros» instead of «falakros). «Falakros» has the meaning of “soon”.

47. NIKANOR (Nikanor ancient Greek, Latin: Nicanor) means «Victor» – from Nike (Victory), which means “victory”.
Nicanor was Balakras father’s name. He was a prominent Macedonian during the reign of Philip II.
Another Nicanor son of Parmenion and brother Philotas. He was a distinguished officer (commander Hypaspists) on Alexander the Great service. He died of illness in Bactria in 330 BC ..

48. LEONNATOS ancient Greek
One of the somatophylakes Alexander. Its name derives from Leon (= Lion) + the root Nat substantive nator (= brash). The meaning is “impetuous as a lion.”

49. KRITOLAOS ancient Greek
He was a potter from Pella. His name was in amphorae discovered during the 1980 to 1987 in Pella. Its name comes from Critics (= the chosen) + population (= people). The meaning is “chosen by the people.”

50. ZOILOS ancient Greek
Father Myleas from Veria – Since zo-e (Life) saying “live”, “blithe”. Hence the Italian «Zoilo»

51. ZEUXIS ancient Greek
Name of the Macedonian ruler of Lydia at the time of Antigonus III and also the name of one of Painter Heraclea – from ‘zeugnumi «=» to commit “,” together “

52. LEOCHARIS ancient Greek
Sculptor – under ‘Leon’ = ‘lion’ and ‘Harry’ = ‘grace’. Literally meaning the “lion of grace.”

53. DEINOKRATIS ancient Greek
Alexander helped the creation of Alexandria in Egypt.
From ‘deinow’ = ‘to make terrible »and« kratein «=» judge “
Obviously, indicating a “terrible ruler ‘

54. ADMETOS (Admetus) Ancient Greek
comes from the word a + damaw (damazw) and means tameless, obstreperous.Damazw means Chastel, prevails

55. ANDROTIMOS (Androtimos) Ancient Greek
arising from andreios words (brave, brave) and timitis (honest, upright)

56. PEITHON Ancient Greek
It means “the one who convinces”. It was a common name of the Macedonians and the most famous names of the holders were Peithon, son Sosicles, responsible for the royal pages Peithon, son Krateuas, a messenger of Alexander the Great.

57. SOSTRATOS Ancient Greek
Derived from the Greek words “Sauce (= safe) + Army (= army).” He was the son of Amyntas and executed as a conspirator.

58. DIMNOS Ancient Greek
It comes from the Greek verb “deimaino (= I fear). One of the conspirators.

59. TIMANDROS Ancient Greek
Concept «Man of honor.” From the Greek words “price (= price) + Man (= man). One of the commanders of the regular Hypaspistes.

60. TLEPOLEMOS (Tlepolemos) Ancient Greek
It comes from Greek words “tlimon (= brave) + War (= war).” In Greek mythology Tlepolemos was the son of Hercules. In alexanders time appointed Tlepolemos Satrapi of Carmania by Alexander the Great.

61. Axios (Worthy) Ancient Greek
Meaning “capable”. His name was found in an inscription, together with the patronymic ‘Worthy Antigonus of Macedon. “

62. THEOXENOS (THEOXENIA) Ancient Greek
It comes from Greek words “god (= god) + stranger (= stranger). His name appears as donator temple of Apollo, along with the city and patronymic origin (THEOXENIA Aeschrionia Kassandria).

63. Mitron (womb) Ancient Greek

Ancient Macedonians

Αρχαίοι Μακεδόνες

Deer hunt mosaic from Pella.jpg

Languages

Ancient Macedonian,

then Attic Greek, and later Koine Greek

Religion

Greek Polytheism

The route of the Argeads from Argos,Peloponneseto Macedonia

The Macedonians (Greek: Μακεδόνες,Makedónes) were an ancient tribe that lived on the alluvial plain around the rivers Haliacmon and lower Axios in the northeastern part of the Greek peninsula. Macedonians  was anancient Greek people.They gradually expanded from their homeland along the Haliacmon valley on the northern edge of the Greek world, absorbing or driving out neighbouring tribes, primarily Thracian and Illyrian.

Although composed of various clans, the Kingdom of Macedon established around the 8th century BC is mostly associated with the Argead dynasty, and the tribe named after it. Traditionally ruled by independent families, the Macedonians seem to have accepted Argead rule by the time of King Alexander I (r. 498–454 BC). Under King Philip II (r. 359–336 BC), they are credited with numerous military innovations, which enlarged their territory and increased their control over other areas, leading to the exploits of Alexander the Great, the establishment of several realms from the Diadochi, and the inauguration of the Hellenistic civilization.

The Ancient Macedonian Testimonies (Literary Sources) Firstly we intend to examine the ancient evidence on the way the Ancient Macedonians were defining themselves in reference to their own identity.b Concerning their own beliefs about themselves we shall review the available evidence coming from sources, both Literary and Archaeological.

A. The Literary Evidence

The first available  evidence comes from the Macedonian king Alexander, during hisspeech to Atheneans. Essentially we have a clear confession that Alexander considers himself

-Had I not greatly at heart the Common welfare of Greece I

should not have come to tell you; but I am myself Greek by

descent, (“te gar Hellên genos eimi tôrchaion“) and I would

not willingly see Greece exchange freedom for slavery. …If

you prosper in this war, forget not to do something for my

freedom; consider the risk I have run, out of

zeal for the Greek Cause,….I am Alexander of Macedon‘1

Another cited excerpt makes it even more clear that Alexander I

was proud of his

Hellenic identity. While speaking to Persians:

Tell your king who sent you how a Greek man, viceroy of

the Macedonians (ανηρ Ελλην υπαρχος Μακεδονων – “anêr Hellên

– Makedonôn hyparchos”)has received you hospitably… “

Early history

The expansion of the Macedonian kingdom has been described as a three-stage process. Macedonia then led a pan-Hellenic military force against their primary objective—theconquest of Persia—which they achieved with remarkable ease.

Prehistoric homeland

In Greek mythology, Makedon is the eponymous hero of Macedonia and is mentioned in Hesiod‘s Catalogue of Women.

Temenids and Argeads

The route of the Argeads from Argos,Peloponneseto Macedonia(=High Land)

The Macedonian expansion is said to have been led by the ruling Temenid dynasty, known as “Argeads” or “Argives”. Herodotus said thatPerdiccas, the dynasty’s founder, was descended from the HeraclidTemenus. 

He left Argos with his two older brothers Aeropus andGayanes, and travelled via Illyria to Lebaea.

ETYMOLOGY OF ANCIENT MACEDONIAN NAMES.

Φίλιππος (Philippos) which means “friend of horses”, composed of the elements φίλος (philos) “friend” and ίππος (hippos) “horse”. This was the name of five kings of Macedon, including Philip II the father of Alexander the Great. The name appears in the New Testament belonging to two people who are regarded as saints. First, one of the twelve apostles, and second, an early figure in the Christian church known as Philip the Deacon.

ALEXANDER
Latinized form of the Greek name Αλέξανδρος (Alexandros), which meant “defending men” from Greek αλεξω (alexo) “to defend, help” and ανήρ (aner) “man” (genitive ανδρός). In Greek mythology this was another name of the hero Paris, and it also belongs to several characters in the New Testament. However, the most famous bearer was Alexander the Great, King of Macedon. In the 4th century BC he built a huge empire out of Greece, Egypt, Persia, and parts of India. Due to his fame, and later medieval tales involving him, use of his name spread throughout Europe.

AMYNTAS
Derived from αμύντωρ (amyntor) meaning “defender”. This was the name of several kings of Macedon.

ANTIGONUS
From: Αντίγονος (Antigonos) which meant “against the ancestor”, from αντί (anti) “against” and γονεύς (goneus) “ancestor”. This was the name of one of Alexander the Great’s generals. After Alexander died, he took control of most of Asia Minor.

ARCHELAUS
Latinized form of the Greek name Αρχέλαος (Archelaos), which meant “master of the people” from άρχος (archos) “master” and λαος (laos) “people”. This was the name of a son of Herod the Great. He ruled over Judea, Samaria and Idumea.

ARISTOTLE
From Αριστοτέλης (Aristo+teles) which meant “the best purpose”, derived from άριστος (aristos) – (aristoctat, Aristophanes etc)=”best” or NOBLEST and τέλος-(telos) =”purpose, aim”(ie: Praxiteles the famous sculptur-artist). This was the name of a Greek philosopher of the 4th century BC who made lasting contributions to Western thought, including the fields of logic, metaphysics, ethics and biology.

KLEITOS
Means “splendid, famous” in Greek. This was the name of one of Alexander the Great’s generals.

CLEOPATRA
Κλεοπάτρα (Kleopatra) which means “glory of the father”, derived from κλέος (kleos) “glory” combined with πατρός (patros) “of the father”. This was the name of queens of Egypt from the Ptolemaic royal family, including Cleopatra VII, the mistress of both Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. After being defeated by Augustus she committed suicide by allowing herself to be bitten by an asp. Shakespeare’s tragedy ‘Antony and Cleopatra’ (1606) is based on her.

The Macedonian name Περδίκκας – (Perdikas) obviusly means “famously just” [περ(ί)- + δίκαιος=just] , but to accept it we must “prove” somehow the doubling of the letter “k” in the theme “δίκη” , meaning “justice”. Interestingly our “proof” comes from the female Acarnanian name “Δικκώ”.

The earliest sources, Herodotus and Thucydides, called the royal family “Temenidae”. In later sources (Strabo, Appian,Pausanias) the term “Argeadae” was introduced . However,Appian said that the term Argeadae referred to a leading Macedonian tribe rather than the name of the ruling dynasty . The words “Argead” and “Argive” derive viaLatin Argīvus from the Greek Ἀργεῖος (Argeios), meaning “of or from Argos” and is first attested in Homer, where it was also used as a collective designation for the Greeks (“Ἀργείων Δαναῶν”, ArgiveDanaans). . A figure, Argeas, is mentioned in the Iliad (16.417),therefore it is possible that there may have been an even earlier tradition deriving the genealogy of the Macedonian kings from the heroes of theTrojan Cycle, which was popular in neighbouring Epirus.

Expansion from the core

Expulsion of the Pieres from the region of Olympus to the region ofPangaion by the Macedonians

Both Strabo and Thucydides said that Emathia andPieria were mostly occupied by Thracians (Pierians,Paeonians) and Bottiaeans, as well as some Illyrian and Epirote tribes.

But the country along the sea which is now called Macedonia, was first acquired and made a kingdom by Alexander [I], father of Perdiccas [II] and his forefathers, who were originally Temenidae from Argos. They defeated and expelled from Pieria the Pierians … and also expelled the Bottiaeans from Bottiaea … they acquired as well a narrow strip of Paeonia extending along the Axios river from the interior to Pella and the sea. Beyond the Axios they possess the territory as far as the Strymon called Mygdonia, having driven out the Edoni. Moreover, they expelled from the district now called Eordaea the Eordi … The Macedonians also made themselves rulers of certain places … namely Anthemus, Grestonia, and a large part of Macedonia proper.

Ethnogenesis 

The entrance to the “Great Tumulus” Museum at Vergina

An atrium with a pebble-mosaic paving in Pella, the Macedonian capital

The process of state formation in Macedonia was similar to that of its neighbours in Epirus, Illyria,Thraceand Thessaly, whereby regional elites could mobilize disparate communities for the purpose of organizing land and resources. Local notables were often based in urban-like settlements, although contemporaneous historians often did not recognize them aspoleisbecause they were not self-ruled but under the rule of a “king”. From the mid-6th century, there appears a series of exceptionally rich burials throughout the region—inTrebenista,Vergina, Sindos,Agia Paraskevi, Pella-Archontiko, Aiani,Gevgelija,Amphipolis—sharing a similar burial rite and grave accompaniments, interpreted to represent the rise of a new regional ruling class sharing a common ideology, customs and religious beliefs. A common geography, mode of existence, and defensive interests might have necessitated the creation of a political confederacy among otherwise ethno-linguistically diverse communities, which led to the consolidation of a new Macedonian ethnic identity.

Mosaic of Ancient Macedonians hunting down a lion. Archaeological Museum of Pella, Macedonia

 Non-Argead centres increasingly became dependent allies, allowing the Argeads to gradually assert and secure their control over the lower and eastern territories of Macedonia.This control was fully consolidated byPhillip II.

Culture

The Golden Larnax, at the Museum of Vergina, which contains the possible remains of King Philip II (r. 359–336 BC).

Macedonian coinage and medallions, depicting Alexander the Great andPhilip II

The inscriptions demonstrate that Hellenism in Upper Macedonia was at a high economic, artistic, and cultural level by the 6th century BC—overturning the notion that Upper Macedonia was culturally and socially isolated from the rest of ancient Greece.

Society

Aristotle, a philosopher from the Macedonian town of Stageira, tutoring young Alexander in the Royal Palace of Pella. The Macedonian Kings often sought the best education possible for their heirs. Artwork by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris.

.

An important aspect of Macedonian social life were court symposia, which were characterized by heavy drinking (of apparently unmixed wine), feasting, and general debauchery. Symposia had several functions, amongst which was providing relief from the hardship of battle and marching. 

Athenian playwrights such as Euripides and Agathonand the famous painter Zeuxis, all were influential in the early kingdom. Euripides wrote his last two tragedies at Archelaos’s(= people`s leader) court.

Religio

Ancient Dion was a centre of the worship of Zeus and the most important spiritual sanctuary of the Ancient Macedonians.

The ancient Macedonians worshipped the Olympic Pantheon, especially Zeus,Artemis, Heracles, andDionysus.As all the  Ancient Greeks regarded it as an essential element of Hellenic identity to share common religious beliefs and to come together at regular intervals at Panhellenic sanctuaries (Olympia,Delphi,Nemea/Argos, etc.) in order to celebrate Panhellenic festivals. Most of the gods who were worshipped in southern Greece can also be found in the Macedonian pantheon and the names of the most important Macedonian religious festivals are also typically Greek. Evidence of this worship exists from the beginning of the 4th century BC onwards, but little evidence of Macedonian religious practices from earlier times exists. From an early period, Zeus was the single most important deity in the Macedonian pantheon. Makedon, the mythical ancestor of the Macedonians, was held to be a son of Zeus, and Zeus features prominently in Macedonian coinage.The most important centre of worship of Zeus was at Dion inPieria, the spiritual centre of the Macedonians, where beginning in 400 BC King Archelaos established an annual festival, which in honour of Zeus featured lavish sacrifices and athletic contests. Worship of Zeus’s son Heracles was also prominent; coins featuring Heracles appear from the 5th century BC onwards. This was in large part because the Argead kings of Macedon traced their lineage to Heracles, making sacrifices to him in the Macedonian capitals of Vergina and Pella. Numerous votive reliefs and dedications also attest to the importance of the worship of Artemis. Artemis was often depicted as a huntress and served as a tutelary goddess for young girls entering the coming-of-age process, much asHeracles Kynagidas (Hunter) did for young men who had completed it.

Entrance to the tomb of King Philip II (r. 359–336 BC)

Banquet, tomb of Agios Athanasios, fresco, detail

Language

7270-year-old Tablet Found in Kastoria Calls into Question History of Writing

Back in 1993, in a Neolithic lakeshore settlement that occupied an artificial island near the modern village of Dispilio on Lake Kastoria in the Kastoria Prefecture, professor George Hourmouziadis and his team unearthed the Dispilio Tablet (also known as the Dispilio Scripture or the Dispilio Disk), a wooden tablet bearing inscribed markings (charagmata) that has been carbon 14-dated to about 7300 BP (5260 BC).

In February 2004, during the announcement of the Tablet’s discovery to the world, Hourmouziadis claimed that the text with the markings could not be easily publicized because it would ultimately change the current historical background concerning the origins of writing and articulate speech depicted with letters instead of ideograms within the borders of the ancient Greek world and by extension, the broader European one.

According to the Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, the markings suggested that the current theory proposing that the ancient Greeks received their alphabet from the ancient civilizations of the Middle East (Babylonians, Sumerians and Phoenicians etc)fails to close the historic gap of some 4,000 years. This gap translates into the following facts:  while ancient eastern civilizations would use ideograms to express themselves, the ancient Greeks were using syllables in a similar manner like we use today.

The currently accepted historic theory taught around the world suggests that the ancient Greeks learned to write around 800 BC from the Phoenicians. However, a question emerges among scholars: how is it possible for the Greek language to have 800,000 word entries, ranking first among all known languages in the world, while the second next has only 250,000 word entries? How is it possible for the Homeric Poems to have been produced at about 800 BC, which is just when the ancient Greeks learned to write? It would be impossible for the ancient Greeks to write these poetic works without having had a history of writing of at least 10,000 years back, according to a US linguistic research.

The tablet is 2,000 years older than the written findings from the Sumerian era and 4,000 years older than the Cretan-Mycenean linear types of writing.

The markings on the tablet did not resemble the human figures, the sun and moon or other figures ideograms usually depict. They actually showed signs of advanced apheresis, which indicates they are the result of cognitive processes.

The tablet was partially damaged when it was exposed to the oxygen-rich environment outside of the mud and water in which it was immersed for a long period of time, and it is now under conservation. The full academic publication of the tablet apparently awaits the completion of the work of conservation

– See more at: http://greece.greekreporter.com/2012/07/16/7270-year-old-tablet-found-in-kastoria-calls-into-question-history-of-writing/#sthash.o0yDtSd4.dpuf

Main article: Ancient Macedonian language

In Macedonian onomastics, most personal names are recognizably Greek (e.g. Alexandros, Philippos, Dionysios, Apollonios, Demetrios), with some dating back to Homeric (e.g. Ptolemaeos) or Mycenean times.

Identity

The Vergina Sun – beeing allready PANHELLENIC Symbol, has been proposed as a symbol of ancient Macedonia or of the Argead dynasty by archeologists.

The emphasis on the Heraclean ancestry of the Argeads served to heroicize the royal family and to provide a sacred genealogy which established a “divine right to rule” over their subjects.The Macedonian royal family, like those of Epirus, emphasized “blood and kinship in order to construct for themselves a heroic genealogy that sometimes also functioned as a Hellenic genealogy”.

Macedonian staterfeaturing Alexander the Great and the goddess Athena on the obverse.

The Persians referred to the Macedonians as “Yaunã Takabara” (“Greeks with hats that look like shields”).   Yauna (“Ionians”(minor Asia Greeks their term for “Greeks”- but they were Doric dialects in Minor Asia, as well, likein Pergamo and other cities, but mainly Ionic), though they distinguished the “Yauna by the sea and across the sea” from the Yaunã Takabaraor “Greeks with hats that look like shields”, possibly referring to the Macedoniankausia hat. Yauna and its various attributes possibly referred to regions to the north and west of Asia Minor..”Worthington concludes that “there is still more than enough evidence and reasoned theory to suggest that the Macedonians were racially Greek.

Heroes
1. worship some unknown elsewhere local hero, the Ippalkmou, an embossed plate associated found near the junction of Egnatia and Plato and dated to the late Hellenistic period. In the performance depicted hunting the bull. A rider on the left with a short chiton and mantle, donning, with a raised right hand which holds a spear, facing the menacing bull rushes with raised front legs. Moreover, frequent in works of art the presence of the hero-horseman or knight-hunter, who is associated with the worship of the dead, which prodilonetai either by the presence of the snake, or the horse itself. The horse was long associated with the underworld, or in relation to a god of the underworld, either independently as a demon of death temporarily only harnessed by mortal heroes, like Bellerophon from Macedonia  or Adrastus, who however later they led to the death of these horses. Even Phaethon driving the chariot of the Sun loses sometime control horses sunk him. These myths were a very good way to show the temporary domination of man over death. An example hero-horseman in the area of Macedonia is the case of Hephaistion, who after his death was worshiped as a hero. Testified in a relief the last fifteen years of the 4th century. BC, the era that Cassander, from Pella (located at the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki), dedicated by someone Diogenes the hero Hephaestion (Hephaistion heroine DIOGENIS). The Hephaestion pictured right, rather in front of the cave, as a rider, young, beardless, with short hair, and left standing daughter jug in his right hand, which spendei. But who is he Hephaestion(=Vulcano)? Undoubtedly is the close associate and friend of Alexander, his son Proponents of Pella (cf. The place of finding the relief), who was worshiped as afiroismenos dead by Alexander initiative a few years after his untimely death. The worship could not be established in Athens (Hypereides, Epitaph 21), because the power and the cult of heroes, unlike the gods, were confined to the family, the team, his city. Hephaestion then worshiped as afiroismenos dead, who, like his ilk, has a closer and more personal relationship with people, protective works and conciliators between the worlds of mortals and gods. Like the other heroes, standing closer to the chthonic deities, and therefore represented in front of caves and cave s general gaps land considered entry places in the underworld; and there were offerings to the underworld, the dead and the gods.
As for dedicator only speculations can be made based on existing evidence. Lucian eg (On the non radios believing slander 17-18) reports that many of the veterans partners turned in Macedonia in the years after 321 BC they dedicated themselves and their weapons to Hephaestion. It is not excluded, therefore Diogenes was one of them.
2. Silver tray with mythological scenes and the inscription PAFSYLYPOU THESSALONIKI found buried along with many other utensils (plates, bowls, plates, cups, spoons), at Kaiseraugst, Switzerland. [Macedonia 03] They were objects used by the upper classes of the time of M. Kon / mind and his successors. The disc (dated to the mid 4th century AD.), A work Pafsylypou, depicted in eleven scenes life of Achilles(the ideal hero idol of Alexander the Great); from birth and bath in the waters of the Styx and Kokytos as its discovery by Odysseus in palace of Lycomedes and his departure for Troy. If we consider the relationship of Temenid with Aiakides, we can perhaps find and meaning of representations at a time when the old religion objected to the new religion its own theopaida (Achilles, Alexander).
This is why the horse is often found in tombs as funerary while in pottery since the geometric art accompanying the funeral procession of the dead (eg the amphora of Dipylon).
Cleisthenes when he created the ten tribes of Athens, founded ten memorials Market and each tribe took its name from one of the ten heroes. Introducing So the cult of a new hero, and even from Macedonia, it was natural cause serious and strong reactions.
Votive reliefs of the 4th century. BC from different places, different and far apart, to indicate the interface of these heroic cults around the Greek area.

Bellerophon upon Pegasus kills Chimaera
Mosaic of Olynthos, headquarters of Chalkidean League

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The two snakes – actions that express our nervous system, formed in the Caduceus of Mercury. Legend says that Mercury once saw two snakes fighting and put the rod between them and wrapped them around her and stopped hostile. The name of Hermes etymolocaly means, “one who interprets”, (Eρμηνευτής – Hermeneutis = “performer. The performer is our mind, the logic that processes and knowledge, thus developing the consciousness and the evolutionary level of the divine.
The snake symbol adopted Asclepius and Hippocrates as a symbol, which apart from the body were doctors and doctors of the soul. The rod with which control the snake, is the power of authority and control over this energy, the body electromagnetism, which is disturbed. This can be translated in the sense of koutalini snake control rod to the
spine, the energy of the lower instincts, the brute, who is as influential mentioned through the spinal cord like a snake runs along the spine, the and ancient Serpent called.

So, like Hermes, reconciles these forces, and balancing the distribution of energy in the body occurs and healing, the mind admonishes and guides his passions.
Hercules, from infancy he managed to drown two snakes, that put under its control, to tame and dominate the forces that make us vulnerable and vulnerable, and became a demigod hero went to the Champs Elysees ( “Ylisia pedia”Ηλυσια πεδια). Through this myth of Hercules, let it also leaked and that, as Pais of Zeus, the possession of a power of the heavenly, not only dominate through the mind and intellectual contact with the Divine earthly, bodily instincts, but and implied a mission given to him against the Offit Atlanteans, those we call Satan today.
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“Green Gourmet” (at Swedish Vegetarian Sociaty`s H.Q.)
Konstantin & Ewa Sangwal tasting Raw Pineapple & Cocos Ice cream Piroge at the office.- Autumn 1996 – Tjärhovsgatan – Södermalm/Stockholm

Allt om Mat 1996

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Fån Vänster: Petra, Konstantin, Rose-Marie, Patrick Wahlberg “Green Gourmet” 1995 at Swedish Vegetarian Society H.Q. Tjärhovsgatan Stockholm

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Till minnet av underbara pionjären inom “Grön festmat”mm Anna-Lisa Stenudd (nedre bild) styrelseledamot på Sv.V.F. & Hälsofrämjandet.

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                  FERMENTED KALE CHIPS

1) 250 gr. Kale leaf.

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4) Half Red Onion (grated) 2 slices of pressed garlic and 2 teaspoons Butane Lemon Pepper “Sishuan”

5) 3 tablespoons umeshu-shiso vinegar & one dl. gluten-free Tamari.

6) 2 dl. “Beast” (cultivated yeast flakes).

       Do this:

First, mix the ingredients from 2an, 3an, 4an and 5an, in a bowl.

Then you put in the kale leaves, “massage” them and let the leaves absorb for at least 15 minutes.

Last you put in “Bjästen”!

Flatten out on baking paper and into the drying cabinet (at 38 ° C) for about 12 hours.

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Anton & Monika Gutenberg
Curriculum led by Konstantin (arranged by Hälsofrämjaren & Svenska Veg. Föreningen – summer -97)

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Ingredients: 2 tablespoons raw yeast flakes, 200 gr.Cashew pine nuts and butter (to make the food processor), 2 grated fresh garlic cloves, 3 teaspoons of Birch Smoked volcanic Icelandic salt, 2 tablespoons of “Aegean” – Echo – olive oil, ½ teaspoon pepper Chilie, 2 MskProbioform. about 500 gr.ligth beetroot slices.

Mix together in the food processor all ingredients except the Beetroot discs, which will be mixed together, when the mix is ready.

Apply on  Back Scaffolding papers in the drying oven (it should not exceed 37 degrees C), about 16 hours. Good Luck & Mary Christmas!

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Taoism is China’s oldest philosophy and spiritual övningars systems. The energy that is when we are born from the earth, the stars and elements. Modern man has p. G., For some reason forgotten its place in nature, from there she will. We need to learn to take advantage of our legacy of nature, because we are her children and the way to follow the laws of nature is called the Tao.

The way to get to grips with our highest potential forces, by living in harmony with the natural order and energy is also called Tao. Life is a process by itself, similar to a dance. The body is integrated as a whole and all the body parts are connected and interacting with one another, exactly as the universe is integrated as a whole. Our existence depends on these unique forces that are around and within us. The way to live in this interaction with our internal and external environment is to breathe naturally, eat right, think clean, behave fairly and respectfully. It is the way to our optimal spiritual, mental, psychological and social development, then there is health, harmony and happiness of man. To find ourselves in balance, we must first understand the contrasts principle. (ATP) Life energy, called “Qi” in Chinese or “qi” Japanese, are involved from the beginning with us, even at the fetal stage in the umbilical cord and of the other bodies, but also in water, air, food and the universe.

The “Qi”, which we get from the mother earth is yin, while the sky is yang – Hot and cold, night and day, black and white, light and dark, good and evil, health and sickness, life and death … the same principle prevails in all. Without the cooperation of these contrasts, would not himself the universe exist. Just as the world structure is built on the principles of yin and yan is everything else. The same balance should be found even in the food, the acid and base balance is the critical biological factor, even for body, spirit and soul.

The body is a temple, where the idea is cultivated and spiritual forces is achieved. Balance must prevail in all our internal organs, the five elements balance through proper nutrition and positive thought. Our way of thinking is what determines how our lives will be. In this book, we will focus us on the food. According to the Taoists, the green leafy vegetables are the source of the richest food, because they have taken in the sunlight directly in their cells.

Hippocrates (460 f. Kr.), The father of medicine and physiology, among other things, advocating live food in balance with the four elements basically confirmed stubbornly, as was mentioned long before him, by Hesiod (Hellenisk poet, who wrote, among other things. A . “kosmogonia” = människlighe-tence and gods birth about 730 f.Kr.): “Noos hygiis a Somati hygies” = healthy mind in healthy body “. Living food diet consists of fresh berries, fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, seaweed and herbs, combined with fermentation (mjölksyring) and germ cultivation. n today’s modern society, Live feed, which still life, has gone to excess, because there are no important knowledge, which deals precisely balance, taking into account the seasons and other factors.

From: 

The Tao of “Green Gourmet” (Edition 1993)

            By Constantin Schönros

The Ultimate Raw Jam of “PIERIAS – Livs-Inspirations Källa”, Royal Jelly & Raw Lactosfree Yougurt

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The Ultimate Raw Jam (Godji, Physallis, Hippophaes Aramoeides, Raw Manuka Honey, Manuka Berries, Ananas, Vanilla, Fresh Ginger, Lemon grated peel. “Benazir”=the Persian word for “Unique” – Saffron)  – ALL Organic

 ALL the above ingredients, as the rest of the recipes  below, are available

at the well-stocked Holistic Shop (Establ.1973).

“PIERIA`S LIVS – INSPIRATIONS KÄLLA”

HÖTORGSHALLEN – STOCKHOLM – SWEDEN

Photo: Konstantin

(Dr.Emoto`s Hand Made Crystal Carafe…warming up at Max 39 Celcius) – Hippocrates Spirt…: -2 B Continued!!…This is the basic for making the Ultimate Godji – Saffron – Jam, by leting the Manuka & Godjii Berries AFTER the rest has been warmed up!!

 

 

The queen bee nutrition in the form of royal jelly results in a life is 5-8 years in comparison with the working bins 45-60 days.
Royal jelly includes:
Natural collagen
18 different enzymes
19 amino acids
Rich in pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5)
Acetylcholine – a substance that helps in the transmission of nerve signals between cells of the body.
Vitamins / minerals and trace elements
Royal jelly is rich in proteins and contains natural collagen is a protein which builds up among others skin tissue. As we age, the skin’s ability to regenerate collagen, so royal jelly is an excellent addition for those who want to keep skin young, soft and smooth. Furthermore, royal jelly is rich in pantothenic acid which is beneficial for the skin, nails and hair growth.
Traditional use of royal jelly:
Contributes to healthy and young skin.
Supports hormonal balance, (infertility, PMS, menopause)
General tonic because of its rich nutritional content.
Supports the body when fatigue and lack of energy.
Traditionally, royal jelly used by Chinese women to promote feminiteten, to support hormone regulation and in menopausal symptoms, mood swings, PMS and menstrual pain. Royal jelly is was very well known in ancient Greece, particulary (at Asklipios schools, as: in Knidos, Ephessus, Alicarnassos, Thessaly & Kos. It was a very important ingredient, at various Therapeutic, Medical  Pharmacological remendies and Healings. It was also recommended by traditionally oriented Chinese doctors to promote fertility.
Source: VogelWild Raw Honey & Royal Jelly fram the Monastery of mountain province in Greece – wild bees & wild fauna flowerS.Limited production specialy “Pieria’s Livs-Inspirations Källa” 

Pierias Livs - Stockholm, Sverige

Wild Raw Honey & Royal Jelly fram the Monastery of Tricorrpon of Fokis Phovince – Limited production for Pieria’s Livs

 

LACTOSFREE RAW YOUGURT

INGREDIENTS:

One (1) DL. coconut milk.

50 gr. of cacao butter. (In a water bath, until the butter melts at 40°C).

Then along with Natural Vanilla, Pineapple, Goji berries & Strawberries (sufficient, and all must be organic)

Then put the milk into the blender. (preferably “Vitamix”).

When the `ready to put it in a glass Jarr by completing two (2) tablespoons” PROBIOFORM “. (Raw Manuka Honey can be ended if one so wish.)

Let the pretty warm, dark place for 24 hours.

Before moving it in the fridge – the end if you want it thicker Psyllium flakes (on TBS).

 

Tempesto – & Allium ursinum (Ramslök, Wild garlic)

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“TEMPESTO”
100g Tempeh (eco)
100g fresh or 60(when is dry) Ramson leaves (wild garlic Leaves)
200g basil leaves
50g Pumpkin seeds 
200g Pine nuts
50g walnuts.

Olive oil, seasoning Umesu
Take a large handful of fresh, young Ramson leaves and wash thoroughly. Take a handful of fresh basil and place both in a blender. Cover with olive oil and mix until smooth. Add 200g finely grated pesto and stir until it is evenly mixed in. Add some coarsely ground pine, wainuts nuts & pumpkin seeds

This pesto is very versatile – you can move it in freshly cooked pasta,for home made ravioli, stir in a mixture of “Bio Cottage cheese” &Tempesto” c to create a tasty bread spread, or whatever you want .

 

Ramsons (Allium ursinum) 

umInline image 1Inline image 2

 

Domain: eucaryotes
The word formed from the Greek εὖ (EU, “good”, “true”) and κάρυον (Karyon, `Head`, `main ‘,` walnut’, `beloved ‘, core ‘) which refers to the cell nucleus-

Known sice the anciet times from both Hippogrates & later Dioskuridis (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples)
Family: Amaryllidaceae.
Studies have shown that aqueous extracts of wild garlic has a strong antibacterial activity and is considered as a natural antibiotic. Usage is to cure colds, prevention of atherosclerosis, as a means against flatulence and the countering of blood clots. Use plant part is the whole plant.

Wild garlic has a very strong flavor, which is why it is best to mix it with other herb. Basil works well, because the two complement each other well. Other herbs that you can use is chickweed, dandelion leaves or lamb quarters. Oil Marinated dried tomatoes also makes an excellent addition to this pesto recipe.is a drug and dietary plant species with a long tradition of use. This mini-review summarizes current knowledge of Phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of this valuable plant, with particular emphasis on antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antioxidant and cardio-protective effects.

 But studies on its composition and pharmacological activity is quite recent and scarce. The purpose of this review was to summarize the most important aspects related to A. ursinum and gives an overview of the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of this relatively poorly known plant species in the Allium genus.

Trancedermal Nutrition Therapy(TNT) & Nutritional Cosmetics – Masticosmetics – Antiarthritic Remendies

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 “Masticare” –

(See at: Mastic of Chios & Collagen – Hippophaphaes..)

 Propotions

A)  Intake:  1): Mastic 40%, Seabuck thorn 20%, Inulin 5%, Camu-camu 5%, MSM 10%, Sunseed Lecitine 5%, Allohe Vera 5% Probiform 10%; in Double as much destilled water volume

2) Ultimate Therapeuphtic Smoothies: One liter Cocos & Rice Milk, One Table spoon of Goji Berries, One tablesp. of Raw Cacao powder, one Tea sp. of Mastic powder, One Tablesp., of Seabuckthorn, One Table spoon of Astragalous, One Tbl-sp. of Probiform, 1/2 tea spoon of Fresh ginger, 1/2 Tea spoon of Vanila powder & One Table spoon of Alohe Vera.

 B) Beauty (& Antiarthretic) Application: Mastic 8%, Seabuck Thorn Cold Pressed oil 10%, RoyalJelly 10%, Camu-camu 5%, MSM 5%, Sunflowerseed-Lecitine 5%, Vanilla poweder 5%, Cold Pressed Coco`s oil 10%, Manuka honey 5%,  Sear Butter 7%, Hyaluronic Acid 20% &  Aloe-Vera 10%. Our skin is the biggest organ in our Body. Clean Spring Living Water even externally.

The ULTIMATE method is :

  1. )To distill the tap water: 

  2. ) to Vortex it in a magnetic field (of 15thn Gaus for approx: 9 minutes/ NIKKEN “Pig Mag” is recommended) . Image result for PiMag nikken

  3. )to Loadit with Oz3 Image may contain: indoor

  4. ) Put in Masaru Emoto´s into Fibonacci  carafes – Knowledge based on PYTHAGORAS. Image may contain: indoor

  5. )To enrich it with minerals

Mastic 8%, Seabuck Thorn Cold Pressed oil 15%, RoyalJelly 10%, Camu-camu 5%, MSM 5%, Sunflowerseed-Lecitine 10%, Vanilla poweder 5%, Cold Pressed Coco`s oil 15%, Manuka honey 22%, Probiform 5%.

C) Beauty (& Antiarthretic) Application:

 Mastic 8%, Seabuck Thorn Cold Pressed oil 10%, RoyalJelly 10%, Camu-camu 5%, MSM 5%, Sunflowerseed-Lecitine 5%, Vanilla poweder 5%, Cold Pressed Coco`s oil 10%, Manuka honey 5%,  Sear Butter 7%, Hyaluronic Acid 20% &  Aloe-Vera 10%.

 INFO:

Mastic of Chios

Konstantin

Μαστίχα Χίου: οι θεραπευτικές της ιδιότητες.

                               

The word mastic is derived from the Greek verb, (μαστιχεινmastihein = “to gnash the teeth”), which is the source of the English word masticate.[1] The word mastic is a synonym for gum in many languages.

Imitations and substitutes

The rarity of mastic and the difficulty of its production make it expensive. As a result, imitations in the form of other resins appear in the market, sold as “mastic,” such as Boswellia or gum arabic. Other trees, such as Pistacia palaestina, can also produce a resin similar to mastic. Yet other substances, such as pine tree resin and almond tree resin, are sometimes used in place of mastic.

Mastic is a natural resin that comes from the trunk of the mastic tree. The color is whitish – yellowish and translucent transparent up. The mastic tree grows only in southern Chios. It takes the full development of 40-50 years and lives about 100 from the 5th to the 6th year gives the resin after the 15th produces 60-250gr and in rare cases 400g. The exclusive production of the island of Chios due in accordance with temperate climate theories in the area and underwater volcanoes and limestone soil. Attempts have been made to cultivate the mastic mastic tree and in other parts of Greece and other countries, but without success.

The properties of mastic had been discovered since ancient times. The first reports from Herodotus in the 5th century BC .. Many ancient authors refer to the therapeutic properties of mastic as Pliny, Theophrastos, Dioscorides and Galenos. The medicinal properties were known toHippocrates. In ancient Rome they used toothpicks of mastic to whiten their teeth. In ancient Greece chewed the dried resinous liquid that flowed from the bark of the mastic tree. Also found prescriptions which seems mastic used in various diseases. The mastic production is from June to September. The flavor of gum chewing in the beginning is rather bitter but then disappears and the special scent adds a special flavor. The hardness is due to many factors such as temperature, exposure time of mastic and size of your tear.

Cosmetics:

researches alleged that Chios mastic extract reduces the disintegration of collagen.

  What Does Collagen Do?

May help to maintain Arthros & joints problems, healthy hair, skin and nails.It is thought that from the age of 25, your body loses collagen at a rate of 1.5% per annum, so by the age of 35, your body will have lost 15% and by 45, 30%. This is when you really start to notice a change in your skin’s elasticity and texture. 

Collagen naturally contains glucosamine and chondroitin which may help to support healthy joints by attracting fluid back into the joint space to cushion the bone and by rebuilding cartilage.

  • Kollagen är den viktigaste struktursubstansen i bindväven och därmed viktig för hudens elasticitet och densitet, men är även av avgörande betydelse för ledfunktionen. Antioxidativ, naturlig vitamin C från Acai & Camu-camu bär skyddar cellerna mot skador från oxidativ stress.

Medicine:People in the Mediterranean region have used mastic as a medicine for gastrointestinal ailments for several thousand years. The first-century Greek physician and botanistDioscorides, wrote about the medicinal properties of mastic in his classic treatise De Materia Medica (“About Medical Substances”).Consumption of mastic has been proven to absorb cholesterol, thus easing high blood pressure and reducing the risk of heart attacks. Mastic oil also has antibacterial and antifungal properties, and as such is widely used in the preparation of ointments for skin disorders and afflictions. It is also used in the manufacture of plasters.In recent years, university researchers have provided the scientific evidence for the medicinal properties of mastic. A 1985 study by the University of Thessaloniki and by the Meikai University discovered that mastic can reduce bacterial plaque in the mouth by 41.5%. A 1998 study by the University of Athens found that mastic oil has antibacterial and antifungal properties. Another 1998 University of Nottingham study, claims that mastic can heal peptic ulcers by killing Helicobacter pylori, which causes peptic ulcersgastritis, and duodenitis. Some in vivo studies have shown that mastic gum has no effect on H. pylori when taken for short periods of time. However, a recent and more extensive study showed that mastic gum reduced H. pylori populations after an insoluble and sticky polymer (poly-β-myrcene) constituent of mastic gum was removed and taken for a longer period of time. Further analysis showed the acid fraction was the most active antibacterial extract, and the most active pure compound was isomasticadienolic acid.Mastic is a natural resin that comes from the trunk of the mastic tree. The color is whitish – yellowish and translucent transparent up. The mastic tree grows only in southern Chios. It takes the full development of 40-50 years and lives about 100 from the 5th to the 6th year gives the resin after the 15th produces 60-250gr and in rare cases 400g. The exclusive production of the island of Chios due in accordance with temperate climate theories in the area and underwater volcanoes and limestone soil. Attempts have been made to cultivate the mastic mastic tree and in other parts of Greece and other countries, but without success.

                          “Masticare”

 Propotions

A) Intake: 

Mastic 60%, Inulin 5%, Camu-camu 5%, MSM 10%, Sunseed Lecitine 5%, Allohe Vera 5% Probiform 10%; in Double as much destilled water volume

B) Application:

Mastic 8%, Seabuck Thorn Cold Pressed oil 15%, RoyalJelly 10%, Camu-camu 5%, MSM 5%, Sunflowerseed-Lecitine 10%, Vanilla poweder 5%, Cold Pressed Coco`s oil 15%, Manuka honey 22%, Probiform 5%.

Dioscorides (1st century AD.) “Father of pharmacology”, physician and botanist from Cilicia, had a pharmacy for 35 years and classify drugs into 5 categories. His work “De Materia Medica” I did not overcome until the 16th century. Dioscorides praises the healing properties of Chios Mastic indicating that helps in cases of indigestion, the reproduction of blood in chronic cough, while acting as a sedative drug. It also found that chewing mastic than oral hygiene and gives pure and fresh breath. In another reference to the fact he speaks of a mastic, the essential oil of mastic, which as stated variously applied for diseases of the uterus, as mild heating, astringent and emollient agent. Chios Mastic (natural rubber)

·                          Chios Mastiha

What is Mastiha?  Mastiha is the natural and rare tree resin of the pistacia lentiscus var Chia tree. Scientific research has shown that this resin has anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, and anti-inflammatory qualities.  It has been documented from antiquity for its health benefits, its use as the first natural chewing gum and as a cooking spice. Today, it is still chewed as well as used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and in the culinary world.  Chios Mastiha contributes to a healthy gastrointestinal system and has beneficial effects for both oral hygiene and skin care. Chios Mastiha is protected by the European Union as a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) product.  This distincion recognizes the name of a specific region or country where a specific agricultural product originates exclusively due to the geographical environment.  This includes the natural and human factors and production, alteration and processes which take place in the delineated geographical area.  All PDO products bear the EU symbol designating them as such. Chewing Chios Mastiha is a truly unique experience.  To create your own natural piece of gum, select a few medium pieces of the resin, or combine a small piece with a large one.  The larger pieces tend to be softer than the small ones, so it is recommended that one chew a mixture rather than chew only the small, hard pieces.  Before chewing, let the pieces moisten in your mouth. Mastiha may taste a bit bitter at first, but that taste fades into a light herbal flavor.  Begin chewing and Mastiha becomes a white silky color.  The resin keeps its hard texture indefinitely and this is precisely why it is recommended for gum health and amazingly clean teeth!  Keep chewing the gum for a half hour in order to gain all the therapeutic benefits. For more information on Chios Mastiha, click on the informational brochures below. Chios Mastiha Overview Chios Mastiha Medical and Scientific Reports Chios Mastiha Guide to Beauty Care De första rapporterna om mastix och mastix identifierats i antiken och i huvudsak härrör från Herodotos (484-420 f.Kr.), som skall anges att i det antika Grekland tuggade det torkade hartsartade vätska som strömmar från barken av mastix . I medicinska texter sen antiken fann rikedom recept, viktigaste ingrediensen kitt, vilket är till gagn för människors hälsa och tillskrivs många egenskaper. Vanligtvis används i kombination med andra naturmaterial för att behandla många sjukdomar. I själva verket, på grund av den starka inverkan av antiflegmonodous eleanolikou och oleanolic acid (3-oxotriterpenio) fungerar mastix getväppling lyse inflammation start från specifika organ periodontit, esofagit, gastrit, duodenalsår och kolit tills hemorrojder. Förhindrar också stagnation inom dessa områden förebygga symtom som matsmältningsbesvär eller gasbildning. Dessutom är uppslutnings underlättas genom reflex utsöndring av saliv och magsaft genom tuggummi. Faktum är att mastixen som fortfarande används idag för att mjuka tumörer i anus, bröst, lever, öronspott, mjälte, mage, tarm och matstrupe, även för diarré hos barn. Dessutom anses det vara ett smärtstillande, hostdämpande, orexigenic, afrodisiakum, sammandragande, erytropoes, urindrivande, slemlösande och blodstillande. Mastix nämns som den traditionella motgift mot bölder, acne, cancer, sår och tumörer, maligna vesikler kardiodynias, vårtor, tröghet, gingivit, dålig andedräkt, vita flytningar, mastit, spetsar och åderförkalkning. Senaste medicinska studier vid universitetet i Nottingham sade att även i minimala doser (1 mg dagligen i 2 veckor), kan kitt läka magsår, som är ansvarig för bakterien Helicobacter Pylori, på grund av dess antimikrobiella åtgärder, samtidigt som viktiga och dess effekt på leverfunktionen, och aktiverar avgiftande aktivitet. På detta sätt absorberas kolesterol, är vars koncentration i blodet minskar, vilket minskar risken för hjärt-och kärlsjukdomar. Fortfarande, out och diuretiska egenskaper, medan viktig är inhiberingen av leukotriensyntes genom verkan av mastix. Annan modern vetenskaplig forskning som lett till isolering och identifiering av ursolic och oleanolic syra, avslöjade och bekräftade att många av de läkemedelsverksamhet kitt, såsom cancer, leverskyddande, anti-inflammatorisk, antiulcer, antimikrobiell (mot många patogener såsom Staphylococcus och salmonella) anti-hyperlipidemi och antivirala åtgärder, förklaras främst att ursolsyra, och isomeren, oleanolic syra. Den näst vanligaste användningen av mastix i samband med vård av munhålan. Den är lämplig för att göra tandkräm (Epitomae 2,26), tillhandahålla rent andning och släppa överflödig fukt i munnen (Aëtius 3.141). I själva verket har det visat sig att tillsats av naturligt gummi pasta i tandkräm, tvättlösningar och frisk andedräkt leder till att stärka immunförsvaret av vävnad mellan tänderna och tandköttet, vilket verkar mot bildandet av plack och andra parodontala sjukdomar. Verkningsmekanismen involverar reaktionen av komponenterna i tandköttet polymorfa cellkärnor i området för den orala håligheten och orsakar ansamling av vita blodkroppar. Av särskilt intresse är det faktum att mastixen som används för trimning. Den fungerade som solskydd mot brännskador från solen (Oribasius, Ad Eustathium 6,53), medan en viktig ingrediens i tillverkningen av tvål och skönhetskräm (Aëtius 8,14). I moderna kosmetika, kitt, på grund av ursolsyra och dess isomer, oleanolic syra, används i preparat som är avsedda att förbättra hårväxten och skydd mot irritation i hårbotten. Dessutom är företagens kosmetika och parfymer med hjälp mastix, såsom eterisk olja vid framställning av parfymer och ansiktskrämer, som ursolsyra, bland annat fastställs strukturerna för kollagen och elasticitet i huden och därigenom minska åldringstiden. Ändå, det kitt som används i konfektyrer som tillsats vid framställning av stora mängder godis, sötsaker och bageri smak medan matlagning lägger en distinkt smak till kött, ost eller som krydda. Inom dryckesindustrin, tjänar till att framställa likör ouzo, såsom genom tillsats av gummi dryck får sin smak och minskar skadliga effekterna av alkohol. Slutligen är det kitt en idealisk mat konserveringsmedel, eftersom den förhindrar tillväxten av skadliga mikroorganismer i dem, såsom Salmonella enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudo fragi, Candida albicans, osv. Den biologiska aktiviteten hos Chios mastix tuggummi har utvärderats i flera in vitro-studier relaterade till förmågan att hämma oxidation av LDL (det onda kolesterolet), där den har den högsta antioxidant aktivitet jämfört med andra plaster och gummin, och därmed ökat skydd för det kardiovaskulära systemet. Harts av mastix Chiou innehåller avsevärda mängder av olika polyfenoler jämfört med andra naturliga produkter, i kombination med andra komponenter (t.ex. terpenoids) förvärvar positiva hälsoegenskaper. Bland dessa egenskaper, har en viktig roll som spelas av den allmänna antioxidant. Antioxiderande aktivitet Skydd av LDL (det onda kolesterolet) genom oxidation som leder till en minskning av kolesterol deponeras i vävnader och därmed en minskning av produktionstakten av aterosklerotiska plack, vilket minskar risken för hjärtsjukdomar och vissa cancerformer. Dessutom polyfenoler utställning och andra skyddsåtgärder-fysiologiska effekter, bra för hälsan, den viktigaste av dessa kan sammanfattas enligt följande:

  • Minska blodsocker och blodkolesterol

  • Skydd av epitelceller i andningsorganen

  • Öka nivåerna av HDL (det goda kolesterolet) och lägre nivåer av LDL (dåligt kolesterol)

  • Antitumöraktivitet (i tjocktarmscancer cell apoptos)

  • Antimikrobiell och antibakteriell aktivitet

  • Antiallergiska egenskaper (hämning av trombocytaggregation)

Sammanfattningsvis vill vi säga att de dagliga tuggummi Chios, främst i råformat (kristaller eller “tårar” kitt) och finkornig, godis (tuggummi) eller Mastich olja, förutom vackra naturliga smak och färskhet attribut, har betydligt resulterar i att skydda och bevara vår hälsa, genom olika effekter på vår kropp. Slutligen, är det underförstått att det kitt produkt är unik, både för sina egenskaper och för den exklusiva ursprung, eftersom det kitt trädet växer bara på ön Chios. http://www.gummastic.gr/index.php?contentid=73&langflag=_en  http://www.fytokomia.gr/permalink/4150.html   Hem »Hälsa» Den helande egenskaper kitt   De helande egenskaper kitt mastix. Sedan antiken redan var känd välgörande egenskaper kitt och mastix olja för hälsan.   Mastix kallas aromatisk harts, som utvinns ur kitt eller mastix träd, som endast växer på ön Chios och i ingen annan del av världen, eftersom alla ansträngningar, växternas tillväxt i andra delar av Grekland och därefter, misslyckades .   Minsta regn, mycket sol och kalkrik jordart är den perfekta miljön för framgång av anläggningen. Det kitt anses vara en produkt med riktigt fantastiska funktioner för medicinsk, konfekt, ortodonti, etc.   Undersökningar visar att mastixen har antiseptisk och antiinflammatorisk effekt. Mastic fungerar healing, inflammation botar specifika sjukdomar, som: parodontit, esofagit, gastrit, sår i tolvfingertarmen, kolit och hemorrojder.   Kliniskt har mastix accepteras särskilt fördelaktigt för behandling av duodenalsår, eftersom det kan inhibera tillväxten av Helicobacter pylori, som lever under den gastrointestinala slemhinnan i 90% av patienterna med duodenalsår och 60% av patienterna som lider av magsår, vilket orsakar förändringar av cellens struktur.   Nyligen genomförda studier har påvisat närvaron av polyfenoliska föreningar som är kända för deras starka antioxidant aktivitet, och skydda vävnader och celler av organismen i närvaro av fria radikaler.   Andra positiva egenskaper av mastix, som mednutrition.gr, är som följer:   Sänkning blodsocker-och kolesterolnivåer. Skydd av epitelceller i luftvägarna. Ökande halter av HDL (det goda kolesterolet) och minska nivåerna av 
 LDL (det onda kolesterolet). Antikarkiniki åtgärden (i colon cancer cell apoptos). Antimikrobiell och antibakteriell aktivitet. Antiallergiska egenskaper. As mentioned above the aromatic resinous substance derived from the trunk and branches of the mastic tree. Its use is known from ancient times. It has been used in traditional and practical therapeutic for various conditions such as abdominal pain, dyspepsia and peptic ulcers. In modern times the scientific community, in a correct and scientific way, is to document the beneficial properties of Chios mastic. Be noted here that the systematic use of chewing can cause significant inhibition of bacterial growth in the oral cavity, while reducing the formation of plaque on teeth. Chewing also helps dressage gum, with all its beneficial effects on the health of teeth and because of the special taste and hardness, causes secretion saloiy, resulting in a feeling of freshness and cleanliness. It is 100% natural product and for this reason may contain a very small percentage of impurities. It consists further washing with water. POWDER MASTIC CHIOY (food preparation) Nutritional composition with Chios mastic powder and inulin, a unique combination that helps KALLI functioning and healthy digestive system. Inulin is a natural fiber that is isolated from horseradish roots and demonstrably contribute to the growth of beneficial gut bacteria (bifidus). It is proposed that additional preparation in the daily diet, once daily at a dose of 3.2 g (teaspoon each) mixed with water or beverage, preferably before breakfast. Please note that the product is partially soluble in water (suitable for diabetics). Mastic (natural aqueous gum flavor) It is naturally flavored water that carries the authentic flavor mastic and some of its beneficial properties. Is 100% natural extract containing a low amount of the essential oil of mastic while transporting all of the soluble components that exhibit beneficial properties. The Mastic, taken from the mastic, through simple distillation with steam, so synapostazei with mastic oil (essential oil), and then separated from it by the simple process of phase separation. Use morning and night as a moisturizer and toner offering freshness and natural glow to the skin. Same time can be used for deep cleaning and perfuming the skin of the body. Kosmitologikes studies suggest that extracts Chios Mastic reduce apoiodomisi collagen. The mastic is dermatologically tested. In clinical trials conducted at University Avenue, proved that the mastic is safe for the skin, as contact with the skin of healthy volunteers induced no irritation problems. SCENTED OIL SOAP Mastic The soap combines the beneficial properties of olive oil with antibacterial and regenerative properties of Chios mastic and mastic oil. Produced from 100% natural ingredients with no chemical additives and pigments. In this soap has enhanced feature, fragrant aroma of Chios mastic. Spread HONEY Mastic Unique in flavor and quality honey pine scented Mastic Chios. The fir honey is considered one of the best and aromatikoteres honey varieties. Is particularly thick and due to the high concentration of trace elements has high nutritional and biological value. The mastic is known for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and is beneficial to the health of the digestive system. The spread with honey mastic is the ideal combination of two natural products that promote health and ideally complements a healthy and balanced diet. (ideal for the energy they need in their breakfast children) CHEWING GUM IN TABLETS WITHOUT SUGAR 15% Chios MASTIC. It is the innovative new gum of Chios Mastic Growers Association in tablet form. Produced by a novel technique involving proporiaki simply compressing the ingredients in tablet form. By avoids heat or other stresses incurred most of the chewing gum commercial. Safeguarded so the utmost naturalness and properties of mastic and transported safely to the consumer the benefit of actions. Unlike common chewing gum, contributes to the soothing treatment of xerostomia, and due to her particular taste and causes greater relative hardness drooling, resulting freshness and cleanliness. Made from pure, natural materials and thus the taste, appearance and mouthfeel may differ. Read also: Mastic, its role in our health and mastic, culture

Sea Buckthorn (“ιπποφαες αραμοειδης” Hippophaes Aramoeides= Shining Horses)

Konstantin

  • On July 5, 2014
  • https://euphoriatric.com

Hippophae rhamnoides(alias Havtorn från: ιππος + φως = häst + ljus ”de lysande hästarna”). (ραμνοειδες = bär).

Alexander den Store (Αλεξανδρος αλεξω + ανηρ-ανδρος = beskydare från man) livnärde detta till sina soldater och hästar för att öka sin styrka och uthållighet och gör sina rockar glänsa.

Krigarna åt även denna växt ljusa orange bär för att ge sig själva styrka för strid och använde dem för att behandla sina sår som gav dem bättre uthållighet och snabbare återhämtning gånger än sina fiender.

Forskare återupptäckte “sällsynt” naturliga hud mjukgörande som bokstavligen stoppar hela kroppen torkar ut … från insidan … och smälter bort synliga tecken på åldrande genom att … öka produktionen av kollagen, som finns det just iMasticha från Chios (www.euphoriatric.com)

 Förbättrar:

*villkoret av hår, hud och naglar

*hudens förmåga att behålla fukt

*Restorerar ungdomlig spänst och fyllighet till åldrande hud celler och membran

*Lindring av symptom på klimakteriet

*Omega 7 är den enda, som reparerar skadade slemhinnorna:

Ögon, näsa, hals, lungor, urogenital-tarmkanalen och många andra delar av kroppen.

Fria radikaler … oxidativ stress som orsakas av avfallsprodukter som produceras av kroppen.

Alla dessa har en skadlig, åldrande effekt på kroppen … speciellt på huden.

Men hålla tätt för att du är på väg att upptäcka den mest fantastiska motgift som har förblivit en hemlighet i århundraden, men som nu orsakar spänning bland anti-aging forskare över hela världen

Och det är först nu – århundraden senare – att forskarna börjar att till fullo förstå föryngrande egenskaper av Havtorn.

Forskning har visat att det ger protein (viktigt för vegetarianer och veganer), plus över 100 näringsämnen, inklusive spårämnen av järn, koppar, mangan och selen.

Till exempel, dess gyllene-orange bär ger en av de rikaste källorna till vitaminer och näringsämnen, inklusive vitamin C och E, folsyra, betakaroten, lykopen och zeaxantin. . . som alla har visat i senaste forskningen som skyddar mot kroniska sjukdomar som cancer och hjärtsjukdomar.

Kallpressad Olja från växtens frön är också fylld av fettsyror som oljesyra, linolsyra och alfa-linolensyra, som har visat sig bidra till att minska rynkor och bevarar hudens fuktighet, hjälper till att göra det känns mjukare och smidigare .. .

Dessa essentiella fettsyror som inte bara utgör viktiga byggstenar som främjar frisk hud, hår och naglar, men de är också kända för att främja hudens läkning och lindra en mängd olika hudåkommor såsom eksem.

*Dessutom kan de också påskynda läkningen av sår och brännskador.

I en studie var havtorn utsäde olja som används med framgång vid behandling av atopisk (allergisk) dermatit och främja regenerering av skadad vävnad (Dermatology 1995, 48 (3): 30-33).

Ingredienserna i oljan har också förmågan att skydda huden mot skador från skadlig ultraviolett (UV) strålning från solen.

Men, kanske viktigast av allt, är havtorn, rikaste källan till omega-7 fettsyror på planeten …

Omega-7: En av de mest sällsynta näringsämnen på planeten

Nu har du säkert redan hört talas om omega-3, -5, -6 och -9 fettsyror, huvudsakligen härrör från fiskolja, och hur viktigt det är för en god hälsa.

Men väldigt lite har någonsin känt om omega-7 – förrän nu det är.

Omega-7 (palmitoleinsyra och vaccensyra) är en av de mest sällsynta näringsämnen eftersom det bara förekommer i livsmedel som macademia nötter, kallt vatten fisk …. och havtorn!

Och samtidigt som du måste äta massor av fisk och nötter för att komma någonstans nära terapeutiska nivåer av omega-7 i kroppen, är det olja från havtorn frön och bär så potent att du bara behöver regelbundna små mängder för att börja se fantastiska resultat.

 

Och trots att kliniska tester på sina medicinska användningsområden först genomförts i Ryssland under 1950-talet, forskarna fortfarande bara börjat att helt avslöja havtorn utestående egenskaper som en anti-inflammatorisk, anti-mikrobiella, smärtstillande, och mycket, mycket mer .

Havtornsolja har också visat sig vara en anmärkningsvärt effektiv naturlig botemedel för hälsoproblem relaterade till skadade slemhinnor – särskilt i mag-tarmkanalen, inklusive följande utbredda villkor:

*Munsår (afte, eller kräfta sår)

*Halsont och streptokocker i halsen

*Esofagit (inflammation i matstrupen) och Barretts esofagus

*Sura uppstötningar

*Terapiresistent magsår och kronisk erosiv gastrit

*Ulcerös kolit (inflammation och sår i tjocktarmsslemhinnan)

*Crohns sjukdom

*Tarmfickor och divertikulit

Om Havtorn s lista med fördelar slutade där, jag tror att du håller med om att de redan skulle vara imponerande nog på egen hand …

Men det är inte där historien slutar …. inte på långa vägar! … Eftersom havtorn …

. . . Fyller, lugnar och helar åldrande och skadad hud

Havtornsolja är extremt effektiv vid behandling av hudsjukdomar, såsom sår och brännskador.

Anledningen till detta är på grund av dess höga halter av palmitoleinsyra. Denna fettsyra är en naturlig komponent i huden och verkar som ett uppmjukande medel … befrämja sårläkning och skyddar huden mot långvarig solexponering.

Fabrikens hud-skyddande fördelar härrör också från det faktum att det är en kraftfull antioxidant – tack vare sin höga C-vitamin, karotenoider, och fenolhalt. Detta gör det effektivt mot för tidigt åldrande av huden och effekter av miljöföroreningar.

Dessutom har det nu blivit vetenskapligt godkänd av forskare som har funnit att extrakt av havtorn kan påskynda läkningen av brännskador och skydda den omgivande huden från fria radikaler (Mol Cell Biochem 2006 Apr 22,. Epub ahead of print).

I en annan studie, kinesiska forskare från Burns och plastikkirurgi avdelningen, Shenzhen Buji folkets sjukhus, i Shenzhen, använt Havtorn olja på såren av 151 patienter med brännskador. Dessa patienter jämfördes med en annan grupp av brännskador patienter som endast behandlats med vaselin gasväv.

De havtorn patienter Sea visade en snabbare takt av förbättring och healing, med mindre svullnad och mindre smärta. Forskarna drog slutsatsen att:

“Som en värdefull växtolja med breda användningsområden inom medicin, Hippophae rhamnoides (Havtorn) olja för extern applikation har klara effekter på läkningen av brännskador” (Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue 2006, 26 (1):. 124 – 5).

. . Fuktar din kropp naturligt och hjälper

Med Intim Torrhet

Havtorn fröolja har visat sig innehålla de högsta kända nivåerna av en sällsynt omega-7 fettsyror som kallas palmitoleinsyra, som har visat sig hjälpa återfukta slemhinnorna i hela kroppen.

Det har använts med framgång vid behandling av Sjögrens syndrom (en autoimmun sjukdom där slemhinnorna blir torra) och vaginal torrhet under klimakteriet (Proceedings of the 97th Annual Meeting & Expo i American Oil Chemists ‘Society, april-maj 2006 St Louis, USA).

. . . Bidrar till att stärka ditt immunförsvar att skydda dig mot sjukdom

Forskare från Immunomodulering Laboratory, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, i Stockholm har funnit att havtorn skyddar också immunförsvaret mot gifter och miljögifter (såsom krom)

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fungerar som en kraftfull anti-inflammatorisk För att skydda dig mot hjärtsjukdomar

Cancer, hjärtsjukdomar och kroniska sjukdomar i allmänhet, tros orsakas av bakomliggande inflammation i vävnader. Tack och lov har havtorn visat sig minska alla typer av inflammation och det har redan varit en hel del forskning som utförs på havtorn anti-cancerpotential, och flera vetenskapliga institutioner över ordet har nyligen meddelat genombrott inom detta område.

I en färsk rapport som fokuserade på de senaste forskningsrönen i sina anti-cancer fördelar, forskare från Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, i Pakistan kommenterade:

“De kliniska prövningar och vetenskapliga studier under 20-talet bekräftar den medicinska och näringsvärdet i havtorn, och den viktigaste av dem är dess anti-cancer egenskaper. Vår forskning är inriktad på den anti-cancer potential lipider från denna anläggning” (asiatiska Pac J Cancer Föreg 2006,. 7 (1) :32-5).

Indiska forskare från Immuno-module Laboratory, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, i Stockholm har nyligen rapporterat att havtornsextrakt arbetar i hjärtat av den inflammatoriska processen, minskar kväveoxid, en giftig biprodukt av din dagliga ämnesomsättning som initierar inflammation.

De rapporterade att:

“Föreslår Vår studie att havtorn bladextraktet har betydande anti-inflammatorisk aktivitet och har potential för behandling av inflammatoriska sjukdomar” (Int Immunopharmacol 2006,. 6 (1) :46-52).

. . . Skyddar din lever och sänker högt blodtryck

De senaste resultaten från en klinisk studie 2003 visade att ett extrakt av havtorn ges till patienter med levercirros bidragit till att normalisera leverenzymer, serum gallsyror och immunsystemförändringar kopplade till leverinflammation och degeneration (Gastroenterology 2003, 9 (7) : 1615-1617)

Trots att ytterligare kliniska studier behövs, forskarna som utför den senaste studien tror att havtorn bladextraktet kan vara effektiv som ett komplement för att förebygga och behandla leversjukdomar.

En annan nyligen publicerad studie, den här gången från Kina, undersökte förmågan hos naturliga föreningar i havtorn frön, som kallas flavoner, för att sänka blodtrycket (J Ethnopharmacol 2008, 117 (2): 325-33).

Utfodring en hög sockerdiet till råttor pressas upp sitt blodtryck med 25 procent, blodfetter med 85 procent och insulinnivåer med en massiv 114 procent. När dessa djur fick en havtorn utsäde extrakt, var alla tre förhöjda nivåer betydligt.

Havtorn verkar fungera genom att förbättra insulinkänsligheten (cellernas förmåga att ta upp glukos som svar på hormonet insulin) och genom att blockera effekten av angiotensin (ett hormon som gör att blodkärlen drar ihop sig, så driver upp blodtrycket). Forskarna tror att havtorn kan vara användbart vid behandling av kardiovaskulär sjukdom kopplad till höga insulinnivåer.

. . . Sänker kolesterol och C-reaktivt protein

I en finsk studie som anges för att fastställa om 28 g av havtorn bär puré varje dag minskade incidensen av förkylningar i friska frivilliga (vilket det inte gjorde), ett oväntat fynd var en nedgång i sina blodnivåer av C-reaktivt protein (CRP). (Eur J Clin Nutr, e-pub ahead of print: 27 Juli 2007).

Detta är en substans som produceras i levern och i samband med inflammation och med en ökad risk för både hjärt-kärlsjukdom och typ-2 diabetes.

I djurstudier förefaller havtorn också för att hjälpa hjärthälsa genom att minska kolesterolnivåer. När forskarna gav havtorn fröolja till kaniner som hade utfodrats antingen en normal kost eller en funktion som hämtar upp sina kolesterolvärden, fann de betydande minskningar av totalt kolesterol och förhållandet mellan LDL till HDL-kolesterol (Phytomedicine 2007, 14 (11 ): 770-777).

Ännu bättre, i djur vars artärerna blivit härdade, havtorn fröolja återställt sin elasticitet till normala nivåer.

 

 

 

 

 

Läker och förhindrar Magsår

Havtorn hälsofördelar verkar inte slut där. En av dess många traditionella användningsområden är behandling av magsår och laboratoriestudier har visat att den reglerar magsyraproduktion och styr

utsöndringen av ämnen som främjar inflammation (φυτοθεραπεια) = Fitoterapia 2002, 73 (7-8): 644-650).

I en kinesisk klinisk studie med trettio fall av magsår, tog patienterna tolv havtorn olja kapslar dagligen i en månad. Vid slutet av studien hade sår botats i tre fjärdedelar av patienterna (Hippophaë 1997, 10 (4): 39-41).

. . . Löser upp blodproppar och djup ventrombos (DVT)

Säkrare än aspirin, men lika effektivt för att förebygga blodproppar, havtorn höga innehåll av flavonoider – naturligt förekommande växtkemikalier – har visat sig ge allvarliga skydd mot blodproppar och DVT.

Dessa flavonoider har visat sig minska trombocytaggregation – vidhäftning av blodkroppar, vilket kan resultera i att blodproppar om de lämnas därhän.

Japanska forskare jämfördes effekten av flavonoider i havtorn mot acetylsalicylsyra – läkare rekommenderar ofta en aspirin om dagen för att hjälpa blodförtunnande, särskilt före flyget, för att hjälpa till att förhindra DVT.

Forskarna fann att båda behandlingarna hade mycket liknande positiva effekter mot trombos och trombocytaggregation (Life Sci 2003 4 april,. 72 (20) :2263-71). Däremot har havtornsolja fördelen av att vara säkrare än aspirin, vilket kan orsaka biverkningar som mag-tarmproblem och hudutslag.

Och i en annan studie, finska forskare från Åbo universitet jämförde effekterna av havtorn olja mot kokosolja på en grupp manliga deltagare löper risk att utveckla blodproppar. Forskarna fann att havtornsolja förhindrade signifikant trombocytaggregation – och därmed minska risken för koagulering – jämfört med kokosolja (J Nutr Biochem oktober 2000 11 (10) från 491 till 495).

Med så mycket att gå för havtorn kommer du förmodligen bli förvånad över att det fortfarande är en relativt okänd mängd i hälsotillskott marknaden.

Det beror på att havtorn är notoriskt svåra att skörda. De är inneslutna i taggiga grenar, vilket innebär att bären måste handen skördas ….

Det är en mödosam process och kan vara smärtsamt för någon annan än de mest kompetenta skördare!

Och på grund av detta, avkastningen från skördarna är låga – vilket gör havtorn ett oattraktivt förslag för hög volym, bulk tillverkare som är mer intresserade av att tjäna pengar än att föra en exceptionell produkt på marknaden …

Men denna brist är goda nyheter för oss konsumenter – eftersom det innebär att den globala skörden av havtorn inte att uppslukas av stora multinationella kosmetika och toalett konglomerat som bara vill blanda det i sina syntetiska krämer och lotion.

Istället innebär det att kostnaden för havtorn är fortfarande relativt billigt. . . och att små, specialiserade nutritionsbolag kan koncentrera sig på att se till att endast den allra högsta kvaliteten havtornsolja framställs för konsumentbruk.

www.euphoriatric.com

Pieria`s Livs Hötorgshallen.

Tel: 80/214384 ask for mr. Lennart

 

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Asklipios his Daughters, meaning etc

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The daughters of Asclepius
 Ipioni: the Wife of  Asclepius. And this daughters:  HYGEIA(=Health), EGLI(=Glamour),
IASO, AKES, Panacea. (Dictionary Suidas)


 Ipioni was secondary deity Asclepius wife, daughter Merope personification of gentleness. It was deity with healing properties, mainly dealing with obstetrics. Its name recalls the “ipion Pharmacy” was simultaneously comrade and wife of Asclepius, the ancient god of medicine.


His name is not suspected of Asklepios from July the Epidafrio that produced the name “glory” (Aogla) and in our opinion it is consistent and lexicographer Hesychius.
The etymology of the name from “Asklin”, the Corinthian King, whom he healed, or the “Asgelatan” epithet of Apollo, or “Aglaopin” seems rather popular origin. The second component of the name is “mild” that adds to the “glory” shine and gentleness ….
The earliest scholars produced the name from “Ashkelon”. Asclepius is the ideal conception of healing power of nature as now perceived by people, who acts in “soft” seasons in the hills and in the fresh air under the soft glow and heat of the sun, the points gush cool springs and tall trees surrounding clean atmosphere.
Such was exactly the environment of places of worship and this conception strengthened the various legends of his birth and origin.
Along with Ipioni acquired these daughters:
The first two probably represent different stages of treatment, while the third medication.
The IASO or Iiso (in the Ionian dialect) is an ancient Greek ideal, anthropomorphic, secondary attached deity Asclepius intertwined with the “sacred” concept of Healing (treatment).
Reportedly daughter of Asclepius and Ipionis, sister goddesses healthy Akesos, Panacea and Aegle or daughter Amphiaraos.
 As a derivative of the verb iaomai (= heal) Place names: Iasis (Healing) – Jason – Iassos – Iatir – JATO – Doctor – Iator and the Cure as a means of therapy
 Pausanias reports that the Amphiaraeion Oropos altar, one of the five parts of which was dedicated to Aphrodite, the Panacea, the IASO, Health and Peony Athena.
 Also worshiped in Epidaurus and Athens.
  

The fund has worshiped at Epidaurus, as sisters, as a deity.
Her name is rooted in the ancient A and verb, meaning treat.
It was considered as the goddess of the healing process.

The Panacea was anthropomorphic secondary deity of Greek mythology intertwined with the concept of treatment (or herbal medicine) for Pasha disease. Reportedly daughter of Asclepius and Ipionis sister goddess Health, Iassos of Machaona and Podaleirios, Doctors of the Trojan War in Homer.
Worshiped mainly in Oropos, Attica, Kalymnos, Kos, etc .. The form of the present and the Asklepieion of Athens.
As goddess seen as able to cure every disease, its name quickly spread to all the Greek cities, particularly drugs capable of curing if not all diseases at least most of them.

The Egli.
It is said to have derived its name “Glow,” radiators, brilliant fame, grandeur, or “Splendour,” or by the beauty of the human body when it is in good health, or the price paid in the medical profession.

Health was the ancient Greek goddess, personification of Health of body and soul.
As the oldest center of worship of Titane refers to Sicyon, where were the sanctuary of Asclepius and Hygeia. According to ancient Greek tradition Arifron Sikyonios wrote the hymn to the goddess, whose cult was spread in Athens about 420 BC ..
In Greek mythology holds a prominent place in worship of her father. However, while Asclepius directly related to the treatment of diseases, the goddess associated with preventing disease and maintaining health status.
Apart from Athens, worshiped in other cities, such as Thespies in Elatia, Megara, Corinth and Argos.
The Orphic hymn health shows the importance attached by the ancient Greeks on health: “Imeroesa, Erato, polythalmie, pamvasileia, klythi marlin healthy ferolvie, mother collected works …”

The artists portrayed him from 5th century. BC as a young woman, later adopted as a symbol of the serpent.
Health others want her husband and other daughter of Asclepius.
It was probably a very ancient divinity, who is identified when the Asclepius, sometimes with Amphiaraos and when with Athena. Bronze statue of Athena Health stood on the Acropolis near ancient altar, immediately after entering the Propylaea.
Carved figures of Asclepius and Hygeia save many.
Here’s Hymn to Health, the Arifrona from Sikyon:

“Health most venerable among the blessed,
let us dwell with you the rest of my life,
let’s you my willing chug rather than wealth or grace parents.
Whether the royal power, which is equal to the gods to humans,
or cravings with hidden Venus nets.
Hunting, or other pleasure or the pain relief Gods show to people,
in with you, blissfully Health, all thallium and Graces shining spring without you no one was prosperous “

Sea Buckthorn (“ιπποφαες αραμοειδης” Hippophaes Aramoeides= Shining Horses)

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Hippophae rhamnoides(alias Sea buck thorn from: ιππος + φως = horse + light ”The shining Horses”). (ραμνοειδες – ramnoeides = berry).

Alexander the Great (Αλεξανδρος αλεξω + ανηρ-ανδρος = protector from man), fed it to his soldiers and horses to increase their strength and endurance, and makes their coats shine.

 The Warriors also ate this plant bright orange berries to give themselves strength for battle and used them to treat their wounds which gave them greater endurance and faster recovery times than their enemies.Researchers rediscovered “rare” natural skin moisturizers that literally stops the body dries out … from the inside … and melts away the visible signs of aging by … increasing the production of collagen, which is found precisely in Masticha from Chios (www .euphoriatric.com) In antiquity large consumption had an orange fruit, the Buckthorn.

It Contains 192 vitamins and  are all absorbable by the body.

In his campaigns, Alexander the Great remarked, that the sick and injured horses were cured by eating the leaves and fruit of the plant and began to polish their hair, from this observation was the name of the HIPPOPHAES (= shining horse) 

 

So they started using it and his soldiers with him to be stronger in the campaigns. There are also reports that he used in his campaigns and Genghis Khan.

 Hippophaes mentioned by Theophrastus, a student of Aristotle – Aristotelis (=who ever finishes excellent its objectives). FROM: αριστο(Aristophanes, Aristarhos etc..) + τελω (= top notch, excellent + mastering), but mainly by Dioscorides of Anazarbus, father of pharmacology.

 References to Buckthorn exist in Tibetan and Chinese medicine. Since 1929, when it was first performed biochemical analysis of the plant’s fruit, knowledge about the medicinal properties of the plant are increasing. Plus there documented knowledge (Greece, Germany, Russia, Canada, China, Finland, England, Sweden, etc.) for the sea buckthorn and are dedicated for this five conferences.

COLLAGEN

The fruit that grows from sea buckthorn plants provide (per 100 grams) 600 mg of vitamin C, 180 mg of vitamin E, 80 mcg of folic acid, 35 mg of carotenoids (beta carotene, lycopene, etc.), 6 – 11% omega fatty acids, and up to 1% of flavonoids. What does all that mean from a beauty perspective? Wrinkle and hyperpigmentation reduction, protection against photoaging, collagen stimulation and more. Apparently, palmitoleic acid, an ingredient in the oils from the fruits’ seeds, nourishes skin with antioxidants. Sea buckthorn oil may also protect you from UV rays and serve as an emollient. Finally, the fruit may benefit your hair; hippophae is Greek for “shiny horse,” which refers to the shiny coats of the horses that ate sea buckthorns.The effects of both sea buckthorn oral supplements and topical oil application on skin aging, the plant works as a skin hydrator, an anti-wrinkle serum, and as a collagen promoter.

The plant oil produced from fruits by the method of expression, without chemical or other additives.

 Improves:

 * The condition of hair, skin and nails

* Skin’s ability to retain moisture

 * Rest rants youthful elasticity and fullness to aging skin cells and membranes

 * Relief of symptoms of menopause

 * Omega 7 is the only one that repairs damaged mucosa:

 Eyes, nose, throat, lung, genitourinary tract, and many other parts of the body.

 Free radicals … oxidative stress caused by waste products produced by the body.

 

All of these have a harmful, aging effect on the body … especially on the skin.

 

But hold tight because you’re about to discover the most amazing antidote which has remained a secret for centuries, but now causing excitement among anti-aging scientists worldwide

 

And it is only now – centuries later – that researchers begin to fully understand the rejuvenating properties of seabuckthorn.

 

Research has shown that it allows the protein (important for vegetarians and vegans), plus 100 of nutrients, including trace elements of iron, copper, manganese and selenium.

 

For example, its golden-orange berries provide one of the richest sources of vitamins and nutrients, including vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, lycopene, and zeaxanthin. . . all of which have been shown in recent research that protects against chronic diseases like cancer and heart disease.

 

Cold Pressed Oil from the seeds of the plant are also filled with fatty acids oleic acid, linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid, which has been shown to help reduce wrinkles and maintain skin moisture, helps to make it feel softer and smoother …

 

These essential fatty acids that not only are important building blocks that promotes healthy skin, hair and nails, but they are also known to promote skin healing and relieve a variety of skin conditions such as eczema.

 

* In addition, they also accelerate the healing of wounds and burns.

 

In one study, sea buckthorn seed oil used successfully in the treatment of atopic (allergic) dermatitis, and promote the regeneration of damaged tissue (Dermatology 1995; 48 (3): 30-33).

 

The ingredients of the oil also has the ability to protect the skin against damage from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun.

 

But, perhaps most importantly, the buckthorn, richest source of omega-7 fatty acids on the planet …

 

Omega-7: One of the most rare nutrients on the planet

 

Now you have probably already heard about omega-3, -5, -6, and -9 fatty acids, mainly derived from fish oil, and how important it is for a good health.

 

But very little has ever known whether omega-7 – until now that is.

 

Omega-7 (palmitoleic acid and vaccenic acid) is one of the rarest nutrients because it only occurs in foods macademia nuts, cold water fish …. and sea buckthorn!

 

And while you have to eat lots of fish and nuts to get anywhere close to therapeutic levels of omega-7 in the body, it is oil from sea buckthorn seeds and berries so potent that you only need regular small amounts to start seeing amazing results.

 

 

 

And despite the fact that clinical tests on its medical uses first implemented in Russia during the 1950s, scientists still only beginning to fully disclose buckthorn outstanding properties as an anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, analgesic, and much, much more.

 

Sea buckthorn oil has also been shown to be a remarkably effective natural remedies for health problems related to the damaged mucous membranes – especially in the gastrointestinal tract, including widespread following conditions:

 

* Mouth ulcers (aphthae, or canker sores)

 

* Sore throat and strep throat

 

* Esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus) and Barrett’s esophagus

 

* Acid reflux

 

* Therapy Resistant ulcers and chronic erosive gastritis

 

* Ulcerative colitis (inflammation and ulceration of the colon mucosa)

 

* Crohn’s disease

 

* Diverticulosis and diverticulitis

 

If Buckthorn’s list of benefits ended there, I think you would agree that they would already be impressive enough on its own …

 

But that’s not where the story ends …. not by a long shot! … Since buckthorn …

 

. . . Fills, soothes and heals aging and damaged skin

 

Sea buckthorn oil is extremely effective in the treatment of skin diseases such as wounds and burns.

 

The reason for this is because of its high levels of palmitoleic acid. This fatty acid is a natural component of skin and acts as an emollient … promote wound healing and protects skin from prolonged sun exposure.

 

Factory skin-protective benefits stem from the fact that it is a powerful antioxidant – thanks to its high vitamin C, carotenoids and phenolic content. This makes it effective against premature aging of the skin and effects of environmental pollutants.

 

Moreover, it has now been scientifically approved by researchers who have found that extracts of sea buckthorn may speed healing of burns and protect the surrounding skin from free radicals (Mol Cell Biochem 2006 April 22 ,. Epub ahead of print).

 

In another study, Chinese researchers from Burns and Plastic Surgery Department, Shenzhen Buji People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, used seabuckthorn oil on the wounds of 151 patients with burns. These patients were compared with another group of burns patients treated only with petrolatum gauze.

 

The sea buckthorn Sea patients showed a faster rate of improvement and healing, with less swelling and less pain. The researchers concluded that:

 

“As a valuable plant oil with wide uses in medicine, Hippophae rhamnoides (sea buckthorn) oil for external application has clear effects on the healing of burns” (Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue 2006, 26 (1) :. 124-5).

 

. . . Hydrates your body naturally and helps

 

With Intimate Dryness

 

Sea buckthorn seed oil has been shown to contain the highest known levels of a rare omega-7 fatty acids known as palmitoleic acid, which has shown to help hydrate the mucous membranes of the body.

 

It has been used successfully in the treatment of Sjogren’s syndrome (an autoimmune disease in which the mucous membranes become dry) and vaginal dryness during menopause (Proceedings of the 97th Annual Meeting & Expo of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, Apr-May 2006 St Louis, USA).

 

. . . Helps strengthen your immune system to protect you against disease

 

Researchers from Immunomodulation Laboratory, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences in Stockholm have found that sea buckthorn also protects the immune system against toxins and pollutants (such as chromium)

 

 Acts as a powerful anti-inflammatory to help protect you against heart disease

 

Cancer, heart disease and chronic diseases in general, thought to be caused by underlying inflammation in the tissues. Thankfully, sea buckthorn shown to reduce all types of inflammation and it has already been a lot of research carried out at sea buckthorn anti-cancer potential, and several scientific institutions of the word has recently announced breakthroughs in this area.

 

In a recent report, which focused on the latest research findings in its anti-cancer benefits, researchers from the Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan commented:

 

“The clinical trials and scientific studies in the 20th century confirm the medical and nutritional value of sea buckthorn, and the most important of them is its anti-cancer properties. Our research focuses on the anti-cancer potential of lipids from this plant” (Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2006 ,. 7 (1): 32-5).

 

Indian scientists from the Immuno-module Laboratory, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences in Stockholm has recently reported that sea buckthorn extract works in the heart of the inflammatory process, reduces nitric oxide, a toxic byproduct of your daily metabolism that initiate inflammation.

 

They reported that:

 

“Our study suggest that sea buckthorn leaf extract has significant anti-inflammatory activity and has potential for treatment of inflammatory diseases” (Int Immunopharmacol 2006 ,. 6 (1): 46-52).

 

. . . Protects your liver and lowers high blood pressure

 

The latest results of a clinical study in 2003 showed that an extract of sea buckthorn given to patients with liver cirrhosis helped to normalize liver enzymes, serum bile acids and immune system changes linked to liver inflammation and degeneration (Gastroenterology 2003; 9 (7): 1615-1617)

 

Although further clinical studies are needed, the researchers conducting the latest study believe that sea buckthorn leaf extract may be effective as a supplement to prevent and treat liver diseases.

 

Another recently published study, this time from China, investigated the ability of natural compounds in sea buckthorn seeds, called flavones, to lower blood pressure (J Ethnopharmacol 2008, 117 (2): 325-33).

 

Feeding a high sugar diet to rats pressed up their blood pressure by 25 per cent, blood lipids by 85 percent and insulin levels with a massive 114 per cent. When these animals were given a sea buckthorn seed extract, all three were elevated significantly.

 

Sea buckthorn seems to work by improving insulin sensitivity (the ability of cells to take up glucose in response to insulin hormone) and by blocking the action of angiotensin (a hormone that causes blood vessels to constrict, so drives up blood pressure). Scientists believe that sea buckthorn can be useful in the treatment of cardiovascular disease associated with high insulin levels.

 

. . . Lowers cholesterol and C-reactive protein

 

In a Finnish study set out to determine if 28 g of sea buckthorn berry puree every day reduced the incidence of colds in healthy volunteers (which it did), an unexpected finding was a decline in their blood levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). (Eur J Clin Nutr, e-pub ahead of print: 27 July 2007).

 

This is a substance produced in the liver during inflammation and with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease and type-2 diabetes.

 

In animal studies, the sea buckthorn also used to help heart health by reducing cholesterol levels. When the researchers gave buckthorn seed oil to rabbits that were fed either a normal diet or a function that retrieves up their cholesterol levels, they found significant reductions in total cholesterol and the ratio of LDL to HDL cholesterol (Phytomedicine 2007; 14 (11): 770-777 ).

 

Even better, in animals whose arteries become hardened, sea buckthorn seed oil recovered its elasticity to normal levels.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Heals and prevents Ulcers

 

Seabuckthorn health benefits seem not end there. One of its many traditional uses include treatment of ulcers and laboratory studies have shown that it regulates gastric acid production and control

 

secretion of substances that promote inflammation (φυτοθεραπεια) = Fitoterapia 2002, 73 (7-8): 644-650).

 

In a Chinese clinical study of thirty cases of gastric ulcer, patients took twelve sea buckthorn oil capsules daily for one month. At the end of the study had ulcers healed in three quarters of patients (Hippophaë 1997; 10 (4): 39-41).

 

. . . Dissolve blood clots and deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

 

Safer than aspirin, but just as effective in preventing blood clots, buckthorn high content of flavonoids – naturally occurring plant chemicals – has proved to have serious protection against blood clots and DVT.

 

These flavonoids have been shown to reduce platelet aggregation – the adhesion of blood cells, which can result in blood clots if left unchecked.

 

Japanese researchers compared the effects of flavonoids in sea buckthorn to aspirin – doctors often recommend an aspirin a day to help thin the blood, especially before the flight, to help prevent DVT.

 

The researchers found that both treatments had very similar positive effects on thrombosis and platelet aggregation (Life Sci 2003 April 4 ,. 72 (20): 2263-71). In contrast, sea buckthorn oil the advantage of being safer than aspirin, which can cause side effects such as gastrointestinal problems and skin rashes.

 

And in another study, Finnish researchers from the University of Turku compared the effects of sea buckthorn oil with coconut oil on a group of male students at risk of developing blood clots. The researchers found that sea buckthorn oil significantly prevented platelet aggregation – and thus reduce the risk of clotting – in comparison with coconut oil (J Nutr Biochem October 2000 11 (10) 491-495).

 

With so much going for sea buckthorn you will probably be surprised that it is still a relatively unknown quantity in the health supplement market.

 

This is because the sea buckthorn are notoriously difficult to harvest. They are encased in thorny branches, which means that the berries must be hand harvested ….

 

It’s a tedious process and can be painful for anyone but the most skilled harvester!

 

And because of this, the yield of crop yields are low – which makes buckthorn an unattractive proposal for high volume, bulk manufacturers who are more interested in making money than bringing an exceptional product on the market …

 

But this lack is good news for us consumers – because it means that the global harvest of sea buckthorn not be swallowed up by large multinational cosmetics and toilet conglomerates who only want to mix it in their synthetic creams and lotions.

 

Instead it means that the cost of sea buckthorn is still relatively inexpensive. . . and that small, specialized nutrition companies can concentrate on making sure that only the highest-quality sea buckthorn oil is produced for consumer use.

 www.euphoriatric.com

 Pieria`s Life Hotorgshallen.   Tel: 80/214384

Mastic of Chios

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Μαστίχα Χίου: οι θεραπευτικές της ιδιότητες.

                               

The word mastic is derived from the Greek verb, (μαστιχειν –mastihein = “to gnash the teeth”, which is the source of the English word masticate.[1] The word masticis a synonym for gum in many languages.

Imitations and substitutes

The rarity of mastic and the difficulty of its production make it expensive. As a result, imitations in the form of other resins appear in the market, sold as “mastic,” such as Boswellia or gum arabic. Other trees, such as Pistacia palaestina, can also produce a resin similar to mastic. Yet other substances, such as pine tree resin and almond tree resin, are sometimes used in place of mastic.

Mastic is a natural resin that comes from the trunk of the mastic tree. The color is whitish – yellowish and translucent transparent up. The mastic tree grows only in southern Chios. It takes the full development of 40-50 years and lives about 100 from the 5th to the 6th year gives the resin after the 15th produces 60-250gr and in rare cases 400g. The exclusive production of the island of Chios due in accordance with temperate climate theories in the area and underwater volcanoes and limestone soil. Attempts have been made to cultivate the mastic mastic tree and in other parts of Greece and other countries, but without success.

The properties of mastic had been discovered since ancient times. The first reports from Herodotus in the 5th century BC .. Many ancient authors refer to the therapeutic properties of mastic as Pliny, Theophrastos, Dioscorides and Galenos. The medicinal properties were known to Hippocrates. In ancient Rome they used toothpicks of mastic to whiten their teeth. In ancient Greece chewed the dried resinous liquid that flowed from the bark of the mastic tree. Also found prescriptions which seems mastic used in various diseases. The mastic production is from June to September. The flavor of gum chewing in the beginning is rather bitter but then disappears and the special scent adds a special flavor. The hardness is due to many factors such as temperature, exposure time of mastic and size of your tear.

Cosmetics:

researches alleged that Chios mastic extract reduces the disintegration of collagen.

  What Does Collagen Do?

May help to maintain Arthros & joints problems, healthy hair, skin and nails.It is thought that from the age of 25, your body loses collagen at a rate of 1.5% per annum, so by the age of 35, your body will have lost 15% and by 45, 30%. This is when you really start to notice a change in your skin’s elasticity and texture. 

Collagen naturally contains glucosamine and chondroitin which may help to support healthy joints by attracting fluid back into the joint space to cushion the bone and by rebuilding cartilage.

  • Kollagen är den viktigaste struktursubstansen i bindväven och därmed viktig för hudens elasticitet och densitet, men är även av avgörande betydelse för ledfunktionen. Antioxidativ, naturlig vitamin C från Acai & Camu-camu bär skyddar cellerna mot skador från oxidativ stress.

Medicine:People in the Mediterranean region have used mastic as a medicine for gastrointestinal ailments for several thousand years. The first-century Greek physician and botanistDioscorides, wrote about the medicinal properties of mastic in his classic treatise De Materia Medica (“About Medical Substances”).Consumption of mastic has been proven to absorb cholesterol, thus easing high blood pressure and reducing the risk of heart attacks. Mastic oil also has antibacterial and antifungal properties, and as such is widely used in the preparation of ointments for skin disorders and afflictions. It is also used in the manufacture of plasters.In recent years, university researchers have provided the scientific evidence for the medicinal properties of mastic. A 1985 study by the University of Thessaloniki and by the Meikai University discovered that mastic can reduce bacterial plaque in the mouth by 41.5%. A 1998 study by the University of Athens found that mastic oil has antibacterial and antifungal properties. Another 1998 University of Nottingham study, claims that mastic can heal peptic ulcers by killing Helicobacter pylori, which causes peptic ulcersgastritis, and duodenitis. Some in vivo studies have shown that mastic gum has no effect on H. pylori when taken for short periods of time. However, a recent and more extensive study showed that mastic gum reduced H. pylori populations after an insoluble and sticky polymer (poly-β-myrcene) constituent of mastic gum was removed and taken for a longer period of time. Further analysis showed the acid fraction was the most active antibacterial extract, and the most active pure compound was isomasticadienolic acid.Mastic is a natural resin that comes from the trunk of the mastic tree. The color is whitish – yellowish and translucent transparent up. The mastic tree grows only in southern Chios. It takes the full development of 40-50 years and lives about 100 from the 5th to the 6th year gives the resin after the 15th produces 60-250gr and in rare cases 400g. The exclusive production of the island of Chios due in accordance with temperate climate theories in the area and underwater volcanoes and limestone soil. Attempts have been made to cultivate the mastic mastic tree and in other parts of Greece and other countries, but without success.

                          “Masticare”

 Propotions

A) Intake: 

Mastic 60%, Inulin 5%, Camu-camu 5%, MSM 10%, Sunseed Lecitine 5%, Allohe Vera 5% Probiform 10%; in Double as much destilled water volume

B) Application:

Mastic 8%, Seabuck Thorn Cold Pressed oil 15%, RoyalJelly 10%, Camu-camu 5%, MSM 5%, Sunflowerseed-Lecitine 10%, Vanilla poweder 5%, Cold Pressed Coco`s oil 15%, Manuka honey 22%, Probiform 5%.

Dioscorides (1st century AD.) “Father of pharmacology”, physician and botanist from Cilicia, had a pharmacy for 35 years and classify drugs into 5 categories. His work “De Materia Medica” I did not overcome until the 16th century. Dioscorides praises the healing properties of Chios Mastic indicating that helps in cases of indigestion, the reproduction of blood in chronic cough, while acting as a sedative drug. It also found that chewing mastic than oral hygiene and gives pure and fresh breath. In another reference to the fact he speaks of a mastic, the essential oil of mastic, which as stated variously applied for diseases of the uterus, as mild heating, astringent and emollient agent. Chios Mastic (natural rubber)

·                          Chios Mastiha

What is Mastiha?  Mastiha is the natural and rare tree resin of the pistacia lentiscus var Chia tree. Scientific research has shown that this resin has anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, and anti-inflammatory qualities.  It has been documented from antiquity for its health benefits, its use as the first natural chewing gum and as a cooking spice. Today, it is still chewed as well as used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and in the culinary world.  Chios Mastiha contributes to a healthy gastrointestinal system and has beneficial effects for both oral hygiene and skin care. Chios Mastiha is protected by the European Union as a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) product.  This distincion recognizes the name of a specific region or country where a specific agricultural product originates exclusively due to the geographical environment.  This includes the natural and human factors and production, alteration and processes which take place in the delineated geographical area.  All PDO products bear the EU symbol designating them as such. Chewing Chios Mastiha is a truly unique experience.  To create your own natural piece of gum, select a few medium pieces of the resin, or combine a small piece with a large one.  The larger pieces tend to be softer than the small ones, so it is recommended that one chew a mixture rather than chew only the small, hard pieces.  Before chewing, let the pieces moisten in your mouth. Mastiha may taste a bit bitter at first, but that taste fades into a light herbal flavor.  Begin chewing and Mastiha becomes a white silky color.  The resin keeps its hard texture indefinitely and this is precisely why it is recommended for gum health and amazingly clean teeth!  Keep chewing the gum for a half hour in order to gain all the therapeutic benefits. For more information on Chios Mastiha, click on the informational brochures below. Chios Mastiha Overview Chios Mastiha Medical and Scientific Reports Chios Mastiha Guide to Beauty Care De första rapporterna om mastix och mastix identifierats i antiken och i huvudsak härrör från Herodotos (484-420 f.Kr.), som skall anges att i det antika Grekland tuggade det torkade hartsartade vätska som strömmar från barken av mastix . I medicinska texter sen antiken fann rikedom recept, viktigaste ingrediensen kitt, vilket är till gagn för människors hälsa och tillskrivs många egenskaper. Vanligtvis används i kombination med andra naturmaterial för att behandla många sjukdomar. I själva verket, på grund av den starka inverkan av antiflegmonodous eleanolikou och oleanolic acid (3-oxotriterpenio) fungerar mastix getväppling lyse inflammation start från specifika organ periodontit, esofagit, gastrit, duodenalsår och kolit tills hemorrojder. Förhindrar också stagnation inom dessa områden förebygga symtom som matsmältningsbesvär eller gasbildning. Dessutom är uppslutnings underlättas genom reflex utsöndring av saliv och magsaft genom tuggummi. Faktum är att mastixen som fortfarande används idag för att mjuka tumörer i anus, bröst, lever, öronspott, mjälte, mage, tarm och matstrupe, även för diarré hos barn. Dessutom anses det vara ett smärtstillande, hostdämpande, orexigenic, afrodisiakum, sammandragande, erytropoes, urindrivande, slemlösande och blodstillande. Mastix nämns som den traditionella motgift mot bölder, acne, cancer, sår och tumörer, maligna vesikler kardiodynias, vårtor, tröghet, gingivit, dålig andedräkt, vita flytningar, mastit, spetsar och åderförkalkning. Senaste medicinska studier vid universitetet i Nottingham sade att även i minimala doser (1 mg dagligen i 2 veckor), kan kitt läka magsår, som är ansvarig för bakterien Helicobacter Pylori, på grund av dess antimikrobiella åtgärder, samtidigt som viktiga och dess effekt på leverfunktionen, och aktiverar avgiftande aktivitet. På detta sätt absorberas kolesterol, är vars koncentration i blodet minskar, vilket minskar risken för hjärt-och kärlsjukdomar. Fortfarande, out och diuretiska egenskaper, medan viktig är inhiberingen av leukotriensyntes genom verkan av mastix. Annan modern vetenskaplig forskning som lett till isolering och identifiering av ursolic och oleanolic syra, avslöjade och bekräftade att många av de läkemedelsverksamhet kitt, såsom cancer, leverskyddande, anti-inflammatorisk, antiulcer, antimikrobiell (mot många patogener såsom Staphylococcus och salmonella) anti-hyperlipidemi och antivirala åtgärder, förklaras främst att ursolsyra, och isomeren, oleanolic syra. Den näst vanligaste användningen av mastix i samband med vård av munhålan. Den är lämplig för att göra tandkräm (Epitomae 2,26), tillhandahålla rent andning och släppa överflödig fukt i munnen (Aëtius 3.141). I själva verket har det visat sig att tillsats av naturligt gummi pasta i tandkräm, tvättlösningar och frisk andedräkt leder till att stärka immunförsvaret av vävnad mellan tänderna och tandköttet, vilket verkar mot bildandet av plack och andra parodontala sjukdomar. Verkningsmekanismen involverar reaktionen av komponenterna i tandköttet polymorfa cellkärnor i området för den orala håligheten och orsakar ansamling av vita blodkroppar. Av särskilt intresse är det faktum att mastixen som används för trimning. Den fungerade som solskydd mot brännskador från solen (Oribasius, Ad Eustathium 6,53), medan en viktig ingrediens i tillverkningen av tvål och skönhetskräm (Aëtius 8,14). I moderna kosmetika, kitt, på grund av ursolsyra och dess isomer, oleanolic syra, används i preparat som är avsedda att förbättra hårväxten och skydd mot irritation i hårbotten. Dessutom är företagens kosmetika och parfymer med hjälp mastix, såsom eterisk olja vid framställning av parfymer och ansiktskrämer, som ursolsyra, bland annat fastställs strukturerna för kollagen och elasticitet i huden och därigenom minska åldringstiden. Ändå, det kitt som används i konfektyrer som tillsats vid framställning av stora mängder godis, sötsaker och bageri smak medan matlagning lägger en distinkt smak till kött, ost eller som krydda. Inom dryckesindustrin, tjänar till att framställa likör ouzo, såsom genom tillsats av gummi dryck får sin smak och minskar skadliga effekterna av alkohol. Slutligen är det kitt en idealisk mat konserveringsmedel, eftersom den förhindrar tillväxten av skadliga mikroorganismer i dem, såsom Salmonella enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudo fragi, Candida albicans, osv. Den biologiska aktiviteten hos Chios mastix tuggummi har utvärderats i flera in vitro-studier relaterade till förmågan att hämma oxidation av LDL (det onda kolesterolet), där den har den högsta antioxidant aktivitet jämfört med andra plaster och gummin, och därmed ökat skydd för det kardiovaskulära systemet. Harts av mastix Chiou innehåller avsevärda mängder av olika polyfenoler jämfört med andra naturliga produkter, i kombination med andra komponenter (t.ex. terpenoids) förvärvar positiva hälsoegenskaper. Bland dessa egenskaper, har en viktig roll som spelas av den allmänna antioxidant. Antioxiderande aktivitet Skydd av LDL (det onda kolesterolet) genom oxidation som leder till en minskning av kolesterol deponeras i vävnader och därmed en minskning av produktionstakten av aterosklerotiska plack, vilket minskar risken för hjärtsjukdomar och vissa cancerformer. Dessutom polyfenoler utställning och andra skyddsåtgärder-fysiologiska effekter, bra för hälsan, den viktigaste av dessa kan sammanfattas enligt följande:

  • Minska blodsocker och blodkolesterol

  • Skydd av epitelceller i andningsorganen

  • Öka nivåerna av HDL (det goda kolesterolet) och lägre nivåer av LDL (dåligt kolesterol)

  • Antitumöraktivitet (i tjocktarmscancer cell apoptos)

  • Antimikrobiell och antibakteriell aktivitet

  • Antiallergiska egenskaper (hämning av trombocytaggregation)

Sammanfattningsvis vill vi säga att de dagliga tuggummi Chios, främst i råformat (kristaller eller “tårar” kitt) och finkornig, godis (tuggummi) eller Mastich olja, förutom vackra naturliga smak och färskhet attribut, har betydligt resulterar i att skydda och bevara vår hälsa, genom olika effekter på vår kropp. Slutligen, är det underförstått att det kitt produkt är unik, både för sina egenskaper och för den exklusiva ursprung, eftersom det kitt trädet växer bara på ön Chios. http://www.gummastic.gr/index.php?contentid=73&langflag=_en   http://www.fytokomia.gr/permalink/4150.html   Hem »Hälsa» Den helande egenskaper kitt   De helande egenskaper kitt mastix. Sedan antiken redan var känd välgörande egenskaper kitt och mastix olja för hälsan.   Mastix kallas aromatisk harts, som utvinns ur kitt eller mastix träd, som endast växer på ön Chios och i ingen annan del av världen, eftersom alla ansträngningar, växternas tillväxt i andra delar av Grekland och därefter, misslyckades .   Minsta regn, mycket sol och kalkrik jordart är den perfekta miljön för framgång av anläggningen. Det kitt anses vara en produkt med riktigt fantastiska funktioner för medicinsk, konfekt, ortodonti, etc.   Undersökningar visar att mastixen har antiseptisk och antiinflammatorisk effekt. Mastic fungerar healing, inflammation botar specifika sjukdomar, som: parodontit, esofagit, gastrit, sår i tolvfingertarmen, kolit och hemorrojder.   Kliniskt har mastix accepteras särskilt fördelaktigt för behandling av duodenalsår, eftersom det kan inhibera tillväxten av Helicobacter pylori, som lever under den gastrointestinala slemhinnan i 90% av patienterna med duodenalsår och 60% av patienterna som lider av magsår, vilket orsakar förändringar av cellens struktur.   Nyligen genomförda studier har påvisat närvaron av polyfenoliska föreningar som är kända för deras starka antioxidant aktivitet, och skydda vävnader och celler av organismen i närvaro av fria radikaler.   Andra positiva egenskaper av mastix, som mednutrition.gr, är som följer:   Sänkning blodsocker-och kolesterolnivåer. Skydd av epitelceller i luftvägarna. Ökande halter av HDL (det goda kolesterolet) och minska nivåerna av 
 LDL (det onda kolesterolet). Antikarkiniki åtgärden (i colon cancer cell apoptos). Antimikrobiell och antibakteriell aktivitet. Antiallergiska egenskaper. As mentioned above the aromatic resinous substance derived from the trunk and branches of the mastic tree. Its use is known from ancient times. It has been used in traditional and practical therapeutic for various conditions such as abdominal pain, dyspepsia and peptic ulcers. In modern times the scientific community, in a correct and scientific way, is to document the beneficial properties of Chios mastic. Be noted here that the systematic use of chewing can cause significant inhibition of bacterial growth in the oral cavity, while reducing the formation of plaque on teeth. Chewing also helps dressage gum, with all its beneficial effects on the health of teeth and because of the special taste and hardness, causes secretion saloiy, resulting in a feeling of freshness and cleanliness. It is 100% natural product and for this reason may contain a very small percentage of impurities. It consists further washing with water. POWDER MASTIC CHIOY (food preparation) Nutritional composition with Chios mastic powder and inulin, a unique combination that helps KALLI functioning and healthy digestive system. Inulin is a natural fiber that is isolated from horseradish roots and demonstrably contribute to the growth of beneficial gut bacteria (bifidus). It is proposed that additional preparation in the daily diet, once daily at a dose of 3.2 g (teaspoon each) mixed with water or beverage, preferably before breakfast. Please note that the product is partially soluble in water (suitable for diabetics). Mastic (natural aqueous gum flavor) It is naturally flavored water that carries the authentic flavor mastic and some of its beneficial properties. Is 100% natural extract containing a low amount of the essential oil of mastic while transporting all of the soluble components that exhibit beneficial properties. The Mastic, taken from the mastic, through simple distillation with steam, so synapostazei with mastic oil (essential oil), and then separated from it by the simple process of phase separation. Use morning and night as a moisturizer and toner offering freshness and natural glow to the skin. Same time can be used for deep cleaning and perfuming the skin of the body. Kosmitologikes studies suggest that extracts Chios Mastic reduce apoiodomisi collagen. The mastic is dermatologically tested. In clinical trials conducted at University Avenue, proved that the mastic is safe for the skin, as contact with the skin of healthy volunteers induced no irritation problems. SCENTED OIL SOAP Mastic The soap combines the beneficial properties of olive oil with antibacterial and regenerative properties of Chios mastic and mastic oil. Produced from 100% natural ingredients with no chemical additives and pigments. In this soap has enhanced feature, fragrant aroma of Chios mastic. Spread HONEY Mastic Unique in flavor and quality honey pine scented Mastic Chios. The fir honey is considered one of the best and aromatikoteres honey varieties. Is particularly thick and due to the high concentration of trace elements has high nutritional and biological value. The mastic is known for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and is beneficial to the health of the digestive system. The spread with honey mastic is the ideal combination of two natural products that promote health and ideally complements a healthy and balanced diet. (ideal for the energy they need in their breakfast children) CHEWING GUM IN TABLETS WITHOUT SUGAR 15% Chios MASTIC. It is the innovative new gum of Chios Mastic Growers Association in tablet form. Produced by a novel technique involving proporiaki simply compressing the ingredients in tablet form. By avoids heat or other stresses incurred most of the chewing gum commercial. Safeguarded so the utmost naturalness and properties of mastic and transported safely to the consumer the benefit of actions. Unlike common chewing gum, contributes to the soothing treatment of xerostomia, and due to her particular taste and causes greater relative hardness drooling, resulting freshness and cleanliness. Made from pure, natural materials and thus the taste, appearance and mouthfeel may differ. Read also: Mastic, its role in our health and mastic, culture

BIO COTTAGE CHEESE -93 GREEN GOURMET (Since -93)

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          BIO COTTAGE CHEESE -93 GREEN GOURMET

Ingredients(ALL organic): pine-seeds, cashew nuts, almonds, garlic, fresh horseradish, fresh ginger, umeshu, shisho-flower, mirin, herbs de provence, tamari, cayenne, cold pressed cocο nut oil, cold pressed pumpcin oil, cold pressed olive oil.

First Moment: Soak in a spring or coconut water for 36-48 hours: 40% of the Pine seeds, 40% of the Cashew nut & 20% of the Almonds.

(Obs!!: the water must be c:a 2 cm above the surface of the (rince allready seeds). In each liter or Kg, you end 2-3 table spoons of PROBOFORM; in room temperature.

 Second Moment: – Mix into your (preferably slow friction one!) food processor all the rest of the above ingredients and when is ready put it into a jar in the fridge.

 

 P.S: ..one can end sliced mushrooms, as Shitake, or Porcini etc, before puting in it into the fridge!

You are going to notice, that the older the cottage cheese is getting the more tasty becomes..

ENJOY!

GREEN GOURMET Year 1995
From the Left: Petra, Konstantin, R-Marie & Patrick – “Green Gourmet” (at the Swedish Vegetarian Society H.Q), 
Södermalm – Stockholm

Non Dairy Roquefort Cheese

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www.rbclife.eu/11535

Ingredients (All organic):
A) Cashew nuts, pili-pili nuts, one L.of Coconut milk, one Dl.cocnut oil(Cold pressed), three Dl. of extra virgine olive oil, two Dl. umeshu vinegar, 1/2 table spoon fresh horseradish, 1/2 fresh ginger, 50 gr. fresh shitake mushrooms, one tea spoon oregano, four clovevs grated garlic, little chili.

B) one and a half cups of PROBIFORM juice, one table spoon pump seeds, one spoon of spirulina powder, two tea spoons of Maldon sea salt, one table spoon chia seed, one tsp.
of psylium seeds.

C) walnuts

HOW:

1) First rinse in a colander the cashew & pilipli nuts. (500 Gr.).
Then let them be soaked into the coconut milk & the PROBIFORM for two days.
2) Put all ingredients of part A) into the food prcessor and let it go untill is very
creamy.
3) Put half of it , as the FIRST layer on the baking paper.
4) After you finish ready in your blender with the ingr. of the number: B)., then you
add in form of stripes on the FIRST layer, together with the walnuts.
5) Cover with rest of nr.A).
Let it into the drying oven (37C.) for 14 hours..enjoy!

A LE X A N D R I A B I B L I O T E Q U E

Ancient Library of Alexandria One of Greatest Treasures of Mankind

By Patricia Claus

July 14, 2024

Library of Alexandria
The Serapeum at Alexandria. The building was used by the Library of Alexandria for extra storage of parchment scrolls after it ran out of space. The area is now a part of an archeological excavation. Credit: Daniel Mayer /CC BY-SA 4.0

The ancient Library of Alexandria, built in the city that was the brainchild of Alexander the Great, was one of the greatest wonders of the world, hosting scholars who explored science, history and all other areas of knowledge before its tragic destruction.

The Great Library of Alexandria in Alexandria, Egypt, was one of the largest and most significant libraries of the entire ancient world. It was part of a larger research institution called the Mouseion, which was dedicated to the Muses, who were the nine goddesses of the arts in Greek mythology.

In Greece, the Athenian ruler Peisistratos was said to have founded the first major public library in the sixth century BC. It was out of this mixed heritage of both Greek and Near Eastern book collections that the idea for the Library of Alexandria was born.

The idea of founding a library in Alexandria may have been proposed by Demetrius of Phalerum, an exiled Athenian statesman living in Alexandria, to the Pharaoh Ptolemy I Soter, but the Library itself was most likely not built until the reign of his son, Ptolemy II Philadelphus.

Library of Alexandria Documentary ᴴᴰ
Grecian Delight supports Greece

The Alexandrian Library, however, was unprecedented due to the scope and scale of the Ptolemies’ ambitions; their mission was to produce a repository of all knowledge known to mankind at the time.

The Library quickly acquired many papyrus scrolls, due largely to the Ptolemaic kings’ aggressive and well-funded policies for procuring texts. They dispatched royal agents with large amounts of money, ordering them to purchase and collect as many texts as they possibly could, about any subject and by any author.

In a famous story which has come down through the ages, it was decreed by Ptolemy II that any books found on ships that came into port were taken to the library, where they were copied by official scribes. It is unknown precisely how many such precious scrolls were housed at the Library at any given time, but estimates range from 40,000 to 400,000 at its height.

Ptolemy II
Ptolemy II Philadelphus, during whose reign the Great Library of Alexandria was founded. Bust excavated at the Villa of the Papyri. Credit: Marie-Lan Nguyen /CC BY 2.5

“The place for the cure of the soul”

In time, a medical school also was founded at the Library, in which scientific human dissections were first undertaken; this practice alone provided invaluable knowledge to the world of medicine.

Alexandria quickly came to be regarded as the capital of knowledge and learning, in great part because of its astonishing Library. Many important and influential scholars worked there during the third and second centuries BC.

However, the Library poses one of the greatest mysteries in the world, as Dr. Bob Brier, the chairman of the philosophy department at the University of Long Island, explains. “The amazing thing about the library in Alexandria is that it was the most important place of learning in the ancient world and we don’t know where it was or where it is now.

“We don’t know what it looked like. We don’t know the details of what books it had; we don’t know everybody who (worked) there. There’s more that we don’t know than what we do know. But it was the most important intellectual event perhaps in the history of mankind,” he stated in an interview with NBC News’ Roger Mudd.

Ancient Alexandria
A map of ancient Alexandria. The Library was located in the Royal Quarter, known as “Bruchium” in the central part of the city near the Great Harbor (“Portus Magnus” on the map). Credit: Friedrich Wilhelm Putzger, nach O. Puchstein in Pauly, Real-Encycl. – F. W. Putzgers Historischer Schul-Atlas/ Public Domain

During the reign of Ptolemy III Euergetes, the original library’s collections had grown so large that a daughter library was established in the nearby Serapeum, a temple to the Greco-Egyptian god Serapis. The remains of that structure — the only concrete link we have to the Great Library — are still there in the city today.The Library was built in the Brucheion, or Royal Quarter, of Alexandria. Its exact layout is not known, but ancient sources describe it as comprising a collection of scrolls known as bibliothekai (βιβλιοθῆκαι), with the building featuring Greek columns, a peripatos walk, a room for shared dining, a reading room, meeting rooms, gardens, and lecture halls.

In short, it created a model for the concept of a university campus.

According to popular description, an inscription above the Library’s papyrus scroll shelves read: “The place of the cure of the soul.”

International scholars mingled freely, exchanging ideas

In addition to collecting works from the distant past, the Mouseion which housed the Library also served as home to a host of international scholars, poets, philosophers, and researchers, who, according to the first-century BC Greek geographer Strabo, were provided with a large salary, free food and lodging, and exemption from taxes.

The Library itself was directed by a scholar who served as head librarian, as well as tutor to the king’s son.The first recorded head librarian was Zenodotus of Ephesus, who lived from c. 325 to c. 270 BC. He is known to have written a glossary of rare and unusual words, which was organized in alphabetical order, making him the first person in the world known to have employed alphabetical order as a method of organization.

Meanwhile, the scholar and poet Callimachus compiled the Pinakes, a 120-book catalogue of various authors and all their known works. This library catalogue has not survived, but enough references to it and fragments of it have survived to allow scholars to reconstruct its basic structure.

According to legend, the Syracusan inventor Archimedes invented “Archimedes’ screw,” a pump for transporting water, while studying at the Library.

Jason and the Argonauts saga contains geographical knowledge derived from Library’s works

Pharaoh Ptolemy II Philadelphus then appointed Apollonius of Rhodes, who lived from c. 295 to c. 215 BC, a native of Alexandria and a student of Callimachus, as the second head librarian of the Library of Alexandria. He is best known as the author of the “Argonautica,” the epic poem about the voyages of Jason and the Argonauts, which has incredibly survived to the present in its complete form.The Argonautica displays Apollonius’ deep knowledge of history and literature and makes allusions to a vast array of events and texts, thanks to the riches available to him at the Library.

The third head librarian, Eratosthenes of Cyrene, who was born c. 280 and lived to c. 194 BC, is best known today for his scientific works, including his seminal discovery of the circumference of the earth. However, the polymath was also a literary scholar. Eratosthenes also produced a map of the entire known world, which incorporated information taken from sources held in the Library, including accounts of Alexander the Great’s campaigns in India.

Ptolemy III had expensive copies of the plays written by Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides made on the highest quality papyrus and sent back the copies to the Athenians — keeping the original manuscripts for the library.

As the Library expanded, it ran out of space, so it opened a satellite collection in the Serapeum, which was a temple dedicated to the Greco-Egyptian god Serapis, located near the royal palace.

The librarianship of Aristophanes of Byzantium saw the invention of the system of Greek diacritics, who also wrote important works on lexicography, and introduced a series of signs for textual criticism. He himself wrote introductions to many plays, some of which have survived in partially rewritten forms.

Alexandrian Library
This Latin inscription regarding Tiberius Claudius Balbilus of Rome (d. c. AD 79) mentions the “ALEXANDRINA BYBLIOTHECE” on line eight. Credit: Tomisti /Public Domain

However, it was also during the early second century BC that the political power of Ptolemaic Egypt began to decline. Consequently, many Greek scholars began to leave Alexandria for safer countries with more generous patronages. The Library of Alexandria was never to recover from this decline, although it had some noted successes thereafter in the brilliant contributions of its librarians.

Aristarchus of Samothrace, who lived from c. 216 to c. 145 BC, was the sixth head librarian. Earning a reputation as the greatest of all ancient scholars, he produced not only texts of classic poems and works of prose, but full hypomnemata, or long, free-standing commentaries, on them.

In 145 BC, however, Aristarchus became caught up in a dynastic struggle, resulting in Ptolemy VIII expelling all foreign scholars from Alexandria, forcing them to disperse across the Eastern Mediterranean world — enriching those areas and allowing scholarship to flourish there.

Aristarchus’ student Dionysius Thrax, who lived from c. 170 to c. 90 BC, even established a school on the Greek island of Rhodes. Thrax wrote the first book on Greek grammar, a work which remained the primary grammar textbook for Greek schoolboys until as late as the twelfth century AD.

Political struggles, the rise of a new empire contributed to the decline of Alexandria

The Romans based their own grammatical writings on it, and its basic format incredibly remains the basis for grammar guides in many languages even today.

Confronted with growing social unrest and other major political and economic problems, the later Ptolemies did not devote as much attention towards the Library and the Mouseion as their predecessors had, leading to its further decline

A shift in Greek scholarship as a whole took place around the beginning of the first century BC because by this time, all the major classical poetic texts had finally been standardized and extensive commentaries had already been produced on the writings of all the major literary authors of the Greek Classical Era.

Meanwhile, Alexandrian scholarship was probably introduced to Rome in the first century BC by Tyrannion of Amisus, a student of Dionysius Thrax, who lived from c. 100 to c. 25 BC, again — as so often seen throughout Greek history — enriching the cultural life of the rest of the world with its export.

Was the Library really burned?

The Roman general Julius Caesar was forced to set fire to his own ships during the Siege of Alexandria in 48 BC; many ancient writers report that the fire spread and destroyed at least part of the Library of Alexandria’s collections; however, it may well have either at least partially survived or been quickly rebuilt at that time.

The first-century AD Roman playwright and Stoic philosopher Seneca the Younger quotes Livy’s “Ab Urbe Condita Libri,” which was written between 63 and 14 BC, as saying that the fire started by Caesar destroyed 40,000 scrolls from the Library of Alexandria.

However, the Roman historian Cassius Dio, who lived from c. 155 to c. 235 AD, recorded that “Many places were set on fire, with the result that, along with other buildings, the dockyards and storehouses of grain and books, said to be great in number and of the finest, were burned.”Scholars have interpreted Dio’s wording to mean that the fire did not actually destroy the entire Library itself, but rather only a warehouse located near the docks being used by the Library to house scrolls. Whatever devastation Caesar’s fire must have caused in the city, the Library was evidently not completely destroyed at that time.

The geographer Strabo,who lived from c. 63 BC to c. 24 AD, mentions visiting the Mouseion, the larger research institution to which the Library was attached, in around the year 20 BC, indicating that it either survived the fire or was rebuilt soon afterward.

Still, the manner in which he speaks about the Mouseion shows that it was nowhere near as prestigious as it had been a few centuries prior.

A Latin inscription, seen above, regarding Tiberius Claudius Balbilus of Rome, who died around AD 79, mentions the “ALEXANDRINA BYBLIOTHECE” on line eight.

Library’s status diminished

The emperor Claudius, who ruled from 41–54 AD, is recorded to have built an addition onto the Library, but after Alexandria came under Roman rule, the city’s status gradually diminished.

The Library likewise tragically dwindled in importance during the Roman period, due to a lack of funding and support. Its membership appears to have ceased by the 260s AD. Between 270 and 275 AD, the city of Alexandria saw a Palmyrene invasion and an imperial counterattack that most likely destroyed whatever remained of the Library, if it still existed at that time.

Meanwhile, as the reputation of Alexandrian scholarship declined, the reputations of other libraries across the Mediterranean world improved, and other libraries also sprang up within the city of Alexandria itself; some — or even all — of the scrolls from the Great Library may have been used to stock some of these smaller libraries.

The Caesareum and the Claudianum in Alexandria are both known to have had major libraries by the end of the first century AD.

Mention of both the Great Library of Alexandria and the Mouseion that housed it disappear after the middle of the third century AD, however. The last known references to scholars being members of the Mouseion date to the 260s.

In 272 AD, the emperor Aurelian’s forces destroyed the Broucheion quarter of the city in which the main library was located. If the Mouseion and Library still existed at this time, they were almost certainly destroyed during the attack as well. If they had somehow survived that attack, then whatever was left of them would have been destroyed during the emperor Diocletian’s siege of Alexandria in 297.

Serapeum served as a daughter library to the Great Library

The Serapeum is often called the “daughter library” of Alexandria. As late as the beginning of the fourth century AD historians believe it held the largest collection of books in the city of Alexandria.

In the 370s and 380s, the Serapeum was still a major pilgrimage site for pagans, however. It remained a fully functioning temple, and had classrooms for philosophers interested in theurgy, the study of cultic rituals and esoteric religious practices.

Under the Christian rule of Roman emperor Theodosius I pagan rituals were outlawed, and pagan temples were destroyed. In 391 AD, Theophilus, the bishop of Alexandria ordered the destruction of the Serapeum and its conversion into a church. The pagans of Alexandria were incensed by this act of desecration, especially the teachers of Neoplatonic philosophy and theurgy at the Serapeum.

Its teachers took up arms and led their students and other followers in a guerrilla attack on the Christian population of Alexandria, killing many of them before being forced to retreat. In retaliation, the Christians of the city vandalized and demolished the Serapeum — although amazingly some parts of the colonnade were still standing as late as the twelfth century.

However, none of the accounts of the Serapeum’s destruction mention anything about it still having a library, and sources indicate that even that structure — the one surviving link to the library today — most likely did not have a significant collection of scrolls in it at the time of its destruction.

Not all knowledge was lost

As the course of history shows, power and knowledge ebb and flow from East to West, North to South, and libraries — perhaps even housing some of the precious scrolls that had been copied and housed at Alexandria — were popping up all over the Roman Empire.

By the fourth century AD, there were at least two dozen public libraries in the city of Rome alone.

In late antiquity, as the Roman Empire became Christianized, Christian libraries modeled directly on the Library of Alexandria and other great libraries of earlier pagan times began to be founded all across the Greek-speaking eastern part of the empire.

Among the largest and most prominent of these libraries were the Theological Library of Caesarea Maritima, the Library of Jerusalem, and a Christian library in Alexandria.

Incredibly, these libraries held both pagan and Christian writings side-by-side and Christian scholars applied to the Christian scriptures the same philological techniques that the scholars of the Library of Alexandria had used for analyzing the Greek classics, proving that the wisdom of the ancients survived alongside the new Christian worldview.

Nonetheless, the study of pagan authors remained secondary to the study of the Christian scriptures until the Renaissance, when writers and philosophers would rediscover them, in effect bringing these ancient Greek thinkers back to life again in modern times.

Ironically, the survival of ancient texts — surely including many of the precious scrolls housed at the Great Library of Alexandria —  owes everything to the fact that they were exhaustingly copied and recopied, at first by professional scribes during the Roman period onto papyrus, and later by monks during the Middle Ages, onto parchment.

So in effect, the Library still lives on today, in the scholarship of researchers in every discipline, and in each and every library all around the world.

What really happened to the Library of Alexandria? - Elizabeth Cox

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National Hellenic Museum

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P E L L A S G I A N S – The MOST POWERFUL GENUS IN HISTORY /ANCIENT GREEK

We are ancient Pelasgians! It is a great honor for us because our forefathers were the most dynamic generation in history. Although we bear various names according to gender (Achaeans, Ionians, Aeolians, Arcadians, Minoans, Mycenaeans, Macedonians, etc.) there were three main general names of the Greeks:

Pelasgians (from Pelasgos), Greeks (from Greek) and Greeks (from Greek) = Πελασγοί ( εκ του Πελασγού), Γραικοί ( εκ του Γραικού ) και Έλληνες ( εκ του Έλληνος ) And it would be unnecessary to emphasize our origin if the “well-wishers” did not proceed to the savage dismemberment and mutilation of our glorious Race, with the aim of annihilate numerically and make it a toddler in age….

******************************PELASGUS*********************

He was the son of ZEUS and NIOBE, native grandfather of THESSALY And NOT an “Indo-European” from nowhere, or from Asia and Africa as some ignorant or malicious BARBARIANS claim]

The etymology of Pelasgos comes a/ from palai +gegaa = /α/ εκ του πάλαι +γέγαα =γίνομαι παλιόςto become old b/ from “Pelion Argos”= /α/ εκ του πάλαι +γέγαα =γίνομαι παλιόςold of old men (hence Argos Pelasgikon) c/ from stork=traveler d/ from perao= γ/ εκ του πελαργός=ταξιδευτής δ/ εκ του περάω= δ/ εκ του περάω=περνώ θάλασσαν (μετανάστης, θαλασσοπόρος )περνώ θάλασσαν (μετανάστης, θαλασσοπόρος )to cross the sea (immigrant) , seafarer ) e/ from plazo= ε/ εκ του πλάζω=περιπλανώμαι δια θαλάσσης( λαός της θάλασσαςwander through the sea (people of the sea) f/ from pelas= στ/ εκ του πέλας=πλησίον+άγω(οδηγώ, ηγούμαι μεταφέρω στους γειτονικούς λαούς)near+ago(lead, lead carry to the neighboring peoples) All the etymological elements of the name Pelasgos lead to the ancient, restless and daring people of the sea that migrates and travels (like Odysseus the polyglot)/

The first Pelasgians were Arcadians who survived the Deluge and rushed from there to the neighboring coasts (Italy, Asia Minor, Mediterranean etc.)

GRAEKOS

He was a pre-cataclysmic hero, son of Thessalus and great-grandson of Pelasgus who flourished before the Cataclysm of Deucalion. It is derived from “graios = old man or old man from the earth + flow or earth + era”[ The Const. Oikonomou from Oikonomon in “On the Authenticity of Pronunciation” p. 335 writes:

“A Greek is a man whose body is solid, strong, and whose genus is old, that is, old, ancient, ambassadorial and old” For the Greek he writes that he is from ela, eli, sun, saddle always mean the fast-moving and versatile light, However, our cradle is Thessaly with Mount Olympus as its focus.

***E L L E N

He was the son of Deucalion and is an evolution from the generation of the Pelasgians and Greeks “Greek, I was born of Zeus, because of Deucalion” And the country inhabited by the Greeks was named Hellas, “formerly called Pelasgia” [Herod. B! 56] Etymological versions a/ Hellas = the luminous chair, (sel+hellas) b/ Hellas= the luminous stone (sel+las)

According to Aristotle, it got its name from Dodoni in Epirus, where the Selloi lived and what were then called Greeks and now Greeks. The Parion Marmaron writes: “Greeks were called, before Greeks were called”

The name Pelasgians is general and includes a wider group that started from the same area centered on the Aegean Sea (the Greek Peninsula and the surrounding Aegean coasts) but spread throughout the Mediterranean basin, in Europe and in the whole world and over time it took on different names. And it is no exaggeration to say that the Pelasgians under various names are scattered in every corner of the planet.

Herodotus writes (Clio 58) the following: “I believe that the Greek peoples spoke the same language, but weakened after their separation from the Pelasgians, and starting at first from a small nucleus, they reached the enormous numbers they now represent by incorporation of various foreign nations, among whom were the Pelasgians. I do not believe that the Pelasgians, a barbarous people, ever became numerous or powerful.’ However, the difference of nation according to Herodotus means a difference of race rather than nation as we consider it today.

And I copy another passage from him (Clio 56) which confirms the truth of the statement: “Investigations showed that the Lacedaemonians were stronger than the Dorians and the Athenians than the Ionians. These two, of whom the first came from the Pelasgians, while the others from the Greeks”. But who believes that the Lacedaemonians did not belong to the Greek nation? According to Herodotus, the Athenian nation was Pelasgian, and the first Arcadians and the inhabitants of Croton and Troy and other cities were Pelasgians.

The division of the Greeks into several races (Dryopes, Leleges, Pelasgians, Kaucones, Thracians, Televoes, etc.) is due to their deep geographical separation, which even today creates communication problems at certain times of the year. Therefore, neither did they come to Greece from the north, nor are the Greeks Slavs who were Hellenized – as Falmereyer previously claimed – nor did they come from England, nonsense that Lord Bulwer Lytton expressed in his “novel” in 1842, and argued with them German scientist Muller. Exactly the opposite happens.

Europeans are descended from the Aegean Pelasgian Proto-Greeks, but this is not tolerated by the egoism of those who want at any cost to participate in the most brilliant civilization that man has made so far. It is unlikely that the Greeks had a foreign origin because before the glacial periods, as mentioned above, the whole of Northern Europe, beyond the Danube and beyond the lower Rhine and the Alps, but also the East – not even northern Persia and the Indies excepted – covered by glaciers.

But even after the melting of the glaciers, the lowlands were covered by water and mud. Therefore, it was impossible for the supposed IEs or Arians to live, and even more so to create civilization in the regions of Central Europe and later to transplant it to the Aegean Pelasgians. Because the latter had the privilege of living in the most temperate region of the world, “swimming” in the Mediterranean Sea and communicating with all the peoples of the then known world. And then, of course, today’s energy sources did not exist to support the northern civilization, as is the case today with the establishment of technological civilization.

The well-travelled Pelasgians

Pelasgus is so old that he is treated, according to mythology, as the son of Poseidon. This symbolism is consistent with the maritime origin of the Greek nation and the seamanship of the Greeks. But also Inachos, the “first man of the Peloponnese”, was the son of Oceanus and the sea goddess Tethys. There were no other advanced people at that time, who traveled not only by sea but by land north or east of the Danube. But how did the Ancient Greek Aegean Pelasgians learn to travel?

After the sinking of Aegis they found themselves cut off from their tribe and relatives on the islands and they desperately wanted to escape this isolation. This is how they learned to sail, first on tree trunks and then on ships. The Greeks have been closely associated with the sea since ancient times and literally thresh the Aegean and the Mediterranean sea.

From the Aegean and Asia Minor coasts, they progressively and radially penetrated – in a kind of fan – to the north, east, south and west and depopulated the underdeveloped tribes, when the climatic conditions allowed it. Back then sea travel was relatively easier and safer compared to land travel. After the sinking of Aegis, it is natural that the nomads around the Aegean moved north and east to find pastures for their flocks. They entered the drained plains after the waters receded.

Such reciprocating movements – unknown how many – certainly occurred during the millennia under the pressure of the needs of the populations of the time. But the main stream of migration was consistently oriented from the region of the Aegean and the Aemos Peninsula to the north, south, east and west, because the settlers were looking for new empty and virgin lands, initially for livestock and later for their agricultural exploitation. On the other hand, this trend towards immigration continues to our time (immigration waves to America, Australia, etc.) However, at the beginning they lived a nomadic lifestyle, just like the Sarakatsanaeans of Pindos, who we can say are the most authentic and ancient Proto-Greeks. Europeans”, descendants of the Pelasgians.

From Aegis the Culture

From Aegis all those peoples started, who appeared later in the surrounding areas of Asia Minor, the Caucasus and the Mediterranean as far as the Danube under various names, carrying their culture with them. It is, of course, impossible to determine how many years passed after the sinking of the Aegis, until these various groups which were saved on the shores or moved inland were formed into tribes. According to the testimonies of the Egyptian priests of Sain to Solon, as mentioned by Plato in “Timaeus”, they took their culture from the Ancient Greeks of the Aegean. This is evident from their performance in navigation, but also in the arts (advanced Cycladic statuary art). The propaganda fictions about the arrival of Phoenicians and others (“Black Athena”, Bernal), apart from lacking logic and sufficient documentation, have been scientifically debunked, since he himself admitted that his motive was profit and attracting attention.

The much-advertised story of the Mesopotamian Gilgamesh, which they wanted to present as proof of the ancient spiritual development of the various peoples of Mesopotamia, is a much more recent and shoddy construction, based on Greek traditions and myths. It is indeed a bad copying of what is mentioned about the flood of Deucalion, which, let it be noted, is older than the flood of Noah, if it also happened of course. Because everything written about Noah’s flood is monstrous, unscientific and suitable only for people who had no idea about the sea and navigation.

Contrary to the Orphic texts about the Ogygus flood, it is certified that no other ancient people has earlier memories and scientific evidence and has not recorded spiritual manifestations and other interesting findings (e.g. astronomical observations 11,000 years BC) like these contained in ancient Greek texts. As Erman Dils informs us [“Prosokratiki”, Ch. Orpheus, p. 3] the Aegean Ancient Greeks wrote down their observations several thousand years ago on thin boards, stones or shells (writing of Dispilios, Iuros, Alonissos, etc.), a fact that testifies that they were heiferous people (Homo Sapiens). The question that arises is why the younger supposedly “wise” researchers of the West had ignored or set aside such serious evidence?

It is certainly not a coincidence, because Greek Prehistory is on fire and they prefer to ignore it, put it aside and when it accidentally comes to the surface to silence it or even fake it. Because this area was inhabited not by 10, 20 thousand years ago – as the well-known Phoenicists claim for Mesopotamia or 35-40,000 years ago by the Afrocentrists – but 100, 800,000 years ago, but also millions of years ago, as proven by the investigations of Petraloni, of Triglia and Ptolemais, under the anthropologist-archaeologist Mr. Aris Poulianos. Therefore, the American research in the Frachthy cave of Ermioni, which brought to light elements of the civilization 25 thousand years ago, came to prove the existence and continuity of human development in the Greek area. The gaps that exist today in long periods of history do not mean a negative existence of life, but rather a lack of systematic research in this area.

The Culture of the Romans

The civilization is ancient and goes back to the time of the Etruscans and Tyrsines. But the main civilization of the Romans before they began their imperial course began mainly after the conquest of Greece (180-120 BC), i.e. from the time of Caesar. Previously the tribes of Central and Northern Italy were relatively primitive and uncultivated, did not know writing and even practiced cannibalism and human sacrifice in earlier times. Therefore, all Europeans owe culture and writing to the Pelasgians and Cretans. The Latin script is also Greek (Chalkidic alphabet) and the Roman Civilization is a copy – often a misprint – of the Greek Civilization. This proves the ancient common origin of the inhabitants of Northern and Western Europe (Teutons, Gauls, Swabians, Saxons, Iberians, etc.) from the Aegean Proto-Greeks.

These peoples still retain names of certain gods of Ancient Greece, words or word roots of their original mother tongue, or rather of their linguistic idiom which belongs to the Greek (Indo-European) homolingualism. Because over time they mixed with other peoples, but also due to different climatic and cultural conditions, it was necessary for them to diversify and move away from their original cultural cradle, the Aegean. Others of them in their new homelands were barbarized or assimilated in order to survive and remained undeveloped, as we find them later in the historical period, scattered in various countries of the north in tribes (Cimmerians, Scythians, Getae, Arimaspi, Gelones, Massagetae , Boudinii, Agrippai , Isidones, Sarmatians, Dacians, etc.). They later evolved under the influence of the Byzantine Empire and created the well-known nations of the north and east. Those who entered further east and beyond Lake Baikal, we later find them as Hyperboreans (or Gilaks).

A white race arrived in Japan time immemorial, the Ainu (=Ionians), while we meet scattered white races in Asia and the Far East. [See Vol. “PEOPLE OF THE EAST” “General Introduction” as well as “General Introduction” to the Second Book of John. Passa “THE ORPHICS” and the comments on the “Hymns of Orpheus”]. The Turks are a mosaic of peoples in the majority of indigenous peoples who have lived in the area since ancient times. The Turks are a small minority who came as nomads from the highlands of Central Asia, from the Altai region, to the Mediterranean. The latter are of Tatar-Mongolian origin and have remained untouched and uncivilized since their settlement in Asia Minor until today. This tribe was the ruling class of Ottoman Turkey, but also of today’s Kemal Turkey.

The Origin of the European Peoples

According to Athan. Stageritis [“OGYGIA”, Vol. B of Athan. Stageritis, Ed. Vienna 1808] the origin of all races – and of course the newer Nations of Northern, Western and Eastern Europe, as well as the whites of Russia and Central Asia – come from the Aegean, and specifically from the Greek cultural space, and not from the non-existent Indo-Europeans [See Diod. Sikeliotis, Bibl. A, Strabo, “Introduction” and Syre “The Great Mysteries”, Carlyle “The Heroes” (Odin) and Charles Berlitz “Mysteries from Forgotten Worlds”]. Examining the so-called Arian languages, as they are actually spoken today, they possess numerous Pelasgian elements, which undoubtedly come from their Pelasgian cradle, the Balkans, Lower Italy and Asia Minor.

When the same root is found in all languages, or in most of them, we must conclude that the object signified by that root was common to their ancestors, who once had the same culture. [For example, the word “Axon” exists corrupted in all the so-called Aryan languages, because these peoples all knew the wheeled carriage. Some improved it and put spokes on it over time, while others kept the traditional tree trunk wheel. So they diverged. Thus, with the addition of new words, the differentiation of the language and the identity of the peoples begins]. This is how the tribes gradually became differentiated from their original origin. In the end, common descent remains a myth. The myth of Atlantis, which is related to the ancient activity of the Greek race, as the various findings show, was once a reality. But not the artificial “myth” about the Indo-Europeans either.

The Myth of the Indo-Europeans

The descent of tribes from the North and East to the Greek Peninsula, in order to civilize the supposedly untouched Aegeans, is not justified either scientifically, or from a logical point of view, because the Aegeans were demonstrably a seafaring and highly civilized people who traveled, from the dawn of Prehistory , not only in the Mediterranean, but also in the Oceans. If we accept the beliefs about “Indo-Europeanists”, then their traces, their superior culture, their language and finally the historical spiritual monuments that they would leave behind in their original cradle should normally have been found somewhere. But such a thing has not been found. Nothing at all confirms their existence.

On the contrary, new overwhelming proofs and evidences from the Greek area and outside it – in the countries he traveled – are constantly coming to light, which confirm that the Aegean Proto-Greeks were the first to transmit their culture to all the peoples of the then known world. Of course, all these anti-scientific and dogmatic theories of the past have long since fallen, but they come back each time with a new wrapper in the news from the “scientific” establishment of international power. Because this myth is convenient for the perpetuation of their power.

Today we are in an upsurge of this phenomenon. Everywhere they seek to reduce the value and contribution of the insurmountable Greek factor in the creation of world Culture [See “PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY”, Vol. “GREECE” of Encyclop. “SUN”, by Ioannis Koumaris]. It is enough to repeat that “when the ancient Greeks were building the Parthenon, the ancestors of today’s English lived in caves or in virgin forests, while most of them and other northern peoples were still cannibals or made human sacrifices” [Stravo, book VI , pp. 226, 21] [Always the courageous and restless British nation behaved arrogantly and like a conqueror in Greece, imitating the supposedly blond Indo-European colonialists and civilizers]. Even in our neighboring Italy, even during the classical era, children were sacrificed on the feast of the Compitalia and Laralia, and it was not until the reign of Brutus that this custom was abolished. Stageiritis, B. Vol. p.480].

Therefore, such blatant falsification and perversion of the History and Prehistory of the Greeks is unacceptable and infuriating. Dodonaia the Cult of the Druids. According to earlier archaeological discoveries, it was discovered that during the Minoan period Cretan seafarers brought “Tin” to the Mediterranean from England. But they did not go there empty-handed. They transmitted to them their superior Cretan Minoan culture.

Recently, prehistoric Greek installations have been discovered in England, which show that the primitive and backward peoples of England accepted the influence of the Greeks and over time became civilized. Thus it is proved that the ancient worship of the Druids in Britain is of Greek origin, from the Oracle of Dodoni, and was brought there time immemorial. Greek Prehistory indeed presents an amazing mystery and a fascinating challenge to the one who will try to decipher it and delve into it.

The autochthony of the Greeks has been proven with eighty proofs by eminent anthropologists, such as John. Koumaris [See article “Physical Anthropology” Ioan. Koumari, A. Meros, Volume “GREECE”, Encyclop. “SUN” and Alexis Sinou “The Geographical Unity of the Greek Mediterranean Region” Part A. Pg. 94-95, Part B. P. 179-182 etc].

The European “Archman” of Petraloni

Unshakable evidence of the native origin of the Greek was recently brought to light by the internationally renowned anthropologist Aris Poulianos with the discovery of the “European Archman of Petralona of Chalkidiki” and the “Elephant Hunter of Ptolemais”, which we will talk about in another chapter. Orpheus says: “as far as Egypt, I expounded the sacred word”, that is, in Egypt and Libya, I taught, (expelled=expelled) the sacred word [“Argonautica” of the “Orphic” verses. 42-44 and 102 Ed. Leipzig TAUCHNIZIT 1829]. [It may be understood that “indoctrinated” does not mean “taught”, as undisciplined and ill-disposed writers have claimed].

Therefore, this proof blows to dust every other old and new dogmatic theory, the originators of which do not even bother to substantiate them with evidence. It is known that during the 8th millennium BC. there was a transport of Obsidian Stone by ships from the island of Milos in the Aegean Sea to Argolis, as evidenced by the finds of obsidian stone in the cave of Fraghtis of Argolis. So the Aegean people have been sailing since then. But also in the area of ​​Anat. The Proto-Hellenic Minoans and Mycenaeans have dominated the Mediterranean since time immemorial. [Ancient Achaean Cretans and Cypriots, the ancient Phoenicians and the Philistines and “Palaisati”, crossed the Mediterranean to settle in Palestine].

Isocrates proclaims that: “We are indigenous. We did not drive out others who were here, nor did we come from elsewhere to occupy it desolate of people, nor are we mixed and mingled with other nations, but we come from a good and genuine nation, so that we were born in this land, possess it and live all the time Cairo. Irrespective of whether throughout the 20th century the international power intrigues against Hellenism and by using Turkey as a “sieging battering ram” seeks the eviction of the Greek Nation from its ancient ancestral homes (Asia Minor, Cyprus, Aegean, Macedonia, Epirus). [The international power and its servants and handlers here want to mix us up and turn us into a wretched mess so that we lose our national identity. Some “Greeks” also allegedly contribute to this.

Source: diogeneis, conspiracyfeeds and diadrastika

https://arxaia-ellinika.blogspot.com/2021/12/pelasgoi-dynamikotero-genos-istorias.html?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR0_b9pBg8y3t2Ii0QweABYgQIN_HLcRHtsx8c1i9zuMTMT82z4zTWEeINs_aem_xu5IJrEIKaPqhOZJdz3MvQ&m =1

*****PYTHAGOREAN PRINCIPLES OF LIVING NATURALY/HYGEIA (= HEALTH) ΖΩΝΤΑΣ ΦΥΣΙΚΑ/ΥΓΕΙΑ*** PYTHAGORAS TAUGHT, THAT ANIMAL FOOD IS:

THE OPPOSITE OF THE HELLENIC PHILOSOPHIC & CREATIVE RELIGION, SINCE MAN VIOLATES THE UNIVERSAL SPIRITUAL LAWS BY TAKING LIVES OF LIVING BEINGS

Pythagoras’ love for animals was great and multi-layered, it was expressed in a symbolic, but also particularly pedagogical way, he taught that: all living creatures (beings) are subject to kinship, because there is a spirit that runs through the entire world as a soul and this unites everything into a Unity.

He taught that there is a kinship not only between men, but also between men and God there is some kinship, as also with living creatures without reason.
So if we kill them and feed on their flesh, we commit injustice and disrespect as if we were killing relatives.

The moral issue raised by the Pythagoreans is not about our biological need for meat, but about morality. The moral issue is murder.

He believed that plant food in its natural state is the best choice for humans. He recommended eating raw vegetables, nuts and honey. He taught that we should abstain from the food of living beings (“abstaining from living things”).

“As long as man continues to be the merciless destroyer of other beings, he will never know health or peace. Because as long as people slaughter animals, they will kill each other.”

He advised us to stay away from living things and said that people who redden the altar of the blessed gods with warm blood are disrespectful. And the philosopher Empedocles agreed with this, saying, will you not stop the evil-sounding killing? do you not see that out of foolishness you are devouring one another?

Opposite to morality, because animals that belong to a large family disappear, that is why he considered the slaughter of animals disrespectful.

Opposite of health and longevity.

Contrary to the balance of nature.

Opposite of peace and quiet, as it is disturbed by the hunting and slaughter of animals.

Opposite to the political virtues, because the excessive use of meat and blood excites man’s animal passions and warlike instincts.Opposite to spiritual virtue, because meat-eating is foreign to purity of soul and spirit and to the elevation of the ego to a divine ego.

The text is based on passages from: Porphyry (Life of Pythagoras, op. 19), Iamblichus, PYTHAGORIAN LIFE, op, 107,108 and Sextus Empiricus, op. 127-129

source: Pythagorean Philosophy & Modern Science

YGEIA was used as a greeting among the Pythagoreans.

*******H Y G E I A = Υ Γ Ε Ι Α = H E A L T H*****************’

PENTELIAN MARBLE/ CAPITOLIUM

Croton, one of the ancient Greek colonies-cities in southern Italy. Historians agree, that he combined radiant charisma. Pythagoras was a teacher of many things, an uptown mystic in a backwater town. Crotonians flocked to bask in his glamour and soak up his wisdom. Pythagoras also had a “golden thigh,” according to many ancient writers, who soberly reported this curious characteristic as if the man’s leg literally were made of the metal. There was no one the great man wouldn’t teach — children, the poor, city elders. To all, he disseminated his beliefs on faith, diet and morality. He admired women , whom he treated as equals, a typical behavior for a man in those days that led some historians a few centuries later to discuss  about Pythagoras 

– A small portion of the mythagogy, surrounding the Greek mathematician is the cult of personality and the mystical power of numbers.

“Bowl of Hygeia

The snake in the Bowl of Hygeia is symbolic of Aesculapius (see the Rod of Asclepius) while the bowl itself represents Hygeia. Snakes were used in representations related to healing and medicine because ancient Greeks associated this animal’s ability to shed its old skin and grow a new one with wisdom, healing, and resurrection. The bowl represents the venom from the snake, which either kills or heals. 

Hygeia is the Greek goddess of health, cleanliness, and sanitation. Together with the asklepian (Rod of Asclepius), Hygeia’s symbol—the Bowl of Hygeia—is one of the oldest and most important symbols associated with medicine.”

– Both quote and symbol (inset right) found at the Symbols Archive. Interestingly, while Hygeia is often interpreted as feeding a snake from a bowl, this description seems to inform us that Hygeia was milking the venom from her snakes jaws…a venom which either “kills or heals.”

Cults dedicated to the god Dionysius preferred frenzied channeling rituals. Pythagoras’s angle was numbers. He was, after all, a mathematician — some consider him the world’s first — To him, numbers were divine, the primary elements of all existence. Individual numbers had divine powers. Numbers, he said, are “the cause of gods”  The number  One and 2 he considered building blocks for all other numbers, not numbers themselves. Numbers were the building blocks of everything else, as well

Museum CollectionBritish Museum, London
Catalogue No.London 1772,0320.30.+
Beazley Archive No.220497
WareAttic Red Figure
ShapeHydria
PainterAttributed to the Meidias Painter
Dateca. 420 – 400 B.C.
PeriodClassical

Hygieia is a goddess from Greek mythology (also referred to as: Hygiea or Hygeia; /haɪˈdʒiːə/;Ancient Greek: Ὑγιεία or Ὑγεία, Latin: Hygēa or Hygīa). Hygieia is a goddess of health (Greek: ὑγίεια – hugieia/, cleanliness and hygiene. Her name is the source for the word “hygiene”.

 Hygieia was one of the dauthers of Asclepius  and his wife Epione. Hygieia and her four sisters each performed a facet of Apollo’s art: Hygieia (health, cleanliness, and sanitation); Panacea (universal remedy); Iaso (recuperation from illness); Aceso (the healing process); and Aegle (radiant good health).

The role of Hygieia in antiquity

One notable reference regarding Hygieia’s role as a goddess of health can be found within the Hippocratic oath. This oath is used by physicians in order to swear before various healing gods, one of which being Hygieia, that they would follow a code of established ethical standards of practice.

Section of the translated oath from Greek to English:

I swear by Apollo Healer, by Asclepius, by Hygieia, by Panacea, and by all the gods and goddesses, making them my witnesses, that I will carry out, according to my ability and judgment, this oath and this indenture.

HYGIEIA and ASCLEPIUS

The worship of Hygieia was closely associated with the cult of Asclepius. While Asclepius was more directly associated with healing, Hygieia was associated with the prevention of sickness and the continuation of good health. In the second century CE, the famous traveler Pausanias provided an account based on what he witnessed within the state of Greece. 

In his encyclopedic text Description of Greece, written circa 160 CE to 174 CE, Pausanias described encountering statues of Asclepius and Hygieia, located at Tegea.

In addition to statues which represent the two figures, the incorporation of Hygieia within the cult of Asclepius can also be seen in medical iconography on numerous ancient Graeco-Roman coins. The close association between Hygieia and Asclepius indicates the important place she held in the cult of Asclepius.

Hygieia’s primary temples were in Epidaurus, Corinth, Cos and Pergamon. At the Asclepeion of Titane in Sicyon (founded by Alexanor, Asclepius’ grandson), the Greek historian Pausanias remarked that a statue of Hygieia was covered by women’s hair and pieces of Corinthisnclothes. According to inscriptions, similar sacrifices such as this were offered at Paros.

Hygieia was also associated with the Greek goddess Athena. In the 2nd century AD, Pausanias noted statues both of Hygieia and of Athena Hygieia near the entrance to the Acropolis of Athens.

Hygieia is related to the Greek god of medicine, Asclepius, who is the son of the Olympian god Apollo. Hygieia was one of the dauthers of Asclepius and his wife Epione. 

Hygieia and her four sisters each performed a facet of Apollo’s art:

AECLE/ΑΙΓΛΗ (radiant good health);

PANACEA/ΠΑΝΑΚΕΙΑ (universal remedy);  

IASO/ΙΑΣΩ (recuperation from illness);

ACESO/ΑΚΕΣΩ (the healing process); and Aegle (radiant good health).

HYGIEIA was usually worshipped in the same temples with her father, as at Argos, where the two divinities had a celebrated sanctuary..

The role of Hygieia in antiquity

One notable reference regarding Hygieia’s role as a goddess of health can be found within the Hippocratic oath. This oath is used by physicians in order to swear before various healing gods, one of which being Hygieia, that they would follow a code of established ethical standards of practice.

I swear by Apollo Healer, by Asclepius, by Hygieia, by Panacea, and by all the gods and goddesses, making them my witnesses, that I will carry out, according to my ability and judgment, this oath and this indenture.

Hygieia and Asclepius

The worship of Hygieia was closely associated with the cult of Asclepius. While Asclepius was more directly associated with healing, Hygieia was associated with the prevention of sickness and the continuation of good health. In the second century CE, the famous traveler Pausanias provided an account based on what he witnessed within the state of Greece. 

In his encyclopedic text Description of Greece, written circa 160 CE to 174 CE, Pausanias described encountering statues of Asclepius and Hygieia, located at Tegea.

Asklepios and Hygeia, 5th century BC Archaeological Museum of Constantinople

In addition to statues which represent the two figures, the incorporation of Hygieia within the cult of Asclepius can also be seen in medical iconography on numerous ancient Graeco-Roman coins. The close association between Hygieia and Asclepius indicates the important place she held in the cult of Asclepius.

Hygieia’s primary temples were in Epidaurus, Corinth, Cos and Pergamon. At the Asclepeion of Titane in Sicyon (founded by Alexanor, Asclepius’ grandson), the Greek historian Pausanias remarked that a statue of Hygieia was covered by women’s hair and pieces of Corinthisnclothes. According to inscriptions, similar sacrifices such as this were offered at Paros.

Hygieia was also associated with the Greek goddess Athena. In the 2nd century AD, Pausanias noted statues both of Hygieia and of Athena Hygieia near the entrance to the Acropolis of Athens.

 “Athena Hygieia” was one of the cult titles given to Athena, as Plutarch recounts of the building of the Parthenon (447–432 BC):

Hygieia by Alexander Handyside Ritchie, College of Physicians, Queen Street, Edinburgh

A strange accident happened in the course of building, which showed that the goddess was not averse to the work, but was aiding and co-operating to bring it to perfection. One of the artificers, the quickest and the handiest workman among them all, with a slip of his foot fell down from a great height, and lay in a miserable condition, the physicians having no hope of his recovery. When Pericles was in distress about this, the goddess [Athena] appeared to him at night in a dream, and ordered a course of treatment, which he applied, and in a short time and with great ease cured the man. And upon this occasion it was that he set up a brass statue of Athena Hygieia, in the citadel near the altar, which they say was there before. But it was Phidias who wrought the goddess’s image in gold, and he has his name inscribed on the pedestal as the workman of it.

“Hugieia” (ύγιεία: health) was used as a greeting among the Pythagoreans.

However, the cult of Hygieia as an independent goddess did not begin to spread until the Delphic oracle recognized her, after the devastating Plague of Athens (430–427 BC), and in Rome after the 293 BC plague there.

The poet Ariphron, from the Greek city-state Sicyon, wrote a well-known hymn during the 4th century BC which celebrated Hygieia. 

Statues of Hygieia were created by Scopas, Bryaxis and Timotheos, among others, but there is no clear description of what they looked like. In the surviving depictions, she is often shown as a young woman feeding a large snake that was wrapped around her body or drinking from a jar that she carried. 

Recent discoveries

In August 2021, archaeologists from Dumlupınar University announced the discovery of statue of Hygieia in the Ancient Greek city Aizanoi. The human sized statue was portrayed with a snake in its arms. The statue was revealed inside the columned gallery throughout the south wing of the agora.

 “Athena Hygieia” was one of the cult titles given to Athena, as Plutarch recounts of the building of the Parthenon (447–432 BC):

Detail of Hygeia from a painting depicting the arrival of the Argonauts in the garden of the Hesperides during their return from Colchis.

Hygeia, the goddess of good health, holds a sceptre in one hand and lifts her veil with the other.

Museum CollectionBritish Museum, London
Catalogue No.London 1772,0320.30.+
Beazley Archive No.220497
WareAttic Red Figure
ShapeHydria
PainterAttributed to the Meidias Painter
Dateca. 420 400 B.C.
PeriodClassical

******* T P O I A ******Ι Λ Λ Ι Ο Ν***** “T R O Y”

Trojan (alias Ilion) Historical facts vs. “Acces”, Pseudohistorians-“Scholars” etc..

H E R E: 

**** THIS CIVIlL WAR BETWEEN THE GREEKS IS ROMANTICIZED DUE TO THE ABDUCTION OF HELENA OF SPARTA

THIS CIVIlL WAR BETWEEN THE GREEKS IS ROMANTICIZED DUE TO THE ABDUCTION OF HELENA OF SPARTA

The ACHAEANS and DANAEANS, who lived, in WEST GREECE at that time, united and with their ships and army went to CONQUER TROY.
Thus began the Trojan War which lasted ten years. It was the greatest war of antiquity and led to the death of countless TROJANS and ACHAEANS(OR DANAEANS).
The occasion was a woman, the beautiful HELEN, the queen of SPARTA.
Many great LADS FOUGHT in this war. ACHILLES, the son of THETIS, HECTOR the leader of the TROJANS, the FEARLESS DIOMEDES,
the strong AEDAS, MENELAUS, the husband of HELEN, his brother AGAMEMNON, who was the LEADER of the ACHAEANS, the versatile Odysseus and many others. . We will meet
all of them in the following lessons. ALSO, we will meet ANDROMACHE, HEKTOR’S BEAUTIFUL WIFE, HIS RESPECTED PARENTS, HECABE and PRIAMOS, and MANY others!

What should ONE remember FIRST of all that happened. The myths that mention them are so charming, that it is worth reading them and remembering them forever.

. Paris prepared a fast boat and left for Sparta. He arrived at Menelaus’ palace bearing rich gifts. There everyone welcomed him and hosted him, as befits the king of Troy. However, Paris, with the help of Aphrodite, outwitted Helen and convinced her to follow him. And one day when Menelaus was away, they left for Troy.The abduction of Helen by Paris. Among them is the winged god Eros.
From an ancient Greek vas

1. The apple of ERIS
Many years ago , in ancient times, when the twelve gods lived in Olympus, Zeus decided to marry the king of Phthia, Peleus, to a sea fairy, Thetis, the daughter of Nereus. The wedding took place in Pelion and all the gods and goddesses were invited. Only Eris , the goddess of strife, was not invited, because wherever she went she sowed hatred and quarrels. She got very angry and went to the wedding unseen and left an all-gold apple on the table, on which she had written: “to the most beautiful”. Immediately Hera, Athena and Aphrodite began to argue about who was the most beautiful who would get the apple. They also asked Zeus, but he did not want to upset any of the three goddesses. That is why he told them to go to the mountain Ida, next to Troy, where Paris, the son of King Priam, was grazing his flock on a slope, so that he could choose the most beautiful goddess. So the three goddesses, together with Hermes, flew to Ida and stood in front of the startled king. Hermes told him the will of Zeus and gave him the golden apple of Eris. Then Hera ordered him to make him the greatest king, Athena the bravest and wisest warrior and Aphrodite to find him the most beautiful woman to marry. Paris, after thinking about it, gave the golden apple to Aphrodite. Hera and Athena left angry, while Aphrodite revealed to Paris that the beautiful Helen, the wife of Menelaus, the king of Sparta, was the most beautiful in the world and advised him to go and get her.

The Paris crisis. On the right is Paris, in the center the god Hermes, followed by the three goddesses:
Aphrodite, Athena, Hera. From an ancient Greek vase

A compass on a white background, c. 465–460 BC. with a height including the cover of 17.2 cm. Compasses were a kind of “toilet” and “jewellery box, clay and later ivory or metal vessels, usually round with a separate lid. They were used more by women to store cosmetics or jewelry. They got their name from the wooden Corinthian boxes that were made from the hard and durable wood of the boxwood, a durable evergreen shrub (box), which can reach up to 6 m. From this Greek word came the Latin buxus: box-box and the English box.

This compass is said to have been excavated circa 1906 at Kymi (Cumae, the first ancient Greek colony of Magna Graecia on mainland Italy founded by settlers from the Euboean city of the same name in the 8th century BC). It passed through several buyers until it was acquired by the MET, The Metropolitan Museum of Art NY, 07.286.36a .

In her performances, she has scenes from the crisis of Paris, on a white background.

By the middle of the 5th century BC, the white ground technique was commonly used for the beautiful white lekyths, (bottles for scented oil, perfumes, wine for funerary rites and then placed as offerings in tombs) and for fine vessels of other shapes . As classical painters sought to achieve increasingly complex dramatic depictions with the limited capabilities of the red-figure technique, the white background gave new emphasis to glaze lines and polychrome, making the representations resemble frescoes. Their white color is due to a thin layer of white clay (kaolin) which after firing gave this effect and on top of which they were decorated with additional colors.

The decoration of this compass, which has three elegant short legs as a base, reflects the ease with which an accomplished artist like the “Painter of Penthesilea” to whom it is attributed, depicted a traditional subject: the judgment of Paris. I know you all know the legend, but if you want to “refresh” it, it’s in the 1st comment.

The moment of crisis is represented in successive scenes: One scene shows Pari, a young virgin, sitting on a rock wearing a petasos, a hiker’s and shepherd’s hat. He converses with Hermes, easily recognizable by his caduceus and winged sandals. Behind him a grown man is perhaps Zeus or Priam. Turning the compass clockwise, Athena is depicted, holding a spear in one hand and her helmet in the other, talking to Hera. The latter holds a royal scepter, as the mother and breath of the gods. Then Aphrodite converses with her son, the winged love with the beautiful ethereal rendering of wings. Below EROS the inscription: “O PAIS KALOS” (The young man is handsome).

[The well-known charming myth of the crisis of Paris, which gave rise to your famous Trojan War, is well known. But you can “refresh” its occasions, as well as the faces that appear on the compass]: Zeus, the king of the gods, gave a banquet for the marriage of the sea nymph Thetis with the mortal Peleus (by whom she gave birth to Achilles). Eris, goddess of discord, was uninvited. Angered by this “blockage”, she caused trouble at the feast when she threw a golden apple (the Apple of Strife), on which was the inscription “the beauty” (for the most beautiful). Three goddesses claimed the apple: Hera, Athena and Aphrodite. They asked Zeus to judge which of them was more beautiful. Zeus, unwilling to favor any claim himself, decided that the mortal Paris, son of Priam, king of Troy, would judge. Led by Hermes, the three candidate goddesses appeared before Paris (by teleportation) on Mount Ida of the Troas. Each of them tried with their powers to bribe the handsome but carefree king, who had been removed from the city to graze flocks, because they had bad omens. Hera proposed to him to make him king of Europe and Asia, Athena would offer him wisdom and skill in war and Aphrodite offered the love of the most beautiful woman in the world, Helen of Sparta, wife of the Greek king Menelaus. Paris accepted Aphrodite’s gift and awarded her the apple, taking with Helen the enmity of the Achaeans. The mission of the Achaeans to Troy, to recapture Helen from Paris, is the mythological basis of the Trojan War. Later in the war, Paris will fatally wound Achilles in the heel with an arrow, as Achilles’ mother Thetis, who tried unsuccessfully to prevent him from going to war, had fearfully predicted…

No photo description available.

The beautiful helen

. Paris prepared a fast boat and left for Sparta. He arrived at Menelaus’ palace bearing rich gifts. There everyone welcomed him and hosted him, as befits the king of Troy. However, Paris, with the help of Aphrodite, outwitted Helen and convinced her to follow him. And one day when Menelaus was away, they left for Troy.The abduction of Helen by Paris. Among them is the winged god Eros.
From an ancient Greek vase.

When Menelaus heard the news, that Paris took Helen from him, and he wanted to take revenge on him and bring her backhe left Crete and went straight to Mycenae to his brother Agamemnon. Then, together with the wise Nestor the king of Pylos, they decided to send an invitation to all the kings and heroes in every part of Greece, to take part in this campaign which was a matter of honor. The rapist had to be punished, or no one could henceforth be sure of his wife, when the sacred institutions of hospitality were thus violated. It was therefore necessary for everyone to consider the insult that Paris did to Menelaus as personal. However, the fates and the oracles of the oracles played their role here as well: those who knew their destiny, hardly decided to follow the campaign. Odysseus, the resourceful and brave son of Laertes and king of Ithaca, knew from then on that it would be twenty years before he would see his people again, so he pretended to be mad when Agamemnon and Palamedes went to call him. He was newly married and had just had a son, Telemachus. So, dressed funny and acting crazy they found him plowing his field. The cunning Palamedes revealed his pretense by placing the young Telemachus before the plough, Naturally, Odysseus did not step over the child’s body, but stopped ploughing. There went the old Nestor, the king of Pylos, Idomeneus from Crete, Aeandas from Salamis, the other Aeandas from Locris, Diomedes from Argos, Philoctetes, the friend of Herakles, from Magnesia, the Odysseus from Ithaca and Achilles, the son of Peleus and Thetis from Phthia with his friend Patroclus and the brave Myrmidons. They chose Agamemnon as their leader.

*******’*************T H E T R O J A N S = OI Τ Ρ Ω Ε Σ

The fortress of Troy was located on the Ida mountain, beyond the Hellespont.

IT WAS BUILT BY THE COURITES, FROM CREATAE 5000BC..
BUT THE LEGACY IS SAYING, THAT
Poseidon and Apollo had built it for Laomedon. At the time when the events that will be mentioned next took place, Laomedon’s son Priam, who had Hekabe as his wife, reigned in Troy. Priam was originally called Podarkis (good-footed) and was the brother of Isione who had followed Telamon to Salamis, married him and gave birth to Teucros and Aedes who both took part in the Trojan War. Achaeans and Trojans seem to have been members NOT only of the SAME branch of Greeks race (same language, religion and customs) BUT ALSO THE SAME FAMILY In the fortress of Troy Priam raised a royal family with so many children that no other like it is mentioned. He gave birth to fifty sons, besides daughters. The first-born was Hector, followed by Paris, Diiphobus, Helen, Polydoros, Troilus, etc. Of the daughters, the most famous are Kreusa, Laodiki, Polyxeni and Cassandra who had fortune-telling abilities.

Troy, the hero who gave his name to the Trojan people, is the son of Erichthonius, the grandson of Dardanus, and his mother was Astyochus. He married Callirroi, daughter of Scamandros and had a daughter Cleopatra (the name Cleopatra is Greek) and three sons: Ilos who founded the citadel of Ilium, Assarakos and Ganymede whom Zeus loved.

.Priam had originally married Arisbe from whom he had fathered Aesacus. He then abandoned her and proceeded to marry Hekavi. Hekabi was extremely fertile. Although ancient writers do not agree on the number of children she bore, the family she raised with Priam was very large.Hector, King Priam and Queen Hecuba – Trojan War – Red Figure AmphoraPriam had originally married Arisbe from whom he had fathered Aesacus. He then abandoned her and proceeded to marry Hekavi. Hekabi was extremely fertile. Although ancient writers do not agree on the number of children she bore, the family she raised with Priam was very large.

Opposite page: Peleus assigns the Centaur Chiron to educate the young Achilles. (Black-figure lekythos around 500 BC, Athens, Archaeological Museum).

.

Sitting on their throne, Priam and Hecabe accept with lively gestures the sad news of the murder of their son Troilus. (Clazomenian hydria shell, around 540 BC, Athens, Archaeological Museum)
Paris and Helen of Menelau
s

AgamemnonThe king of Mycenae, had married Clytemnestra and Menelaus had married Helen. Menelaus reigned in Sparta and there he received Paris and his entourage when he visited, bringing with him rich gifts. When Paris saw Helen, he was dazzled by her beauty. Menelaus honored the foreign king according to the customs of hospitality, but on the tenth day he was forced to leave for Crete. Then Paris found the opportunity and approached Helen who could not resist the power of Aphrodite. So she accepted the treasures that Paris gave her and followed him at night. The couple left secretly and arrived in Troy where their wedding was celebrated. Then Iris, the messenger of the gods, brought the news to Menelaus who was in Crete.

Helen and Paris in a design by the French Nadar.

The Achaean campaign in Troy Helen, the most beautiful woman in the world at that time was desired by all the princes of Greece. Tyndareus, her father, had a hard time deciding. Then, according to Odysseus’ idea, Tyndareus decided to bind all prospective grooms with an oath, that they would accept the election of Helen herself and that they would rush to help if the honor of the husband happened to be threatened. This oath was invoked by the Atreides in requesting the participation of so many heroes in the campaign. On the subject of Helen the Fair, Euripides wrote in 412 BC. the tragedy “Helen”. The Italian neoclassical sculptor Antonio Canova created the “Helen of Troy” statue.

But also the brave Achilles, the greatest figure of this war, was sent by his mother to hide in the palace of the king of Skyros, Lycomedes, dressed as a woman, among his cousins. This was revealed by the trick of Odysseus, who went with women’s dresses and ornaments to the palace, gifts for the king’s daughters among whom were hidden a spear and a shield. As Odysseus showed the lyuses to the maidens, he caused the war trumpet to sound the sound of battle. Then Achilles, unrestrained, grabbed the weapons he had been wandering around before and prepared for an attack. This is how the expeditionary force was revealed and followed to Avlida. It took ten years for the flower of valor and martial art to be concentrated in the port of Avlida at that time. Among the heroes were the king of Pylos the wise Nestor, Diomedes the hero of Aetolia, Aedas the son of Telamon, Aedas the Locros, Idas, the king of Crete Idomeneas and others.

Achilles prepares for the great Trojan campaign: he wears his shins and Thetis holds his spear and shield. (Black-figure plaque, 560 BC, Athens, Archaeological Museum).

Hephaestus, who made Achilles’ weapons, gives them to Thetis.

A sign of the goddess’s favor, was sacrificed amid the cheers of the troops. Immediately the winds blew the sails of the ships and the Greek fleet set sail from Avlida bound for Troy to wash away Helen’s shame.

Menelaus against Paris. Paris, Louvre

Trojan War – Iliad

The Achaeans, faithful to their religion and traditions, made a sacrifice before the start of the Trojan war so that the gods would reveal signs about the future and its outcome. During the sacrifice, a snake was presented whose spine was red as blood. This snake came out of the altar and climbed the plane tree that was nearby. On the highest branch was a sparrow with her young. The snake swallowed the eight sparrows in turn and then their mother. Once he had swallowed all nine birds, he was turned into stone, by Zeus. The seer Calchus interpreted this unnatural event as follows: the siege of Troy would last nine years and in the tenth it would fall.

Troy or Ilion was the site of these deadly battles, protected by Apollo with the silver bow. The first dead of the war was Protesilaus, on the side of the Achaeans, to whom they erected a monument and honored him. The goddesses Athena and Hera helped the Achaean troops. In Homer’s epic, the Iliad, many of the events that took place in the Trojan War are mentioned. The most important of these have as their protagonist the brave Achilles whose fame of exploits has spread far and wide.

Protesilaos, the first casualty of the Trojan War, was a Thessalian and indeed one of Helen’s potential suitors. He took part in the war with a fleet of forty ships. While jumping off the ship, he was struck by Hector.

ACHILEUS and AJAX.-NEPHEW OF PRIAM) Two heroes with a lot in common, in morals, bravery and mental cultivation. The great Heracles once passed through the kingdom of Telamon and begged Zeus to make invulnerable the new-born AJAX he had wrapped with his lioness. AJAX indeed became invulnerable except for the shoulder, the ribs and the armpit, that is, the points corresponding to those covered by the quiver on the body of Hercules.

Zeus was warned of a prophecy that Thetis would have a son who would grow up to be greater than his father. Worried by this, Zeus arranged for Thetis to marry a mortal man so that her child couldn’t challenge his power. In another version of the story, Thetis rejects Zeus’s advances and a furious Zeus decrees that she will never marry a god. Either way, Thetis ends up married to the mortal Peleus and Achilles is born.
Standing figure of woman with man and lion either side pressing against her
Terracotta relief showing Peleus and Thetis, c. 490–470 BC. Thetis tries to resist marriage to Peleus by transforming her body into powerful elements such as fire and wild beasts, here a lion

Thetis attempts to make the baby Achilles immortal, by dipping him in the River Styx (the river that runs through the underworld), while holding him by his heel. The one part of his body left untouched by the waters becomes his only point of weakness, hence the phrase ‘Achilles heel.

The learned centaur Chiron instructs the boy Achilles in the playing of the lyre. He rests upon his equine haunch and wears an animal-skin cloak and wreath of laurel.

Achilles and Ajax Playing a Board Game
540-530 BCE.
Terracotta amphora. Height 2 feet
(Musei Vaticani, Rome). ARCHAIC BLACK-FIGURE POTTERY
Exekias
Achilles and Ajax Playing a Board Game
540-530 BCE.
Terracotta amphora. Height 2 feet

(Musei Vaticani, Rome)
An example of black-figure painting is Achilles and Ajax Playing a Board Game on an amphora signed by Exekias as both potter and painter (at left is written: Exekias epoiesen = ΕΞΕΚΊΑΣ ΕΠΟΊΗΣΕΝ =
“Exekias made [me or it].” At right is also written, less relevantly, O Netorides kalos = Ο ΝΕΤΟΡIΔHΣ ΚΑΛΟΣ =
“Onetorides is beautiful”).
The central image is a narrative scene, with geometric patterns subsumed into border devices. In the panel framed by a lustrous black “glaze,” Ajax (Aiantos = “of Ajax [Aias]”) and Achilles (Akhileos = “of Akhilleus”) are depicted playing a board game during a lull in the Trojan War. In a symmetrical and deceptively tranquil scene, the Homeric heroes bend over a table and call out the scores of the game (which are written before their lips – tesara = 4, for Achilles, tria = 3, for Ajax) 


Achilles prepares for the great Trojan campaign: he wears his shins and Thetis holds his spear and shield. (Black-figure plaque, 560 BC, Athens, Archaeological Museum).

Hephaestus, who made Achilles’ weapons, gives them to Thetisa doe, a sign of the goddess’s favor, was sacrificed amid the cheers of the troops. Immediately the winds blew the sails of the ships and the Greek fleet set sail from Avlida bound for Troy to wash away Helen’s shame.

The father Peleus advises his son, Achilles,
as he leaves for war.

“Aien exceletuein…”, that is,
“always be first and surpass all in battle”
.

Peleus, because Achilles was still very young, sent with him and his teacher, the Phoenix, to advise him:

“Be able in words and worthy in deeds” /Homer, Iliad

Achilles.From an ancient Greekvase.

And the gods looked on from Olympus. Poseidon, Hera, Athena were with the Achaeans. Ares,

Aphrodite, Apollo with the Trojans. And Zeus sometimes with the Achaeans and sometimes with the Trojans.
In the last year of the war, when food was scarce and the army was starving, Agamemnon sent a ship to bring the Oenotropics to Troy. They, however, leaving Delos, begged the god Dionysus to help them. And Dionysus turned them into doves and they flew away and returned to DELOS

 The father of the Oinotropes, Anios.
From an ancient Greek vase.

 The Achaeans reach Troy
Traveling to Troy, the Achaeans passed through Delos. There, in the temple of Apollo, Anios was a priest who had three daughters, the Oinotropes. The soil that Spermo touched became wheat. The soil touched by Oino became wine and the soil touched by Elaida became oil. Anius, who was also a soothsayer, told the Achaeans that in ten years they would take Troy and invited them to stay nine years in Delos and in the tenth year to go to Troy. However, they did not accept.
So the Achaeans left Delos and in a few days they reached Troy. There reigned Priam and Hecabe who had fifty sons and many daughters. One of their daughters was Cassandra who was a fortune teller. However, Apollo had punished her and no one believed her words.
The Trojans, seeing the countless ships of the Achaeans, took their weapons and ran to the shore to fight them. Their leader was Priam’s eldest son, Hector, the brother of Paris. None of the Achaeans dared to set foot on land. Thetis had told them that the first one to set foot on Troy’s soil would fall dead. Then Odysseus threw his shield on the land and with one leap stood on it. Fooled by his trick, Protesilaos jumped second and stepped on the ground. And immediately he fell dead from Hector’s pole. Then began a terrible battle. The Trojans were defeated and shut up in the city walls. The Achaeans pulled their ships ashore and made a camp which they closed with a wooden wall, because they understood that it would take a long time before they could conquer Troy
The anger of Achilles
For nine years the Achaeans fought in Troy, but Priam’s castle was unoccupied and the Trojans, led by Hector, defended it bravely. In the tenth year , however, Achilles and Agamemnon quarreled over two beautiful slaves, Chrysis and Briseis. This brought many calamities to the Achaeans. Chrysis was Agamemnon’s slave . Chrysis`s father, who was a priest of Apollo, came supplicating to the Achaean camp, bearing rich gifts, the golden rod and the god’s sacred wreaths. He fell at Agamemnon’s feet and begged him to give Chrysis back to him. Agamemnon did not respect the old man and angrily kicked him out. Chrysis then begged Apollo to punish the Achaeans severely. Apollo heard him from Olympus and immediately took his bow and went to the camp of the Achaeans . He sat aside and, unseen, he shot animals and people with his arrows. Then a terrible disease fell among them and the Achaeans died, one after the other.

. Apollo shoots his arrows. From an ancient Greek vase.

The evil lasted nine days . On the tenth day the kings asked the soothsayer Calchas to tell them why such calamity befell them. He said that Apollo was angry because Agamemnon did not respect Chrysis. To stop the evil, Agamemnon sent Chryseis back to her father. However,Chrysis, her father, who was a priest of Apollo, came supplicating to the Achaean camp, bearing rich gifts, the golden rod and the god’s sacred wreaths. He fell at Agamemnon’s feet and begged him to give Chryseis back to him. Agamemnon did not respect the old man and angrily kicked him out. Chrysis then begged Apollo to punish the Achaeans severely. Apollo heard him from Olympus and immediately took his bow and went to the camp of the Achaeans . He sat aside and, unseen, he shot animals and people with his arrows. Then a terrible disease fell among them and the Achaeans died, one after the other he ordered Achilles’ slave, Briseis, to be brought to his tent. Achilles became very angry, hatred and rage filled his soul. He wanted to kill Agamemnon for insulting him, but the goddess Athena ran and restrained him. However, embittered, he closed himself in his tent and swore never to fight again.

Chrysis leaves Achilles’ tent to surrender to Agamemnon.
The seated figure on the right is Achilles. From an ancient Greek vase.









The death of Patroclus
Achilles was no longer fighting and the Trojans took courage. Fierce battles took place outside Troy’s walls and countless Achaeans fell dead.
Desperate then, Agamemnon sent to Achilles the old Phoenicus, Achilles’ teacher, Aiades, the strongest warrior of the Achaeans, and the versatile Odysseus, to beg him to return to the battle and would give him back Brisida and countless gifts. But Achilles did not accept and said that he would fight only if the Trojans reached his ships.
The fighting continued more fiercely. The Trojans chased the Achaeans to their camp. Hector smashed the wooden gate of the camp with a huge stone and the Trojans rushed in and set fire to a ship. The Achaeans were saved by Aedas, who wounded Hector and the battle stopped for a while.
Seeing the suffering of the Achaeans, Patroclus went to his friend Achilles. “Achilles,” he said to him, “the Trojans are burning our ships. Since you do not fight, they fear no one. Give me your armour, your chariot with your immortal horses and your brave Myrmidons, that I may fight in your place.’
Achilles agreed and advised him to drive the Trojans out of the camp and turn back.

Patroclus rushed with the brave Myrmidons into battle. The Trojans, whethey saw him, thought it was Achilles and ran away towards Troy.  Achilles tends tthe wounded Patroclus.
From an ancient Greek vase.

Patroclus forgot Achilles’ advice and chased the Trojans to the walls of Troy. But Hector met him there, he went close and they started to fight.
Then Apollo struck Patroclus on the back. He fell down and Hector killed him and took Achilles’ divine weapons from him.
There was a fight around the dead body. The immortal horses of Achilles, Xanthus and Valios, which Poseidon had given him, as if they saw Patroklos dead, bowed their heads and wet the earth with their tears. The Achaeans took the dead Patroclus and brought him to the ships. Achilles, seeing his friend dead, burst into lamentation. His mother Thetis heard him and came out of the sea to comfort him. And she herself went to Olympus and brought him new armor, which Hephaestus had made for him.

The Lament of Achilles
The news of Patroclus’ death was brought to Achilles by Nestor’s son, Antilochus.”Patroklos has fallen, and his turn for the dead is beaten,naked, because Hector has taken his chariots!”.
On hearing this, Achilles’ pain bursts forth wildly: without hesitation the hero pours black ash on his head with both hands, and then, with his beautiful face strained, his divine robe soiled, he falls and lies on the ground, pulling and tearing out his hair. For fear, lest in his despair he draw his sword and be killed, Antilochus is forced to hold his hands. Achilles does not speak, only moans loudly. Homer, Iliad S 20-35

The shield of Achilles
Hephaestus puts all his art into making Achilles’ new armor. But mostly he worked on the round shield. In the picture we see him handing it over to Thetis.
 He puts first the earth, the sea and the sky with the sun, the moon and all the stars. And then he starts drawing two states side by side. In the first, people have peace. They marry their children with songs and joys and settle their differences with judges. In the other state they have a war. Inside the city the women, children and old men have stayed, while outside the walls two armies have fallen into battle. The wounded and the dead lie all around. So Hephaestus tells the story of the joys of peace and the miseries of war. Then he puts the farmers plowing their fields, the laborers harvesting with sickles, he puts vines laden with grapes and people who harvested them while singing, he puts shepherds tending their flocks , features dancing boys and girls with flowers in their hair. And all around he makes the vast Ocean sparkle. And when he is done, he stands to look at her. He knows that if people notice the beauty of the shield, they will no longer want to fight. They will want to dance and sing, plow their fields, harvest their vines and tend their flocks. They will want to live in peace. And this shield of Achilles is the first, the only weapon ever made that invites not war but peace.

Rage and despair together filled the heart of Achilles after the death of Patroclus and he wanted to take revenge on Hector, who killed his fraternal friend. The next day he put on his new armor, harnessed his immortal horses to his chariot, and with his Myrmidons went to war.
I

 Hector bids farewell to Andromache and Astyanaktas.
From an ancient Greek vase.

Inside the castle of Troy, Hector said goodbye to Andromache, his wife, took in his arms for the last time his little son, Astyanactus, and he too went out to fight. The Trojans were outside their walls ready for battle. However, seeing Achilles arriving, they were frightened. Half ran inside the walls to save themselves and the other half ran to the plain. Achilles chased them and a fierce battle ensued. The Trojans fell dead one after the other. Priam, who was watching the battle from the walls, ordered and the gates were opened for the army to enter to save itself. Only the brave Hector did not shut himself up in the walls, but remained to face the enemy. Priam and Hecabe, his mother, and the beautiful Andromachi high above the walls. At some point Achilles saw him and rushed at him like a beast. Hector lost it and started running. Three times he ran around the city and Achilles chased him. At last Hector stopped running and stood to face him. Achilles rushed at him and the fight began.
They fought hard, for both were brave lads. Finally, Achilles struck Hector in the neck with his pole and threw him to the ground. Troy’s bravest warrior was now dead. High from the walls the Trojans looked and mourned. But Priam and Hecabe, his mother, and the beautiful Andromache mourned more.

Achilles-Hector duel. From an ancient Greek vase

Immediately Achilles took the dead man’s weapons, tied his legs with leather straps from the chariot and let his head drag on the ground. Then he struck his horses and they galloped towards the ships, dragging the dead Hector with them.
The next day the Achaeans burned the dead Patroclus. Achilles cut his long hair and put it in Patroclus’ hands, to be burned with him. He washed his bones with wine and placed them in a golden vessel, which his mother Thetis had given him.
The dead Hector remained unburied for eleven days, until Priam went to Achilles, fell at his feet and begged him to give him the body of his child to bury. Achilles was moved. He ordered the dead body to be washed and adorned, and gave it to the old king, to be taken to Troy. And he ordered the war to cease for eleven days, so that the Trojans could mourn and burn the dead, as was their custom.

Priam comes bearing gifts to Achilles’ tent and begs him. From an ancient Achaean vase.

Parents’ dreams for their children
Hector, before clashing with Achilles, enters the castle of Troy and bids farewell to his family. There he meets his wife Andromache and his young son Astyanaktas.As soon as he opened his arms to his son, the little one was frightened by the weapons and helmet and pulled away. Then Hector and Andromache laughed. He took off the brilliant helmet and laid it on the ground.
He then took the son, kissed him, danced with him in his arms,
and so he prayed to Zeus and to the other gods:
“Father Zeus and you other gods, give this one,
my son, as I shine among the Trojans to become
a strong man, and to rule Troy with great power.
and one should say: “much better than this one’s parent,”
as if he were returning from the war with bloody spoils of
an enemy he had killed, and his mother would be deeply rejoicing.”/ Homer, Iliad G 474-481
,

Games to honor Patroklos
Achilles, after the burial of Patroklos, organizes games to honor his dead friend. The competitions are many: chariot racing, boxing, wrestling, road, armed combat, discus, archery, javelin. All the Achaean lads took part in the games and won great prizes from the hands of Achilles. Spectators participate by shouting and placing bets. In the last race, Achilles gives Agamemnon the first prize without letting him compete, since everyone knew that he was the first among the Greeks both in strength and in chariots. Thus the two rivals reconcile, after the destruction caused by their conflict. Patroclus was honored like no other hero. Everyone will remember his power and want to be like him. This was also the purpose of the epitaph matches.// Homer, Iliad Ps 258-897 (adaptation
).

Winners and losers cry together
And as both of them remembered their pain, Priam wept the manly Hector, huddled before Achilles’ feet, and Achilles wept with his father and Patroclus, and the lamentations echoed all around.

Homer, Iliad Ω 509-512 (free translation by G. Economides).

The end of Achilles
After Hector’s burial , the war outside Troy’s walls resumed. Achilles killed the Trojan warriors one after another. One day, however, when he was outside the Shadow Gates, the largest gate of the castle of Troy, Apollo saw him and advised Paris to shoot him with his arrows in his right heel. His
mother , Thetis, when he was young, had made him immortal by immersing him in the enchanted waters of Lake Styx. However, his right heel was not wet, because it was holding him back from there. So Paris marked Achilles and stuck a medicated arrow in his right heel. Groaning, the hero knelt on the ground. With pained cries he tried to pull the arrow from his heel. After a while he collapsed dead. A fierce battle took place around his dead body . The Trojans were fighting to take him. However, Odysseus and Aedas grabbed him and brought him to the ships. All the Achaeans mourned the loss of the hero. Suddenly there was a terrible roar from the sea and out of the waves came Thetis and the Nereids, her sisters. They all stood around the dead body. For seventeen days they cried and cursed him. Then they burned his body, put his bones in the same pot as those of Patroclus, and, to honor him, held games. After a few days Paris was also killed. He was killed by Philoctetes with one of the poisoned arrows that Herakles had given him.

 The death of Achilles.
Modern sculpture.

ACHILLES AT THE COURT OF KING LYCOMEDES (rear end panel of sarcophagus).
MARBLE. Ca 240 CE.
Inv. No. Ma 2120.
PARIS, LOUVRE MUSEUM .
PRIVATE COLLECTION, BORGHESE.
ORIGIN: BY ATHENIAN ATHENODOROS.
*** ROME./ FROM ATHENS WORKSHOP.
THE SARCOPHAGI HAD BEEN SAW ED UP TO FOUR PLATS WHICH WERE INSTALLED INTO THE FACADE OF VILLA BORGHESE. THE PLATES HAD BEEN MOVED TO THE LOUVRE, WHERE THE SARCOPHAGOS WAS RECONSTITUTED IN INTEGRITY
.

Data: museum annotation

Burial customs
They wash the dead body, anoint it with oil, wrap it in a white sheet and decorate it. He is laid on the funeral bed and mourned by relatives and friends. Close friends and relatives cut their hair to show their mourning. They raise a wooden structure from logs and dry branches. They place the deceased on top with many of his personal items (kterismas). After the fire is lit and burns people, slaughtered animals and objects, they put it out and carefully collect the bones of the deceased. They wash them, place them in a vase and finally raise a mound of earth and stones covering all the remains. In the end they all eat together. Homer, Iliad (adaptation

Achaeans despaired. They did not believe that they would succeed in conquering Troy. Then Odysseus, the resourceful, thought that Troy would not fall by arms but by cunning. So he advised the Achaeans to make a large wooden horse, hollow inside, the Trojan horse. So the Achaeans
made it and wrote on it: “Gift of the Achaeans to Athena”. And one dark night Odysseus, Menelaus, Diomedes, Neoptolemus, who was the son of Achilles, and some other brave Achaeans got into the horse. Agamemnon with the rest of the army, after burning the camp, got into the ships and went and hid behind Tenedos.
In the morning the Trojans, looking from the walls, could not believe their eyes. The Achaeans had left and left behind only a large wooden horse by the shore! So they came out of the walls, approached it and saw that it was a dedication to Athena. Many said that they had to raise it on the citadel of Troy, so that the goddess would protect them. Cassandra was unfair , shouting that Achaeans were hidden inside his belly. No one believed her. And a Trojan, Laocoondas, who was a priest of Apollo, said: ” “Fear the Achaeans even if they bring you gifts.

Immediately two huge snakes sent by Poseidon came out of the sea and drowned Laocoon with his children.
Seeing this miracle, the Trojans were frightened and dragged the horse into the city. In order to enter, they also demolished a part of its walls. Then they ate, drank and feasted happily all day. At night they fell asleep tired from dancing and drinking.
At midnight the Achaeans emerged from the horse’s belly. They ran and lit fires high on the walls and opened the gates. Soon the army returned from Tenedo. All the Achaeans entered Troy, killed the warriors and took the children and women as slaves. Menelaus ran to Priam’s palace and took Helen back. Then they set fire and burned the city, not even respecting the temples of the gods.
In the morning they loaded their ships with booty and set off to return home.

 Laocoon and his two sons.
Ancient Greek sculpture.

NEOPTOLEMOS IS KILLING PRIAMOS

Neoptolemus was the son of the hero Achilles and the princess Deidamia .Achilles’ mother, the goddess Thetis, had foreseen that her son would die in a great war; afraid for him, she took him to the court of King Lycomedes at the island of Scyros, and disguised him as a woman. While there, Achilles had an affair with the princess Deidamia; from this union, Neoptolemus was born.

Helenus, a Trojan seer, was captured by the Achaeans and was forced to tell them that Troy would fall if the Achaeans acquired the arrows of Heracles and the Palladium, and if they also convinced Neoptolemus to join the war. After acquiring the two artifacts, the Achaeans sent Odysseus to get the young Neoptolemus, who eventually joined the war. During the Trojan War, Neoptolemus turned out to be a brutal person, who killed Priam, Eurypylus, Polites and Astyanax, among others; he also made Andromache his concubine. After the end of the war, Neoptolemus took Andromache and Helenus and went to Epirus, where he became the king. With Andromache, Neoptolemus had a son, Molossus.

When he attempted to take Hermione from Orestes; the latter killed him.

Scene from the tragedy Andromache by EuripidesOrestes kills Neoptolemus at the altar of Apollo in Delphi. Despairing Hermione, wife of Neoptolemus but previously promised to Orestes, kneels at the foot of the altar.Greek fresco in Pompeii

Upon returning to main land of West Greece, Orestes reclaimed the throne of his father, becoming the ruler of Mycenae. He died after being bitten by a snake in Arcadia.


AJAX(=ΑΙΑΣ) CARRYING THE BODY OF ACHILLES. Amphora Vase Ancient Greek Pottery by EXEKIAS

May be an image of text

From an ancient Greek vase.

How did the news of the destruction of Troy reach MycenaeWhen Troy fell to the Achaeans, Agamemnon notified Clytemnestra overnight. His men lit a great fire on the top of Ida, in Troy, and many fires, one after the other, carried the message from mountain to mountain to Mycenae:Ida -> Lemnos -> Athos -> Evia -> Kithairon -> Mycenae.

Aeschylus, Agamemnon, verses 280 – 316 (arrangement)So we see that the people of that time had discovered a very fast means of communication, sending their messages with fire. In the hills and mountains near the cities, there were specific people who were responsible for lighting the fires, in order to communicate.

5. The sufferings of warThe Trojan War, which had lasted ten whole years, was over. However, he left behind dead people, destroyed houses, widows and orphans. Like any war. The ancient poet Euripides in his work “Troades” talks about the suffering and pain that war brings to people:Queen Hekave and the captive Trojan women mourn what they have lost and worry about the suffering they have to endure hereafter. Cassandra becomes Agamemnon’s slave. Andromache falls into the hands of Neoptolemus, son of Achilles. Her son, Astyanaktas, was thrown from the walls of Troy, so that he would not seek revenge later.The poet does not miss the opportunity to emphasize the miseries that await the victors on the return journey. Because whoever destroys states and does not respect the temples of the gods, it will not be long before disaster strikes.

Euripides, Troas (arrangement)

THE GOLDEN MASK OF AGAMEMNON, THE KING OF MYCENAE: THE MASK OF AGAMEMNON IS AN ARTIFACT DISCOVERED IN MYCENAE IN 1876 BY THE GERMAN ARCHAEOLOGISTS HEINRICH SCHLIEMANN.
THIS MASK IS MADE OF GOLD AND IS A FUNERAL MASK FOUND OVER THE FACE OF A DEAD BODY IN A BURIAL PLACE AT MYCENAE. SCHLIEMANN THOUGHT, THAT THE BODY AND THE MASK ARE OF THE LEGENDARY KING AGAMEMNON.
THIS MASK IS CRAFTED OUT OF PURE GOLD AND SUCH MASKS WERE PUT ON THE FACE OF DECEASED KINGS AND ROYAL PEOPLE. 
AGAMEMNON WAS THE SON OF KING ATREUS OF MYCENAE AND QUEEN AEROPE. HE WAS THE LEADER OF THE ACHAEANS-DANAOI OF WEST GREEKS DURING THE CIVIL WAR WITH TROES (TROJANS), AS MYCENAE WAS THE MOST POWERFUL WEST GREEK TOWN AT THAT TIME. HE WAS ALSO THE BROTHER OF MEN ELAUS AND THE HUSBAND OF CLYTEMNESTRA. AGAMEMNON HAD THREE DAUGHTERS AND ONE SON . – (ONE OF HIS DAUGHTERS, IPHIGENIA, WAS THE PROTAGONIST IN EURIPIDES PLAY-DRAMA). WHEN AGAMEMNON RETURNED TO HIS KINGDOM, AFTER THE END OF THE TROJAN WAR, HE WAS MURDERED BY HIS WIFE CLYTEMNESTRA AND HER LOVER AEGISTHUS.

THE AUTHENTICITY OVER THIS MASK REMAIN TILL TODAY. THIS GOLDEN EXHIBIT IS CURRENTLY ON DISPLAY AT THE NATIONAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM IN ATHENS. IN SPITE OF ALL THE DOUBTS, THIS DISTINGUISHED MASK OF GOLD, WHICH IS ABOUT 12 INCHES IN HEIGHT IS STILL KNOWN, AS THE MASK OF AGAMEMNON AND IS ONE OF THE MOST PRIZED DISCOVERIES FROM THE ANCIENT MYCENAEAN AGES

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Electra, daughter of King Agamemnon, wants to avenge her father’s death. After his return from the Trojan War, he was murdered by his wife Klytaimnestra and her lover Aigisthos. Elektra is waiting for one day to get her revenge and for her brother Orestes, sent away to be raised elsewhere, to come home and help her.

IN THE ROYAL PALACE IN MYCENE
Clytaimnestra’s handmaidens talk about Elektra. They think she behaves frighteningly and dangerously. The youngest of them defends Elektra and the others beat her. Elektra becomes lonely. She remembers her father, relives the murder and imagines the rites of dance and blood sacrifice when the father is once avenged.

Her younger sister Chrysothemis warns her about the mother who wants to have Elektra thrown in prison. Chrysothemis can’t stand the confined life in the palace anymore. She wants to be human and woman. Alarms from inside the house announce the arrival of Klytaimnestra. Elektra wants to talk to her.

Clytaimnestra is tormented by dreams. She asks Elektra for advice. Klytaimnestra’s confidants warn her about her daughter. Elektra, first introduces herself and speaks kindly to the mother. Finally, she loses control and declares that the only cure for the anxiety dreams is the death of Klytaimnestra. Then someone whispers a message to Klytaimnestra. Her death throes turn into triumph.

Chrysothemis returns and tells her that two strangers have come with the message that Orestes is dead. Elektra can’t believe it at first. A servant sets off to break the news to Aigisthos. Elektra realizes that she must complete the revenge herself and tries to convince her sister to kill Klytaimnestra and Aigisthos with her that same night. But she fails to break Chrysothemi’s resistance. Elektra has hidden away the ax with which her father was murdered. Now she picks it up.

Shortly thereafter, a stranger arrives. He tells of the death of Orestes – but it is Orestes himself. The siblings recognize each other; he has come to Mycenae to avenge his father’s death. Orestes’ companions remind that Klytaimnestra is waiting for them in the palace. Orestes enters. Elektra breathlessly follows the events from outside. Klytaimnestra’s death scream is heard.

Orestes was the son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra , who was hunted by the Erinyes after he killed his mother.

The story of Orestes is the main topic of various ancient Greek plays. After the Trojan War, Orestes’ father, Agamemnon, returned to Mycenae (or Argos), along with his prize, the Trojan princess Cassandra. Cassandra had the gift of foretelling the future, but was also cursed not to be believed by anyone. Despite Cassandra’s warnings about what was about to happen, Agamemnon entered his palace, only to be murdered by his wife Clytemnestra and her lover Aegisthus, who was Agamemnon’s cousin. Orestes, a young boy at the time, was not present at the palace, but had run away with his sister Electra and found refuge at the court of Athens.

When Orestes became an adult, he was urged by his sister and the god Apollo to avenge their father’s death; Orestes, assisted by his friend Pylades, returned to the city, and murdered his mother and her lover. However, committing matricide was a horrible act that brought the fury of the Erinyes upon him. He was driven mad and was pursued by them.

Orestes sought refuge at the temple of Apollo, but even the god was powerless to stop the Erinyes. In the end, Athena accepted his pleas and organised a formal trial to be held before twelve judges. The Erinyes asked that the perpetrator be punished, while Orestes said that he followed Apollo’s orders. When the judges voted, the result was a tie; however, Athena’s vote, who was the chief justice, broke ties, leading to Orestes’ acquittal. Grateful, Orestes dedicated an altar to Athena, while the Erinyes were appeased by getting a new ritual, during which they were worshipped as the Venerable Ones.

According to a different source, while Orestes was still pursued by the Erinyes, Apollo told him to go to the land of Tauris and bring back a statue of Artemis, which had fallen from the sky. Orestes agreed and went to Tauris, accompanied by his friend Pylades. There, they were captured by the cult of Artemis, who was told to sacrifice all Greeks to the goddess. When the priestess of Artemis heard that two Greeks had been captured, she offered to help one of them escape if they would agree to carry a letter to her brother; Orestes demanded that Pylades should go, while Orestes would stay behind to be slain. Pylades reluctantly agreed, but when he received the letter, he realised who the priestess really was. All three of them eventually escaped, carrying with them the statue of Artemis. Aegisthus being murdered by Orestes and Pylades – The Louvre

Aigisthos arrives and meets Elektra outside the palace gate. Elektra’s terrifying supervision and unexpected kindness scares him. On his way in, he is murdered by Orestes.

Chrysothemis joyfully recounts the battle between Aigisthos’s friends and those who sided with Orestes. The brother has won. Elektra has achieved her goal in life. Vengeance has been exacted. She begins her ritual dance and sinks dead to the ground.

Alexander the Great laid the foundations for scientific mapping. A pioneer explorer, who laid the foundations of scientific mapping, was Alexander the Great. With his campaign in the East, he inspired his contemporaries and later cartographers to record in detail the areas through which he passed. The cartographic and exploratory work of the army of Alexander the Great and his descendants was studied by 15th century explorers, who sought to discover new worlds. Savvas Demertzis, a map collector and historian, spoke about its importance at an event at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. “Alexander the Great’s campaign not only had a military dimension, but also included an important task of searching for and recording new information. “The Macedonian king arrived in unknown countries at that time and played a very decisive role in their mapping,” Savvas Demertzis told “Demokratia” during the event. Teachings The contribution of Alexander the Great to cartography comes from Aristotle, who taught him to love knowledge. In his campaign he was accompanied by Eumenes, also a student of Aristotle, who was the first person to make real geographical measurements with the help of the body of “walkers”, which he recommended. “These were educated young people, who with a special technical regulation of breathing walked a lot of kilometers and so Eumenes calculated the distances” explains Mr. Demertzis. Eumenes mapped the areas where Alexander the Great arrived, while his work was continued by descendants of the Macedonian mercenary. The Seleucid and Egyptian contributions were important in the mapping, as they bordered areas that were unexplored. An additional important role in the development of cartography was played by the creation of large libraries in Alexandria, Antioch, Pergamon and Pella. “15th century explorers studied maps of the descendants of Alexander the Great, who had mapped areas beyond India and Africa. They helped them in their exploratory work and so they reached America “, adds Mr. Demertzis. No maps have survived from the time of Alexander the Great. They were destroyed when the library of Alexandria burned down. However, there are copies that give important information about the exploratory work of the great recruiter.

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The François Tomb of Vulci: from the graphic documentation of the Fondo des Vergers at the Gambalunga Library to the pictorial decorations at the library of the Villa des Vergers. The des Vergers Collection is rich in drawings, tracings, engravings of wall paintings, as well as vases, bronzes and jewellery, brought to light by the excavations carried out by the company founded by Adolphe Noël des Vergers and Alessandro François in 1850. In 1852 they were joined by des Vergers’ father-in-law, the editor Ambroise Firmin Didot. In April 1857, François discovered a tomb in Vulci, later named after him, the walls of which were decorated with an outstanding pictorial cycle. In the wake of this discovery des Vergers commissioned the drawings of the tomb’s frescoes and then published them in the Atlas of his monumental work L’Étrurie et les Étrusques ou dix ans de fouilles dans les Maremmes toscanes . In 1864 he purchased, on his father-in-law’s behalf, the full-scale tracings of François Tomb’s pictorial cycle, which were made in 1862 by Carlo Ruspi for the Museo Gregoriano Etrusco facsimile. Ruspi’s tracings turned out to be particularly important, both because they provided useful information that helped des Vergers with the description of the tables XXI-XXIX of the Atlas , but also because they were most likely used by the painter Augusto Aviano towards the end of the nineteenth century as a model for the ceiling decorations of the library of Villa des Vergers in San Lorenzo in Correggiano (Rimini).

Index terms

Keywords:

Adolphe Noël des Vergers , 

Alessandro François , 

Ambroise Firmin Didot , 

François-des Vergers-Firmin Didot excavation company , 

Vulci , 

François tomb , 

des Vergers Collection , 

Villa des Vergers , 

Rimini Gambalunga Library , 

Rimini Civic Museum

Keyword:

Adolphe Noël des Vergers , 

Alessandro François , 

Ambroise Firmin Didot , 

François-des Vergers-Firmin Didot excavation company , 

Vulci , 

François Tomb , 

Des Vergers Fund , 

Villa des Vergers , 

Gambalunga Library of Rimini , 

Municipal Museum of Rimini

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  • 1 On des Vergers see Firmin Didot – Beulé [1867]; Scott de Martinville 1867; Albini 1930; Copies 1 (…)
  • 2 On the versatile figure of Ambroise Firmin Didot see Werdet 1864, p. 32-45; Mollier 1988, p. 81-10 (…)
  • 3 On the Villa des Vergers at the time of Adolphe see Mussoni 2011, p. 13-28.
  • 4 On the Fondo des Vergers see Delbianco 1996; Delbianco 2014b, p. 22-45; Delbianco 2014c.
  • 5 BGR AdV, b. VI, fasc. 11, s. fascicle 8, n. 3-4: Delbianco 2014c, p. 201 sq.
  • 6 On François see Conestabile 1858; Pelagatti 1960; Bruni 2011, p. 50-51, notes 5-6.
  • 7 Bruni 2011, p. 19-65; 97  sq. , notes 1-17.

1Adolphe Noël des Vergers (Paris 1804 – Nice 1867), an eclectic scholar with interests in orientalist studies, geography and archaeology 1 , son-in-law of the Parisian publisher Ambroise Firmin Didot (Paris 1790-1876), himself an antiquarian, bibliophile and collector 2 , in 1843 purchased the villa of San Lorenzo in Correggiano (Rimini, Papal State) 3 from the Belmontis , making it the Italian base for studies and government missions systematically documented by the materials of the Fondo des Vergers 4 , acquired by the Gambalunga Library of Rimini in 1934 upon the death of des Vergers’ daughter, the Marquise Hélène de Toulongeon (1843-1934). Des Vergers’ interests in Etruscan history date back to a very early period: in 1838, during a trip to Italy, he visited the excavations on Monte Falterona (1838-1839), which brought to light one of the richest votive offerings in the Etruscan world in the site later called the “Lago degli Idoli”. 5 In 1850 he set up an excavation company in the Tuscan Maremma with the already famous excavator Alessandro François (Florence 1796 – Livorno 1857), Royal Commissioner of War and Navy of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany at Livorno 6 , who, with the aim of opening a National Etruscan Museum in Florence with his own collection 7 , carried out excavation work during the leaves periodically granted by the Ministry. The company expanded in December 1852 with the entry of Didot and continued until 1857, the year of François’ death.

  • 8 The correspondence exchanged between François and des Vergers, which will be cited with the acronym BGR AdV without the (…)
  • 9 On Migliarini see Nieri 1929, 1930; On the Heyde 2003.
  • 10 BGR AdV, Report , [1852 post Sept. 14]: Delbianco 2014c, p. 180, n. 40.
  • 11 On the Giulietti family, and in particular on Vincenzo, see Barni – Paolucci 1985, p. 28.
  • 12 Paolucci 2007, p. 29-38: Francesco Bonci Casuccini (1781-1857); p. 39-47: Ottavio (1819-1886), fig (…)
  • 13 On François’ excavations in the grounds of the Mensa Vescovile in Chiusi see Paolucci 2014a, p. 27-35.
  • 14 Barni – Paolucci 1985, p. 17; Tailors 2001, p. 29.
  • 15 Franceschi, on whom see Marzi Costagli (1984), is also mentioned in BGR AdV, Note of the spe (…)
  • 16 Augusto Volpini 1912; Comanducci [1945], II, p. 898.

2The extensive correspondence that François exchanged with his partner des Vergers 8 allows us to follow this second activity step by step before, during and after the excavations, when he took care of having the finds restored and drawn, of regularly sending the drawings and transparencies to his partner in Paris, of having the appraisal and inventories of the materials carried out by Arcangelo Michele Migliarini (1779-1865), curator of the Antiquities of the Uffizi Galleries since 1841 9 . In his letters he tends to gloss over the names of the estates (and their owners) in which he worked in the various Etruscan centres, with the exception of the Statement of expenses incurred by the François-des Vergers excavation company from 5 February 1850 to 24 September 1852 10 , where he mentions both the owners of the estates (Vincenzo Giulietti 11 , Francesco and above all Ottavio Casuccini 12 , Agostino Pacchiarotti, the bishop Giovanni Battista Ciofi 13 , Vittoria Pallottaj widow Rosati), as well as the restorers (Vincenzo Monni, 14 Gian Gualberto Franceschi 15 ) and the painters/designers (Leopoldo Gori, Augusto Volpini 16 ) employed from time to time.

  • 17 BGR AdV, letter Livorno 10.10.1852. On the first season of excavations in Vulci see François 1857a.
  • 18 For the excavation activity in Vulci by Luciano and Alexandrine Bonaparte see Buranelli 1995.

3From 1850 to 1854 François conducted excavation campaigns in Belora di Riparbella (Pisa), S. Vincenzino di Cecina and Fitto di Cecina (Livorno), Chiusi, Chianciano, Volterra, Orbetello, Vulci. He excavated in Vulci in 1853, a year after Princess Alexandrine de Bleschamp, widow of Lucien Bonaparte, had granted him permission to excavate “perfectly halfway” in the lands of the principality of Canino. “A somewhat onerous condition” – he would admit with des Vergers – but which he had accepted willingly because he hoped to have the fortune of opening the “immense sepulchre” of Cuccumella, 17 succeeding in the enterprise that Bonaparte had failed to do 18 .

  • 19 On Torlonia see Felisini 2004 and 2014; Monsagrati 2006.
  • 20 BGR AdV, letter Livorno 20.02.1856.
  • 21 BGR AdV, letter Livorno 03.24.1856, 04.10.1856, 06.27.1856. See Paolucci 2014a, p. 58-62.
  • 22 BGR AdV, letter Livorno 10 and 23.10.1856; 18.11.1856.
  • 23 BGR AdV, letter Livorno 18.11.1856; 12.02.1857.
  • 24 BGR AdV, letter Livorno 17.02.1857.
  • 25 François was retired from service by decree dated 04.03.1857: see BGR AdV, letter Livor (…)
  • 26 BGR AdV, Canino letter 16 and 24.03.1857.
  • 27 BGR AdV, Canino letter 19.03.1857.
  • 28 BGR AdV, Canino letter 03.31.1857.
  • 29 BGR AdV, Canino letter 5.04.1857, where the opening is scheduled for the following day. In reality it had the (…)

4Upon the death of Princess Alexandrine (1855), the former fief of Canino and Musignano was purchased by Prince Alessandro Torlonia (1800-1886) 19 . Having entered into negotiations with François, the new owner in February 1856 authorised him to carry out the excavations of Cuccumella 20 , which took place with little success from 10 April to 11 May and were suspended at the end of the month’s leave granted to him by the Tuscan Government 21 . In October of the same year, the excavator signed a contract with Torlonia which allowed him to excavate in the prince’s properties in Canino and Cerveteri for the three-year period 1857-1859. 22 After having obtained assurances from his capitalist partners regarding the financing of the new archaeological research 23 , the research permit from the papal authorities 24 and his withdrawal from service by his Government 25 , on 16 March 1857 François began excavations in the necropolis of Ponte Rotto near the Fiora river with a team of fourteen workers and a corporal. In the meantime he began to think about organising the excavations in the necropolis of Cerveteri, which, at Torlonia’s request, would begin in November, at the end of the research at Cuccumella. 26 Already in the first few days he identified some hypogea, which rose to twenty after a week 27 , to forty at the end of the month 28 and to about sixty not even a week later. Their opening did not begin until 7 April, and was thus delayed because by contract a representative of Torlonia was to be present. François forewarns him in his letter to des Vergers two days earlier, where he renews his invitation to go to Vulci. 29 On 12 April he observes:

  • 30 BGR AdV, Canino letter 12.04.1857.

I am absolutely certain that the hypogea I found were never visited by Prince Luciano or by other modern excavators, and those that I found to be such in my investigations I left behind; moreover there are two very new burial grounds discovered by me. 30

  • 31 BGR AdV, letter Canino 19.04.1857, with transcription of the inscription of the cippus, published in Buranelli (…)
  • 32 On the necropolis of Ponte Rotto see Moretti Sgubini 1987, 2004b. On the Tomb of the Saties see, from u (…)
  • 33 BGR AdV, Canino letter 04.28.1857.

5On April 19 he informs des Vergers that the previous week he had found many objects but of little importance in the tombs of plebeian people and that on the other hand he had discovered an inscribed sepulchral cippus, placed at the beginning of the 150-palm dromos of “a large family hypogeum”, which “after the Cuccumella is the most grandiose ever found in these excavations, and must have several sarcophagi”. 31 François had discovered the Tomb of the Saties , which later took his name. 32 On April 28 he had already entered “the atrium in front of the vestibule, where the tombs are, and tomorrow – he assured – I will penetrate it”. 33 On May 1 he sent his partner a detailed and enthusiastic report:

I finally arrived at the first tomb of the necropolis that I announced to him I had discovered in the locality of Ponte Rotto near the Fiora, a river that laps the walls of ancient Vulci. It belonged to Warriors of that city: it is composed of five rooms, the first of which is painted with figures, and if the drawings were to be extracted there would be a lot to write about, but a lot since it is a very interesting subject, and many of the figures have Etruscan inscriptions. These tombs are empty, and in perfect conservation, and worthy of being seen, studied, and published. The necropolis itself is virgin, and I calculate that it has four other tombs at least.

6He continues with the list of the “superb objects” found and concludes by underlining that:

  • 34 BGR AdV, letter Canino 1.05.1857, published in Buranelli 1987b, p. 35  sq. , card 2 (manual transcription (…)

Now the essential thing would be to have the drawings of the surviving paintings of the first room extracted, so as not to defraud science, assuring it that they are very interesting both for their beauty, as for their scientific importance, being in my opinion the most beautiful paintings I have ever seen in Etruscan tombs. The Archaeological Institute should send one of its members here with a designer, and then have them published in the Annals of the Institute. 34

  • 35 On Rosa see Ferro 1892; Barnabei 1933; Tomei 1999; and, for the relations with des Vergers, von Hesberg (…)
  • 36 The pencil drawing on tracing paper, complete with measurements, is preserved in BGR AdV, b. VI, fasc. (…)
  • 37 On Henzen see Kolbe 1984; Blanck 2003; and, for his relationship with des Vergers, Blanck 1996 and 2009
  • 38 On Nicola Ortis (1830-1896) see Servolini 1955, p. 585. On the agreements between Henzen and des (…)
  • 39 The drawings no. I, IV, VII are present in the FdV, located respectively in BGR GDS inv. 5075, 507 (…)
  • 40 The Ortis practice is preserved in BGR AdV, b. VI, fasc. 3: Delbianco 2014c, p. 196. On the affair of (…)
  • 41 François 1857b, p. 104; Buranelli 1987b, p. 32; 38, card 4.

7Des Vergers visited the excavations at the beginning of May in the company of his friend Pietro Rosa (1810-1891), architect and topographer 35 , who drew the plan of the tomb (fig. 1). 36 Then, following a recommendation from Wilhelm Henzen (1816-1887), first secretary of the Institute of Archaeological Correspondence 37 , he had a copy of the wall paintings made by the young painter Nicola Ortis 38 , a pupil of Tommaso Minardi, who left for Vulci on 12 May and returned to Rome on 1 June with nine pencil drawings on a 1:10 scale. He had accompanied the drawings, three of which have come down to us 39 (fig. 2), with a Description of the paintings in the tomb discovered in the ancient city of Vulci in Etruria , where the figures represented in each panel are listed in order, distinguishing the nude from the clothed and indicating the type of clothing and the relative colour of the latter. He had completed the work with a pen drawing of the plan of the tomb, where the position of the paintings on the walls of the large central room in the shape of an inverted T is marked. 40 On the plan he had also taken care to indicate in hatching the “dry wall” of ancient construction that closed the right side of the vestibule, separating three lateral rooms from the other rooms, or “that rough wall” that François decided to knock down with blows of a hoe 41 .

Fig. 1 – Plan of the François Tomb drawn by Pietro Rosa on tracing paper in 1857 (des Vergers, L’Étrurie et les Étrusques , III, plate XXX ds.).

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© Gambalunga Library, Rimini.

Fig. 2 – 1:10 scale drawings of the pictorial cycle of the François Tomb made by Nicola Ortis in 1857, plate. VII: Sisyphus and Amphiaraus (des Vergers, L’Étrurie et les Étrusques , III, plate XXVI).

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© Gambalunga Library, Rimini.

  • 42 On the role played by the Institute in the first publications of the paintings from the François Tomb see (…)
  • 43 On Bartolomeo Bartoccini (1816-1882) see Servolini 1955, p. 55; on Bartoccini’s copies of the drawings (…)
  • 44 The delicate affair is documented by Henzen’s letters to des Vergers, Rome 5 and 27.06.1857, 4.07 (…)

8Henzen immediately asked des Vergers for permission to publish in the Monumenti inediti the engravings of the pictorial cycle from the drawings of Ortis 42 , but to his repeated requests his friend replied that he reserved the publication for Paris, after which he would gladly make the engraved plates available to the Institute. He expressed his appreciation for the far-sighted initiative of Henzen, who had had a copy of the drawings of Ortis made by Bartolomeo Bartoccini 43 to use it, if authorised to publish them, or to keep it (with his approval) in the Archives of the Institute as a backup copy. 44

  • 45 Des Vergers 1857a. The letter is published in full in Blanck 2009, p. 155  sq.
  • 46 François 1857b.
  • 47 Des Vergers 1857b.

9Henzen immediately published in the May-June Bulletin a good part of the letter that des Vergers had sent him from Civitavecchia on 7 May via Rosa with the first news of the exceptional discovery 45 , in the July Bulletin François’ excavation report 46 , in the August-September Bulletin des Vergers’ report dedicated to the pictorial cycle 47 .

10The discovery of the tomb had a strong echo in the press, not only nationally, as François reported to his partner in his letter of July 2:

The excavated tomb has aroused universal fanaticism […] The Gazzetta di Genova has a beautiful article in praise of you and Mr. Didot, reporting the article of the Gazzetta di Augusta. From the article of the Diary of Rome inserted by the Municipality, I believe, of Canino, it reports the description of the hypogeum, and lashes out at the Tuscans for their apathy towards archaeological studies; it speaks of our collection, and I believe from what I was written from Turin that it is the work of the Director of those Museums who knows our collection well, and all my works.

  • 48 BGR AdV, letter Livorno 2.07.1857.

11In the same letter he informed him that Prince Torlonia had undertaken to cover half of the cost of the restoration, which from now on would be carried out “before my eyes on a daily basis by the very skilled restorer [Tocchelli di Canino] that Prince Luciano had”. 48 In another letter dated 29 July, therefore following the publication of the excavation report, he gave news of further discoveries:

  • 49 BGR AdV, letter Livorno 29.07.1857. On the lion-shaped askos , preserved in the British Museum, you (…)

In the last two chambers of the great tomb several very beautiful complete vases were found, very singular for their remote antiquity, being truly Etruscan, and what is most interesting is a magnificent rhyton made in the shape of a lion of surprising beauty, equally intact. 49

  • 50 On Henri-Adrien Prévost de Longpérier (1816-1882) see Vapereau 1870, p. 1156; Gran Aymerich 2001, (…)
  • 51 Des Vergers 1857c, 1857d.

12François died suddenly in Livorno on 9 October, while he was making preparations for the resumption of excavations in November. The excavation campaign having ended so abruptly, all the grave goods were taken to the castle of Musignano and reunited with the objects found in the Vulci excavations of the previous two years. Between May and August des Vergers had presented to the Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres three reports on the excavations and discoveries of Vulci, two read by his friend Adrien de Longpérier 50 and one communicated in person showing the drawings of Ortis 51 , and he was already thinking about writing a volume on the Vulci paintings which would be published by and at the expense of Didot.

  • 52 Letter from des Vergers to Henzen, Paris 9.07.1857: Blanck 2009, p. 172.
  • 53 Letter from des Vergers to Henzen, dated 24.04.1858: Blanck 2009, p. 184.
  • 54 Letter from des Vergers to Henzen, Rimini 23.07.1858: Blanck 2009, p. 188  sq.

13In reality, the plan of the work, as emerges from the correspondence with Henzen, became more precise over time. Des Vergers started from the idea of ​​making it a publication «very restricted and limited only to the number of examples necessary to give to my friends», which is why he offered to pass on the copper plates after its publication to the Institute for Unpublished monuments . 52 He later presented it as «the first shipment of the elite of our Etruscan monuments, the first shipment that will contain the paintings of Vulci», the description of which would have been preceded by «an introduction to Etruria considered under the archaeological and historical perspective ». 53 Finally he decided that he would constitute «the first edition of our work» divided into three parts: «1. The Maremmes – 2. The Etruscans – 3. Description of the monuments (12 plans of tomb paintings and 30 plans of vase paintings. The text is in-8°; the atlas in-f°». 54 – 1:10 scale drawings of the pictorial cycle of the François Tomb made by Nicola Ortis in 1857, plate. VII: Sisyphus and Amphiaraus (des Vergers, L’Étrurie et les Étrusques , III, plate XXVI).13In reality, the plan of the work, as emerges from the correspondence with Henzen, became more precise over time. Des Vergers started from the idea of ​​making it a publication «very restricted and limited only to the number of examples necessary to give to my friends», which is why he offered to pass on the copper plates after its publication to the Institute for Unpublished monuments . 52 He later presented it as «the first shipment of the elite of our Etruscan monuments, the first shipment that will contain the paintings of Vulci», the description of which would have been preceded by «an introduction to Etruria considered under the archaeological and historical perspective ». 53 Finally he decided that he would constitute «the first edition of our work» divided into three parts: «1. The Maremmes – 2. The Etruscans – 3. Description of the monuments (12 plans of tomb paintings and 30 plans of vase paintings. The text is in-8°; the atlas in-f°». 54

  • 55 On Brunn see Flasch 1902; Amelung 1910; Lullies 1988; Gran-Aymerich 2001, p. 117  sq. ; White 2009 (…)
  • 56 Letter from des Vergers to Henzen, San Lorenzo 25.11.1858 [but 25.10.1858: cf. tp]: Blanck 2009, p (…)

14Then, since the publication times were taking longer than expected due to the decision to reduce the number of vase plates and to publish the Atlas in a single volume instead of three, des Vergers asked and obtained from Henzen that the plates of the Vulci paintings engraved by Bartoccini from his copies of Ortis’ drawings should appear in the Monumenti inediti not in 1858, as planned, but in 1859, and that the related essay on Etruscan painting by Heinrich Brunn (1822-1894), second secretary of the Instituto 55 since 1856 , should appear in the Annals of the same year. 56 The further delay was of little use, because des Vergers’ monumental work with the significant title L’Étrurie et les Étrusques ou dix ans de fouilles dans les Maremmes toscanes was published only in 1862-1864.

  • 57 Letter from des Vergers to Henzen, San Lorenzo 5.10.1858, 28.11.1858: Blanck 2009, p. 190, 194.
  • 58 On the brothers Alessandro (1823-1883) and Augusto Castellani (1829-1914) see Moretti Sgubini 2000; Sa (…)
  • 59 Letter from Brunn to des Vergers, dated 8.5.1860: Blanck 2009, p. 313  sq.
  • 60 The corrected plates XXXI-XXXII are preserved in BGR AdV, b. VI, fasc. 7: Delbianco 2014c, p. 198 sq
  • 61 Letter from des Vergers to Brunn, Paris 15.05.1860; from Brunn to des Vergers, Rome 26.05.1860: Blanck (…)
  • 62 Letter from des Vergers to Brunn, Paris 1.01.1861; from Brunn to des Vergers, Rome 19.01.1861: Blanck (…)

15Brunn, having to deal in his essay also with the cycle of frescoes of the François Tomb, between October and November 1858, equipped with a letter of introduction from des Vergers, made his first trip to Vulci, which was completely fruitless because he was not allowed to see either the grave goods or the paintings of the tomb. 57 He returned in 1860, when at the request of the François heirs it was decided to proceed with the division of the Vulci objects. He made the trip in the company of Prince Torlonia, who had “invited him almost suddenly”, of the Castellani brothers, collectors of ancient art and jewelers 58 , of Fortunato Lanci, secretary of the prince, and of other people. Together they checked the materials stored in the Musignano castle and established that Torlonia should immediately take the gold and the lion-shaped vase with him to Rome, while the vases would be quickly transferred to Rome to the Instituto to be restored under the direct supervision of Brunn. The latter took the opportunity to visit the François Tomb, where he verified the accuracy of the Ortis/Bartoccini drawings, finding them substantially faithful but lacking “in terms of character and style”; furthermore, by removing a piece of the filler wall, he discovered the painting of the group of Marce Camitlnas and Cneve Tarchunies Rumach . 59 Back in Rome, at the request of des Vergers who had not yet printed the plates of the Vulci paintings and therefore could have corrected them, he sent to Paris the plates XXXI-XXXII of the unpublished Monuments of 1859 with some corrections in pencil in the inscriptions and in the details of the figures. 60 He also sent him, in the accompanying letter, a sketch of the newly discovered painting and the transcription of the relative inscriptions. 61 However, he was unable to satisfy the Frenchman who, wishing to have the plates of the Vulci paintings coloured in some copies of his publication, asked him for a more detailed description of the colours than the one Ortis had attached to the drawings. He had not had the time, but above all «it would have been necessary to indicate the various shades not with words, but with real colours». 62

  • 63 The documentation relating to the practice of the division des Vergers-François-Torlonia, including (…)

16On 11 June 1861, the division of the objects found in the excavations of Vulci was finally carried out between Torlonia and des Vergers, who also acted as attorney general of the François heirs. Brunn, in charge of the division, had drawn up two lists based on the estimate of the antique dealer Luigi Depoletti: A went to des Vergers, B to Torlonia. The frescoes of the François Tomb were recognized as the property of Prince Torlonia as the owner of the land, but he wanted to reserve “a memory and benefit” of them for the François heirs and des Vergers, assigning them a fifth of the price of the paintings or a tempera copy of them if he managed to sell them within two years of the contract. 63

  • 64 Letter from des Vergers to Brunn, [Paris] 2.04.1862: Blanck 2009, p. 332 sq .

17On 2 April 1862, just before the opening of the Musée Napoléon III in Paris, where a place of honour was reserved for the archaeological and artistic testimonies of Etruscan civilisation, des Vergers announced to Brunn the publication of the first part of L’Étrurie et les Étrusques , consisting of an Atlas of 29 folio plates and a volume with half the text. He anticipated that the second part would consist of a plate of jewels, plates of objects for which he had been commissioned to have the drawings made, a map of the Maremma and the final part of the text. 64

  • 65 Brunn 1862. Cf. Blanck 1987, p. 174.

18At the end of 1862 Brunn published in the Bulletin an extract from an article by Otto Jahn that had just appeared in the Archäologische Zeitung (1862, col. 307-309), where the German scholar intervened on the pictorial cycle of the François Tomb, correcting the interpretation of the great battle scene contrasted with the sacrifice of the Trojan prisoners proposed by des Vergers and reiterated by Brunn, according to whom it would have been a human sacrifice in honour of the dead. On the basis of the inscriptions and with the support of a speech by the emperor Claudius to the Senate, he instead saw in it the episode of the liberation of Celio Vibenna by Mastarna, the future king of Rome Servius Tullius, in a sudden assault together with three other men who killed their opponents. 65

  • 66 On Carlo Ruspi (1798-1863) see Colonna 1984; Weber-Lehmann 1986; Buranelli 1986; Colonna 1999; Lu (…)
  • 67 Blanck 1987, p. 174 sq .; Buranelli 1987d. For the detachment of the frescoes carried out under the direction (…)
  • 68 Letter from Henzen to des Vergers, Rome 30.01.1864: Blanck 2009, p. 249. Henzen gave notice of the a (…)
  • 69 See below and fig. 7-8. The pencil drawing lacks the inscriptions, evidently omitted due to (…)
  • 70 Letter from des Vergers to Henzen, Paris 2.04.1864: Blanck 2009, p. 265; of Vergers 1862-1864, III (…)
  • 71 The third volume of L’Étrurie et les Étrusques owned by des Vergers bears the mark in Gambalunga (…)

19At the end of February 1864, des Vergers purchased from the heirs on behalf of his father-in-law the life-size tracings of the wall paintings of the François Tomb that Carlo Ruspi, the «artist-archaeologist» pioneer of the drawing/copying from life of Etruscan painted tombs 66 , had executed for the facsimile of the Gregorian Etruscan Museum in 1862, before the frescoes were detached (1863) and transferred to the Torlonia Museum at Lungara (now in Villa Albani in Rome) 67 . The sale took place thanks to the mediation of Henzen, who, after having written about it without success to the Berlin Museum, wanted to secure the tracings by proposing them to the person most directly interested, convinced as he was that after the losses suffered by the frescoes during the detachment and the necessary forthcoming restorations, they would constitute «les restes les plus authenticques de votre belle découverte». 68 The transparencies, where Ruspi had noted the colours, coloured the outlines of the parts and even coloured some parts, proved very useful to des Vergers, because they allowed him to correct several details in the branches taken from Ortis’ drawings and probably to have the drawing of the group of Marce Camitlnas and Cneve Tarchunies Rumach (BGR GDS inv. 5074) done for plate XXX left, as the comparison with the Ruspi transparencies, fig. 4 69 seems to suggest ; furthermore, they provided him with precious information for the explanation of the plates XXI-XXIX that he was completing. 70 Plates XXX-XL and the explanation of all 40 plates were in fact included in the second part of L’Étrurie et les Étrusques , published in 1864. At the same time, the publishing house Firmin Didot put on the market the complete edition of the work in three volumes dated 1862-1864, where the Atlas is covered with a general frontispiece that presents it as the third volume, but retains the old frontispiece with the subtitle Atlas and the date 1862 placed between the preliminary epigraphic appendix and the following explanation of the plates. It is probable that on the initiative of des Vergers, three of the plates dedicated to the frescoes of the tomb of Vulci (XXI, XXII, XXIV) were water-coloured, based on the chromatic indications provided by Ruspi’s tracings, which were then added and bound in the volume owned by him and sent to Gambalunga (fig. 3). 71

Fig. 3 – Des Vergers, L’Étrurie et les Étrusques , III, plate XXI: François Tomb, sacrifice of the Trojan prisoners, from the drawing by Nicola Ortis. One of three water-coloured copper engravings added and bound in the volume owned by des Vergers.

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© Gambalunga Library, Rimini.

  • 72 On Julius Zielke (1826-1907), whose drawings are not preserved in BGR FdV, see Thieme – Becker 1 (…)
  • 73 On the Marquis Giovanni Pietro Campana and his collection see, most recently, Gaultier – Haumesser (…)

20It is now worth dwelling on the Atlas, whose composition substantially reflects the history of the excavation company, in its successes and its setbacks. In 1862 – as we have seen – the first 29 plates were published, which we will review in their far from casual succession. The chromolithographic plates I-III, taken from the drawings of Julius Zielke 72 , reproduce the Tomb of the Reliefs of Cerveteri (third quarter of the 4th century BC), discovered in the winter of 1846-1847 by the Marquis Giovanni Pietro Campana (1808-1880) 73 in the Banditaccia necropolis, showing a general view, the back wall and the entrance wall, a lateral portion and some pillars (fig. 4).

Fig. 4 – Des Vergers, L’Étrurie et les Etrusques , III, plate. I: Tomb of the Reliefs of Cerveteri, general view. Chromolithograph from the lost drawing by Julius Zielke.

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© Gambalunga Library, Rimini.

  • 74 BGR AdV, b. VI, fasc. 11, s. fasc. 9: Delbianco 2014c, p. 202, 389 under the year 1855.
  • 75 Des Vergers 1857d, p. 231  sq.
  • 76 Des Vergers 1862, p. 409  sq.
  • 77 Des Vergers 1862-1864, I, p. 93-95.
  • 78 Des Vergers 1862, p. 409-411; letter from des Vergers to Henzen, Paris 15.12.1863: Blanck 2009, p.  (…)

21In truth, the Tomb of the Reliefs had already aroused des Vergers’ interest years before: in August 1855 he was supposed to illustrate it at the Institut de France , accompanying the report with an exhibition of drawings specially commissioned by Zielke. But on that occasion, due to lack of time, he managed to read two of the three scheduled reports and this one was left behind. 74 He presented it in 1857 to the Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres with the support of Zielke’s drawings, after having spoken about the discoveries in the necropolis of Vulci. 75 He later published the adapted text in the article dedicated to the Musée Napoléon III 76 and in the first volume of L’Étrurie et les Étrusques. 77 In 1862, Zielke’s drawings were used to create the facsimile of the burial chamber of the Tomb of the Reliefs in one of the rooms of the Musée Napoléon III. 78

 Des Vergers, L’Étrurie et les Étrusques , III, plate XXI: François Tomb, sacrifice of the Trojan prisoners, from the drawing by Nicola Ortis. One of three water-coloured copper engravings added and bound in the volume owned by des Vergers.

  • 79 For the place and circumstances of the excavation, the description and attribution of the vases published in the A (…)
  • 80 Volpini’s suggestive watercolour drawings were transmitted by François to his partner together with oth (…)
  • 81 Des Vergers 1862-1864, III, p. 14  sq.
  • 82 Des Vergers 1857b, p. 130  sq.

22Plates IV-XIX reproduce vases found in the first four years of the company: in Chiusi in 1850 and 1853, in Chianciano in 1851, in Vulci in 1853. 79 The chromolithographic plate XX is dedicated to the Cuccumella, the monumental and impenetrable supposed tomb of the Lucumoni which François was preparing to continue the excavation of before he died. It was engraved from the copy, made in 1853 by the painter Volpini 80 , of a drawing preserved in the castle of Musignano and commissioned by Luciano Bonaparte after the first excavations of the tomb (1828-1829) (fig. 5). 81 The chalcographic plates XXI-XXIX, engraved from Ortis’ drawings, reproduce the pictorial cycle of the François Tomb, created by Etruscan workers between 340 and 310 BC (des Vergers had also dated it to the Hellenistic age before the Roman conquest of Vulci) 82 and characterised by superb figurative scenes arranged on the walls of the atrium and the tablinum and punctuated by the eight doors that overlook the vestibule and seven burial chambers. Des Vergers, respecting the peculiar contrast of the frescoes, first presents the episodes taken from Greek myth (Trojan cycle, Theban cycle), then those linked to local traditions and historical events, starting in both cases with the large scenes on the side walls of the tablinum. Plate XXI depicts the sacrifice of the young Trojan prisoners to honour Patroclus (left wall of the tablinum); XXII Ajax Oileus insulting Cassandra (entrance wall, left); XXIII Nestor and Phoenix (left wall of the atrium); XXIV the duel between Eteocles and Polynices (half-wall to the left of the entrance to the tablinum); XXV the liberation of the Vulcentian Caelius Vibenna by Mastarna (the future king of Rome Servius Tullius) and the triple massacre of Etruscan warriors at the hands of his companions on the expedition, one of whom was Aulus Vibenna, brother of Caelius (right wall of the tablinum); XXVI Amphiaraus and Sisyphus (entrance wall, right); XXVII Vel Saties , the founder of the tomb, with his little son Arnza (right wall of the atrium); XXVIII the back wall of the tablinum with the Trojan prisoner (part of the scene on plate XXI) and Caelius Vibenna (part of the scene on plate XXV); the XXIX is the semi-wall to the right of the access to the tablinum with a door surmounted by decorative and animalistic friezes.

Fig. 5 – Des Vergers, L’Étrurie et les Etrusques , III, plate. XX: Tomb of the Cuccumella of Vulci. Chromolithograph from drawings by Augusto Volpini.

Fig. 4 – Des Vergers, L’Étrurie et les Etrusques , III, plate. I: Tomb of the Reliefs of Cerveteri, general view. Chromolithograph from the lost drawing by Julius Zielke.

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© Gambalunga Library, Rimini.

  • 83 On Augustin François Lemaître (1797-1870), who collaborated on several illustrated publications of the Fi (…)
  • 84 It should be noted that some readings and identifications proposed by des Vergers for the pictorial cycle n (…)
  • 85 For the goldsmith’s works, sold by des Vergers and Torlonia to the Musée Napoléon III and then passed to the Louvre (…)
  • 86 Des Vergers 1862-1864, III, p. 33-58.

23Plates XXX-XL, published with the second part of the work in 1864, are still dedicated to the François Tomb, with the exception of the last one. Plate XXX, engraved by Augustin François Lemaître 83 , closes the representations of the pictorial cycle: they depict, side by side, the group of Marce Camitlnas and Cneve Tarchunies Rumach ( Gnaeus Tarquinius of Rome defeated by Marce Camitlnas ), absent in plate XXIX already engraved at the time of its discovery (1860), and the plan drawn by Rosa in 1857. 84 Plates XXXI-XXXIX refer to the tomb furnishings: plate XXXI, drawn and engraved by Lemaître, presents the very refined goldsmith work found in the tomb, which he associates with the precious earrings found in Belora in 1850 85 ; the others portray four Attic red-figure vases, among which the large amphora by the Syleus Painter stands out in five plates (XXXII-XXXVI). Finally, plate XL presents the synoptic table of the Etruscan, Phoenician and ancient Greek alphabets, complementary to the long essay De la langue et de l’alphabet étrusques . 86

Fig. 5 – Des Vergers, L’Étrurie et les Etrusques , III, plate. XX: Tomb of the Cuccumella of Vulci. Chromolithograph from drawings by Augusto Volpini.

  • 87 See above and note 39.
  • 88 BGR GDS, inv. 5070-5072.
  • 89 An attempt to re-establish the connection between the drawings of antiquity and the François correspondence in (…)
  • 90 For the current location of the unpublished objects and their collection history see Bu (…)

24In the Des Vergers Fund of the Gambalunga Library are preserved drawings I, IV, VII by Ortis 87 , the large group of transparencies and drawings (often watercolour) of vases and bronzes transmitted to Des Vergers by François and later by Brunn, the three drawings of the goldsmiths’ works of Vulci and Belora by Lemaître 88 , the proofs of the chalcographic, lithographic and chromolithographic engravings for the plates of the Atlas. With regard to the group of drawings and transparencies commissioned by François, it should be noted that the majority remained unpublished and that Des Vergers did not take care to maintain the relations between the graphic documentation and the letters of transmission, causing the loss, if not noted on the pieces, of the information on the circumstances of their discovery. 89 This explains why he himself incurred some uncertainty/inaccuracy in the localisation of the published pieces. 90

Fig. 6 – 1:1 scale transparencies of the pictorial cycle of the François Tomb made by Carlo Ruspi in 1862, fig. 3: Vel Saties and her little son Arnza (des Vergers, L’Étrurie et les Étrusques , III, plate XXVII, left half without the frieze). SAERBo AF, neg. no. 1750.

  • 91 The stamp is accompanied, as in all photos of the same provenance, by a brief description (…)
  • 92 The negatives are marked with no. 1749-1753: no. 1749 reproduces the Ruspi transparency fig. 4 (des (…)

25The collection also included 17 transparencies by Carlo Ruspi, recorded in the old inventory of Gambalunga drawings and prints at nos. 3179-3195, now untraceable. Traces of them are also preserved in two photographs from the Gambalunga photographic archive bearing the stamp «Soprintendenza alle Antichità dell’Emilia e della Romagna in Bologna. Gabinetto fotografico» 91 on the back , and also in five negatives preserved in the photographic archive of the former Archaeological Superintendence of Emilia Romagna in Bologna, two of which coincide with the Gambalunga photographs. The five negatives, dated 5 October 1934, provide documentation of seven transparencies: four are copies of details of the decoration, three of scenes from the figurative cycle 92 (fig. 6-9). Unfortunately, at the current stage of research, there is a lack of elements to clarify the mystery of their disappearance.

Fig. 7 – 1:1 scale transparencies of the pictorial cycle of the François Tomb executed by Carlo Ruspi in 1862, fig. 4: Cneve Tarchunies Rumach won by Marce Camitlnas (des Vergers, L’Étrurie et les Étrusques , III, plate XXX sn.). SAERBo AF, neg. no. 1749.

Fig. 6 – 1:1 scale transparencies of the pictorial cycle of the François Tomb made by Carlo Ruspi in 1862, fig. 3: Vel Saties and her little son Arnza (des Vergers, L’Étrurie et les Étrusques , III, plate XXVII, left half without the frieze). SAERBo AF, neg. no. 1750. Fig. 8 – Cneve Tarchunies Rumach won by Marce Camitlnas . Preparatory drawing, without inscriptions, of plate XXX left, probably taken from the Ruspi tracing, fig. 4, immediately after its purchase (February 1864).

Zoom Original (jpeg, 338k)

© MiBAC. Superintendence of archaeology, fine arts and landscape for the metropolitan city of Bologna and the provinces of Modena, Reggio Emilia and Ferrara, formerly the Archaeological Superintendence of Emilia-Romagna.

Fig. 7 – 1:1 scale transparencies of the pictorial cycle of the François Tomb executed by Carlo Ruspi in 1862, fig. 4: Cneve Tarchunies Rumach won by Marce Camitlnas (des Vergers, L’Étrurie et les Étrusques , III, plate XXX sn.). SAERBo AF, neg. no. 1749.scale transparencies of the pictorial cycle of the François Tomb executed by Carlo Ruspi in 1862: decorative friezes with a female head inserted into a scaly bull and motifs of ovoli, small arches and a perspective meander. SAERBo AF, neg. no. 1752.

Zoom Original (jpeg, 305k)

© MiBAC. Superintendence of archaeology, fine arts and landscape for the metropolitan city of Bologna and the provinces of Modena, Reggio Emilia and Ferrara, formerly the Archaeological Superintendence of Emilia-Romagna.

Fig. 8 – Cneve Tarchunies Rumach won by Marce Camitlnas . Preparatory drawing, without inscriptions, of plate XXX left, probably taken from the Ruspi tracing, fig. 4, immediately after its purchase (February 1864).

Zoom Original (jpeg, 275k)

© Gambalunga Library, Rimini.

Fig. 9 – 1:1 scale transparencies of the pictorial cycle of the François Tomb executed by Carlo Ruspi in 1862: decorative friezes with a female head inserted into a scaly bull and motifs of ovoli, small arches and a perspective meander. SAERBo AF, neg. no. 1752.

Zoom Original (jpeg, 417k)

© MiBAC. Superintendence of archaeology, fine arts and landscape for the metropolitan city of Bologna and the provinces of Modena, Reggio Emilia and Ferrara, formerly the Archaeological Superintendence of Emilia-Romagna.

  • 93 Longperier 1867.

26Des Vergers died suddenly (a fate shared with François) in Nice on 2 January 1867. At the end of April his extraordinary collection of antiquities, consisting of painted vases, bronzes and paintings, was sold at auction, the sales catalogue of which was compiled by Adrien de Longpérier. 93

  • 94 For the restoration work on the villa carried out by the des Vergers see Mussoni 2011, p. 28-99.
  • 95 On Augusto Aviano (Udine 1860 – Rimini 1913) see Artist from Udine 1913; Mussoni 2011, p. 60-66.
  • 96 AFS FR, b. GX, fasc.  des Vergers Noël Gaston , letter from Gaston to Gino Rocchi, [San Lorenzo] 22.0 (…)

27In 1880 Emma Firmin Didot (1819-1902), widow of des Vergers, began the restoration of the villa of San Lorenzo in Correggiano based on a project by her friend Arthur-Stanislas Diet, one of the most important architects then active in Paris, who managed to complete the restoration of the exterior of the villa. Upon his death (1890) the architect Georges Paul Chédanne, a famous exponent of Art Nouveau, took over and seems to have taken care of the interiors (furnishings, ceilings, fireplaces, balustrades, doors and windows). 94 The works, which lasted until 1902, were directed by Gaston des Vergers (1840-1913), son of Emma, ​​who entrusted the Friulian painter Augusto Aviano 95 with the execution of the frescoes on the ceilings and walls, the pictorial cycle of the chapel and other artistic works. As documented by a photograph taken by Gaston and contained in the photo album of the restored villa that he donated in January 1907 to Tito Azzolini, director of the Emilia Regional Technical Office for the conservation of monuments 96 , Aviano sumptuously decorated the ceiling of the library, among other things reproducing in the upper band of the walls the animalistic frieze and some figurative scenes from the tomb of Vulci (fig. 10). It is more than probable that the artist took Ruspi’s tracings as a model and it is not excluded that the three coloured plates of the Vulci paintings bound in the des Vergers copy of the third volume of Gambalunga’s L’Étrurie et les Étrusques are rather to be understood as preparatory studies by Aviano for the decorations of the library, now unfortunately lost.

 The library of Villa des Vergers, with the upper band of the walls decorated by Augusto Aviano with reproductions of the animalistic frieze and some figurative scenes from the François Tomb. Photograph taken by Gaston des Vergers in 1906 ca. ABABo GDS (Studio Pym, Giuseppe Nicoletti).

Fig. 10 – The library of Villa des Vergers, with the upper band of the walls decorated by Augusto Aviano with reproductions of the animalistic frieze and some figurative scenes from the François Tomb. Photograph taken by Gaston des Vergers in 1906 ca. ABABo GDS (Studio Pym, Giuseppe Nicoletti).

Zoom Original (jpeg, 568k)

© Academy of Fine Arts, Bologna.

  • 97 Delbianco 1996; Delbianco 2014b, p. 22-38.

28In 1934, upon the death of the Marquise Hélène de Toulongeon, her cousins ​​and heirs Marie Laure and Marie Yvonne Firmin Didot, daughters of Alfred, Emma’s brother, and the executor of her will, Count Jean de Montbron, respecting the wishes of their relative, donated to the Gambalunga Library the study papers and the Rimini library of des Vergers, two globes (celestial and terrestrial), the painting The Adoration of the Shepherds attributed to the Master of the Annunciation of the Shepherds, a certain number of Latin inscriptions, Roman sculpture fragments, Rimini ceramics from the Roman period, Roman coins, the fragments of four Attic vases shattered in the 1916 earthquake, a nineteenth-century copy of a hydria in heavy bucchero Chiusi and two terracotta cinerary urns. At the same time, they began the procedures for the export to France of furniture, paintings, vases and other ancient and modern art objects from the inheritance, an export that was certainly facilitated by careful management of the donation. 97

  • 98 On this part see, most recently, Paolucci 2014c, p. 354-356.

29Of the objects pertaining to des Vergers’ Etruscan excavations that remained in the villa of San Lorenzo in Correggiano until 1934, some entered the Gambalunga Library and later passed to the Museum of Rimini, where they are still preserved 98 , the other took the route to France.

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Bibliography

Archives

ABABo GDS = Academy of Fine Arts of Bologna, Cabinet of Drawings and Prints

AFS FR = Academy of Filopatridi of Savignano, Francesco and Gino Rocchi Fund

BGR AdV = Gambalunga Library of Rimini, Des Vergers Archives

BGR FdV = Gambalunga Library of Rimini, Des Vergers Collection

SAERBo AF = Archaeological Superintendency of Emilia-Romagna in Bologna, Photographic Archive

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Paolucci 2014c = G. Paolucci, Adolphe Noël des Vergers and the last season of romantic archaeology in Etruria , in Delbianco 2014a, p. 336-359.

Pelagatti 1960 = P. Pelagatti, François, Alessandro , sv, in EAA , III, Rome, 1960, p. 729.

Pirzio Biroli Stefanelli 2005 = L. Pirzio Biroli Stefanelli, The Campana collection and archaeological style jewellery , in Gaultier – Metzger 2005, p. 84-101, 153-167.

Etruscan Painting 1986 = Etruscan Painting. 19th Century Drawings and Documents from the Archives of the German Archaeological Institute , Exhibition Catalogue, Tarquinia, 1986 , Rome, 1986.

Roncalli 1987 = F. Roncalli, The pictorial decoration , in Buranelli 1987a, p. 79-114 (with 11 entries by F. Buranelli, 12 by A. Maggiani).

Santagati 2004 = FMC Santagati, The National Etruscan Museum of Villa Giulia. Origin and metamorphosis of a 19th-century museum institution , Rome, 2004.

Sarti 2001 = S. Sarti, Giovanni Pietro Campana, 1808-1880. The man and his collection , Oxford, 2001.

Scott de Martinville 1867 = L. Scott de Martinville, Notice on the life and work of M. Adolphe Noël des Vergers , Paris, 1867.

Servolini 1955 = L. Servolini, Illustrated dictionary of modern and contemporary Italian engravers , Milan, 1955.

Thieme – Becker 1947 = U. Thieme, F. Becker, General Lexicon of Fine Artists from Antiquity to the Present , XXXVI, Leipzig, 1947.

Tomei 1999 = MA Tomei, French Excavations on the Palatine. The Investigations of Pietro Rosa for Napoleon III (1861-1870) , Rome, 1999.

Vapereau 1870 = G. Vapereau, Universal Dictionary of Contemporary People Containing All Notable Persons from France and Foreign Countries , Paris-London-Leipzig, 1870 (1st ed  . 1858).

des Vergers 1857a = A. Noël des Vergers, Excavations of Vulci. From a letter to G. Henzen , in BullInst , 1857, p. 71-73.

des Vergers 1857b = A. Noël des Vergers, Paintings of Vulci. Letter addressed to M. G. Henzen , in BullInst , 1857, p. 113-131.

des Vergers 1857c = A. Noël des Vergers, Letters [communicated by M. de Longpérier] relating to the fouilles de Vulci , in CRAI , 1, 1857, p. 110-112.

des Vergers 1857d = A. Noël des Vergers, Report of his discoveries in the ruins of Vulci , in CRAI , 1, 1857, p. 229-232.

des Vergers 1862 = A. Noël des Vergers, Napoleon III Museum. First part: jewels and leather goods , in Revue contemporaine , 11-27, 1862, p. 388-412.

des Vergers 1862-1864 = A. Noël des Vergers, L’Étrurie and the Etruscans, or Seven Years of Fouls in the Tuscan Maremma , Paris, 1862-1864.

Weber-Lehmann 1986 = C. Weber-Lehmann, The transparencies of Carlo Ruspi , in Etruscan Painting 1986, p. 13-20.

Werdet 1864 = E. Werdet, Bibliographical studies on the Didots family: printers, booksellers, engravers, type founders, paper manufacturers, etc. (1713-1864) , Paris, 1864, excerpt from The History of the Book in France .

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Notes

1 On des Vergers see Firmin Didot – Beulé [1867]; Scott de Martinville 1867; Albini 1930; Copioli 1993, 1996b; Bernardi 1998; Blanck 2009; Delbianco 2014b, p. 14-22.

2 On the versatile figure of Ambroise Firmin Didot see Werdet 1864, p. 32-45; Mollier 1988, p. 81-101, 485-488; Jammes 1996.

3 On the Villa des Vergers at the time of Adolphe see Mussoni 2011, p. 13-28.

4 On the Fondo des Vergers see Delbianco 1996; Delbianco 2014b, p. 22-45; Delbianco 2014c.

5 BGR AdV, b. VI, fasc. 11, s. fascicle 8, n. 3-4: Delbianco 2014c, p. 201 sq.

6 On François see Conestabile 1858; Pelagatti 1960; Bruni 2011, p. 50-51, notes 5-6.

7 Bruni 2011, p. 19-65; 97  sq. , notes 1-17.

8 The correspondence exchanged between François and des Vergers, which will be cited with the abbreviation BGR AdV without the position within the archive, is almost entirely preserved in BGR AdV, b. VI, fasc. 1. It constituted the main source for reconstructing the history of the excavation company in Buranelli 1996; Paolucci 2014a, 2014b.

9 On Migliarini see Nieri 1929, 1930; On the Heyde 2003.

10 BGR AdV, Report , [1852 post Sept. 14]: Delbianco 2014c, p. 180, n. 40.

11 On the Giulietti family, and in particular on Vincenzo, see Barni – Paolucci 1985, p. 28.

12 Paolucci 2007, p. 29-38: Francesco Bonci Casuccini (1781-1857); p. 39-47: Ottavio (1819-1886), son of Francesco; p. 48-57: relations of the Bonci Casuccini with François.

13 On François’ excavations in the grounds of the Mensa Vescovile in Chiusi see Paolucci 2014a, p. 27-35.

14 Barni – Paolucci 1985, p. 17; Tailors 2001, p. 29.

15 Franceschi, on whom see Marzi Costagli (1984), is also mentioned in BGR AdV, Note of the expenses incurred for the excavations of the year 1856 in partnership with Mr. Desvergers, and Ci, and of the sums collected , [Livorno 1857 Jan. 6]: Delbianco 2014c, p. 184  sq. , n. 109.

16 Augusto Volpini 1912; Comanducci [1945], II, p. 898.

17 BGR AdV, letter Livorno 10.10.1852. On the first season of excavations in Vulci see François 1857a.

18 For the excavation activity in Vulci by Luciano and Alexandrine Bonaparte see Buranelli 1995.

19 On Torlonia see Felisini 2004 and 2014; Monsagrati 2006.

20 BGR AdV, letter Livorno 20.02.1856.

21 BGR AdV, letter Livorno 03.24.1856, 04.10.1856, 06.27.1856. See Paolucci 2014a, p. 58-62.

22 BGR AdV, letter Livorno 10 and 23.10.1856; 18.11.1856.

23 BGR AdV, letter Livorno 18.11.1856; 12.02.1857.

24 BGR AdV, letter Livorno 17.02.1857.

25 François was retired from service by decree dated 04.03.1857: see BGR AdV, letter from Livorno of the same date.

26 BGR AdV, Canino letter 16 and 24.03.1857.

27 BGR AdV, Canino letter 19.03.1857.

28 BGR AdV, Canino letter 03.31.1857.

29 BGR AdV, Canino letter 04.05.1857, where the opening is scheduled for the following day. In reality it began on the 7th: Canino letter 04.10.1857.

30 BGR AdV, Canino letter 12.04.1857.

31 BGR AdV, letter Canino 19.04.1857, with transcription of the inscription on the boundary stone, published in Buranelli 1987b, p. 34, sheet 1.

32 On the necropolis of Ponte Rotto see Moretti Sgubini 1987, 2004b. On the Tomb of the Saties see, most recently, Buranelli – Le Pera Buranelli 1987.

33 BGR AdV, Canino letter 04.28.1857.

34 BGR AdV, letter Canino 1.05.1857, published in Buranelli 1987b, p. 35  sq. , card 2 (missing transcription of the text on the last page).

35 On Rosa see Ferro 1892; Barnabei 1933; Tomei 1999; and, for the relations with des Vergers, von Hesberg 2014.

36 The pencil drawing on tracing paper, complete with measurements, is preserved in BGR AdV, b. VI, fasc. 15: Delbianco 2014c, p. 209. Des Vergers himself indicates the circumstances in which Rosa carried out the relief: des Vergers 1862-1864, III, p. 17  sq.

37 On Henzen see Kolbe 1984; Blanck 2003; and, for his relationship with des Vergers, Blanck 1996 and 2009.

38 On Nicola Ortis (1830-1896) see Servolini 1955, p. 585. On the agreements between Henzen and des Vergers regarding the choice of the designer, see the letters of des Vergers to Henzen, Civitavecchia 7.05.1857, and of Henzen to des Vergers, Rome 22.05.1857: Blanck 2009, p. 155-157, 159.

39 The drawings no. I, IV, VII are present in the FdV, placed respectively in BGR GDS inv. 5075, 5076, 5077, and published in des Vergers 1862-1864, III, plates XXI, XXII, XXVI.

40 The Ortis practice is preserved in BGR AdV, b. VI, fasc. 3: Delbianco 2014c, p. 196. On the story of the first drawings of the François Tomb see Blanck 1986, p. 26-27, 53; 1987, p. 171-172.

41 François 1857b, p. 104; Buranelli 1987b, p. 32; 38, card 4.

42 On the role played by the Instituto in the first publications of the paintings from the François Tomb see Blanck 1987; 2009, p. 53-63.

43 On Bartolomeo Bartoccini (1816-1882) see Servolini 1955, p. 55; on Bartoccini’s copies of Ortis’ drawings, Blanck 1987, p. 176  sq ., card 65.

44 The delicate affair is documented by the letters of Henzen to des Vergers, Rome 5 and 27.06.1857, 4.07.1857; of des Vergers to Henzen, Paris 22.06.1857, 9.07.1857, 6.02.1858: Blanck 2009, respectively p. 160, 165, 167, 162, 172, 182. See also Blanck 1987, p. 172 sq.

45 Des Vergers 1857a. The letter is published in full in Blanck 2009, p. 155  sq.

46 François 1857b.

47 Des Vergers 1857b.

48 BGR AdV, letter Livorno 2.07.1857.

49 BGR AdV, letter Livorno 29.07.1857. On the lion-shaped askos , preserved in the British Museum, see Buranelli 1987c, p. 140 sq. , card 45.

50 On Henri-Adrien Prévost de Longpérier (1816-1882) see Vapereau 1870, p. 1156; Gran-Aymerich 2001, p. 422 sq. Longpérier was among the founding members, together with Didot, des Vergers, Vivien de Saint-Martin, Félix de Saulcy and Édouard Delessert, of the magazine L’Athenaeum français , as can be seen from the papers relating to the foundation and management of the magazine, dated from 1852. to 1866, which are preserved in BGR AdV, b. X: Delbianco 2014b, p. 45; 2014c, p. 311-324.

51 Des Vergers 1857c, 1857d.

52 Letter from des Vergers to Henzen, Paris 9.07.1857: Blanck 2009, p. 172.

53 Letter from des Vergers to Henzen, dated 24.04.1858: Blanck 2009, p. 184.

54 Letter from des Vergers to Henzen, Rimini 23.07.1858: Blanck 2009, p. 188  sq.

55 On Brunn see Flasch 1902; Amelung 1910; Lullies 1988; Gran-Aymerich 2001, p. 117  sq. ; Blanck 2009, p. 13-15; and, for his exhaustive bibliography, Brunn – Bulle 1906, p. 336-343.

56 Letter from des Vergers to Henzen, San Lorenzo 25.11.1858 [but 25.10.1858: cf. tp]: Blanck 2009, p. 192. Cf. Brunn 1859, who deals with the paintings of the François Tomb on pp. 353-367, pl. XXXI-XXXII.

57 Letter from des Vergers to Henzen, San Lorenzo 5.10.1858, 28.11.1858: Blanck 2009, p. 190, 194.

58 On the brothers Alessandro (1823-1883) and Augusto Castellani (1829-1914) see Moretti Sgubini 2000; Santagati 2004, p. 56-79, 135-156; The Castellani 2005; Pirzio Biroli Stefanelli 2005, p. 84-101, 153-167; Donati 2005, p. 102-107, 153-167.

59 Letter from Brunn to des Vergers, dated 8.5.1860: Blanck 2009, p. 313  sq.

60 The corrected plates XXXI-XXXII are preserved in BGR AdV, b. VI, fasc. 7: Delbianco 2014c, p. 198 sq.

61 Letter from des Vergers to Brunn, Paris 15.05.1860; from Brunn to des Vergers, Rome 05.26.1860: Blanck 2009, p. 315-320.

62 Letter from des Vergers to Brunn, Paris 1.01.1861; from Brunn to des Vergers, Rome 19.01.1861: Blanck 2009, p. 321-324.

63 The documentation relating to the practice of the des Vergers-François-Torlonia division, including a private document, the Depoletti estimate and the AB lists of the Vulci finds, is preserved in BGR AdV, b. VI, fasc. 1: Delbianco 2014c, p. 191, n. 150-152. It is published in Buranelli 1987b, p. 40-44, cards 7-9.

64 Letter from des Vergers to Brunn, [Paris] 2.04.1862: Blanck 2009, p. 332 sq .

65 Brunn 1862. Cf. Blanck 1987, p. 174.

66 On Carlo Ruspi (1798-1863) see Colonna 1984; Weber-Lehmann 1986; Buranelli 1986; Colonna 1999; Lubtchansky 2017.

67 Blanck 1987, p. 174 sq .; Buranelli 1987d. For the detachment of the frescoes carried out under the direction of Father Garrucci by Pellegrino Succi, «extractor of paintings of the Sacred Apostolic Palaces», see Buranelli 1987e.

68 Letter from Henzen to des Vergers, Rome 01.30.1864: Blanck 2009, p. 249. Henzen reported the purchase at the meeting of the Institute on March 4: see Meetings of the Institute 1864, p. 38  sq . Scott de Martinville (1867, p. 18 note C) also mentioned it in his obituary of des Vergers.

69 See below and fig. 7-8. The pencil drawing lacks the inscriptions, evidently omitted due to the inaccuracies of Ruspi’s transcription. Plate XXX left presents the inscriptions in Brunn’s transcription. It should be noted that the drawing bears the note in the lower left margin: «2 épreuves sur papier collé».

70 Letter from des Vergers to Henzen, Paris 2.04.1864: Blanck 2009, p. 265; des Vergers 1862-1864, III, p. 17 note 3. Among other things, des Vergers, ibid. , p. 24, highlights some differences in the reading of the inscriptions between Ruspi’s tracings and the copperplates from Ortis’ drawings. Ruspi’s reading errors are reported by Buranelli 1987d, p. 179.

71 The third volume of L’Étrurie et les Étrusques owned by des Vergers bears the shelfmark 14.B.II.1 in Gambalunga.

72 On Julius Zielke (1826-1907), whose drawings are not preserved in BGR FdV, see Thieme – Becker 1947, p. 492.

73 On the Marquis Giovanni Pietro Campana and his collection see, most recently, Gaultier – Haumesser – Trofimova 2018.

74 BGR AdV, b. VI, fasc. 11, s. fasc. 9: Delbianco 2014c, p. 202, 389 under the year 1855.

75 Des Vergers 1857d, p. 231  sq.

76 Des Vergers 1862, p. 409  sq.

77 Des Vergers 1862-1864, I, p. 93-95.

78 Des Vergers 1862, p. 409-411; letter from des Vergers to Henzen, Paris 15.12.1863: Blanck 2009, p. 247. See Nadalini 2006, p. 402 and fig. VI, 1.3.

79 For the place and circumstances of the excavation, the description and attribution of the vases published in the Atlas see Paolucci 2014c, p. 337-354.

80 Volpini’s evocative watercolour drawings were sent by François to his partner together with twelve other drawings: see BGR AdV, letter Livorno 20.08.1853. They are preserved in the FdV and placed in BGR GDS, inv. no. 6333, 6334.

81 Des Vergers 1862-1864, III, p. 14  sq.

82 Des Vergers 1857b, p. 130  sq.

83 On Augustin François Lemaître (1797-1870), who collaborated on several illustrated publications of Firmin Didot, see Bénézit 1961, p. 499; Lethève – Gardey – Adhémar 1965, p. 449-453.

84 It should be noted that some of the readings and identifications proposed by des Vergers for the pictorial cycle are not accepted today. For an updated reading and interpretation of the pictorial cycle see Coarelli 1983; Maggiani 1983; Pallottino 1987; Roncalli 1987; Andreae 2004a; Maggiani 2004; Musti 2005; Domenici 2008; Laurendi 2010. For its dating, see Cristofani 1967 (340-310 BC); Andreae 2004a, p. 12, 35 (last third of the 4th century BC; 330-310 BC); Andreae 2004b, p. 56  sq . (320-310 BC).

85 For the goldsmith’s works, sold by des Vergers and Torlonia to the Musée Napoléon III and then passed to the Louvre, see, most recently, Gaultier 2005, p. 79, 148-152.

86 Des Vergers 1862-1864, III, p. 33-58.

87 See above and note 39.

88 BGR GDS, inv. 5070-5072.

89 An attempt to re-establish the connection between the drawings of antiquity and the François correspondence in Paolucci 2014c, p. 356-359.

90 For the current location of the unpublished objects and their collection history see Buranelli 1987c; Paolucci 2010, 2014a, 2014b, 2014c.

91 The stamp is accompanied, as in all photographs of the same provenance, by a brief description (conserving institution, provenance, object depicted) and the negative numbers 1750 and 1751, in pencil. There are also old Gambalungian sequence numbers in pen, respectively 1423 and 1182.

92 The negatives are marked with nos. 1749-1753: no. 1749 reproduces the Ruspi transparency fig. 4 (des Vergers 1862-1864, III, plate XXX, left half); no. 1750 the Ruspi transparency fig. 3 ( ibid. , plate XXVII, left half excluding the frieze); no. 1751 the Ruspi transparency fig. 1 ( ibid. , plate XXII); nos. 1752-1753 each reproduce two transparencies depicting decorative friezes.

93 Longperier 1867.

94 For the restoration work on the villa carried out by the des Vergers see Mussoni 2011, p. 28-99.

95 On Augusto Aviano (Udine 1860 – Rimini 1913) see Artist from Udine 1913; Mussoni 2011, p. 60-66.

96 AFS FR, b. GX, fasc.  des Vergers Noël Gaston , letter from Gaston to Gino Rocchi, [San Lorenzo] 22.01.1907, from which we learn that two albums were prepared: the second was intended for Ottavio Germano, collaborator and successor of Azzolini. The album donated to the latter is preserved in the Cabinet of Drawings and Prints of the Academy of Fine Arts in Bologna, while all traces of the other have been lost. The double gift probably forms part of the start of the process to subject Villa des Vergers to a restriction for important interest, a restriction that was granted on 11.01.1913. On Gaston, a passionate and gifted amateur photographer, see Mussoni 2011, p. 48-50 and note 54. The photographs in the Azzolini album are published in Mussoni 2011, passim .

97 Delbianco 1996; Delbianco 2014b, p. 22-38.

98 On this part see, most recently, Paolucci 2014c, p. 354-356.Top of page

List of illustrations

TitleFig. 10 – The library of Villa des Vergers, with the upper band of the walls decorated by Augusto Aviano with reproductions of the animalistic frieze and some figurative scenes from the François Tomb. Photograph taken by Gaston des Vergers in 1906 ca. ABABo GDS (Studio Pym, Giuseppe Nicoletti).
Credits© Academy of Fine Arts, Bologna.
URLhttp://journals.openedition.org/mefra/docannexe/image/8586/img-10.jpg
Fileimage/jpeg, 568k

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References

Electronic reference

Paola Delbianco , “The François Tomb of Vulci” ,  Mélanges de l’École française de Rome – Antiquity [Online], 131-2 | 2019, Online since 22 April 2020 , connection on 14 July 2024 . URL : http://journals.openedition.org/mefra/8586; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/mefra.8586Top of page

About the author

Paola Delbianco

formerly Gambalunga Civic Library of Rimini – paoladelbianco@alice.itTop of page

Copyright

M A G N A G R A E C I A

https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=1408e98ab1991b60&sxsrf=ADLYWIJI9E3MyWJzl7-G6VKKgwa1VsB69g:1715248655007&q=pompeii+frescoes+ancient+greek+fresco+painters+ad+in+italy&udm=2&uds=ADvngMgdL8BcAQ_9RiOWqU9OSDC-pw6BU1UeanOPyo9iHgAGn0PtGxR04Bs6u4EO3kSKtWqSVJmw4WP6IJ1KDHEE7qjGjagT7PibleWDbO51tVkOJN9JVYLa5emiq8kchv8ZzNpi_tIDz1RT_zbtp9Q1sXBjJoQDjQsMUeKuJz-fx8D36hxGObJWkGlSzaSR6QYZBP29Txmn&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgwaGWp4CGAxXdBhAIHZbPCEoQgIoDKAB6BAgREA0&biw=1024&bih=447&dpr=1.88

MAGNA GRAECIA

Two set-piece frescos dominate.

In one, the god Apollo is seen trying to seduce the priestess Cassandra. Her rejection of him, according to legend, resulted in her prophecies being ignored.

The tragic consequence is told in the second painting, in which Prince Paris meets the beautiful Helen – a union Cassandra knows will doom them all in the resulting Trojan War.

MAGNA GRAECIA /ribbed NESTORIS, a GREEK CEREMONIAL VESSEL, with a use analogous to that of the AMPHORA, from APULIA in SOUTHERN ITALY, of the Gnathia technique. 300 BC GETTY Museum Collection. No. 78.AE.320.

Beginning in the 5th century BC, pottery flourished in Southern Italy. APULIA, a region characterized by its incredible artistic richness and dynamism, became an important center of production. During the fourth century, Apulian potters created pottery in a new style known as GNATHIA ware, named after the eastern Apulian town of Egnazia, where the first examples of this technique were first discovered in the 19th century, which appeared around 370/360 BC.

Gnathia vessels were traded throughout the Eastern Mediterranean and quickly gained influence throughout the region. Although they may have originated there, they were soon manufactured in many centers in southern Italy and SICILY. The technique was based on the application of additional color, mainly white, yellow and red, to enliven the surface of a black-glazed vessel. The black varnish is often decorated with painted floral motifs in red, white or yellow. Later, after 330 BC the white color dominated more.

Decorative subjects that once included love affairs, scenes from women’s lives, theatrical scenes and Dionysian motifs are now limited to tendrils of vine, ivy or laurel fruits, theatrical masks and, small human heads hares, doves and swans. While the lower half of the vessels was now often decorated with ridges.

The production and quality of Greek colonist potters working in Southern Italy increased greatly after the Peloponnesian War, when Attica’s exports fell sharply, and it was probably concentrated around Taranto, with workshops in Egnatia, Canossa and Sicily. The Greek craftsmanship of the settlers of Lower Italy in the 4th century BC. created a fusion of the Ionic (Attic) styles and the corresponding Doric (western Greek colonies), combining them with a remarkable native Italian aesthetic. The five dominant regional schools of pottery in Southern Italy were: Apulia, Sicily, Lucania or Laucania, Campania and Poseidonia (Paestum).

In the photo, the vase, which I mentioned at the beginning, with the characteristic shape produced in Southern Italy, called nestoris. From Apulia, of the Gnathia technique, 300 BC. With dimensions: 50.9 × 26.3 cm (including handles). The type of this nestorid is A, (according to the evolution of the shape of the body and the handles, there are 3 types). Neckless with flared lip and two horizontal and two upright high handles. The upright grips are decorated with tablets, here decorated by eight-pointed stars, surrounded by a dotted circle in additional white. On the shoulder there is a decoration of ivy tendrils with leaves and fruits rendered with white dots. The larger part of the lower part, about 3/4, is decorated with vertical ridges.

All reactions:

5You, Gill Larsén, Ronny Nilant and 2 others

Akragas. Anfora attica a figure nere del Pittore Taleides: Teseo uccide il Minotauro; intorno si trovano due coppie, con uomini nudi e armati di lancia e donne interamente vestite. Scoperto ad Agrigento e infine pervenuto al MET Museum di New York, il vaso presenta la firma di Taleides e la scritta “Klitarchos kalos” (Klitarchos bello). 540-530 a.C.

MAGNA GRAECIA 320-280. before our era of PUGLIA

Golden fibula Gold, length: 8,8 cm,

Boston Museum of Fine Arts

By: Олег Марголін: A RARE GREEK GOLD TWELFTH STATER OF TARENTUM**OR TARANTO = ΤΑΡΑΣ (GENETIVUS FORM: ΤΑΡΑΝΤΟΣ) 

(CALABRIA). FROM THE TIMES OF ALEXANDER THE MOLOSSIAN 333 BC. AV TWELFTH STATER – HEMILITRA (6.5mm, 0.43 g, 7h). RADIATE HEAD OF HELIOS FACING SLIGHTLY RIGHT/ THUNDERBOLT; TARAN ABOVE,AΠOΛ BELOW . Fischer-Bossert G3b (V3/R3) = Vlasto 14 (this coin); HN Italy 906; SNG ANS 977; SNG BN 1775-6; SNG

**THE ORIGIN OF THE CITY OF TARANTO DATES FROM THE 8th CENTURY BC, WHEN IT WAS FOUNDED, AS a GREEK COLONY, KNOWN AS TARAS . TARAS GRADUALLY INCREASED ITS INFLUENCE, BECOMING A COMMERCIAL POWER AND A CITY-STATE OF MAGNA GRAECIA AND RULING OVER MANY OF THE GREEK COLONIES FOUNDED BY SPARTA IN THE 8th CENTURY BCE, AS PART OF THE EVEN OF THE OTHER GREEK

COLONIES, AS THE CORINTHIAN ONES (SYRACUSE, ETC….) 

 Copenhagen 833; SNG Lloyd 188; Jameson 145; McClean 596 (all from the same dies). Good VF, underlying luster, slight die wear on reverse. VERY RARE.

THE H A R P A HISTORICAL FACTS..

Dedicated to God Apollo

HARP = AΡΠΑ: symphonic stringed musical instrument. It comes from the ancient Greek verb άρπω/arpo and
ΑΡΠΑΖΩ/ARPAZO(=SNATCH)
and in
ἍΡΠΗ/ARPE = a kind of bird of prey, as it was considered that the instrument is played with the use of all the fingers imitating a bird of prey.
The oldest Greek musical instruments are avloi (lyre), which is dating back to the Neolithic Age. The three civilizations of the Aegean, which are the Cycladic, the Minoan and the Mycenaean, provide evidence of the importance of music in their cultures such as Cycladic marble figures representing lyre players.

The harp has legendary origins: in Greek mythology, it was invented by the god Apollo. Charmed by the sound of Artemi’s bow, he gave her strings to attach to the weapon, creating a new instrument. The harp, played by angels and by kings, amazes us with its delicate and crystalline sound.

Orpheus, the son of Apollo, whose “rich clear words and the silvery notes from his harp were so enchanting that they … had a magical effect on everything around him. His songs could charm even rocks and rivers as well as humans and animals.

Hermes is said to have created the lyre. As the story goes, Hermes used the instrument to steal 50 of Apollo’s prize cattle, offering up the lyre to the latter when Apollo became angry. Thus, the lyre is now a historic attribute to the god of music and prophecy, symbolizing wisdom and moderation.

The Aeolian harp has a long history of being associated with the numinous, perhaps for its vibrant timbres that produce an ethereal sound. Homer relates that Hermes invented the lyre from dried sinews stretched over a tortoise shell. It was able to be played by the wind.
In Later centuries came The psalterion (Greek ψαλτήριον) is a stringed, plucked instrument, an ancient Greek harp. Psalterion was a general word for harps in the latter j part of the 4th century B.C. It meant “plucking instrument”.

An early ancestor to the harp appeared Greece, and later in spread in India , China and Burma. During the Middle Ages, it was played all over Europe and became very popular in the Celtic nations. The harp was the instrument of the troubadours, and accompanied their narratives throughout their journeys.

Monarchs have also played the harp, from Sapho, Queen Marie Antoinette, as well as innumerable poets. Often richly decorated, it can be as much a statement of wealth as a musical instrument. But the palette of sounds that the harp produces gives it true status. Refined, sparkling, and subtle, the sound of the harp is dreamy and enchanting.

Ancient Greek warrior playing the Salpygum (Salpyx) , late 6th–early 5th century BC, Melanomorph vase at Lykythos.

In the 6th century e.g. music becomes the object of a systematic theoretical approach by philosophers, although at first their interest is indirect. The first mentioned is Pythagoras from Samos and his students, who lived in Magna Graecia Croton in Lower Italy. Believing that the world is made of whole numbers, the Pythagoreans described the harmonious sound of a melody and its effect on the human soul as a result of numerical proportions. They even reduced musical harmony to a theoretical model of the general harmony of the universe and performed acoustic experiments. [20] Their texts, however, like the texts of Lasso from Hermione , who taught music in Athens and is said to have written the first treatise on music, have not survived. Their views are fragmentarily known from vague information that reached later writers. Music must have had a similarly important place in the philosophical work of Philolaus from Croton , Damon from the municipality of Oa in Attica and Democritus from Abdira , but their relevant works have not survived. Finally, the presence of music in the extant work of PLATO and ARISTOTLE is prominent , although neither of the two great philosophers wrote a treatise exclusively dedicated to music.
The ancient Greek term music (inv. art ) appeared to initially declare instrumental music ( κροῦσις ), song ( ᾠδὴ ), speech (λεξις) and rhythmic movement ( ὄρχησις ) as an inseparable performance unity, but also in general education, spiritual cultivation and eloquence, which were under the protection of the Muses . Musician as an adjective meant “cultivated”. Already in the Homeric Epics , the practice of music symbolizes the peaceful life and culture of an organized society in contrast to the brutality of wa.

How can we understand the present if we don’t look at the past? says a proverb. And very wisely he says, because we must always look back, to our roots, so that we can excel in the future and never make the same mistakes as our ancestors in the present, creating an eternal chain of repetition. So with music. We should look back to see the musical history of our people as well as the world musical history, to perceive on the one hand the beginning of music and its evolution but also on the other to be able to have the knowledge to spread the musical feats of our ancestors.

Regarding the etymology of the word music : the word, according to the writings of the ancient Greek poets and philosophers, is derived from the word muse . The word muse, again, is derived from maousha = muse. ” ma ” is the root of the verb mao-mo which means to devise or search or ask mentally . (In the Doric dialect, the word ” muse ” is ” moses “).

Lyres appear in Greek mythology as an instrument played by the gods Hermes and Apollo, and by the Greek hero Orpheus. All three were famous as superb lyre players.

Orpheus played the lyre, a harplike instrument that had been given to him by the god Apollo. Most legends relate that Orpheus’ mother was one of the Muses; most often she is said to be Calliope, the patron of epic poetry

The nine muses. Originally these deities were mountain and water nymphs. Hesiod in Theogony recounts: ” Memory slept in Pieria with the son of Cronus and gave birth to these virgins . “

An important point in world music history is the flourishing period of ancient Greek music. When geometry and mathematics contributed to the study of music but also to the construction of the first musical instruments, instrumental music began to develop in ancient Greece, since until the 6th century we have mainly vocal music as a means of expression. This shift towards instrumental music is confirmed by the work ” Pythic Law “, which is the most important court law of the music of ancient Greece and described the fight between Apollo and the dragon Python . It was Sakada ‘s invention , and perhaps the first example of purely programmatic (descriptive) music.

The amount of information that has survived to this day about ancient Greek music allows us a systematic classification of the sources, which applies not only to Greek antiquity but to the history of music in general. The first and basic category of sources are written sources and they are divided into two separate categories, practical and theoretical . Practical sources are called surviving fragments of music in musical notation. From these sources mainly hymns have survived in fragments and have been transcribed into today’s musical writing (two Delphic hymns of Apollo , the Epitaph of Sicily, etc.). These passages about ancient Greek music are few (about 50 in total) and above all short and often with gaps and deficiencies in the notation. Texts about music are called theoretical sources. Theoretical sources include, in addition to special treatises on music theory, the numerous references to music and musical life contained in literary, philosophical and historical works. Theoretical sources of this category are often called here philological sources . The theoretical, as opposed to the practical, are numerous and contain valuable and often extensive information on many issues, yet there are gaps and difficulties in understanding them. The main works are those of Aristoxenus , Euclid , Nicomachus and Alypius , who gives us detailed tables of ancient Greek musical writing.

The lyre represents the peace of Elysium, the paradise where heroes were sent after they were appointed immortality by the gods. As for Orpheus, he acquired the lyre from his father, Apollo, who taught Orpheus how to play

In addition to written sources, another very important category of sources is pictorial testimonies or pictorial sources (depictions of scenes of musical life on vases), as well as the remains of musical instruments found in excavations . The number of pictorial testimonies is great and this fact in itself is testimony to the importance of music in the daily life of the ancient Greeks.
Lyra: the most widespread stringed instrument of ancient Greece, a musical instrument particularly popular since it was not necessarily an instrument of professionals. A symbol of Apollo, the lyre was not used in public events, while it was the instrument par excellence for training the young. It can be characterized as the national organ of the ancient Greeks.
 

A typical example is the Harpist in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens, a marble statue of Proto-Cycladic art (2800 – 2300 BC) that represents a seated harpist playing a type of harp.

Lyres are found in the palace of Pylos and in Crete (1400 BC). The lyre was identified with Apollo. According to mythology, Hermes invented it: When Apollo (Fig.) discovered that Hermes had stolen his oxen, he chased him. Running to hide, he accidentally stepped on a turtle shell. Noticing that the raven made the sound louder, he made the first lyre and gave it to Apollo, appeasing his anger.
The flute, the diaulos, the askalos, the syrigus of Pan, the salpyx, the drum and the rattle, the cymbals, the rattles, the seistro, the croupezio, the whisper and the chalkeophone are some of the wind and percussion instruments.

Lyra: the most widespread stringed instrument of ancient Greece, a musical instrument particularly popular since it was not necessarily an instrument of professionals. A symbol of Apollo, the lyre was not used in public events, while it was the instrument par excellence for training the young. It can be characterized as the national organ of the ancient Greeks. The lyre was the civilised instrument of the cultured Apollo, while the pipe or flute was used by the wilder, nature-dwelling deities. On one occasion the god Pan, boasting of his mastery of the pipes, was foolish enough to challenge Apollo to a contest.

Apollo the Guitarist” seated on a rock, holding his lyre and key. (Detail from the sides).
Roman copy of a Greek original of the 4th BC. h. The work can be dated to the late Hadrian-Antonine period (mid 2nd century AD). It is possible that it was placed in a temple as a gift from the emperor, the only one who could dispose of such a precious material in large quantities as porphyry or porphyry.
Purchased by the Farnese from the Sassi family, it was located in the Palazzo in Campo dei Fiori. The earliest Farnese catalogs specify the “metal or bronze” construction of the head, arms and legs. These parts were removed and replaced by what is visible today in white marble, the work of Carlo Albacini (1734-1813), on the occasion of the sculpture’s transfer to Naples in 1805. Napoli Museo Nazionale – Piano Terra – Collezione Farnese – sala I .
The god, clothed in a long tunic of purple porphyry, held by a belt below the breast, sits on a rock holding the lyre in the left hand and the key in the right (in white marble, inserted by Albacini). His costume, which resembles a woman’s, is the festive costume of the Pythians, worn by the performers taking part in the music competition.
From 1850 BC at Minoan Knossos large column bases of some variety of porphyry are found. And the ancient Egyptians used varieties of this stone in their constructions. It is a volcanic rock that forms when magma cools slowly below the earth’s surface. It has a unique texture and “luxurious” color, which was especially valued during the Roman period to satisfy the love of luxury of the Roman elite. It was red-brown to red-purple in color, like the color dyed with the material from the rare sea snails with the ancient Greek name “porphyres”, hence its name. The purple porphyry was also called “imperial” and had been discovered in an isolated location in Egypt in 18 AD by a Roman legionnaire, according to Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus, 23-79), in his “Natural History” (Naturalis Historia) . Like the purple cloth, it was characteristic of the emperors (e.g. their “tongas” were made from it in their busts). But also later, it was used by the emperors of the Eastern Roman state, called Byzantium by the historians, in their sarcophagi and in Byzantine imperial monuments.This stone is also valued for its versatility.It can be cut and carved into various shapes and sizes , making it ideal for a range of applications.Its use continues later, in the constructions of Western European emperors and kings.

The harp has legendary origins: in Greek mythology, it was invented by the god Apollo. Charmed by the sound of Artemi’s bow, he gave her strings to attach to the weapon, creating a new instrument. The harp, played by angels and by kings, amazes us with its delicate and crystalline sound.

FRENCH INNOVATIONS
The first pedals were the invention of the Bavarian luthier Hochbrücker at the beginning of the 18th century. Several instrument makers in France developed new innovations and patents, including one by the writer, watchmaker, diplomat and businessman Pierre Beaumarchais. The famous piano maker Sebastien Érard gave the harp seven pedals in the 19th century, one per note of the scale
.

In the 20th century, the innovations continued. At the beginning of the century, the Pleyel House patented a harp without pedals, called the chromatic harp, at the request of several musicians. This harp was used in a composition by Claude Debussy, the Sacred Dance and Secular Dance. Although it was not a commercial success, the piece is very interesting for the history of music and is a masterpiece of chamber music.

Ravel
Maurice Ravel with the harpist Lily Laskine at a performance of Ravel’s Introduction et allegro in 1935.
French involvement in the development of this instrument is still strong today! The French harpist Anja Linder, who was paralyzed following an accident, invented the “Anjamatic”, an electro-pneumatic harp without pedals. Anja teaches the “Anjamatic” at the Strasbourg Conservatory. She was named a Knight of the National Order of Merit in 2016.

The history and development of the harp is bursting with as many notes, high and low, as the instrument itself is capable of. The most exciting part of the harp’s history is what’s still to come for this ancient instrument.

The word music, according to the writings of the ancient Greek poets and philosophers, is derived from “Musa”. Musa again, is produced from maousa = Musa. “ma” is the root of the verb mao-mo = to devise or search or ask mentally. (In the Doric dialect the word “Muse” is “Moses”).

The word music The word music, in today’s time, means the art of sounds, unlike the ancient Greeks who gave the word music a different meaning, they meant the indissoluble unity of sound and speech, something that does not exist nowadays.

With sport the body is exercised, while with music the spirit.

Music, the gift of the Muses, in ancient Greece, defined and characterized the man who acts, thinks and feels. Thus, as a means of spiritual maturation, the word that would characterize ancient Greek music is not the word “art” but the words education and power. This can also be seen from the fact that the one who played the flute e.g. he was called a piper and not a musician, i.e. he was considered a simple performer. But after the separation of music from speech, language, which happened shortly after Plato, we see the use of the concept musician. This change was to be the birth of an autonomous art which, as mentioned above, was embedded within discourse.

Ancient Greek Music

Ancient Greek music holds a special place among the musical cultures of Antiquity. The main reason for this is certainly the fact that the historical evidence and sources for the study of ancient Greek musical culture are more than for any other musical culture of antiquity. However, apart from this, and perhaps thanks to this, the ancient Greek musical culture exerted a great influence on later musical cultures in Europe and also in the Middle East, mainly on the Arab musical culture. This effect concerns, at least in the case of European music, the aesthetics of music, music creation, music education and more generally the place of music in education, music theory and other fields, which are today, as well as the former subject of musicology.

The influence of ancient Greek music on later musical cultures is not only due to any historical testimonies and sources regarding it. It is due, and in fact to a large extent, to the overall effect of the ancient Greek and Roman civilization on modern Europe, especially during the Renaissance years, but not only then. Ancient Greek music became for the humanists, but often also for the musicians of the Renaissance, the ideal model of music. Thus, as often happens in similar cases, a myth was created around ancient Greek music, based more on the musical reality of later times and on historical fallacies, than on the positive knowledge of the sources that survived. This myth was certainly productive for the development of modern music, as it shows e.g. the genesis of opera. However, for the knowledge of ancient Greek music itself, it had several negative consequences, which musicological research began to overcome from the middle of the 19th century. and so on. From this time, a systematic research of ancient Greek music, freed from the distorting lenses of later periods, began.

SOURSES

The abundance of surviving information on ancient Greek music allows a systematic classification of sources, which is not only valid for Greek antiquity, but for the history of music in general and is used to classify sources at least until the end of the Middle Ages.

The first and basic category of sources are written sources. Written sources are divided into two separate categories, practical and theoretical sources.

Practical sources are called surviving fragments of music in musical notation. From the practical sources mainly hymns survived in fragments and have been transcribed into today’s musical writing (two Delphic hymns of Apollo, the epitaph of Sicily, etc.). These passages about ancient Greek music are few (about 50 in total) and above all short and often with gaps and deficiencies in the notation.

Texts about music are called theoretical sources. Theoretical sources include, in addition to special treatises on music theory, the numerous references to music and musical life contained in literary, philosophical and historical works. Theoretical sources of this category are often called here philological sources. The theoretical as opposed to the practical are many and contain valuable and often extensive information on many issues, yet there are gaps and difficulties in understanding them. The main works are by Aristoxenus, Euclid, Nicomachus and Alypius (who gives us detailed tables of ancient Greek musical writing).

In addition to written sources, another very important category of sources is pictorial evidence or pictorial sources (depictions of scenes of musical life on vases), as well as the remains of musical instruments found in excavations. The number of pictorial testimonies is great and this fact in itself is testimony to the importance of music in the daily life of the ancient Greeks.

Historical Overview

It is difficult for anyone to determine the temporal and geographical boundaries of the musical culture of ancient Greece. A key difficulty is the dissociation between the temporal origins of different kinds of sources. Thus, the surviving theoretical sources, as well as the surviving nuggets of practical sources, date almost exclusively to the first post-Christian centuries. On the contrary, the philological and pictorial sources are abundant already from the period of greatest flowering of this culture – that is, from the 7th to the 4th BC. century or so. therefore, following a demarcation that is more or less generally accepted and corresponds in general terms to the geographical and temporal demarcation of the period of birth and heyday of the ancient Greek culture, we can say that ancient Greek music covers a period of time that begins in the last centuries of 2nd millennium BC and ends at the end of the 4th century BC. (i.e. at the beginning of the Hellenistic Period), and developed mainly in the main part of Greece and in the Greek cities of Asia Minor and Lower Italy. The period of more than a thousand years determined by the above time limits corresponds to various periods of ancient Greek history. Thus the history of ancient Greek music can be subdivided into two major periods:

Aphrodite is , as well associated with the harp. Though she wasn’t an actual goddess, Calliope is often depicted with one. The character of Orpheus, again not regarded as a god, was a harpist (or probably more accurately, the lyre)

Orpheus, ancient Greek from Thraca legendary hero endowed with superhuman musical skills. He became the patron of a religious movement based on sacred writings said to be his own. Traditionally, Orpheus was the son of a Muse (probably Calliope, the patron of epic poetry) and Oeagrus, a king of Thrace (other versions give Apollo). Apollo, as the god of music, gave Orpheus a golden lyre and taught him to play it. Orpheus’s mother taught him to make verses for singing. (Orpheus name derives fro the verb root *h₃erbʰ- ‘to change allegiance, status, ownership’. Cognates could include Greek: ὄρφνη (órphnē; ‘darkness’) and ὀρφανός (orphanós; ‘fatherless, orphan’) from which comes English ‘orphan’ through Latin.

The story of Orpheus has resonated through the millennia and has been a popular subject of art, music and literature for more than 2,500 years. The Greek legend was flourishing by the mid-sixth century B.C., and variations of his story appear in the ancient writings of Aristophanes, Plato, Aristotle, Apollodorus, Virgil and Ovid. According to one version of the myth, Orpheus was the son of the muse Calliope. Given a lyre (a form of ancient harp) by the god Apollo and instructed in its use by the Muses, he became so skilled at creating music with it that he was able to charm and placate elements of both the natural and supernatural world. Animals, trees, rocks and even some of the gods themselves were moved by the music from his golden harp, and ancient images of him often depict scenes in which Orpheus is surrounded by a variety of tranquil creatures, both real and mythical.

Abode
SymbolLYRE
Personal information
BornPIMPEIAPIERIA
DiedPangaion HillsOdomantice
ParentsOeagrus and Calliope
SpouseEURYDIKE
ChildrenMUSAEUS
Orpheus and Eurydice in Palais GarnierParis. ΟΡΦΕΥΣ (Orpheus) and ΕΥΡΥΔΙΚΗ (Eurydice).

The power of Orpheus’s music led Jason and his fellow Argonauts to seek his aid on their quest for the Golden Fleece, but the primary story associated with Orpheus concerns his wife, a nymph named Eurydice. According to legend, she was killed after being bitten by a poisonous snake. Devastated by her death and determined to recover his lost love, Orpheus descends into the underworld, where he uses the power of his music to charm Charon, the ferryman who brings the dead across the River Styx, in order to gain passage to the underworld. As he continues, he also enchants the monstrous guardian of the gates to the underworld, the three-headed dog Cerberus.

Glancing back however is often a symbol of a reluctance to look forward, to be distracted, dwell on the past and remain static. To the ancient Greeks, Orpheus was a legendary prophet, poet and musician. Because the moral behind both stories is “Don’t look back.” Orpheus wanted to bring his wife, Eurydice, back to life and was told not to look back or he would lose everything. Lot was told by God that he must not look back or he would turn to ashes. Of course his wife didn’t listen and she became a pile of ash/salt

His music and grief so moves Queen Persephone that she pleads with her grim consort, Hades, to release Eurydice and allow Orpheus to bring his wife out of the underworld. The god of the underworld grants this request, but only on the condition that Orpheus trust that Eurydice is following him; he must not look back at her until they pass beyond the realm of Hades’ domain and into the world of the living. Their escape is depicted in Sir Edward John Poynter’s dramatic 1862 oil-on-canvas Orpheus and Eurydice. At the last moment, Orpheus is unable to resist looking back at his love, and thus he is forced to watch as she is once again transported back to the world of the dead..

*******A R I O N

Arion was a lyric poet from Mithymna (Molyvos) in Lesvos. We do not even know the year of his birth and death. The information about him and his life comes mainly from the historian Herodotus. He left Lesbos early and lived near the tyrant of Corinth Periandros (625 – 585 BC).

He was the best guitar player of his time and contributed to the development of the dithyramb, the hymn of Dionysian worship, which was the forerunner of tragedy. Arion was the first to compose a dithyramb, gave it a lyrical form and narrative content and presented it at the court of the art-loving tyrant Periander, in Corinth. Arion presented the dancers disguised as Satyrs, i.e. with characteristics of goats, which is why he was called the “inventor of the tragic way”. As a poet and composer, he wrote chants (hymns) and preludes (guitar rules), of which not a single verse has survived. According to Herodotus Arion had won a musical competition in Sicily.

Arion, playing his kithara and riding dolphins. Sculpture by Jean Raon (Grove of the Domes [fr], Gardens of Versailles)

There is a story about his life, which is more like a fairy tale, and it was bequeathed to us by Herodotus. Once, Arion decided to travel to Sicily for a living. There, after having collected a lot of money and wealth through his art, he started the return journey in a Corinthian ship. During the voyage the sailors decided to rob him and throw him overboard. Arion offered to give them money to save his life, but in vain. Then, he begged them to do him one last favor. To let him sing before his death. The sailors accepted. Arion, having put on his good clothes, took the guitar in his hands, stood on the prow of the ship and sang the “standing law”, a hymn to Standing Artemis and others a hymn to Apollo the god of music. His song attracted dolphins around the ship. At the end of the song he threw himself into the sea. A dolphin enchanted by his song took him on its back and took him out to Cape Tainaro. From there, Arion went on foot to Corinth, where he reported everything to Periander, the tyrant of Corinth. He ordered the sailors, who had meanwhile returned to Corinth, to be arrested and put to death.

Arion, riding a dolphin; from the statue by Ernest-Eugene Hiolle. Illustration for The Chefs-D’Oeuvre d’Art of the International Exhibition, 1878, edited by Edward Straham (Gebbie & Barrie, c 1878).

Greek mythology is intended to serve as an education for the people of Ancient Greece, and with the Myth of Orpheus and Eurydice, they are taught two things. First, you need to stay true to your word. And, second, always be respectful to the gods.

He was the best guitar player of his time and contributed to the development of the dithyramb, the hymn of Dionysian worship, which was the forerunner of tragedy. Arion was the first to compose a dithyramb, gave it a lyrical form and narrative content and presented it at the court of the art-loving tyrant Periander, in Corinth. Arion presented the dancers disguised as Satyrs, i.e. with characteristics of goats, which is why he was called the “inventor of the tragic way”. As a poet and composer, he wrote chants (hymns) and preludes (guitar rules), of which not a single verse has survived. According to Herodotus Arion had won a musical competition in Sicily.

There is a story about his life, which is more like a fairy tale, and it was bequeathed to us by Herodotus. Once, Arion decided to travel to Sicily for a living. There, after having collected a lot of money and wealth through his art, he started the return journey in a Corinthian ship. During the voyage the sailors decided to rob him and throw him overboard. Arion offered to give them money to save his life, but in vain. Then, he begged them to do him one last favor. To let him sing before his death. The sailors accepted. Arion, having put on his good clothes, took the guitar in his hands, stood on the prow of the ship and sang the “standing law”, a hymn to Standing Artemis and others a hymn to Apollo the god of music. His song attracted dolphins around the ship. At the end of the song he threw himself into the sea. A dolphin enchanted by his song took him on its back and took him out to Cape Tainaro. From there, Arion went on foot to Corinth, where he reported everything to Periander, the tyrant of Corinth. He ordered the sailors, who had meanwhile returned to Corinth, to be arrested and put to death.

THE O A T T H OF HIPPOCRATES

One of the oldest binding documents in history, the Oath written by Hippocrates is still held sacred by physicians: to treat the ill to the best of one’s ability, to preserve a patient’s privacy, to teach the secrets of medicine to the next generation, and so on.There are many versions of the Hippocratic Oath. We here present two versions. First, the “classic” version (or more precisely, one translation of the original oath). And then, following it, is presented one of the fine “modern” versions of the Hippocratic Oath.

 Ο Όρκος του Ιπποκράτη (The Oath of Hippocrates)

ὌΜΝΥΜΙ ἈΠΌΛΛΩΝΑ ἸΗΤΡΌΝ ΚΑΊ ἈΣΚΛΗΠΙΌΝ ΚΑΊ ὙΓΕΊΑΝ ΚΑΙ ΠΑΝΆΚΕΙΑΝ ΚΑΊ ΘΕΟΎΣ ΠΆΝΤΑΣ ΤΕ ΚΑΙ ΠΆΣΑΣ, ἽΣΤΟΡΑΣ ΠΟΙΕΎΜΕΝΟΣ, ἘΠΙΤΕΛΈΑ ΠΟΙΉΣΕΙΝ ΚΑΤΆ ΔΎΝΑΜΙΝ ΚΑΊ ΚΡΊΣΙΝ ἘΜΉΝ ὍΡΚΟΝ ΤΌΝΔΕ ΚΑΊ ΞΥΓΓΡΑΦΉΝ ΤΉΝΔΕ.ἩΓΉΣΕΣΘΑΙ ΜΈΝ ΤΌΝ ΔΙΔΆΞΑΝΤΆ ΜΕ ΤΗΝ ΤΈΧΝΗΝ ΤΑΎΤΗΝ ἼΣΑ ΓΕΝΈΤΗΙΣΙΝ ἘΜΟΙ͂ΣΙ, ΚΑΊ ΒΊΟΥ ΚΟΙΝΏΣΕΣΘΑΙ, ΚΑΊ ΧΡΕΩ͂Ν ΧΡΗΊΖΟΝΤΙ ΜΕΤΆΔΟΣΙΝ ΠΟΙΉΣΕΣΘΑΙ, ΚΑΊ ΓΈΝΟΣ ΤΌ ἘΞ ΑΥ̓ΤΟΥ͂ ἈΔΕΛΦΕΟΙ͂Σ ἼΣΟΝ ἘΠΙΚΡΙΝΈΕΙΝ ἌΡΡΕΣΙ, ΚΑΊ ΔΙΔΆΞΕΙΝ ΤΉΝ ΤΈΧΝΗΝ ΤΑΎΤΗΝ, ἭΝ ΧΡΗΊΖΩΣΙ ΜΑΝΘΆΝΕΙΝ, ἌΝΕΥ ΜΙΣΘΟΥ͂ ΚΑΊ ΞΥΓΓΡΑΦΗ͂Σ, ΠΑΡΑΓΓΕΛΊΗΣ ΤΕ ΚΑΊ ἈΚΡΟΉΣΙΟΣ ΚΑΊ ΤΗ͂Σ ΛΟΙΠΗ͂Σ ἉΠΆΣΗΣ ΜΑΘΉΣΙΟΣ ΜΕΤΆΔΟΣΙΝ ΠΟΙΉΣΑΣΘΑΙ ΥἹΟΙ͂ΣΙ ΚΑΊ ΤΟΙ͂ΣΙ ΤΟΥ͂ ἘΜΈ ΔΙΔΆΞΑΝΤΟΣ ΚΑΊ ΜΑΘΗΤΑΙ͂ΣΙ ΣΥΓΓΕΓΡΑΜΜΈΝΟΙΣ ΤΕ ΚΑΊ ὩΡΚΙΣΜΈΝΟΙΣ ΝΌΜΩΙ ἸΗΤΡΙΚΏ, ἌΛΛΩΙ ΔΈ ΟΥ̓ΔΕΝΊ.ΔΙΑΙΤΉΜΑΣΊ ΤΕ ΧΡΉΣΟΜΑΙ ἘΠ᾿ ὨΦΕΛΕΊΗΙ ΚΑΜΝΌΝΤΩΝ ΚΑΤΆ ΔΎΝΑΜΙΝ ΚΑΊ ΚΡΊΣΙΝ ἘΜΉΝ, ἘΠΊ ΔΗΛΉΣΕΙ ΔΈ ΚΑΊ ἈΔΙΚΊΗΙ ΕἼΡΞΕΙΝ.ΟΥ̓ ΔΏΣΩ ΔΈ ΟΥ̓ΔΈ ΦΆΡΜΑΚΟΝ ΟΥ̓ΔΕΝΊ ΑἸΤΗΘΕΊΣ ΘΑΝΆΣΙΜΟΝ, ΟΥ̓ΔΈ ὙΦΗΓΉΣΟΜΑΙ ΞΥΜΒΟΥΛΊΗΝ ΤΟΙΉΝΔΕ˙ ὉΜΟΊΩΣ ΔΈ ΟΥ̓ΔΈ ΓΥΝΑΙΚΊ ΠΕΣΣΌΝ ΦΘΌΡΙΟΝ ΔΏΣΩ.ἉΓΝΩ͂Σ ΔΕ ΚΑΊ ὉΣΊΩΣ ΔΙΑΤΗΡΉΣΩ ΒΊΟΝ ΤΌΝ ἘΜΌΝ ΚΑΊ ΤΈΧΝΗΝ ΤΉΝ ΕΜΉΝ.ΟΥ̓ ΤΕΜΈΩ ΔΕ ΟΥ̓ΔΈΝ ΜΗΝ ΛΙΘΙΩ͂ΝΤΑΣ, ἘΚΧΩΡΉΣΩ ΔΕ ἘΡΓΆΤΗΙΣΙΝ ἈΝΔΡΆΣΙΝ ΠΡΉΞΙΟΣ ΤΗ͂ΣΔΕ.ἘΣ ΟἸΚΊΑΣ ΔΕ ὉΚΌΣΑΣ ἌΝ ἘΣΊΩ, ἘΣΕΛΕΎΣΟΜΑΙ ἘΠ᾿ ὨΦΕΛΕΊΗΙ ΚΑΜΝΌΝΤΩΝ, ἘΚΤΌΣ ἘΏΝ ΠΆΣΗΣ ἈΔΙΚΊΗΣ ἙΚΟΥΣΊΗΣ ΚΑΊ ΦΘΟΡΊΗΣ ΤΗ͂Σ ΤΕ ἌΛΛΗΣ ΚΑΊ ἈΦΡΟΔΙΣΊΩΝ ἜΡΓΩΝ ἘΠΊ ΤΕ ΓΥΝΑΙΚΕΊΩΝ ΣΩΜΆΤΩΝ ΚΑΊ ἈΝΔΡΕΊΩΝ, ἘΛΕΥΘΈΡΩΝ ΤΕ ΚΑΊ ΔΟΎΛΩΝ.Ἅ Δ᾿ ἌΝ ἘΝ ΘΕΡΑΠΕΊΗΙ Ἤ ΊΔΩ Ἤ ΑΚΟΎΣΩ, Ἤ ΚΑΊ ἌΝΕΥ ΘΕΡΑΠΕΊΗΣ ΚΑΤΆ ΒΊΟΝ ἈΝΘΡΏΠΩΝ, Ἅ ΜΉ ΧΡΉ ΠΟΤΕ ἘΚΛΑΛΈΕΣΘΑΙ ἜΞΩ, ΣΙΓΉΣΟΜΑΙ, ἌΡΡΗΤΑ ἩΓΕΎΜΕΝΟΣ ΕἾΝΑΙ ΤΆ ΤΟΙΑΥ͂ΤΑ.

Ὅρκον μέν οὖν μοι τόνδε ἐπιτελέα ποιέοντι καί μή ξυγχέοντι εἴη ἐπαύρασθαι καί βίου καί τέχνης, δοξαζομένῳ παρά πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις ἐς τόν αἰεί χρόνον˙ παραβαίνοντι δέ καί ἐπιορκέοντι, τἀναντία τουτέων.

TRANSLATION form ancient Greek:

Hippocratic Oath: 

I swear by Apollo Physician and Asclepius and Hygieia and Panaceia and all the gods and goddesses, making them my witnesses, that I will fulfil according to my ability and judgment this oath and this covenant:

To hold him who has taught me this art as equal to my parents and to live my life in partnership with him, and if he is in need of money to give him a share of mine, and to regard his offspring as equal to my brothers in male lineage and to teach them this art – if they desire to learn it – without fee and covenant; to give a share of precepts and oral instruction and all the other learning to my sons and to the sons of him who has instructed me and to pupils who have signed the covenant and have taken an oath according to the medical law, but no one else.

I will apply dietetic measures for the benefit of the sick according to my ability and judgment; I will keep them from harm and injustice.

I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody who asked for it, nor will I make a suggestion to this effect. Similarly I will not give to a woman an abortive remedy. In purity and holiness I will guard my life and my art.

I will not use the knife, not even on sufferers from stone, but will withdraw in favor of such men as are engaged in this work.

Whatever houses I may visit, I will come for the benefit of the sick, remaining free of all intentional injustice, of all mischief and in particular of sexual relations with both female and male persons, be they free or slaves.

What I may see or hear in the course of the treatment or even outside of the treatment in regard to the life of men, which on no account one must spread abroad, I will keep to myself, holding such things shameful to be spoken about.

If I fulfil this oath and do not violate it, may it be granted to me to enjoy life and art, being honored with fame among all men for all time to come; if I transgress it and swear falsely, may the opposite of all this be my lot.

Hippocrates

 

Hippocrates: “What keeps health is equitable distribution and precise mixing within body forces (= egalitarianism) of dry, liquid, cold, sweet, bitter, sour and salty. The disease causes the predominance of one (= monarchy). Treatment is accomplished by restoring the disturbed balance, the method of the opposite of excess power. “

These concepts we find intact to Hippocrates. The exact mix, equality before the law, symmetry, harmony, are the basis of the doctrines of the Pythagoreans and Ippokrati.Grafei features Hippocrates: “In man there is the bitter and salty, sweet, sour, astringent and the the bland … and these components when mixed and combined together, neither shown nor affect humans. But when some of all separated and left alone it seems to cause harm “.

If we eat a lot of sweets and hydrocarbons and has become our body chocolate and patisserie, there has been an imbalance. The prevalence of fresh weight of bitter will pay dearly indeed. The volumes are full of zachari.Afto demonstrated the Warburg. In 2001 a medical conference in Karlsruhe, Germany, confirmed the adage: “that is bitter in the mouth, it is good for the stomach.” It was stressed that the bitter substances, contributing decisively to the overall process of digestion.

The movements of the stomach and intestine are intensifying and promoting food accelerating. Stimulate the secretion of bile and pancreatic, improve digestion albums, proteins and lipon.Meionetai sense of blowing and prevented fermentation and decay processes occurring in the intestines. Through B12 absorption improvement, bitter substances supporting blood production, promote the absorption of fat soluble components, like iron. The bitter substances support and creating bases (alkaline high pH) in the body. And act m “thereby against peroxidation

The Law of Hippocrates

1. Medicine is of all the arts the most noble; but, owing to the ignorance of those who practice it, and of those who, inconsiderately, form a judgment of them, it is at present far behind all the other arts. Their mistake appears to me to arise principally from this, that in the cities there is no punishment connected with the practice of medicine (and with it alone) except disgrace, and that does not hurt those who are familiar with it. Such persons are the figures which are introduced in tragedies, for as they have the shape, and dress, and personal appearance of an actor, but are not actors, so also physicians are many in title but very few in reality.

2. Whoever is to acquire a competent knowledge of medicine, ought to be possessed of the following advantages: a natural disposition; instruction; a favorable position for the study; early tuition; love of labor; leisure. First of all, a natural talent is required; for, when Nature leads the way to what is most excellent, instruction in the art takes place, which the student must try to appropriate to himself by reflection, becoming an early pupil in a place well adapted for instruction. He must also bring to the task a love of labor and perseverance, so that the instruction taking root may bring forth proper and abundant fruits.

3. Instruction in medicine is like the culture of the productions of the earth. For our natural disposition, is, as it were, the soil; the tenets of our teacher are, as it were, the seed; instruction in youth is like the planting of the seed in the ground at the proper season; the place where the instruction is communicated is like the food imparted to vegetables by the atmosphere; diligent study is like the cultivation of the fields; and it is time which imparts strength to all things and brings them to maturity.

4. Having brought all these requisites to the study of medicine, and having acquired a true knowledge of it, we shall thus, in traveling through the cities, be esteemed physicians not only in name but in reality. But inexperience is a bad treasure, and a bad fund to those who possess it, whether in opinion or reality, being devoid of self-reliance and contentedness, and the nurse both of timidity and audacity. For timidity betrays a want of powers, and audacity a lack of skill. They are, indeed, two things, knowledge and opinion, of which the one makes its possessor really to know, the other to be ignorant.

5. Those things which are sacred, are to be imparted only to sacred persons; and it is not lawful to impart them to the profane until they have been initiated into the mysteries of the science.

And we will adopt the tactics of the University Hippocrates who told us that we are what we eat … But what happens there nowadays this spate of cancer? Let us know the Hippocratic anticancer defense, which is based on a balance of four basic tastes. The almond oil is obtained from the fruit of the kernel. Rich in vitamins A, E, B1, B2, B6, B17, and trace elements. Vitamin B17 is vitamin. It is the old name of amygdalin, as we read in an article news portal.

Amygdalin is the bitter component of almonds and a potential toxin as it can release cyanide in the body. The amygdalin is considered to have anticancer properties, but this has not been proven scientifically.

It has been argued that the exclusion of bitter substances – only delight and pleasure in our throat is our motto – we excluded one of the four primary tastes: salty, sour, bitter, sweet. Many have rejected and sour and have chosen the salty and sweet. So balance (isorropia). Hippocrates emphasized the balance, influenced by the father of Greek medicine doctor Alkmaion.

He is considered the peak of Greek medicine because he first dealt with the anatomy and physiology and formulated as follows perceptions of health and illness, adopted by

Hippocrates:“What kee ps health is equitable distribution and precise mixing within body forces (= egalitarianism) of: dry, liquid, cold, sweet, bitter, sour and salty. The disease causes the predominance of one (= monarchy). Treatment is accomplished by restoring the disturbed balance, the method of the opposite of excess power. “

These concepts we find intact to Hippocrates. The exact mix, equality before the law, symmetry, harmony, are the basis of the doctrines of the Pythagoreans and Ippokrati.Grafei features Hippocrates: “In man there is the bitter and salty, sweet, sour, astringent and the the bland … and these components when mixed and combined together, neither shown nor affect humans. But when some of all separated and left alone it seems to cause harm “.

If we eat a lot of sweets and hydrocarbons and has become our body chocolate and patisserie, there has been an imbalance. The prevalence of fresh weight of bitter will pay dearly indeed. The volumes are full of zachari.Afto demonstrated the Warburg. In 2001 a medical conference in Karlsruhe, Germany, confirmed the adage: “that is bitter in the mouth, it is good for the stomach.” It was stressed that the bitter substances, contributing decisively to the overall process of digestion.

The movements of the stomach and intestine are intensifying and promoting food accelerating. Stimulate the secretion of bile and pancreatic, improve digestion albums, proteins and lipon.Meionetai sense of blowing and prevented fermentation and decay processes occurring in the intestines. Through B12 absorption improvement, bitter substances supporting blood production, promote the absorption of fat soluble components, like iron. The bitter substances support and creating bases (alkaline high pH) in the body. And act m “thereby against peroxidation

Hippocrates was the first who took into account the environment, working conditions and weather. A special place in medicine Hippocrates had nature. When the father of modern medicine, is inherent in man an animal power, which determines the balance of the body and is none other than nature. Therefore, investigating the natural environment of the patient. Residence, the atmosphere in which he lived, and the weather changes its place. Proper nutrition and diet were also key requirements for good human health.

The Hippocratic Oath (Ορκος) is perhaps the most widely known of Greek medical texts. It requires a new physician to swear upon a number of healing gods that he will uphold a number of professional ethical standards. It also strongly binds the student to his teacher and the greater community of physicians with responsibilities similar to that of a family member. In fact, the creation of the Oath may have marked the early stages of medical training to those outside the first families of Hippocratic medicine, the Asclepiads of Kos, by requiring strict loyalty.

Over the centuries, it has been rewritten often in order to suit the values of different cultures influenced by Greek medicine. Contrary to popular belief, the Hippocratic Oath is not required by most modern medical schools, although some have adopted modern versions that suit many in the profession in the 21st century. It also does not explicitly contain the phrase, “First, do no harm,” which is commonly attributed to it.

BELOW:

ASKLIPIOS SCHOOL (Est.1200years B.C.) at the island of KOS

The Aphorisms of Hippocrates – Most Important

BEFORE SOMEONE IS BELIEVING THAT (HE OR SHE) KNOWS ABOUT HIPPOCRATES ….

AT FIRST HAS TO STUDY About  ASCLEPIOS , HIPPOCRATES & THIS Aphorisms, his philosophy, the four elementsetc etc!..(Just read more about in this site)

START NOW!!

THE APHORISMS ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT WORKS OF THE HIPPOCRATIC CORPUS. IT WAS THE SUBJECT OF ADMIRATION OF DOCTORS OF ALL TIME AND DISTRIBUTEDO WIDELY OVER THE CENTURIES, WAS COPIED MORE THAN ALL THE OTHER WORKS OF ANCIENT GREEK MEDICAL LITERATURE. IT IS ELEMENTARY EPITOME SEMIOTICS, DIETARY, THERAPEUTIC AND PROGNOSTIC OF KOAN MEDICAL SCHOOL.

 

THE DESIGNER READILY UNDERSTANDS THAT THESE THOUGHTS WISE AND EXPERIENCED PHYSICIAN AND TEACHER, BUT NOT RECORDED BY THE SAME, THEREBY CONTAIN REPETITIONS AND BE UNCLASSIFIED.

 

IT IS LIKELY TO BE A PATTERN USED BY HIPPOCRATES FOR TEACHING. LATER STUDENTS FOUND IT AND INCLUDED IT IN HIS WORKS. SO THIS IS THE AUTHENTIC FATHER OF MEDICINE PROJECT:

 

 

IN THE FIRST PART, CONTAINED IN A SUMMARY MATTERS REGARDING GENERAL MEDICAL AND DIETARY-THERAPEUTIC AND GENERAL ON AUTOMATIC AND EVOKED STOOLS AND NUTRITION. “THE LIFE IS SHORT AND THE ART LONG, AND THE WEATHER SHARP, AND THE EXPERIENCE ERRONEOUS AND THE JUDGMENT TOUGH”. FAMOUS APHORISM THAT HAS BEEN FOREFRONT IN MEDICAL SCHOOLS, MEDICAL EMBLEM ON MANY PROJECTS AND HAS BEEN THE SUBJECT OF COMMENTS LARGE SAGES OF ANTIQUITY, SUCH AS GALEN, LUCIAN, SENECA AND YOUNGER PHYSICIANS AND PHILOSOPHERS SUCH AS GOETHE, ETC.

 

IN THE SECOND SECTION, INCLUDED APHORISMS RELEVANT TO PROGNOSIS OF DISEASE IN GENERAL. FIRST MENTIONED PREDICTIVE SYMPTOMS FOR SLEEP, WORTHY GREAT CLINICIAN, FOR EXAMPLE HIGH RISK OF DISEASES AGGRAVATED BY SLEEP. WISE ALSO OBSERVATION IS THAT BOTH EXCESSIVE INSOMNIA AND EXCESSIVE SLEEPINESS ARE UNPLEASANT SYMPTOMS. ALSO SUDDEN FATIGUE HERALDS IASTHENEIA, OBESE ARE MORE AT RISK OF SUDDEN DEATH FROM THE WEAK, THOSE WHO OFTEN FEEL TOO TIRED FOR NO REASON, DYING. THESE ARE ALL WISE PHYSICIAN EXPERIENCED OBSERVATIONS.

 

THE THIRD SECTION REFERS TO THE INFLUENCE THAT THE APPEARANCE AND CHARACTER OF THE DISEASE THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND AGE.

 

IN THE FOURTH SECTION, ON TREATMENT WITH EMETICS AND LAXATIVES AND DIAGNOSTIC INFORMATION PARTICULARLY FEBRILE ILLNESSES, INCLUDING BANS RELEVANT TO THE PURGES, INTENTIONAL OR NOT, IN CONNECTION WITH PREGNANCY, SEASONS, THE MAKEUP OF THE INDIVIDUAL, AND NATURE OF THE DISEASE. VERY INTERESTING ARE THE APHORISMS MENTIONED IN FEVERS: SIXTHS, LABORIOUS, FEVERS TWIST NECK, INTERMITTENT, NON-INTERMITTENT, WITH SHIVERING, KAFSODEIS ETC.

 

IN THE FIFTH SECTION INCLUDES APHORISMS ON THE EFFECTS OF HEAT AND COLD ESPECIALLY IN SURGICAL DISEASES AND GYNECOLOGICAL DISEASES. SOME REFER AND CONVULSIONS, THE TETANIC CONVULSIONS AND EPILEPSY, OTHERS TO BREAST DISEASES. OTHERS RELATE MILK STERILIZATION, DISEASE OF THE UTERUS, MENSTRUATION. IN THIS SECTION ARE THE FAMOUS APHORISMS, UNDER WHICH THE OCCURRENCE OF SEIZURES IN TRAUMA IS FATAL PROGNOSIS, THE TABES AFFECTS PEOPLE AGED 18-35 YEARS, HEMOPTYSIS BLOOD FOAMED FROM LUNG, DIARRHEA IS DEADLY SYMPTOM IN CONSUMPTIVE, SUDDEN SLIMMING BREAST PREGNANT HERALDS SHEDDING ETC.

 

SECTION SIX REFER APHORISMS RELATED TO THE SYMPTOMS OF SURGICAL DISEASES. PRECIOUS ARE THOSE WHO SAID THE DISEASES OF THE KIDNEYS AND BLADDER IN THE ELDERLY DIFFICULT TO TREAT, THAT THE INJURIES TO THE BRAIN, BLADDER, INTESTINES, HEART, DIAPHRAGM, ABDOMEN AND LIVER ARE FATAL.

 

FINALLY IN THE SEVENTH SECTION ARE MANY REPETITIONS APHORISMS FROM PREVIOUS PARTS. AMONG THE MOST IMPORTANT IS THE ONE THAT STATES THAT THE ENDS OF FREEZING IS DEADLY PROGNOSTIC IN SEVERE FEBRILE ILLNESSES, AS WELL AS DEADLY PREDICTOR IS THE APPEARANCE OF VOMITING, HICCUP, SPASM OR DELIRIUM IN THE ILEUM.

 

FINALLY, THE FOLLOWING APHORISM IS USUALLY MOUNTED IN OPERATING ROOMS:

  « ‘ὈΚΌΣΑ ΦΆΡΜΑΚΑ ΟΥ̓Κ ἸΗΤΑΙ, ΣΊΔΗΡΟΣ ἼΗΤΑΙ, ὍΣΑ ΣΊΔΗΡΟΣ ΟΥ̓Κ ἸΗΤΑΙ, ΠΥ͂Ρ ἼΗΤΑΙ ὍΣΑ ΔΈ ΠΥ͂Ρ ΟΥ̓Κ ἼΗΤΑΙ, ΤΑΥ͂ΤΑ ΧΡΉ ΝΟΜΊΖΕΙΝ ἈΝΊΑΤΑ». – 

 

 

 

APHORISMS SECTION FIRST

 

 1. LIFE IS SHORT BUT THE MEDICAL LONG, OPPORTUNITY FLEETING, EXPERIENCE FALLACIOUS, CORRECT DIFFICULT CRISIS. THE PHYSICIAN MUST THEREFORE NOT ONLY TO OFFER THE SICK THAN APPROPRIATE, BUT HAS ITS OWN HELP, THE HELP OF PEOPLE AROUND HIM AND APPROPRIATE FOR THE OCCASION CONDITIONS.

 

2. DIGESTIVE DISORDERS AND VOMITING THAT OCCUR ON THEIR OWN IF THE PATIENT EXPELS WHAT SHOULD BE EXPELLED, THE STOOLS AND VOMITING ARE USEFUL AND EASILY TOLERATED “DIFFERENT IS THE OPPOSITE. THE SAME APPLIES TO ARTIFICIAL STOOLS VASCULAR AND ORGAN [BLEEDING, INDUCED VOMITING, LAXATIVES ACTIVE]. IF DONE THE RIGHT WAY, THEY ARE USEFUL AND EASILY TOLERATED “DIFFERENT IS THE OPPOSITE. SO TO JUDGE WHETHER THESE STOOLS ARE BENEFICIAL OR HARMFUL, WE MUST BE KEPT IN MIND THE PLACE, TIME, AGE AND TYPES OF DISEASES.

 

3. EXCESSIVE WELFARE OF ATHLETES IS DANGEROUS IF EVEN REACHES THE UTMOST LIMITS “STAY IN THE SAME PLACE IS IMPOSSIBLE” SO, SINCE NO ONE STANDING STILL AND NOR IS THERE ROOM FOR IMPROVEMENT, THE ONLY QUESTION LEFT IS EPIDEINOISI ‘FOR THESE REASONS ,

 

4. THE AUSTERE AND STRICT DIET IS ALWAYS RISKY AND LENGTHY ILLNESSES AND HEAVY, WHICH IS NOT ACCEPTED. MOREOVER, THE DIET THAT LEADS THE UTMOST SLIMMING LIMITS IS HARMFUL, BECAUSE THE DAMAGE IS CORRECTED WHEN IT HAS REACHED ROCK BOTTOM, IS VERY DIFFICULT.

 

5. WHEN FOLLOWING A STRICT DIET, PATIENTS MAKE MISTAKES AND THEREFORE SUFFER MORE “EVERY MISTAKE, WHATEVER IT IS, BECOMES EVEN MORE SERIOUS THAN WHAT IF IT WERE IN A LESS STRICT DIET. FOR THIS REASON, AND EVEN HEALTHY PEOPLE, THE VERY AUSTERE AND STRICT DIETS THAT ARE GOVERNED BY RULES ARE DOUBTFUL RESULT, BECAUSE EVERY DEVIATION FROM THEM BECOMES MORE DIFFICULT TOLERATED BY THE PATIENT. SO THE SIMPLE AND STRICT DIETS ARE MORE HARMFUL THAN THE LESS STRINGENT.

 

6. IN SEVERE DISEASE, THE ABSOLUTE PRECISION AND REFINEMENT IN THE TREATMENT IS THE BEST METHOD.

 

7. WHEN THE DISEASE IS TOO HEAVY, MANIFESTED IMMEDIATELY MORBID SYMPTOMS IN THE PEAK AND THE NEED TO IMMEDIATELY IMPLEMENT THE MOST STRICT DIET “IF IT DOES NOT, PERMITTED A LESS STRICT” SEVERITY RELAXES, AS THE DISEASE IS MILDER.

 

 

8. WHEN THE DISEASE IS THE MOST CRITICAL POINT, THEN IT MUST BE APPLIED VERY STRICT DIET.

 

9. WE MUST EXAMINE THE PATIENT AND DETERMINE WHETHER IT IS ABLE TO TOLERATE THE DIET UNTIL THE MOST CRITICAL POINT OF THE DISEASE AND WHICH OF THE TWO POSSIBILITIES WILL HAPPEN: IT WILL RUN OUT FIRST AND THE PATIENT WILL NOT BE ABLE TO TOLERATE OR FIRST SUBSIDES DISEASE AND WILL DIMINISH.

 

10. SO WHEN THE ILLNESS REACHES FROM THE START IN THE MOST CRITICAL POINT, WE RECOMMEND AMESOIS UNASSUMING MANNER NUTRITIONAL IF THIS COME LATER, SHOULD THE CRISIS PERIOD OR SHORTLY BEFORE THAT TO REMOVE SOME OF THE FOOD ‘THE PREVIOUS PERIOD BUT HAVE THE DIET SHOULD BE ABUNDANT, TO ENABLE THE PATIENT TO EFFECTIVELY DEAL WITH THE ILLNESS.

 

11. DURING EXACERBATIONS OF THE DISEASE, SHOULD BE REDUCED FOOD, BECAUSE THE INCREASE OF THE SUPPLY OF FOOD HARMS GENERALLY DURING EXACERBATIONS OF ALL DISEASES WHICH PERIODICALLY RECUR, SHOULD CUT THE FOOD.

 

12. EXACERBATIONS AND REMISSIONS DEPEND ON THE TYPE OF DISEASE, THE SEASON OF THE YEAR, THE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE VARIOUS PERIODS BETWEEN THEM, WHETHER THEY OCCUR EVERY DAY OR EVERY OTHER DAY OR OVER A LONGER DISTANCE, AS WELL AS FROM SUCH SYMPTOMS, IF THE PLEURAL ELIMINATION OF SPUTUM BEGIN IMMEDIATELY, SHORTENING THE DURATION OF ILLNESS “IF IT STARTS LATER, THE ILLNESS ALSO PARATEINETAI-, URINE, FAECES AND SWEATS ARE, DEPENDING ON THE WAY THEY ARE PRESENTED, AN INDICATION OF WHETHER A DISEASE IT WILL GO HARD OR EASY, THOUGH IT WILL LAST MORE OR LESS.

 

13. THE ELDERLY, MORE EASILY TOLERATE FASTING, HARDEST MATURE MEN, AND FEW YOUNG CHILDREN TOLERATE WITH DIFFICULTY, ESPECIALLY VIVID.

 

14. ORGANIZATIONS THAT HAVE DEPLOYED INHERENTLY MORE HEAT AND THEREFORE NEED MORE FOOD “OTHERWISE THEIR BODIES WITHER” OLDER PEOPLE NEED SMALL AMOUNT OF FUEL, BECAUSE THEY HAVE LESS HEAT: HIGHER AMOUNT WILL EXTINGUISH. FOR THE SAME REASON FEVERS ARE NOT AS HIGH IN THE ELDERLY BECAUSE THEIR BODIES ARE COLD.

 

15. IN WINTER AND SPRING THE BELLY IS BY NATURE VERY WARM AND SLEEP TAKES TOO LONG “AND SHOULD THEREFORE FOOD IS MORE ABUNDANT, BECAUSE IF WE CONSIDER THAT THE INNATE HEAT IS TOO GREAT, NEEDS MORE FOOD. PROOF YOUNG PEOPLE AND ATHLETES.

 

16. THE LIQUID DIET BENEFITS THOSE WHO DEVELOP FEVER, ESPECIALLY CHILDREN, AND THOSE ACCUSTOMED TO SIMILAR DIETS.

 

17. WE MUST ALSO BE CAREFUL WHEN TO ARE FED ONCE A DAY AND WHEN BOTH, WHEN MORE AND WHEN LESS, OR IN SMALL DOSEIS- ALL THIS MUST BE ADJUSTED ACCORDING TO THE HABITS OF THE PATIENT, TIME, PLACE AND AGE.

 

18. IN THE SUMMER AND AUTUMN, THE FOOD IS HARDLY TOLERABLE “VERY EASILY DONE IN WINTER AND SECONDLY IN THE SPRING.

 

19. DURING EXACERBATIONS PRESENTED AT CERTAIN TIMES SHOULD NOT GIVE ANYTHING UTENA RECOMMEND ANYTHING, BUT IS REMOVABLE PORTION OF THE FOOD THAT WE GAVE BEFORE THE CRISES.

 

20. DISEASES MARCHING SMOOTHLY TO THE CRISIS OR HAVE CONCLUSIVELY DETERMINED NOT TO BE HINDERED IN THEIR COURSE OF INNOVATIVE METHODS NOR WITH LAXATIVES OR OTHER IRRITANTS IN, BUT N ‘LEFT IN THEIR NATURAL DEVELOPMENT.

 

21. THE LIQUID TO BE CLEAN, THERE SHOULD DRIVE THEM WHERE MAINLY INCLINED BY APPROPRIATE ROADS.

 

22. CLEAN AND PUT IN MOTION THE MATURE LIQUID, NOT THE IMMATURE, NOR THE BEGINNING OF THE DISEASE, UNLESS THERE IS IRRITATION, WHICH FOR THE MOST PART DOES NOT EXIST.

 

23. THE DISCHARGED LIQUID SHOULD NOT BE JUDGED BY QUANTITY, BUT BY THE NATURAL OR UNNATURAL MANNER DISCHARGED, AS WELL AS FROM THE EASE WITH WHICH TOLERATED “AND WHEN THE NEED ARISES TO PROMOTE ABORTION TO FAINT, YOU SHOULD NOT HESITATE, WHERE THE PATIENT MAY BE TOLERATED IN THIS TEST.

 

24. IN SEVERE DISEASE ADMINISTER LAXATIVES LITTLE AT THE BEGINNING, AND THIS ONLY AFTER CAREFUL CONSIDERATION.

 

25. IF THE VACANCY IS AS IT SHOULD BE, THEN IT IS BENEFICIAL AND THE PATIENT ACCEPTS WITH RELIEF “OTHERWISE, IS IN PREDICAMENT.

 

 

 

APHORISMS SECOND PART

 

1. IF THE DISEASE CAUSES DISCOMFORT SLEEP, THE DISEASE IS FATAL. IF SLEEP RELIEVES, NOT FATAL.

 

2. IT’S A GOOD SIGN, WHEN SLEEP STOPS DELIRIUM.

 

3. WHEN SLEEP OR INSOMNIA EXCEED MODERATE SYMPTOMS ARE BAD.

 

4. NEITHER HYPERALIMENTATION NEITHER STARVATION NOR ANYTHING ELSE IS FINE IF EXCEED THE NORMAL RANGE.

 

5. FATIGUE MANIFESTED SUDDENLY HERALDS DISEASE.

 

6. THOSE WHO ACHE SOMEWHERE IN THE BODY, BUT DO NOT FEEL PAIN, SUFFER PSYCHOLOGICALLY.

 

7. THE STRENGTHENING OF THE BODY IS WEAKENED IN A LONG TIME SHOULD BE DONE SLOWLY “IN CONTRAST, FAST SHOULD BE THE STIMULATION OF BODIES WEAKEN IN THE SHORT TERM.

 

8. IF A PERSON EATS DURING RECOVERY, BUT STRONGER, IT MEANS THAT THE BODY NEEDS MORE FOOD • IF NOT STRONGER BECAUSE IT HAS NO APPETITE TO EAT, THEN WE MUST HAVE IN MIND THAT YOU NEED A LAXATIVE.

 

9. WHEN WE WANT TO CLEAN THE BODY, WE MUST FACILITATE THE ELIMINATION OF URINE AND STOOL.

 

10. THE MORE WE FEED THE BODY WITHOUT PARALLEL CLEARANCE, THE MORE HARM.

 

11. IT IS EASIER TO STIMULATE THE BODY IN LIQUID RATHER THAN SOLID FOOD.

 

12. WHEN AFTER THE CRISIS REMAIN MORBIDLY DATA, THE DISEASE RECURS.

 

13. THE CRISIS IS CAUSING DISTRESS THE NIGHT BEFORE THE FINAL FRENZY IF THE CRISIS OCCURRED THE NEXT DAY, THE SITUATION IS USUALLY MORE BEARABLE.

 

14. ON DIARRHEA VARIATIONS OF STOOLS OFE AMUSEMENT, THOUGH OF COURSE THESE CHANGES DO NOT GET MALIGNANT FORM.

 

15. WHEN THE NECK HURTS OR RASHES OCCUR IN THE BODY, WE MUST EXAMINE THE STOOLS • IF CHOLODEIS, THE WHOLE BODY IS SICK • IF NORMAL, THEN WE CAN GRANT FEARLESSLY FOOD.

 

16. WHEN FOOD IS LITTLE, WORK SHOULD NOT BE PAINFUL.

 

17. IF YOU EAT MORE THAN YOU ALLOW THE AGENCY WILL GET SICK • IT WILL LOOK AND FROM TREATMENT.

 

18. THOSE WHO EAT VERY QUICKLY AND HAVE FASTER BOWEL MOVEMENTS.

 

19. IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO PREDICT DEATH OR SALVATION OF A PERSON SUFFERING FROM SERIOUS ILLNESS, WITHOUT THE RISK OF MAKING A MISTAKE.

 

20. THOSE EFFECTED EASILY WHEN THEY ARE YOUNG, THEY BECOME CONSTIPATED AS THEIR AGE PROCEEDS • CONVERSELY, THOSE WHO ARE CONSTIPATED YOUNG, ARE EFKOILIOI, AS THE YEARS PASS.

 

21. DRINKING CUTTING HUNGER.

 

22. DISEASES CAUSED BY GASTRIC EMPTYING LOAD TREATED BY THE INTESTINAL TRACT, THOSE CAUSED BY INADEQUATE DIET OVERFED ‘IN GENERAL THE TREATMENT IS TO THE OPPOSITE OF THE ROOT CAUSES OF DISEASE.

 

23. SEVERE ILLNESSES APPEAR WITHIN FOURTEEN DAYS.

 

24. OF THE FIRST SEVEN DAYS OF ILLNESS INDICATIVE OF THE COURSE OF THE FOURTH DAY. INDICATOR IS ALSO THE EIGHTH, THAT THE PRINCIPLE OF THE SECOND WEEK. DURING THE SECOND WEEK, YOU SHOULD BEWARE OF THE ELEVENTH DAY, IT IS THE FOURTH OF THE SECOND WEEK; WE SHOULD ALSO CONSIDER IF THE DISEASE CONTINUES ITS SEVENTEENTH DAY, IT IS THE FOURTH OF THE THIRD AND SEVENTH WEEK AFTER THE ELEVENTH DAY.

 

25. TETARTAIOI FEVERS ARE USUALLY SHORT SUMMER, AUTUMN TETARTAIOI ARE LONG-TERM, ESPECIALLY THOSE THAT OCCUR IN THE WINTER.

 

26. FEVER AFTER SEIZURES ARE BETTER THAN SPASMS AFTER FEVER.

 

27. WE SHOULD NOT TRUST IMPROVE NOT PROGRESSING WELL OR TOO AFRAID ABNORMAL DETERIORATION BECAUSE USUALLY THESE MORBID CONDITIONS ARE UNCERTAIN AND HAVE NO STABILITY AND DURABILITY.

 

28. IN THE NOT TOO SLIGHT FEBRILE UGLY STAYS BODY IN THE SAME STATE WITHOUT LOSS OR EXCESSIVE WEAR • THE FORMER CASE IS INDICATIVE OF THE DURATION OF THE DISEASE AND THE SECOND ATTENUATION OF THE PATIENT.

 

29. IF AT THE BEGINNING OF THE DISEASE IT IS APPROPRIATE TO CHALLENGE MOVEMENT OF JUICE, WE CAN DO IT • BUT WHEN THE DISEASE IS AT ITS PEAK, IT IS PREFERABLE TO LEAVE THE SICK IN PEACE.

 

30. THE MORBID SYMPTOMS ARE ASTHENESTATA AT THE BEGINNING AND END • ALL ARE POWERFUL ACNE DISEASE.

 

31. IF THE PATIENT EATS DURING CONVALESCENCE AND HIS BODY STRONGER, IS UNPLEASANT SYMPTOM.

 

32. AS ALWAYS, ALL THE PATIENTS, WHEN EATING THE TOP OF APPETITE AND DO NOT STRENGTHEN ALL EVENTUALLY LOSE THEIR APPETITE. BUT THOSE WHO IN PRINCIPLE MAKE STRONG DIET AND THEN START AND EAT, HEAL BETTER.

33. IN ANY DISEASE, MENTAL CLARITY AND RETENTION OF APPETITE IS A GOOD SIGN “THE OPPOSITE IS BAD.

 

34. ON VARIOUS DISEASES, THOSE WHO EXPRESS CONDITION THAT SUITS THE NATURE, HABITS, AGE AND SEASON OF THE YEAR, ARE AT LOWER RISK THAN THOSE WHO DO NOT SHOW THIS SIMILARITY.

35. IN ALL DISEASES ARE USEABLE AREA OF ​​THE NAVEL AND THE LOWER ABDOMEN TO MAINTAIN THEIR THICKNESS, AND IS UNCOMFORTABLE THESE REGIONS TOO SLIMMER AND DRY • THIS ALSO IS NOT CONDUCIVE AT ALL AND ADMINISTERING LAXATIVES.

 

36. HEALTHY PEOPLE TAKING LAXATIVES EFFECTED QUICKLY AND FADE DURING THE PERIOD OF STOOLS, AS WELL AS PEOPLE-EATING HARMFUL FOODS.

 

37. THOSE WHO HAVE HEALTHY BODY, HARDLY TOLERATE LAXATIVES.

 

38. PREFERENCE SHOULD BE GIVEN FOOD OR DRINKS WHICH, ALTHOUGH NOT AS GOOD QUALITY, BUT IT IS PLEASANT TO THE TASTE OF DRINKS OR FOOD OF BETTER QUALITY BUT WITH NOT SO PLEASANT TASTE.

 

39. THE ELDERLY USUALLY DO NOT GET SICK AS MUCH AS THE YOUNG, BUT CHRONIC DISEASES THAT OCCUR IN THIS AGE, ARE USUALLY FOLLOWED UNTIL THEIR DEATH.

 

40. BRONCHIAL CATARRH AND CORYZA ARE NOT CURED IN VERY ELDERLY.

 

41. THOSE WHO SUFFER FREQUENT AND SEVERE FAINTING WITHOUT APPARENT CAUSE, SUDDENLY DIE.

 

42. IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO CURE SEVERE STROKE DIFFICULT BUT CURED AND LIGHTLY.

 

43. IF APANCHONISMENOS WHO DOWNLOAD FROM THE GALLOWS HAS NOT YET DIED, NOT SAVED FROM DEATH IF FOAMING AROUND THE MOUTH.

 


MEDICAL APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES ~ (MEDICAL ADVICE) SECTION 3 & 4

 

 

THE APHORISMS ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT WORKS OF THE HIPPOCRATIC CORPUS. IT WAS THE SUBJECT OF ADMIRATION OF DOCTORS OF ALL TIME AND KYKLOFOROUMENO WIDELY OVER THE CENTURIES, WAS COPIED MORE THAN ALL THE OTHER WORKS OF ANCIENT GREEK MEDICAL LITERATURE. IT IS ELEMENTARY EPITOME SEMIOTICS, DIETARY, THERAPEUTIC AND PROGNOSTIC OF KOAN MEDICAL SCHOOL.

 

THE DESIGNER READILY UNDERSTANDS THAT THESE THOUGHTS WISE AND EXPERIENCED PHYSICIAN AND TEACHER, BUT NOT RECORDED BY THE SAME, THEREBY CONTAIN REPETITIONS AND BE UNCLASSIFIED.

 

IT IS LIKELY TO BE A PATTERN USED BY HIPPOCRATES FOR TEACHING. LATER STUDENTS FOUND IT AND INCLUDED IT IN HIS WORKS. SO THIS IS THE AUTHENTIC WORK OF THE FATHER OF MEDICINE:

 

 

IN THE FIRST PART, CONTAINED IN A SUMMARY MATTERS REGARDING GENERAL MEDICAL AND DIETARY-THERAPEUTIC AND GENERAL ON AUTOMATIC AND EVOKED STOOLS AND NUTRITION. “THE LIFE IS SHORT AND THE ART MAKRI, AND THE WEATHER SHARP, AND THE EXPERIENCE ERRONEOUS AND THE JUDGMENT: ALEPPO”. FAMOUS APHORISM THAT HAS BEEN FOREFRONT IN MEDICAL SCHOOLS, MEDICAL EMBLEM ON MANY PROJECTS AND HAS BEEN THE SUBJECT OF COMMENTS LARGE SAGES OF ANTIQUITY, SUCH AS GALEN, LUCIAN, SENECA AND YOUNGER PHYSICIANS AND PHILOSOPHERS SUCH AS GOETHE, ETC.

 

IN THE SECOND SECTION, INCLUDED APHORISMS RELEVANT TO PROGNOSIS OF DISEASE IN GENERAL. FIRST MENTIONED PREDICTIVE SYMPTOMS FOR SLEEP, WORTHY GREAT CLINICIAN, FOR EXAMPLE HIGH RISK OF DISEASES AGGRAVATED BY SLEEP. WISE ALSO OBSERVATION IS THAT BOTH EXCESSIVE INSOMNIA AND EXCESSIVE SLEEPINESS ARE UNPLEASANT SYMPTOMS. ALSO SUDDEN FATIGUE HERALDS IASTHENEIA, OBESE ARE MORE AT RISK OF SUDDEN DEATH FROM THE WEAK, THOSE WHO OFTEN FEEL TOO TIRED FOR NO REASON, DYING. THESE ARE ALL WISE PHYSICIAN EXPERIENCED OBSERVATIONS.

 

THE THIRD SECTION REFERS TO THE INFLUENCE THAT THE APPEARANCE AND CHARACTER OF THE DISEASE THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND AGE.

 

IN THE FOURTH SECTION, ON TREATMENT WITH EMETICS AND LAXATIVES AND DIAGNOSTIC INFORMATION PARTICULARLY FEBRILE ILLNESSES, INCLUDING BANS RELEVANT TO THE PURGES, INTENTIONAL OR NOT, IN CONNECTION WITH PREGNANCY, SEASONS, THE MAKEUP OF THE INDIVIDUAL, AND NATURE OF THE DISEASE. VERY INTERESTING ARE THE APHORISMS MENTIONED IN FEVERS: SIXTHS, LABORIOUS, FEVERS TWIST NECK, INTERMITTENT, NON-INTERMITTENT, WITH SHIVERING, KAFSODEIS ETC.

 

IN THE FIFTH SECTION INCLUDES APHORISMS ON THE EFFECTS OF HEAT AND COLD ESPECIALLY IN SURGICAL DISEASES AND GYNECOLOGICAL DISEASES. SOME REFER AND CONVULSIONS, THE TETANIC CONVULSIONS AND EPILEPSY, OTHERS TO BREAST DISEASES. OTHERS RELATE MILK STERILIZATION, DISEASE OF THE UTERUS, MENSTRUATION. IN THIS SECTION ARE THE FAMOUS APHORISMS, UNDER WHICH THE OCCURRENCE OF SEIZURES IN TRAUMA IS FATAL PROGNOSIS, THE TABES AFFECTS PEOPLE AGED 18-35 YEARS, HEMOPTYSIS BLOOD FOAMED FROM LUNG, DIARRHEA IS DEADLY SYMPTOM IN CONSUMPTIVE, SUDDEN SLIMMING BREAST PREGNANT HERALDS SHEDDING ETC.

 

SECTION SIX REFER APHORISMS RELATED TO THE SYMPTOMS OF SURGICAL DISEASES. PRECIOUS ARE THOSE WHO SAID THE DISEASES OF THE KIDNEYS AND BLADDER IN THE ELDERLY DIFFICULT TO TREAT, THAT THE INJURIES TO THE BRAIN, BLADDER, INTESTINES, HEART, DIAPHRAGM, ABDOMEN AND LIVER ARE FATAL.

 

FINALLY IN THE SEVENTH SECTION ARE MANY REPETITIONS APHORISMS FROM PREVIOUS PARTS. AMONG THE MOST IMPORTANT IS THE ONE THAT STATES THAT THE ENDS OF FREEZING IS DEADLY PROGNOSTIC IN SEVERE FEBRILE ILLNESSES, AS WELL AS DEADLY PREDICTOR IS THE APPEARANCE OF VOMITING, HICCUP, SPASM OR DELIRIUM IN THE ILEUM.

 

THE FOLLOWING APHORISM IS USUALLY MOUNTED IN OPERATING ROOMS:

 

” OKOSA DRUGS CDR IITAI, IRON IITAI, WHAT IRON CDR IITAI PY IITAI FIND NOT FIRE CDR IITAI, NO MONEY NOMIZEIN BOREDOM. “

 

 

 

 

APHORISMS THIRD SECTION

 

1. THE DISEASES MAINLY CAUSED BY THE CHANGES OF THE SEASONS AND THE SEASONS, THANKS TO EXTREMES OF COLD AND HEAT. IN OTHER CASES ALSO CAUSED SIMILARLY.

 

2. THE TEMPERAMENTS OF PEOPLE ARE BY NATURE SOMETIMES GOOD, SOMETIMES IN POOR CONDITION IN THE SUMMER, WITH STILL OTHER HAPPENS IN THE WINTER THE SAME.

 

3. SOME DISEASES AND SOME GROUPS IS INHERENTLY GOOD OR BAD SITUATION ONE WAY OR THE OTHER TIME, IN ONE OR ANOTHER PLACE, ACCORDING TO ONE OR THE OTHER LIFESTYLE.

 

4. WHEN THE VARIOUS SEASONS OF THE YEAR WE HAVE THE SAME DAY WHEN HOT, WHEN COLD, MUST WAIT ILLNESSES FALL.

 

5. SOUTHERLY WINDS CAUSE HEARING LOSS, BLACKOUTS, WEIGHT IN THE HEAD, DROWSINESS AND EXHAUSTION OF THE BODY. SUCH MORBID PHENOMENA OCCUR WHEN THESE WINDS PREVAIL. OIVORIADES CAUSE COUGH, SORE THROAT, CONSTIPATION, DYSURIA WITH CHILLS, PAIN IN THE SIDE AND CHEST • PREVAIL THESE WINDS SHOULD EXPECT SUCH MORBID PHENOMENA.

 

6. WHEN SUMMER IS THE SAME AS IN THE SPRING, WE SHOULD EXPECT COPIOUS SWEATS IN FEBRILE ILLNESSES.

 

7. DROUGHT SEASONS MANIFESTED HIGH FEVER • IF THE DROUGHT COVERING MUCH OF THE YEAR, THESE WILL BE THE EFFECTS ON THE HUMAN BODY AND SUCH DISEASES MOSTLY HAVE TO WAIT.

 

8. WHEN THE SEASONS ROTATE SMOOTHLY AND STEADILY MANIFESTED MINOR ILLNESSES AND THEIR TREATMENT IS EASY “BUT WHEN THE SWITCH BECOMES ABNORMALLY, DISEASES CAUSED UNEVEN AND REFRACTORY.

 

9. AUTUMN DISEASES MANIFESTED BY ACUTE AND USUALLY FATAL FORM • SPRING IS VERY HEALTHY AGE AND MORTALITY DURING VERY LIMITED.

 

10. AUTUMN IS BAD SEASON FOR CONSUMPTIVE.

 

11. ABOUT SEASONS, ALTHOUGH IN WINTER IT DOES NOT RAIN AND THE WINDS ARE NORTHERLY, WHILE SPRING IS RAINY AND SOUTHERLY WINDS, THE SUMMER WILL OCCUR NECESSARILY HIGH FEVERS, OPHTHALMIA AND DYSENTERY, ESPECIALLY AMONG WOMEN AND MEN WITH LIQUID MAKEUP.

 

12. IF THE WINTER HAS SOUTHERLY WINDS AND RAINY AND MILD, AND COME NEXT SPRING WITHOUT RAIN AND NORTHERLY WINDS, WOMEN TO GIVE BIRTH IN THE SPRING, ELIMINATE THE SLIGHTEST REASON • AS MANY AGAIN LAY NORMALLY GIVE BIRTH TO WEAK AND SICKLY CHILDREN , DYING IMMEDIATELY OR LIVE STUNTED AND WITH WEAK CONSTITUTION • THE REST OF THE POPULATION AFFECTED BY DYSENTERY AND DRY EYES AND ELDERLY FROM CATARRHAL DISEASES RESULTING IN DEATH WITHIN A SHORT TIME.

 

13. IF THE SUMMER DROUGHT TO NORTH WINDS PREVAIL, AND AUTUMN RAINS TO SOUTH, WINTER OCCURRING HEADACHES, COUGH, HOARSE AND CORYZA, AND SOME PEOPLE ARE INFECTED WITH TUBERCULOSIS.

 

14. BUT IF THE AUTUMN WINDS BLOW AND THERE RAIN, BENEFITING LIQUID DIATHESES AND WOMEN S OTHER PEOPLE WILL BE INFECTED WITH DRY EYE, HIGH FEVERS, CORYZA AND SOMETIMES EVEN BY PAROXYSMS OF MELANCHOLY.

 

15. SINCE THE WEATHER YEAR GENERALLY DRY WEATHER HEALTHIER BY LIQUID AND MORTALITY UNDER THESE CONDITIONS ARE MORE LIMITED.

 

16. THE DISEASES MANIFEST THEMSELVES IN RAINY WEATHER ARE FOR THE VERY LONG-TERM FEVERS, GASTRIC CATARRH, SEPSIS, SEIZURES, STROKES, AND DISEASES OF THE THROAT • DROUGHT CAUSES TUBERCULAR CONDITIONS, EYE, ARTHRITIS, STRANGURIA AND DYSENTERY.

 

17. FROM DAILY WEATHER CONDITIONS, WINDS MAKE THE BODY TAUT, GIVE STRENGTH, AGILITY, GOOD COLOR, IMPROVE HEARING, DRY BELLY, IRRITATE EYES AND, IF EXISTED A CHEST PAIN IS BECOMING FIERCER • THE SOUTHERN WET AND DISSOLVE THE BODY, WEAKENS THE HEARING, CAUSE BURDEN ON THE HEAD AND DIZZINESS, DIFFICULT EYE MOVEMENTS AND BODY AND CAUSE CONSTIPATION.

 

18. ABOUT THE SEASONS, SPRING AND EARLY SUMMER, CHILDREN AND PEOPLE WHO ARE CLOSER TO CHILDHOOD, FEEL WONDERFUL AND HAVE GREAT HEALTH ‘SUMMER AND PART OF AUTUMN, SO FEEL THE ELDERLY • REST OF AUTUMN AND WINTER FEEL GOOD MIDDLE AGED.

 

19. ALL DISEASES OCCUR ALL BUT -SOME SEASONS MANIFEST THEMSELVES AND REACH THEIR PAROXYSM IN SOME SEASONS.

 

20. IN THE SPRING PREVAILING MANIA SITUATIONS, MELANCHOLY AND EPILEPSY • BLEEDING, SORE THROAT, RUNNY NOSE, HOARSENESS, COUGH, LEPROSY, LICHENS, ALFOI, MANY RASHES WOUNDS, SWELLING AND ARTHRITIC DISEASES.

 

21. THE PREVAILING SUMMER SOME OF THE PREVIOUS CONDITIONS, PERSISTENT FEVERS, BURNING, MANY TRITAIA FEVERS, VOMITING, DIARRHEA, EYE, PAIN IN THE EARS, MOUTH SORES, ROTTING GENITALS AND SWEAT.

 

22. AUTUMN PREVAILING SUMMER MANY DISEASES TETARTAIOI FEVERS, INTERMITTENT FEVERS, SWOLLEN SPLEEN, GOUTS, TABES, STRANGURIA, LEIENTERIES, DYSENTERY, SCIATICA, ANGINA, ASTHMA, ILEUS, EPILEPSY, MANIA AND MELANCHOLY SITUATIONS.

 

23. IN WINTER PREVAILING PLEURISY, PNEUMONIA, CORYZA, HOARSE COUGHS, CHEST PAINS, RIBS AND WAIST, HEADACHES, DIZZINESS, SEIZURES.

 

24. DEPENDING ON THE AGE, THE FOLLOWING SYMPTOMS APPEAR: CHILDREN, YOUNG AND INFANTS, THRUSH, VOMITING, COUGH, INSOMNIA, TREMORS, INFLAMMATION NAVEL, SUPPURATION IN THE EARS.

 

25. WHEN APPROACHING THE TIME OF TEETHING, THE GUMS APPEAR IRRITATIONS, FEVERS, CONVULSIONS, DIARRHEA, ESPECIALLY WHEN CANINES GROW, ESPECIALLY IN VERY OBESE CHILDREN AND IN CONSTIPATED.

 

26. IN SOMEWHAT MORE ADVANCED AGE APPEAR TONSILLITIS, DISPLACEMENT FORWARD OF THE CERVICAL VERTEBRA, ASTHMAS, STONES, ROUND INTESTINAL PARASITES, ROUNDWORMS, MOLES, BUMPS NEAR THE EARS, SWELLING OF THE GLANDS OF THE NECK AND OTHER SWELLINGS, BUT MOSTLY EVERYTHING EXPLAINED PREVIOUSLY.

 

27. IN THE MORE ADVANCED AGE, AND THE APPROACHING PUBERTY, APPEAR MANY PREVIOUS ILLNESSES, AND EVEN MAINLY LONG-TERM FEVERS AND EPISTAXIS.

 

28. MOST CHILDHOOD DISEASES ARE CONSIDERED OTHER FORTY DAYS, OTHERS IN SEVEN MONTHS, OTHERS IN SEVEN YEARS AND THE OTHER AS APPROACHING PUBERTY • BUT MANY INSIST AND DO NOT DISAPPEAR IN BOYS DURING PUBERTY IN GIRLS AND AGE OF ONSET OF MENSTRUATION, USUALLY BECOME CHRONIC.

 

29. YOUNG PEOPLE APPEAR HEMOPTYSIS, PHTHISIS, HIGH FEVERS, SEIZURES AND OTHER DISEASES, BUT MOSTLY PAST.

 

30. IN PEOPLE WHO HAVE PASSED THIS AGE, MANIFESTED ASTHMA, PLEURISY, PNEUMONIA, LETHARGY, FRENZY, HEARTBURN, CHRONIC DIARRHEA, CHOLODEIS DIARRHEA, DYSENTERY, LEIENTERIES, HEMORRHOIDS.

 

31. IN OLDER PEOPLE MANIFESTED DYSPNEA, COUGH WITH CATARRH, STRANGURIA, DYSURIA, PAIN IN JOINTS, NEPHRITIS, DIZZINESS, SEIZURES, DEPRESSION, ITCHING ALL OVER THE BODY, INSOMNIA, WETNESS ABDOMEN, EYES AND NOSE, AMBLYOPIA, WATERFALLS, AIDS.

  

  

 

APHORISMS FOURTH CHAMBER

  

1. IF THERE IS ORGASM, PREGNANT WOMEN CAN TAKE MEDICATION [EMETICS AND LAXATIVES] FROM THE FOURTH UNTIL THE SEVENTH MONTH, BUT LESS THIS LATTER • IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN SHOULD BE CAREFUL ABOUT GIVING MEDICINES.

 

2. GRANTING OF LAXATIVES SHOULD BE DISCARDED MATERIALS THAT ARE USEFUL AND WHEN DISCHARGED FROM THEM; ALONE MUST STOP MANY HAVE DIAFORETIKOCHARAKTIRA.

 

3. IF THE STOOLS BECOME SO NORMAL, THE PATIENT FEELS BETTER AND EASILY TOLERATES • OTHERWISE FEEL BAD.

 

4. SUMMER ADMINISTERED EMETICS AND LAXATIVES WINTER.

 

5. AT THE TIME OF KINOS BEFORE, LAXATIVES IMPACT DIFFICULT.

 

6. IN LEAN PEOPLE DO VOMIT EASILY BE ADMINISTERED EMETICS • BUT THE CLEARANCE SHOULD BE DONE WITH CAUTION IN WINTER.

 

7. THE MORE OBESE PEOPLE WHO MAKE DIFFICULT VOMITING SHOULD NOT TAKE LAXATIVES AND CLEARANCE MUST BE DONE WITH CAUTION IN SUMMER.

 

8. INDIVIDUALS PREDISPOSED TO TUBERCULOSIS SHOULD USE VERY CAREFULLY EMETIC DRUGS.

 

9. THOSE WHO SUFFER FROM MELANCHOLY SHOULD BE GRANTED EFFECTIVE LAXATIVES FOR THE LOWER PART OF THE INTESTINE AND IN THE SAME PARAGRAPH TO FOLLOW A DIFFERENT PATH FOR THE OPPOSITE CASES.

 

10. IN VERY SEVERE ILLNESSES CLEARANCE MUST BE ON THE SAME DAY, IF THERE IS ORGASM, BECAUSE IT IS VERY DANGEROUS TO PROCRASTINATE IN THESE CASES.

 

11. COLIC, PAIN AROUND THE NAVEL AND LUMBAGO THAT DOES NOT GO WITH EITHER LAXATIVE OR OTHERWISE, ALL OF THEM END UP IN DRY DROPSY (OBVIOUSLY MEANT SWELLING VISCERA, BUT THERE PERITONEAL FLUID).

 

12. IN WINTER THE ADMINISTRATION EMETIC DRUGS HARMS INDIVIDUALS SUFFERING FROM LEIENTERIKES BLUETONGUE.

 

13. WHEN ADMINISTERING THE ELLEVOROU ​​(PLANT USED AS A PURGATIVE, CAUSING VOMITING) MUST, BEFORE GRANTING THE MEDICINE TO WET THE BODY OF PEOPLE WHO FIND IT DIFFICULT TO CLEAN THE MOUTH, SUGGESTING ABUNDANT FOOD AND REST.

 

14. WE RECOMMEND TO THOSE WHO HAVE DRUNK ELLEVORO MOVE MORE, SLEEP AND N ‘RESTED LESS • THE BOAT TRIP THAT REVEALS THE MOVEMENT AGITATES THE VARIOUS ORGANS OF THE BODY.

 

15. WHEN WE WANT TO ACT MORE THE ELLEVOROS RECOMMEND THE PATIENT TO MOVE • WHEN WE WANT TO HALT ITS ACTIVITIES, RECOMMEND SLEEP AND REST.

 

16. ELLEVOROS IS DANGEROUS FOR THOSE WHO HAVE STRONG OWN BRAND, BECAUSE IT CAUSES SPASMS.

 

17. W PERSON IS AFEBRILE, ANOREXIA, HEARTBURN, THE BLACKOUTS, THE BITTERNESS IN THE MOUTH INDICATE THAT ADMINISTRATION EMETIC NECESSARY.

 

18. PAINS ABOVE THE DIAPHRAGM INDICATE THE NEED CLEANSING THE BODY WITH EMETIC • PAINS WHILE BELOW IT, THE NEED FOR CLEANSING WITH A LAXATIVE.

 

19. THOSE WHO DO NOT FEEL THIRST AFTER ADMINISTRATION LAXATIVE SHOULD CONTINUE THE STOOLS UNTIL THIRST.

 

20. IF THERE IS NO FEVER, THE COLIC, WEIGHT KNEE AND BACK PAIN SHOW THAT SHOULD BE GIVEN A LAXATIVE FOR THE LOWER PART OF THE INTESTINE.

 

21. STOOLS DARK AS BLOOD, SHOWN WITHOUT CAUSES DISEASE WITH OR WITHOUT FEVER, IS VERY UNPLEASANT AND • AN INDICATION AS MUCH WORSE ARE THE COLORS, THE MORE UNCOMFORTABLE THE SYMPTOM IS “IF IT OCCURS AFTER TAKING CATHARTIC, THEN SITUATION IS BETTER AND COLOURFULNESS IN THIS CASE DOES NOT INDICATE BAD.

 

22. THE ELIMINATION OF BLACK BILE FROM ABOVE OR BELOW THE TOP OF THE DISEASE IS FATAL INDICATION.

 

23. IF THE PERSON EXHAUSTED FROM A SERIOUS OR CHRONIC ILLNESS, TRAUMA OR ANY OTHER REASON, ELIMINATE BLACK BILE OR BLACK BILE AS BLOOD, DYING THE NEXT DAY.

 

24. DYSENTERY STARTING WITH BLACK BILE, IS LETHAL PROGNOSIS.

 

25. THE EXPULSION OF BLOOD FROM THE MOUTH, FROM OPOIADI EVER REASON, IS UNPLEASANT SIGN • ELIMINATION FROM BELOW, IT’S GOOD, LIKE BLACK STOOLS.

 

26. THE EXPULSION OF FECES, LIKE FLESH FROM SICK SUFFERING FROM DYSENTERY IS DEADLY SYMPTOM.

 

27. WHEN SITUATIONS OCCUR IN FEBRILE COPIOUS BLEEDING FROM ANYWHERE, DURING CONVALESCENCE PATIENTS AFFECTED BY GASTRIC CATARRH.

 

28. CHOLODEIS STOOLS STOP IF MANIFEST DEAFNESS, AND DEAFNESS SUBSIDE, IF THEY OCCUR CHOLODEIS STOOLS.

 

29. IF A FEBRILE ILLNESS OCCUR CHILLS THE SIXTH DAY, THE CRITICAL PHASE OF THE DISEASE WILL BE. BAD.

 

30. ON ILLNESSES MANIFESTING CONVULSIONS, IF THE FRENZY STOPS A CERTAIN TIME AND COME BACK THE NEXT DAY AT THE SAME TIME, THE CRISIS IS DIFFICULT.

 

31. WHEN IN FEBRILE CONDITIONS THERE FEELING TIRED, ABSCESSES ARE FORMED MAINLY IN JOINTS AND NEAR THE JAW.

 

32. IF THE PATIENT STARTS RECOVERING AND FEEL PAIN AT SOME POINT OF THE BODY AT THAT POINT WILL BE FORMED AN ABSCESS.

 

33. HOWEVER, IF SOME POINT ACHED BEFORE THE DISEASE, THERE IS THE FOCUS OF EVIL.

 

34. IF DURING FEVER OCCURS SUDDENLY CHOKING THROAT WITHOUT SWELLING, THE SYMPTOM ARE DEADLY.

 

35. IF DURING FEVER OCCURS SUDDENLY TWIST IN THE NECK, WITHOUT SWELLING AND THE PATIENT FINDS IT DIFFICULT TO SWALLOW, THE SYMPTOM ARE DEADLY.

 

36. ON FEVERISH SITUATIONS SWEATS BENEFIT THE THIRD DAY, FIFTH, SEVENTH, NINTH, ELEVENTH, FOURTEENTH, SEVENTEENTH, TWENTY-FIRST, THE TWENTY-SEVENTH, THE THIRTY-FIRST, THIRTY-FOURTH “OF THE SWEATS THOSE JUDGED DISEASES • BUT SWEATS, NOT APPEARING THESE DAYS, HERALD PAIN, PROLONGED SUFFERING AND RELAPSES.

 

37. THE COLD SWEAT WITH A HIGH FEVER HERALDS DEATH • DURING MILDER DISEASE, THE PROLONGED SUFFERING.

 

38. IN POINT OF THE BODY THAT IS MANIFESTED PERSPIRATION, IS ALSO THE GOAL OF DISEASE.

 

39. THE DISEASE IS IN THE BODY THAT IS HOT OR COLD.

 

40. IF CHANGES OCCUR THROUGHOUT THE BODY, THAT IS IF IT FREEZES AND THEN THAWS, OR CHANGES COLOR, IT MEANS THAT WILL EXTEND THE DURATION OF THE DISEASE.

 

41. IF AFTER SLEEPING DISPLAYED ABUNDANT SWEAT WITHOUT APPARENT CAUSE, IT MEANS THAT THE BODY CONSUMES MORE FOOD [THAN WHAT] • IF THIS HAPPENS TO A PERSON WHO DOES NOT EAT, IT MEANS THAT NEEDS EMPTYING.

 

42. THE ABUNDANT SWEATING, COLD OR HOT, FLOWING INCESSANTLY MEAN HEAVIER OR LIGHTER DISEASE RESPECTIVELY “

 

43. THE CONTINUOUS FEVERS EXHIBIT SEIZURES EVERY THIRD DAY ARE DANGEROUS • FADING OF FEVER, IN WHATEVER FORM, SUGGESTING THAT THE FEVERS SUCH IS HARMLESS.

 

44. THOSE WHO SUFFER FROM LONG-TERM FEVERS, EXHIBIT SWELLING OR PAIN IN THE JOINTS.

 

45. IF THE PERSON AFTER FEVER EDEMA OR JOINT PAINS, RECEIVES EXCESSIVE AMOUNT OF FOOD.

 

46. ​​IF RIGORS OCCUR IN A PATIENT ALREADY EXHAUSTED BY FEVER, NOT MAGAZINE, THIS SYMPTOM IS DEADLY.

 

47. EXPECTORATIONS NON PERIODIC FEVERS, AS TAN, BLOODY, AND SMELLY CHOLODEIS, BAD SIMADI- HOWEVER, IF SPUTUM DISCHARGED SMOOTHLY, INDICATIONS ARE FAVORABLE AS VENTRICULAR STOOLS AND URINE • IF NOT ELIMINATED BUT SOMETHING TO BE EXPELLED FROM THESE POINTS, THIS IS BAD.

 

48. IF THE CONSTANT FEVERS EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE BODY IS COLD AND THE INTERNAL BURNING, YET THE PATIENT IS THIRSTY, SYMPTOM ARE DEADLY.

 

49. IF A NON-PERIODIC FEVER BENT LIP OR EYEBROW, THE EYE OR THE NOSE, OR IF DISTURBED VISION OR HEARING, WHILE THE PATIENT IS EXHAUSTED, DEATH IS NEAR, WHICHEVER IT MAY BE THE SYMPTOM WILL MANIFEST.

 

50. WHEN A NON-PERIODIC FEVER MANIFESTED WHEEZING AND DELUSION, THIS IS DEADLY SIGN.

 

51. FEBRILE ABSCESSES ARE NOT DISSOLVED IN THE FIRST JUDGMENT, INDICATING EXTENSION OF THE DISEASE.

 

52. IT IS WORRYING IF SOMEONE HAS FEVER OR OTHER ILLNESS, WEEPING INTENTIONALLY • BUT MORE WORRYING IF WEEPING UNINTENTIONALLY.

 

53. WHEN THE TEETH FEVERISH CONDITIONS BECOME GREASY, FEVER RISES FURTHER.

 

54. THOSE WHO HAVE FEVERS CAUSTIC AND PERSISTENT HAWK, CAUSING SHORT IRRITATION, NOT TOO HUNGRY.

 

55. FEVERS MANIFESTED BY SWELLING IN THE GROINS ARE ALL BAD, UNLESS LAST ONE DAY.

 

56. WHEN IN FEBRILE DISEASES MANIFESTED SWEATING WITHOUT CONCOMITANT DECLINE OF FEVER, THE SYMPTOM IS UNPLEASANT ILLNESS • PROLONGED AND THIS IS A SIGN OF EXCESSIVE MOISTURE.

 

57. FEVER OCCURS IN SICK AFFLICTED WITH CONVULSIONS OR TETANIC CONTRACTIONS, CURES THE DISEASE.

 

58. IF PATIENT IS SUFFERING FROM HEARTBURN EXPERIENCED CHILLS, CURED.

 

59. THE SMOOTH TERTIAN IS THE MOST IN SEVEN YEARS.

 

60. IF DURING FEBRILE ILLNESS WEAKEN THE HEARING AND PRESENTED EPISTAXIS OR DIARRHEA, ILLNESS CURED.

 

61. IF THE FEVER DOES NOT LEAVE THE SICK IN AN ODD NUMBER OF DAYS, USUALLY RECURS.

 

62. JAUNDICE OCCURRING IN FEVERS BEFORE THE SEVENTH DAY IS A BAD SIGN, UNLESS A MISCARRIAGE FLUID FROM THE ABDOMEN.

 

63. WHO DEVELOP FEVERS CHILLS EVERY DAY ALSO FALL EVERY DAY.

 

64. JAUNDICE OCCURRING IN FEVERS SEVENTH, NINTH, ELEVENTH OR FOURTEENTH DAY IS A GOOD SIGN, AS LONG AS THE RIGHT HYPOCHONDRIAC NOT BE DIFFERENT HARDNESS, IS NOT GOOD.

 

65. UNPLEASANT SYMPTOMS OF THE DISEASE IS THE EXCESSIVE HEAT AROUND THE ABDOMEN AND HEARTBURN.

 

66. SEIZURES AND STRONG PAINS IN THE BOWELS ARE BAD SYMPTOMS IN HIGH FEVERS.

 

67. IN FEVERS UNPLEASANT SYMPTOMS ARE TREMORS OR CONVULSIONS AFTER SLEEPING.

 

68. THE DASHED BREATHING DURING FEVERS ARE BAD SIGN BECAUSE IT HERALDS SPASMS.

 

69. WHEN THE PATIENT EXPELS URINE THICK WITH CLOTS AND SCARCE, WITHOUT FEVER, ALTHOUGH FOLLOW LARGE AMOUNT OF DILUTE URINE, RELIEVED • THIS IS ESPECIALLY TRUE FOR THOSE WHO HAVE THE AUTHORITY, OR SHORTLY SEDIMENT IN URINE.

 

70. THOSE FEVERS TO ELIMINATE CLOUDY URINE, SIMILAR TO THE PACK-ANIMALS, OR WILL DEVELOP HEADACHES.

 

71. IN MANY PEOPLE THE DISEASE IS TO BE JUDGED TINEVDOMI DAY, HAVE THE FOURTH URINE CLOUD, RED AND OTHER SIMILAR SYMPTOMS.

 

72. THE TRANSPARENT, COLORLESS URINE IS BAD • MAINLY OCCUR IN CASES OF FRENZY.

 

73. WHEN A HYPOCHONDRIAC SWELL, APPEAR COOING AND FOLLOW PAIN, OCCURS EFKOILIATITA UNLESS OBSERVED GASES ABUNDANT URINARY EXCRETION OF THESE SYMPTOMS OCCUR IN FEBRILE STATES.

 

74. THOSE EXHIBITING THE LIKELIHOOD OF ABSCESS FORMATION IN THE JOINTS, ARE EXEMPT FROM THE ABSCESS AFTER EXPELLING ABUNDANT AND VERY DENSE AND WHITE URINE AS STARTING FEATURE IN SOME CASES PAINFUL TETARTAION FEVERS IF FURTHER BLOOD RUN FROM THE NOSE, THE ABSCESS SUBSIDES QUICKLY.

 

75. THE EXPULSION OF BLOOD OR PUS IN THE URINE MEANS SORE KIDNEY OR BLADDER.

 

76. WHEN ALONG WITH THICK URINE EXCRETED FINELY FLESH PIECES LIKE HAIR, ELIMINATION FROM THE KIDNEYS.

 

77. WHEN URINE TOGETHER WITH DENSE SEDIMENT DISCHARGED LIKE BRAN, THE CYST IS INFECTED WITH SCABIES.

 

78. SUDDEN BLOOD URINATION INDICATES RUPTURE SMALL VEIN IN THE KIDNEY.

 

79. IF THE URINE SEDIMENT EXHIBIT OF SAND, SUFFERING FROM BLADDER STONES.

 

80. IF THE PERSON URINATES BLOOD CLOTS, HAS STRANGURIA AND FEELS PAIN IN ABDOMEN AND PERINEUM, THERE IS DISEASE IN THE BLADDER AREA.

 

81. WHEN THE URINE IS MIXED WITH BLOOD, PUS, SCALES AND SMELL BAD, SUGGEST THAT THERE IS WOUND IN THE BLADDER.

 

82. IN THOSE MANIFESTED BUMPS URETHRA IF FORMED PUS AND OPEN, THE DISEASE IS CURED.

 

83. THE ABUNDANT NOCTURIA HERALDS FEW ABDOMINAL STOOLS.

 

APHORISMS FIFTH SECTION

 

1. IF THE DOWNLOAD ELLEVOROU ​​(= LAXATIVE HERB) CAUSE CONVULSIONS, THE SYMPTOM IS DEADLY.

 

2. THE APPEARANCE OF CONVULSIONS AFTER INJURY MEANS DEATH.

 

3. THE APPEARANCE OF CONVULSIONS OR HICCUP AFTER PROFUSE BLEEDING, BAD SIGN.

 

4. IF SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH EXCESSIVE DIARRHEA OCCUR SPASMS OR HICCUPS, THE PROGNOSIS IS POOR.

 

5. IF A DRUNK SUDDENLY LOST HIS VOICE, DIES IN CONVULSIONS, UNLESS FOLLOW FEVER OR IF THE TIME USUALLY LEAVES DRUNKENNESS REGAIN HIS VOICE.

 

6. THOSE INFECTED WITH TETANUS DIE IN FOUR DAYS • IF YOU EXCEED THE TIME LIMIT, TREATED.

 

7. EPILEPSY MANIFESTED BEFORE TEENS CAN BE CURED • HOWEVER, THIS OCCURS IN THE AGE OF TWENTY FIVE YEARS USUALLY ACCOMPANIES THE SICK UNTIL HIS DEATH.

 

8. IF THE PLEURAL CHEST NOT CLEAN WITH EXPECTORATION WITHIN FOURTEEN DAYS, FORMED EMPYEMA.

 

9. TABES OCCURS MAINLY FROM THE EIGHTEENTH TO THE THIRTY-FIFTH BIRTHDAY.

 

10. THOSE WHO TREAT THE ANGINA AND THE DISEASE TURNS TO THE LUNG, THEY DIE WITHIN SEVEN DAYS • IF YOU PASS THIS TIME, MANIFESTED EMPYEMA.

 

11. IF WE TAKE THE SPUTUM, ELIMINATING ANYONE WHO SUFFERS FROM TUBERCULOSIS, OVER COALS AND FOUND TO HAVE A HEAVY ODOR, WHILE FALL AND HIS HAIR, THE PROGNOSIS IS FATAL.

 

12. CONSUMPTIVE POSING AFFECTED BY HAIR LOSS AND DIARRHEA, THEY DIE.

 

13. THE ELIMINATION OF BLOOD FOAMED ORALLY MEANS THAT THE CAUSE IS THE LUNG.

 

14. IF PRESENT TUBERCULAR DIARRHEA, IS A SIGN OF DEATH.

 

15. THOSE AFTER PLEURISY SHOW EMPYEMA, TREATED IF THEIR BREASTS CLEAN FORTY DAYS AFTER THE RUPTURE OF EMPYEMA • OR, ILLNESS VARIES IN TUBERCULOSIS.

 

16. FREQUENT USE OF HEAT CAUSES THE FOLLOWING DAMAGE: RELAXATION OF THE FLESH, WEAKENING OF NERVE, CLOUDING THE MIND, BLEEDING, FAINTING • ALL LETHAL.

 

17. THE COLD CAUSES SPASMS, TETANIC CONTRACTIONS, BRUISING, FEVER, CHILLS.

 

18. THE COLD IS HOSTILE TO BONES, TEETH, NERVES, BRAIN, SPINAL CORD • CONTRARY HEAT IS BENEFICIAL.

 

19. WE MUST BE HEAT FROSTED PARTS, EXCEPT THOSE WHO ARE BLEEDING OR WILL BLEED.

 

20. IN TRAUMA COLD CAUSES PAIN LIKE BITES, SKIN HARDENS AROUND, BRINGS PAINS THAT DO NOT CAUSE SUPPURATION, BRUISING THE FLESH AND CAUSES FEVER CHILLS, CONVULSIONS, AND TETANIC CONTRACTIONS.

 

21. BURLY NEO TETANIC CONTRACTIONS OCCUR WITHOUT TRAUMA DURING THE SUMMER, SO ABUNDANT COLD SHOWER • RESETS THE TEMPERATURE AND HEAT CURE SUCH DISEASES.

 

22. THE HEAT CAUSES SUPPURATION, BUT NOT ALL WOUNDS • WHEN THIS HAPPENS, IT SEEMS A MAJOR TREATMENT INDICATION • SOFTENS THE SKIN WEAKENS, RELIEVES PAIN, SOOTHES CHILLS, CONVULSIONS, AND TETANIC CONTRACTIONS • THE SAME EFFECT HAS AND HEAD AND ELIMINATES THE WEIGHT OF “IS EXTREMELY USEFUL IN BONE FRACTURES, PARTICULARLY IN THE STRIPPED AND ESPECIALLY TO WOUNDS OF THE HEAD • BENEFIT TO EVERYTHING THAT CAUSES DEATH OR ULCERS OF THE COLD, THE EXPANSIVE HERPES, ANUS, GERM ORGANS, UTERUS, BLADDER “ALL THAT FAVORS THE HEAT AND CONTRIBUTES TO THE CRISIS AND ILLNESS, WHILE COLD IS HOSTILE AND DEADLY.

 

23. THE COLD SHOULD BE TREATED IN THE FOLLOWING CASES: WHERE THERE IS OR WILL BE MANIFESTED BLEEDING, NOT ON THE SAME POINTS BUT ROUND SPOTS, FROM WHERE THERE IS OVERLAPPING • IN ALL INFLAMMATIONS AND SURFACE INFLAMMATION THAT TEND TO AND ALMOST BLOODY RED COLOR DUE TO RECENT STILL BLOOD, BECAUSE THE COLD BRUISING OF OLD INFECTIONS • TO ANEMOPYROMA WITHOUT TRAUMA BECAUSE THE COLD CERTAINLY HURT THE ANEMOPYROMA TRAUMA.

 

24. GENERALLY COLD, AS SNOW AND ICE, DAMAGING THE CHEST AND CAUSE COUGHING, RUNNY NOSE AND BLEEDING.

 

25. THE SWELLING AND JOINT PAIN WITHOUT TRAUMA, AND GOUT. THE STRAINS OF MUSCLES, USUALLY RELIEVED BY COPIOUS CHILLING, WHICH REDUCE SWELLING AND ALLEVIATE PAIN • MODERATE SEDATION IS ABLE TO TURN AWAY THE PAIN.

 

26. THE WATER HEATS AND COOLS QUICKLY, IS VERY SLIGHT.

 

27. IF THOSE WHO ARE THIRSTY TOO DURING THE NIGHT FEEL THE NEED TO DRINK, AND THEN RETURN TO SLEEP, IS GOOD.

 

28. AROMATIC FUMIGATIONS ARE EMMENAGOGUE AND WOULD BE VERY USEFUL IN OTHER DISEASES, ALTHOUGH NOT CAUSING HEADACHE.

 

29. IF THERE IS ORGASM, PREGNANT WOMEN SHOULD TAKE EMETICS AND LAXATIVES FROM THE FOURTH UNTIL THE SEVENTH MONTH, BUT LESS IN THE LAST • INFANTS AND CHILDREN SHOULD BE CAREFUL ABOUT GIVING MEDICINES.

 

30. IF A PREGNANT WOMAN SUFFERING FROM A SERIOUS ILLNESS, THE CONDITION IS FATAL.

 

31. IF IT BLEED A PREGNANT, THE WOMAN EXPELS • THE CHANCES OF MISCARRIAGE IS MORE, THE LARGER THE FETUS.

 

32. A WOMAN DOING HEMOPTYSIS BLOOD STOPS WHEN THE PERIOD DISPLAY.

 

33. IN A WOMAN WHO HAS NO MENSES, THE EMERGENCE OF NOSE BLEEDING ARE GOOD INDICATION.

 

34. IF A PREGNANT WOMAN SUFFERED INTENSE DIARRHEA, COULD BE ELIMINATED.

 

35. IF SNEEZING OCCURS IN WOMAN SUFFERING FROM DISEASES OF THE UTERUS OR DYSTOCIA, A GOOD SIGN.

 

36. MENSTRUAL FLOW INDETERMINATE COLOR, WHICH DOES NOT ALWAYS OCCUR AT REGULAR INTERVALS, INDICATING THAT THE WOMAN IN NEED OF LAXATIVE.

 

37. IF, UDDERS PREGNANT WEAKEN SHARPLY, THE WOMAN EXPELS.

 

38. IF A PREGNANT WITH TWINS WEAKEN EACH BREAST, WILL ELIMINATE ONE OF THE TWO EMBRYOS • THOUGH WEAKENED THE RIGHT BREAST, THE MALE EXPELS • IF THE LEFT, THE FEMALE.

 

39. IF A WOMAN WHO IS EITHER PREGNANT OR HAS GIVEN BIRTH HAS MILK, MEANS THAT MENSTRUATION HAS STOPPED.

 

40. IN WOMEN, BLOOD CONGESTION MASTOUSPROANANGELLEI INSANITY.

 

41. IF YOU WANT TO DETERMINE IF A WOMAN IS PREGNANT, THE TIME YOU GO TO SLEEP WITHOUT DINING, GIVE HER TO DRINK NEROMELO • IF YOU FEEL PAIN IN THE ABDOMEN, ARE PREGNANT, IF NOT, NOT.

 

42. IF A PREGNANT WOMAN IS PREGNANT WITH A BOY, HAS GOOD COLOR • COLOR IS UGLY, IF A PREGNANT GIRL.

 

43. IF A PREGNANT ANEMOPYROMA PRESENT IN THE UTERUS, THE PROGNOSIS IS FATAL.

 

44. IN CASE OF PREGNANCY VERY THIN WOMEN EXPEL IF NOT FATTEN.

 

45. THOSE WOMEN WITH NORMAL PHYSIQUE EXCRETE THE SECOND OR THIRD MONTH WITHOUT APPARENT CAUSE, THE COTYLEDONS ARE FILLED MUCUS, THEY CAN NOT HOLD THE WEIGHT OF THE FETUS AND BREAK.

 

46. ​​IN OBESE WOMEN WHO ARE UNABLE TO CONCEIVE, OMENTUM PRESSES THE ORIFICE OF THE DIE AND DO NOT POSE ONLY WHERE WEAKEN.

 

47. IF THE MATRIX, BASED ON HIP, DIAPYITHEI, WE MUST USE GAUZE.

 

48. THE MALE FETUSES ARE PROBABLY RIGHT WHILE FEMALES LEFT THE DIE.

 

49. FOR THE EXPULSION OF THE PLACENTA ADMINISTER MEDICATION SNEEZING AND PRESSING SHUT THE NOSTRILS AND MOUTH OF MATERNITY.

 

50. IF WE ARE TO STOP A WOMAN’S PERIOD, PLACE THE BREASTS OF A MAXIMUM POSSIBLE SUCTION CUP.

 

51. DURING PREGNANCY THE ORIFICE OF THE DIE IS CLOSED.

 

52. IF THE BREASTS PREGNANT RUN MILK IN BULK, THIS MEANS THAT THE EMBRYO IS WEAK • IF THE BREASTS ARE TOUGH, MEAN THAT THE FETUS IS IN GOOD CONDITION.

 

53. THE BREASTS OF WOMEN, WHICH ARE TO ELIMINATE, SOFTEN BUT IF XANASKLIRYNOUN, WILL MANIFEST PAIN IN THE BREASTS OR HIPS, EYES OR KNEES, AND THEN IT WILL NOT ELIMINATE.

 

54. WOMEN WHO HAVE HARD ORIFICE DIE NECESSARILY DISABLE THIS ORIFICE.

 

55. IN PREGNANT WOMEN WHO DEVELOP FEVERS AND SLIMMER TOO WITHOUT APPARENT CAUSE, CHILDBIRTH IS DIFFICULT AND DANGEROUS EPIKINDYNOS- ALSO AND EJECTIONS.

 

56. IF DURING THE MENSTRUAL FLOW OCCUR CONVULSIONS AND BLACKOUTS, THIS IS A BAD SIGN.

 

57. IF THE MENSTRUAL FLOW BECOME ABUNDANT, OCCURRING ILLNESSES • IF THERE IS NO MENSTRUATION, THEN WOMEN’S DISEASES FROM MATRIX.

 

58. WHEN INFLAMMATION OF THE COLON AND UTERUS STRANGURIA OCCURS, AS IN THE PERFUSION OF THE KIDNEYS TO LIVER INFLAMMATION MANIFESTED HICCUP.

 

59. IF A WOMAN CONCEIVES AND WE WANT TO SEE IF YOU CAN CAPTURE, THE WRAP WITH BLANKETS AND BURN BENEATH FRAGRANCES • IF ODOR GIVES THE IMPRESSION THAT PENETRATES THE BODY AND REACHES THE NOSE AND MOUTH, WE KNOW THAT IS NOT STERILE BY OWN FAULT.

 

60. IF A PREGNANT DISPLAY PERIOD, IT IS IMPOSSIBLE THAT THE EMBRYO IS HEALTHY.

 

61. IF A WOMAN STOPPED PERIOD WITHOUT SUFFER CHILLS OR FEVER, THOUGH IT ALSO HAS NAUSEA, THEN KEEP IN MIND THAT SHE IS PREGNANT.

 

62. WOMEN WITH COLD AND TIGHT MATRIX DO NOT CAPTURE THE SAME HAPPENS TO WOMEN WHO HAVE A LOT OF FLUID IN THE WOMB BECAUSE THE SPERM IS LOST THERE • NOR CAPTURE THOSE WITH MATRIX RATHER DRY AND VERY WARM, BECAUSE THEN THE SEED IS DESTROYED FROM LACK OF • FERTILE FOOD ARE THOSE THAT HAVE BALANCED CONSTITUTION BETWEEN THE TWO SITUATIONS.

 

63. SIMILAR APPLIES TO MEN OR • DUE TO LOOSENESS OF THE BODY THE AIR EXITS TO THE OUTSIDE AND DOES NOT DIRECT THE SPERM TO THE DESTINATION OR THE BODY IS TIGHT AND SEMINAL FLUID CAN BE PUSHED OUT OR THE BODY IS COLD AND SEMEN IS NOT HEATED ENOUGH TO CONCENTRATE ON THE APPROPRIATE PLACE • THE SAME HAPPENS IF THE BODY IS WARM.

 

64. MILK HURTING THOSE SUFFERING FROM HEADACHE “ALSO HURTS THOSE WHO HAVE FEVER, SWOLLEN AND FULL OF HYPOCHONDRIAC COOING, AND THOSE WHO FEEL THIRST • HURTS EVEN PATIENTS WITH HIGH FEVER EXHIBITING CHOLODI FECES AND THOSE WHO EARN A LOT OF BLOOD UNDERNEATH • MILK BENEFITS THE TUBERCULOUS NOT HAVE HIGH FEVER “IS ALSO USED IN PATIENTS WITH SLIGHT FEVERS AND LONG TERM WHEN THERE IS NONE OF THE ABOVE SYMPTOMS, BUT ALSO WHEN THEY ARE OVERLY EXHAUSTED.

 

65. THE WOUNDS ACCOMPANIED BY EDEMA, DO NOT EXPOSE THE PATIENT TO THE RISK OF CONVULSIONS OR DELIRIUM • BUT WHEN THESE FALL SHARPLY, IF THAT WERE IN THE BACK PARTS OF THE BODY, MANIFESTED CONVULSIONS AND TETANIC CONTRACTIONS • IF YOU WERE IN FRONT, MANIFESTED DELUSIONS, STRONG FLANK PAIN, SUPPURATION OR DYSENTERY, ALTHOUGH SWELLING WAS RATHER KOKKINOCHROMA.

 

66. IF AFTER STRONG AND SERIOUS INJURY NOT APPEAR EDEMA, IS A VERY BAD SIGN.

 

67. THE SOFT LESIONS ARE BENIGN, MALIGNANT HARD.

 

68. THE PAIN IN THE BACK OF THE HEAD IS RELIEVED BY OPENING THE FRONT VERTICAL VEIN.

 

69. IN FEMALES CHILLS STARTING WAIST RATHER ARRIVE AT THE HEAD FROM THE BACK • IN MEN, RATHER THAN THE REAR THAN THE FRONT PARTS OF THE BODY, AS WELL AS FROM THE FOREARMS AND MIROUS- SKIN OF MEN IS LOOSE, AS SEEN FROM THE BRISTLES.

 

70. THOSE AFFECTED BY TETARTAIOUS FEVERS, USUALLY THERE ARE OVERCOME BY CONVULSIONS • IF PREVIOUSLY INFECTED, EXEMPT IF THEY OCCUR LATER QUARTAN.

 

71. PATIENTS WITH SKIN TAUT, DRY AND HARD, DIE WITHOUT SWEAT IF THE SKIN IS SOFT AND LOOSE, DIE WITH PERSPIRATION.

 

72. JAUNDICED NOT USUALLY SUFFER FROM GAS.

 

  

 

APHORISMS PART SIXTH

  

1. WHEN CHRONIC LEIENTERIES MANIFESTED SOUR NOT EXISTED, THE SYMPTOM IS FAVORABLE.

 

2. PERSONS WHO ARE BY NATURE WET NOSE AND DILUTE SEMEN DOES NOT HAVE AS GOOD HEALTH • OTHERWISE, THE WINE IS HEALTHIER.

 

3. LONG DYSENTERY ANOREXIA SYMPTOM IS UNPLEASANT AND EVEN WORSE, WHEN THERE IS FEVER.

 

4. THE WOUNDS AROUND WHICH HAIRS FALL, ARE MALIGNANT.

 

5. WHEN MANIFEST PAIN IN THE RIBS, CHEST, AND ELSEWHERE, WE MUST ASCERTAIN WHETHER THE PATIENTS SHOW LARGE SHIFTS [IN HOURS].

 

6. THE DISEASES OF THE KIDNEYS AND THE BLADDER DIFFICULT TO TREAT THE ELDERLY.

 

7. SUPERFICIAL PAINS BELLY IS LIGHTER, MORE SERIOUS INTERNAL.

 

8. WOUNDS ARE PRESENTED IN THE BODY OF THOSE WHO SUFFER FROM DROPSY, DIFFICULT TO TREAT.

 

9. WIDE RASHES DO NOT CAUSE A LOT OF ITCHING.

 

10. EVEN THE STRONGEST HEADACHES SUBSIDE, IF RUN PUS, WATER OR BLOOD FROM NOSE, MOUTH OR EARS.

 

11. MELANCHOLIC SITUATIONS OR KIDNEY DISEASES, THE OCCURRENCE OF HEMORRHOIDS HAS FAVORABLE IMPLICATIONS.

 

12. IF SOMEONE HEAL FROM CHRONIC HEMORRHOIDS AND THE DOCTOR DID NOT LEAVE A THERE IS A RISK TO MANIFEST DROPSY OR PHTHISIS.

 

13. HICCUP DISAPPEARS WITH SNEEZING.

 

14. DROPSY CURED IF RUN FLUID FROM THE VEINS INTO THE INTESTINES.

 

15. VOMITING THAT SUDDENLY APPEARS IN A PATIENT WITH PROLONGED DIARRHEA CURE THE DISEASE.

 

16. IF A PATIENT WITH PLEURISY OR PNEUMONIA DIARRHEA PRESENT, THE PROGNOSIS IS POOR.

 

17. IN A PATIENT SUFFERING FROM AN EYE, THE OCCURRENCE OF DIARRHEA HAS FAVORABLE RESULTS.

 

18. THE WOUNDS OF THE BLADDER, BRAIN, HEART, DIAPHRAGM, ONE OF THE SMALL INTESTINE, STOMACH OR LIVER IS FATAL.

 

19. IF CUT BONE, CARTILAGE, NERVE, THIN SECTION OF THE JAW OR THE FORESKIN, OR REGENERATION IS NOT ANNEAL.

 

20. IF THE INTESTINES SPILLED UNEXPECTEDLY BLOOD, WILL NECESSARILY CAUSE SUPPURATION.

 

21. THE APPEARANCE OF VARICOSE VEINS OR HEMORRHOIDS CURE THOSE SUFFERING FROM INSANITY.

 

22. BACKACHES TRANSPORTED ELBOWS, TREATED WITH PHLEBOTOMY.

 

23. IF THE FEELINGS OF FEAR OR SADNESS EXTENDED FOR A LONG TIME, THEN TREAT MELANCHOLY.

 

24. IF CUT A PORTION OF THE SMALL INTESTINE, NO LONGER JOINED.

 

25. IF ANEMOPYROMA THAT HAS SPREAD OUTSIDE, TURNED INWARDS, THE PROGNOSIS IS POOR • IF TURNED INSIDE OUT, THE PROGNOSIS IS GOOD.

 

26. DELIRIUM STOPS THE TREMORS MANIFESTED IN SENSATION.

 

27. EMPYIMATIKOI OR DROPSY WHICH OPERATED ON OR CAUTERIZE CERTAINLY DIE IF THE PUS OR FLUID EXPELLED ALL TOGETHER.

 

28. THE EUNUCHS ARE NOT AFFECTED BY GOUT OR ARE BALD.

 

29. THE WOMAN IS NOT AFFECTED BY GOUT, UNLESS MENSTRUATION TO CEASE.

 

30. THE CHILD SUFFERS GOUT BEFORE COPULATE.

 

31. PAIN IN THE EYE TREATED WITH UNBRIDLED WINE BATH, STEAM ROOM, PHLEBOTOMY OR TAKING LAXATIVE.

 

32. STUTTERER OFTEN AFFECTED BY LONG-TERM DIARRHEA.

 

33. PEOPLE WHO HAVE SOUR, NOT USUALLY ATTACKED BY PLEURISY.

 

34. THE BALD DOES NOT USUALLY FORM LARGE VARICES • IF THIS HAPPENS, BEING RE SHAGGY.

 

35. IF THOSE SUFFERING FROM DROPSY DEVELOP COUGH, THE SYMPTOM IS BAD.

 

36. THE BLEED CURE DYSURIA • SHOULD HOWEVER BE OPENED VEINS TO THE INNER SURFACE OF THE ARM.

 

37. IF ANYONE WHO SUFFERS FROM ANGINA, FORM EXTERNAL SWELLINGS IN THE NECK, THE CONSEQUENCES ARE FAVORABLE.

 

38. IT IS PREFERABLE NOT TO APPLY ANY TREATMENT TO PEOPLE SUFFERING FROM HIDDEN CANCERS • YOU UNDERGO TREATMENT, THEY WILL DIE QUICKLY • IF LEFT UNTREATED, THEIR LIVES EXTENDED.

 

39. SEIZURES CAUSED OR OVERLOAD THE STOMACH OR EMPTINESS • ITSELF AND HICCUPS.

 

40. WHEN THE AREA OF ​​SUBCHONDRAL HURTS WITHOUT INFLAMMATION, PAIN PASSES IF FEVER OCCURRED.

 

41. IF AT ANY POINT OF THE BODY IS NOT DISCLOSED PUS., THIS IS DUE TO THE THICKNESS OF THE SIGN.

 

42. THE HARDENING OF THE LIVER IN PATIENTS WITH JAUNDICE IS A BAD SIGN.

 

43. IF SUFFERING FROM SWELLING OF THE SPLEEN EXPRESS DYSENTERY, AND WHEN EXTENDED, SHOWN DROPSY OR LEIENTERIA AND PATIENTS DIE.

 

44. PATIENTS AFTER STRANGURIA SUSCEPTIBLE ILEUM DIE WITHIN SEVEN DAYS UNLESS MANIFEST FEVER AND FOLLOW ABUNDANT DIURESIS.

 

45. WHEN THE WOUNDS LAST A YEAR OR LONGER NECESSARILY THE BONE CUT AND SCARS SAG.

 

46. ​​IF SOMEONE SUFFERED KYPHOSIS BEFORE ADOLESCENCE AFTER ASTHMA OR COUGH, DYING.

 

47. INDIVIDUALS WHO BENEFIT FROM PHLEBOTOMY OR LAXATIVE MUST. APPLY THESE TREATMENTS SPRING,

 

48. THE DISPLAY DYSENTERY FAVORS THOSE WHO SUFFER FROM SWELLING OF THE SPLEEN.

 

49. IN PATIENTS WITH GOUTY DISORDERS INFLAMMATION SUBSIDES WITHIN FORTY DAYS AND TREATED.

 

50. THE WOUNDS OF THE BRAIN NECESSARILY ACCOMPANIED BY FEVER AND VOMITING CHOLODI.

 

51. IF HEALTHY PERSON SUDDENLY FEEL HEADACHE, SUDDENLY LOST HIS VOICE AND DROPPED TO RATTLE, DIED WITHIN A WEEK, UNLESS MANIFESTED FEVER.

   

52. IT SHOULD ALSO EXAMINE THE STATUS OF THE EYES AT THE TIME OF YPNOU- IF, AS THE EYELIDS ARE LOWERED, IT SEEMS, AMONG THEM A SHARE OF THE WHITES OF THE EYE, AND THERE EXISTED DIARRHEA OR HAS BEEN CATHARTIC, THE PROGNOSIS IS DEVASTATING AND DEADLY.

 

53. INSANITIES ACCOMPANIED BY LAUGHTER IS NOT AS DANGEROUS AS THOSE THAT OCCUR WITH GLOOM.

 

54. IN SEVERE FEBRILE DISEASE INTERMITTENT BREATHING IS A BAD SIGN.

55. GOUTY DISEASES USUALLY OCCUR IN SPRING AND AUTUMN.

 

56- ON MELANCHOLIC SITUATIONS MOVEMENTS JUICE HAZARD FOR STROKE EVENT OR CONVULSIONS OR INSANITY OR BLINDNESS.

 

57. STROKE OCCURS MAINLY AT THE AGE OF FORTY TO SIXTY.

 

58. IF UNSTUCK OMENTUM NECESSARILY WILL ROT.

 

59. PEOPLE WHO SUFFER FROM SCIATICA, THEY SHIFT THE HIP AND GO BACK INTO POSITION LATER FORMED SLIME.

 

60. THE SHIFTING OF THE HIP IN HUMANS WITH CHRONIC SCIATICA, CAUSES ATROPHY OF LIMB, THEREBY START LIMP UNLESS BE CAUTERIZED.

61. IF A WOMAN STOPPED PERIOD WITHOUT SUFFER CHILLS OR FEVER, THOUGH IT ALSO HAS NAUSEA, THEN KEEP IN MIND THAT SHE IS PREGNANT.

 

62. WOMEN WITH COLD AND TIGHT MATRIX DO NOT CAPTURE THE SAME HAPPENS TO WOMEN WHO HAVE A LOT OF FLUID IN THE WOMB BECAUSE THE SPERM IS LOST THERE • NOR CAPTURE THOSE WITH MATRIX RATHER DRY AND VERY WARM, BECAUSE THEN THE SEED IS DESTROYED FROM LACK OF • FERTILE FOOD ARE THOSE THAT HAVE BALANCED CONSTITUTION BETWEEN THE TWO SITUATIONS.

 

63. SIMILAR APPLIES TO MEN OR • DUE TO LOOSENESS OF THE BODY THE AIR EXITS TO THE OUTSIDE AND DOES NOT DIRECT THE SPERM TO THE DESTINATION OR THE BODY IS TIGHT AND SEMINAL FLUID CAN BE PUSHED OUT OR THE BODY IS COLD AND SEMEN IS NOT HEATED ENOUGH TO CONCENTRATE ON THE APPROPRIATE PLACE • THE SAME HAPPENS IF THE BODY IS WARM.

 

64. MILK HURTING THOSE SUFFERING FROM HEADACHE “ALSO HURTS THOSE WHO HAVE FEVER, SWOLLEN AND FULL OF HYPOCHONDRIAC COOING, AND THOSE WHO FEEL THIRST • HURTS EVEN PATIENTS WITH HIGH FEVER EXHIBITING CHOLODI FECES AND THOSE WHO EARN A LOT OF BLOOD UNDERNEATH • MILK BENEFITS THE TUBERCULOUS NOT HAVE HIGH FEVER “IS ALSO USED IN PATIENTS WITH SLIGHT FEVERS AND LONG TERM WHEN THERE IS NONE OF THE ABOVE SYMPTOMS, BUT ALSO WHEN THEY ARE OVERLY EXHAUSTED.

 

65. THE WOUNDS ACCOMPANIED BY EDEMA, DO NOT EXPOSE THE PATIENT TO THE RISK OF CONVULSIONS OR DELIRIUM • BUT WHEN THESE FALL SHARPLY, IF THAT WERE IN THE BACK PARTS OF THE BODY, MANIFESTED CONVULSIONS AND TETANIC CONTRACTIONS • IF YOU WERE IN FRONT, MANIFESTED DELUSIONS, STRONG FLANK PAIN, SUPPURATION OR DYSENTERY, ALTHOUGH SWELLING WAS RATHER KOKKINOCHROMA.

 

66. IF AFTER STRONG AND SERIOUS INJURY NOT APPEAR EDEMA, IS A VERY BAD SIGN.

 

67. THE SOFT LESIONS ARE BENIGN, MALIGNANT HARD.

 

68. THE PAIN IN THE BACK OF THE HEAD IS RELIEVED BY OPENING THE FRONT VERTICAL VEIN.

 

69. IN FEMALES CHILLS STARTING WAIST RATHER ARRIVE AT THE HEAD FROM THE BACK • IN MEN, RATHER THAN THE REAR THAN THE FRONT PARTS OF THE BODY, AS WELL AS FROM THE FOREARMS AND MIROUS- SKIN OF MEN IS LOOSE, AS SEEN FROM THE BRISTLES.

 

70. THOSE AFFECTED BY TETARTAIOUS FEVERS, USUALLY THERE ARE OVERCOME BY CONVULSIONS • IF PREVIOUSLY INFECTED, EXEMPT IF THEY OCCUR LATER QUARTAN.

 

71. PATIENTS WITH SKIN TAUT, DRY AND HARD, DIE WITHOUT SWEAT IF THE SKIN IS SOFT AND LOOSE, DIE WITH PERSPIRATION.

 

72. JAUNDICED NOT USUALLY SUFFER FROM GAS.

 

  

 

APHORISMS PART SIXTH

  

1. WHEN CHRONIC LEIENTERIES MANIFESTED SOUR NOT EXISTED, THE SYMPTOM IS FAVORABLE.

 

2. PERSONS WHO ARE BY NATURE WET NOSE AND DILUTE SEMEN DOES NOT HAVE AS GOOD HEALTH • OTHERWISE, THE WINE IS HEALTHIER.

 

3. LONG DYSENTERY ANOREXIA SYMPTOM IS UNPLEASANT AND EVEN WORSE, WHEN THERE IS FEVER.

 

4. THE WOUNDS AROUND WHICH HAIRS FALL, ARE MALIGNANT.

 

5. WHEN MANIFEST PAIN IN THE RIBS, CHEST, AND ELSEWHERE, WE MUST ASCERTAIN WHETHER THE PATIENTS SHOW LARGE SHIFTS [IN HOURS].

 

6. THE DISEASES OF THE KIDNEYS AND THE BLADDER DIFFICULT TO TREAT THE ELDERLY.

 

7. SUPERFICIAL PAINS BELLY IS LIGHTER, MORE SERIOUS INTERNAL.

 

8. WOUNDS ARE PRESENTED IN THE